Gr modulators for the treatment of metabolic disorders
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2026/079710
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2025-02-24
- Filing Date
- 2026-02-24
- Publication Date
- 2026-08-27
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Figure PCTCN2026079710-FTAPPB-I100001 
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Figure PCTCN2026079710-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
GR MODULATORS FOR THE TREATMENT OF METABOLIC DISORDERSCROSS REFERENCE
[0001] This patent application claims the benefit of International Application No. PCT / CN2025 / 078826, filed on February 24, 2025, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] The present disclosure relates to methods for treatment of diseases or disorders, in particular a metabolic disorder, with compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, which are useful as glucocorticoid receptor (GR) modulators.BACKGROUND
[0003] Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. GR, mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) , progesterone receptor (PR) , androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER) are steroid hormone receptors, a subclass of the nuclear receptor superfamily. By activating GR, glucocorticoids regulate gene expression, including a variety of cellular functions, such as metabolism, inflammation, cell growth and differentiation.
[0004] Recent study shows, at least in animals, that deactivation of the GR and / or recovery of the MR:GR balance may be a neuropharmaceutical treatment strategy for attenuating the damaging impact of hypercortisolemia in neurodegenerative diseases.SUMMARY
[0005] In one aspect, discloses herein is glucocorticoid receptor (GR) modulator (e.g., inhibitor) that is useful for treating a metabolic disorder. In one aspect, discloses herein is a method of treating a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprises administering a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) to the subject. In some embodiments, the method further comprising administering a GLP-1 receptor agonist to the subject.
[0006] In one aspect, discloses herein is glucocorticoid receptor (GR) modulator (e.g., inhibitor) that is useful for treating metabolic disorders. In one aspect, discloses herein is a method of treating a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprises administering a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) and a GLP-1 receptor agonist to the subject.
[0007] In some embodiments, the GLP-1 receptor agonist is semaglutide or trizepatide, retatrutide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide, beinaglutide.
[0008] In some embodiments, the GR modulator is selected from mifepristone, ketoconazole, cyproterone acetate, relacorilant, miricorilant, dazucorilant, exicorilant, CORT-108297, RU-43044, Org 34517, Org 36410, Org 34850, CP-409069, CP-394531, AL082D06, KB285, AL-438 or fluorocortivazol, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, derivative, analogue, tautomer, stereoisomer or isotope-labeled compound thereof.
[0009] In some embodiments, the GR modulator is a compound of Formula (I) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as disclosed herein.
[0010] In some embodiments, the GR modulator is a compound of Formula (Ia) or Formula (Ib) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as disclosed herein.
[0011] In some embodiments, the GR modulator is a compound of Formula (Ia-1) or Formula (Ib-1) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as disclosed herein.
[0012] In some embodiments, the GR modulator is a compound disclosed herein (e.g., a compound of Formula (I) , Formula (Ia) , Formula (Ib) , Formula (Ia-1) , Formula (Ib-1) , or a compound set forth in Table 1, Table 2 or Table 3) .
[0013] In one aspect, discloses herein is use of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof.
[0014] In one aspect, discloses herein is use of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) and a GLP-1 receptor agonist in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof.
[0015] In one aspect, discloses herein is use of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a metabolic disorder in combination with a GLP-1 receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof.
[0016] In one aspect, discloses herein is a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) for use in treating a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof.
[0017] In one aspect, discloses herein is a combination of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) and a GLP-1 receptor agonist for use in treating a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof.
[0018] In one aspect, discloses herein is a composition comprising a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) and a GLP-1 receptor agonist, for use in treating a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof.
[0019] In one aspect, discloses herein is a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) for use in treating a metabolic disorder in combination with a GLP-1 receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof.
[0020] Additional aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will become readily apparent to those skilled in this art from the following detailed description, wherein only illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure are shown and described. As will be realized, the present disclosure is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive. INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0021] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned in this specification are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. To the extent publications and patents or patent applications incorporated by reference contradict the disclosure contained in the specification, the specification is intended to supersede and / or take precedence over any such contradictory material.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0022] The novel features of the present disclosure are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present disclosure will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the present disclosure are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:
[0023] Figures 1A and 1B show percentage change in body weight from baseline over the 28-day study period in DIO mice subjected to various treatments. Figure 1C shows the number of mice within specific body weight change ranges for each treatment group. Figure 1D shows cumulative food intake per mouse (grams) over the dosing period in DIO mice for each treatment group. Figures 1E and 1F show body composition analysis in DIO mice following each treatment: (E) percentage of fat mass and (F) lean mass. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 9 or 10 per group) . Statistical significance is denoted as follows: *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001 versus Control; ##p < 0.01, t -test between Semaglutide Group and Combination Group.
[0024] Figures 2A-2C show effects of treatment on insulin resistance parameters in DIO mice: (A) fasting blood glucose level (mmol / L) , (B) insulin level (ng / mL) , and (C) HOMA-IR score.
[0025] Figure 3 shows histopathological assessment of liver tissue from DIO mice treated with vehicle, Semaglutide, Compound 88B-10 mg / kg, and the combination of semaglutide with Compound 88B-10 mg / kg: (A) fasting blood glucose level (mmol / L) , (B) insulin level (ng / mL) and (C) HOMA-IR score.
[0026] Figure 4A shows fasting blood glucose levels measured weekly over the 21-day treatment period in db / db mice, a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) . Figure 4B shows area under the curve (AUC) from 0 to 120 minutes in oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) . Figure 4C shows glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (n = 6–8 per group) . Statistical significance versus the Control group is indicated as follows: **p < 0.01.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0027] While various embodiments of the invention have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the invention. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the invention described herein may be employed. Definitions
[0028] In the following description, certain specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments. However, one skilled in the art will understand that the invention may be practiced without these details. In other instances, well-known structures have not been shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring descriptions of the embodiments. Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification and claims which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense, that is, as “including, but not limited to. ” Further, headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the claimed invention.
[0029] Reference throughout this specification to “some embodiments” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. Also, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term “or” is generally employed in its sense including “and / or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.
[0030] The terms below, as used herein, have the following meanings, unless indicated otherwise.
[0031] Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms are described in more detail below. For purposes of this disclosure, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed., inside cover, and specific functional groups are generally defined as described therein. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in Organic Chemistry, Thomas Sorrell, 2nd Edition, University Science Books, Sausalito, 2006; Smith and March March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry, 6th Edition, John Wiley &Sons, Inc., New York, 2007; Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, 3rd Edition, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 2018; Carruthers, Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, 4th Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004; the entire contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0032] At various places in the present disclosure, linking substituents are described. Where the structure clearly requires a linking group, the Markush variables listed for that group are understood to be linking groups. For example, if the structure requires a linking group and the Markush group definition for that variable lists “alkyl” , then it is understood that the “alkyl” represents a linking alkylene group.
[0033] When a bond to a substituent is shown to cross a bond connecting two atoms in a ring, then such substituent may be bonded to any atom in the ring. When a substituent is listed without indicating the atom via which such substituent is bonded to the rest of the compound of a given formula, then such substituent may be bonded via any atom in such formula. Combinations of substituents and / or variables are permissible, but only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
[0034] When any variable (e.g., Ri) occurs more than one time in any constituent or formula for a compound, its definition at each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence. Thus, for example, if a group is shown to be substituted with 0-2 Ri moieties, then the group may optionally be substituted with up to two Ri moieties and Ri at each occurrence is selected independently from the definition of Ri. Also, combinations of substituents and / or variables are permissible, but only if such combinations result in stable compounds.
[0035] As used herein, the term “Ci-Cj” indicates a range of the carbon atoms numbers, wherein i and j are integers and the range of the carbon atoms numbers includes the endpoints (i.e. i and j) and each integer point in between, and wherein j is greater than i. For examples, C1-C6 indicates a range of one to six carbon atoms, including one carbon atom, two carbon atoms, three carbon atoms, four carbon atoms, five carbon atoms and six carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the term “C1-12” indicates 1 to 12, particularly 1 to 10, particularly 1 to 8, particularly 1 to 6, particularly 1 to 5, particularly 1 to 4, particularly 1 to 3 or particularly 1 to 2 carbon atoms.
[0036] “Oxo” refers to =O.
[0037] “Cyano” refers to -CN.
[0038] “Amino” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to the group -NRaRb, wherein Ra and Rb are independently selected from groups consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or other suitable organic groups and each of which may be optionally substituted.
[0039] “Hydroxy” or “hydroxyl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to -OH.
[0040] “Alkyl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to a straight-chain, or branched-chain saturated hydrocarbon radical having from one to about ten carbon atoms, more preferably one to six carbon atoms. Examples include, but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl, 2-methyl-2-propyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-3-butyl, 2, 2-dimethyl-1-propyl, 2-methyl-1-pentyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2, 2-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3, 3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, tert-amyl and hexyl, and longer alkyl groups, such as heptyl, octyl and the like. Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “C1-C6 alkyl” or “C1-6alkyl” , means that the alkyl group may consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, 4 carbon atoms, 5 carbon atoms or 6 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkyl” where no numerical range is designated. In some embodiments, the alkyl is a C1-10alkyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl is a C1-6alkyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl is a C1-5alkyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl is a C1-4alkyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl is a C1-3alkyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkyl group may be optionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents, such as oxo, halogen, amino, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, carboxylate, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, and the like. In some embodiments, the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, such as oxo, halogen, -CN, -COOH, -COOMe, -OH, -OMe, -NH2, or -NO2. In some embodiments, the alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, such as halogen, -CN, -OH, or -OMe. In some embodiments, the alkyl is optionally substituted with halogen.
[0041] “Alkenyl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to a straight-chain, or branched-chain hydrocarbon radical having one or more carbon-carbon double-bonds and having from two to about ten carbon atoms, more preferably two to about six carbon atoms. The group may be in either the cis or trans conformation, or alternatively, E or Z conformation about the double bond (s) , and should be understood to include both isomers. Examples include, but are not limited to ethenyl (-CH=CH2) , 1-propenyl (-CH2CH=CH2) , isopropenyl [-C (CH3) =CH2] , butenyl, 1, 3-butadienyl and the like. Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “C2-C6 alkenyl” or “C2-6alkenyl” , means that the alkenyl group may consist of 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, 4 carbon atoms, 5 carbon atoms or 6 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkenyl” where no numerical range is designated. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkenyl group may be optionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents, such as oxo, halogen, amino, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, carboxylate, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, and the like. In some embodiments, the alkenyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, such as oxo, halogen, -CN, -COOH, -COOMe, -OH, -OMe, -NH2, or -NO2. In some embodiments, the alkenyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, such as halogen, -CN, -OH, or -OMe. In some embodiments, the alkenyl is optionally substituted with halogen.
[0042] “Alkynyl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain hydrocarbon radical having one or more carbon-carbon triple-bonds and having from two to about ten carbon atoms, more preferably from two to about six carbon atoms. Examples include, but are not limited to ethynyl, 2-propynyl, 2-butynyl, 1, 3-butadiynyl and the like. Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “C2-C6alkynyl” or “C2-6alkynyl” , means that the alkynyl group may consist of 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, 4 carbon atoms, 5 carbon atoms or 6 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkynyl” where no numerical range is designated. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkynyl group may be optionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents, such as oxo, halogen, amino, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, carboxylate, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, and the like. In some embodiments, the alkynyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, such as oxo, halogen, -CN, -COOH, -COOMe, -OH, -OMe, -NH2, or -NO2. In some embodiments, the alkynyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, such as halogen, -CN, -OH, or -OMe. In some embodiments, the alkynyl is optionally substituted with halogen.
[0043] “Alkoxy” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to a radical of the formula -ORa where Ra is an alkyl radical as defined herein. Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as “C1-C6 alkoxy” or “C1-6alkoxy” , means that the alkyl group may consist of 1 carbon atom, 2 carbon atoms, 3 carbon atoms, 4 carbon atoms, 5 carbon atoms or 6 carbon atoms, although the present definition also covers the occurrence of the term “alkoxy” where no numerical range is designated. In some embodiments, the alkoxy is a C1-10alkoxy. In some embodiments, the alkoxy is a C1-6alkoxy. In some embodiments, the alkoxy is a C1-5alkoxy. In some embodiments, the alkoxy is a C1-4alkoxy. In some embodiments, the alkyl is a C1-3alkoxy. In some embodiments, the alkyl is a C1-2alkoxy. In some embodiments, the alkyl is methoxy. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an alkoxy group may be optionally substituted, for example, with oxo, halogen, amino, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, carboxylate, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, and the like. In some embodiments, the alkoxy is optionally substituted with halogen, -CN, -COOH, -COOMe, -OH, -OMe, -NH2, or -NO2. In some embodiments, the alkoxy is optionally substituted with halogen, -CN, -OH, or -OMe. In some embodiments, the alkoxy is optionally substituted with halogen.
[0044] “Aryl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to a radical derived from a hydrocarbon ring system comprising 6 to 30 carbon atoms and at least one aromatic ring. The aryl radical may be a monocyclic or polycyclic (including but not limited to, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic) ring system. The polycyclic ring system may include fused (for example, an aromatic ring fused with a cycloalkyl ring) or bridged (for example, an aromatic ring fused with a bridged cycloalkyl ring) ring systems. In some embodiments, the aryl is a 6-to 10-membered aryl. In some embodiments, the aryl is a 6-membered aryl (phenyl) . Aryl radicals include, but are not limited to, aryl radicals derived from the hydrocarbon ring systems of anthrylene, naphthylene, phenanthrylene, anthracene, azulene, benzene, chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, as-indacene, s-indacene, indane, indene, naphthalene, phenalene, phenanthrene, pleiadene, pyrene, and triphenylene. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, an aryl may be optionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents, such as halogen, amino, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, carboxylate, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, and the like. In some embodiments, the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, such as halogen, methyl, ethyl, -CN, -COOH, -COOMe, -CF3, -OH, -OMe, -NH2, or -NO2. In some embodiments, the aryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, such as halogen, methyl, ethyl, -CN, -CF3, -OH, or -OMe. In some embodiments, the aryl is optionally substituted with halogen.
[0045] “Cycloalkyl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to a partially or fully saturated, monocyclic, or polycyclic carbocyclic ring, which may include fused (for example, fused with another cycloalkyl ring) , spiro, or bridged ring systems. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl is fully saturated. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl is partially saturated. Representative cycloalkyls include, but are not limited to, cycloalkyls having from three to fifteen carbon atoms (C3-C15 fully saturated cycloalkyl or C3-C15 cycloalkenyl) , from three to ten carbon atoms (C3-C10 fully saturated cycloalkyl or C3-C10 cycloalkenyl) , from three to eight carbon atoms (C3-C8 fully saturated cycloalkyl or C3-C8 cycloalkenyl) , from three to six carbon atoms (C3-C6 fully saturated cycloalkyl or C3-C6 cycloalkenyl) , from three to five carbon atoms (C3-C5 fully saturated cycloalkyl or C3-C5 cycloalkenyl) , or three to four carbon atoms (C3-C4 fully saturated cycloalkyl or C3-C4 cycloalkenyl) . In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl is a 3-to 10-membered fully saturated cycloalkyl or a 3-to 10-membered cycloalkenyl. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl is a 3-to 6-membered fully saturated cycloalkyl or a 3-to 6-membered cycloalkenyl. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl is a 5-to 6-membered fully saturated cycloalkyl or a 5-to 6-membered cycloalkenyl. Monocyclic cycloalkyls include, for example, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl. Polycyclic cycloalkyls include, for example, adamantyl, norbornyl, decalinyl, bicyclo [3.3.0] octane, bicyclo [4.3.0] nonane, cis-decalin, trans-decalin, bicyclo [2.1.1] hexane, bicyclo [2.2.1] heptane, bicyclo [2.2.2] octane, bicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, and bicyclo [3.3.2] decane, and 7, 7-dimethyl-bicyclo [2.2.1] heptanyl. Partially saturated cycloalkyls include, for example cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cycloheptenyl, and cyclooctenyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a cycloalkyl is optionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents, such as oxo, halogen, amino, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, carboxylate, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, and the like. In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, such as oxo, halogen, methyl, ethyl, -CN, -COOH, -COOMe, -CF3, -OH, -OMe, -NH2, or -NO2. In some embodiments, a cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, such as oxo, halogen, methyl, ethyl, -CN, -CF3, -OH, or -OMe. In some embodiments, the cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with halogen.
[0046] “Halo” or “halogen” refers to bromo, chloro, fluoro or iodo. In some embodiments, halogen is fluoro or chloro. In some embodiments, halogen is fluoro.
[0047] “Haloalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more halo radicals, as defined above, e.g., trifluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, fluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl, 1, 2-difluoroethyl, 3-bromo-2-fluoropropyl, 1, 2-dibromoethyl, and the like.
[0048] “Hydroxylalkyl” refers to an alkyl radical, as defined above, that is substituted by one or more hydroxyl radicals, as defined above, e.g., hydroxylmethyl, 2-hydroxylethyl, 1, 2-dihydroxylethyl, 1, 2-dihydroxylpropyl, and the like.
[0049] “Heteroalkyl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to an alkyl group in which one or more skeletal atoms of the alkyl are selected from an atom other than carbon, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen (e.g., -NH-, -N (alkyl) -) , sulfur, phosphorus, or combinations thereof. A heteroalkyl is attached to the rest of the molecule at a carbon atom of the heteroalkyl. In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl is a C1-C6 heteroalkyl wherein the heteroalkyl is comprised of 1 to 6 carbon atoms and one or more atoms other than carbon, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen (e.g. -NH-, -N (alkyl) -) , sulfur, phosphorus, or combinations thereof wherein the heteroalkyl is attached to the rest of the molecule at a carbon atom of the heteroalkyl. Examples of such heteroalkyl are, for example, -CH2OCH3, -CH2CH2OCH3, -CH2CH2OCH2CH2OCH3, -CH (CH3) OCH3, -CH2NHCH3, -CH2N (CH3) 2, -CH2CH2NHCH3, or -CH2CH2N (CH3) 2. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heteroalkyl is optionally substituted for example, with oxo, halogen, amino, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and the like. In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, methyl, ethyl, -CN, -CF3, -OH, -OMe, -NH2, or -NO2. In some embodiments, a heteroalkyl is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, methyl, ethyl, -CN, -CF3, -OH, or -OMe. In some embodiments, the heteroalkyl is optionally substituted with halogen.
[0050] “Heteroalkenyl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to an alkenyl group in which one or more skeletal atoms of the alkenyl are selected from an atom other than carbon, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or combinations thereof. A heteroalkenyl is attached to the rest of the molecule at a carbon atom of the heteroalkenyl. In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl is a C2-C6 heteroalkenyl wherein the heteroalkenyl is comprised of 2 to 6 carbon atoms and one or more atoms other than carbon, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or combinations thereof wherein the heteroalkenyl is attached to the rest of the molecule at a carbon atom of the heteroalkenyl. Examples of such heteroalkenyl are, for example, -CH=CHOCH3, -CH=CHOCH2CH2OCH3, -CH2CH2OCH=CHOCH3, -C (=CH2) OCH3, -CH=NCH3, -CH2N=CH2, -CH=CHNHCH3, or -CH=CHN (CH3) 2. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heteroalkenyl is optionally substituted for example, with oxo, halogen, amino, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and the like. In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, methyl, ethyl, -CN, -CF3, -OH, -OMe, -NH2, or -NO2. In some embodiments, a heteroalkenyl is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, methyl, ethyl, -CN, -CF3, -OH, or -OMe. In some embodiments, the heteroalkenyl is optionally substituted with halogen.
[0051] “Heteroalkynyl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to an alkynyl group in which one or more skeletal atoms of the alkynyl are selected from an atom other than carbon, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or combinations thereof. A heteroalkynyl is attached to the rest of the molecule at a carbon atom of the heteroalkynyl. In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl is a C2-C6 heteroalkynyl wherein the heteroalkynyl is comprised of 2 to 6 carbon atoms and one or more atoms other than carbon, e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, or combinations thereof wherein the heteroalkynyl is attached to the rest of the molecule at a carbon atom of the heteroalkynyl. Examples of such heteroalkynyl are, for example, -C≡COCH3, -C≡COCH2CH2OCH3, -CH2CH2OC≡COCH3, -C≡C-NHCH3, or -C≡C-N (CH3) 2. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heteroalkynyl is optionally substituted for example, with oxo, halogen, amino, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, heteroaryl, and the like. In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, methyl, ethyl, -CN, -CF3, -OH, -OMe, -NH2, or -NO2. In some embodiments, a heteroalkynyl is optionally substituted with oxo, halogen, methyl, ethyl, -CN, -CF3, -OH, or -OMe. In some embodiments, the heteroalkynyl is optionally substituted with halogen.
[0052] “Heterocyclyl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to a 3-to 24-membered partially or fully saturated ring radical comprising 2 to 23 carbon atoms and from 1 to 8 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, silicon, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl is fully saturated. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl is partially unsaturated. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl comprises one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl comprises one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen and oxygen. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl comprises one to three nitrogens. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl comprises one or two nitrogens. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl comprises one nitrogen. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl comprises one nitrogen and one oxygen. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, the heterocyclyl radical may be a monocyclic or polycyclic (including but not limited to, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic) ring system. The polycyclic ring system may include fused (for example, a heterocyclyl ring fused with a cycloalkyl or another heterocyclyl ring) , spiro, or bridged ring systems. The nitrogen, carbon, or sulfur atoms in the heterocyclyl radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized. Representative heterocyclyls include, but are not limited to, heterocyclyls having from two to fifteen carbon atoms (C2-C15 heterocyclyl) , from two to ten carbon atoms (C2-C10 heterocyclyl) , from two to eight carbon atoms (C2-C8 heterocyclyl) , from two to seven carbon atoms (C2-C7 heterocyclyl) , from two to six carbon atoms (C2-C6 heterocycly) , from two to five carbon atoms (C2-C5 heterocyclyl) , or two to four carbon atoms (C2-C4 heterocyclyl) . Examples of such heterocyclyl radicals include, but are not limited to, aziridinyl, azetidinyl, oxetanyl, dioxolanyl, dihydrofuryl, thienyl [1, 3] dithianyl, decahydroisoquinolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, octahydroindolyl, octahydroisoindolyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl, quinuclidinyl, thiazolidinyl, tetrahydrofuryl, trithianyl, tetrahydropyranyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1-oxo-thiomorpholinyl, 1, 1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl, 1, 3-dihydroisobenzofuran-1-yl, 3-oxo-1, 3-dihydroisobenzofuran-1-yl, methyl-2-oxo-1, 3-dioxol-4-yl, and 2-oxo-1, 3-dioxol-4-yl. The term heterocyclyl also includes all ring forms of the carbohydrates, including but not limited to the monosaccharides, the disaccharides, and the oligosaccharides. In some embodiments, heterocyclyls have from 2 to 10 carbons in the ring. It is understood that when referring to the number of carbon atoms in a heterocyclyl, the number of carbon atoms in the heterocyclyl is not the same as the total number of atoms (including the heteroatoms) that make up the heterocyclyl (i.e. skeletal atoms of the heterocyclyl ring) . In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl is a 3-to 8-membered fully saturated heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl is a 3-to 7-membered fully saturated heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl is a 3-to 6-membered fully saturated heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl is a 4-to 6-membered fully saturated heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl is a 5-to 6-membered fully saturated heterocyclyl. Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heterocyclyl may be optionally substituted as described below, for example, with one or more substituents, such as oxo, halogen, amino, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, carboxylate, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, and the like. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, such as oxo, halogen, methyl, ethyl, -CN, -COOH, -COOMe, -CF3, -OH, -OMe, -NH2, or -NO2. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, such as halogen, methyl, ethyl, -CN, -CF3, -OH, or -OMe. In some embodiments, the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with halogen.
[0053] “Heteroaryl” , whether as part of another term or used independently, refers to a 5-to 14-membered ring system radical comprising one to thirteen carbon atoms, one to six heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, and sulfur, and at least one aromatic ring. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl comprises one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl comprises one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen and oxygen. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl comprises one to three nitrogens. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl comprises one or two nitrogens. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl comprises one nitrogen. The heteroaryl radical may be a monocyclic or polycyclic (such as, bicyclic, tricyclic, or tetracyclic) ring system. The polycyclic ring system may include fused (for example, a heteroaryl ring fused with a cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl or aryl ring) , bridged (for example, an aryl or heteroaryl ring fused with a bridged cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl ring) or spiro (for example, an aryl ring fused with a spiro heterocyclyl ring, or an heteroaryl ring fused with a spiro cycloalkyl or spiro heterocyclyl ring) ring systems. The nitrogen, carbon, or sulfur atoms in the heteroaryl radical may be optionally oxidized; the nitrogen atom may be optionally quaternized. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a 5-to 10-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a 5-to 6-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a 6-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is a 5-membered heteroaryl. Examples include, but are not limited to, azepinyl, acridinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzindolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzofuranyl, benzooxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzo [b] [1, 4] dioxepinyl, 1, 4-benzodioxanyl, benzonaphthofuranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzodioxolyl, benzodioxinyl, benzopyranyl, benzopyranonyl, benzofuranyl, benzofuranonyl, benzothienyl (benzothiophenyl) , benzotriazolyl, benzo [4, 6] imidazo [1, 2-a] pyridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, dibenzofuranyl, dibenzothiophenyl, furanyl, furanonyl, furyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, indazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, isoindolinyl, isoquinolyl, indolizinyl, isoxazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, oxazolyl, oxiranyl, 1-oxidopyridinyl, 1-oxidopyrimidinyl, 1-oxidopyrazinyl, 1-oxidopyridazinyl, 1-phenyl-1H-pyrrolyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, phthalazinyl, pteridinyl, purinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridyl, pyridyl 1-oxide, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinolinyl, quinuclidinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, and thiophenyl (i.e., thienyl) . Unless stated otherwise specifically in the specification, a heteroaryl may be optionally substituted, for example, with one or more substituents, such as halogen, amino, nitrile, nitro, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, carboxylate, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, and the like. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, such as halogen, methyl, ethyl, -CN, -COOH, COOMe, -CF3, -OH, -OMe, -NH2, or -NO2. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one or more substituents, such as halogen, methyl, ethyl, -CN, -CF3, -OH, or -OMe. In some embodiments, the heteroaryl is optionally substituted with halogen.
[0054] The term “partially saturated” or “partially unsaturated” refers to a radical that includes at least one double or triple bond and is intended to encompass rings having multiple sites of unsaturation, but is not intended to include aromatic (i.e., fully unsaturated) moieties.
[0055] The term “optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance may or may not occur, and that the description includes instances where said event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not. For example, “optionally substituted alkyl” means either “alkyl” or “substituted alkyl” as defined above. Further, an optionally substituted group may be un-substituted (e.g., -CH2CH3) , fully substituted (e.g., -CF2CF3) , mono-substituted (e.g., -CH2CH2F) or substituted at a level anywhere in-between fully substituted and mono-substituted (e.g., -CH2CHF2, -CH2CF3, -CF2CH3, -CFHCHF2, etc. ) . It will be understood by those skilled in the art with respect to any group containing one or more substituents that such groups are not intended to introduce any substitution or substitution patterns that are sterically impractical and / or synthetically non-feasible. Thus, any substituents described should generally be understood as having a maximum molecular weight of about 1,000 daltons, and more typically, up to about 500 daltons.
[0056] The term “one or more” when referring to an optional substituent means that the subject group is optionally substituted with one, two, three, four substituents, or more substituents. In some embodiments, the subject group is optionally substituted with one, two, three, or four substituents. In some embodiments, the subject group is optionally substituted with one, two, or three substituents. In some embodiments, the subject group is optionally substituted with one or two substituents. In some embodiments, the subject group is optionally substituted with one substituent. In some embodiments, the subject group is optionally substituted with two substituents.
[0057] An “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to an amount of a compound administered to a mammalian subject, either as a single dose or as part of a series of doses, which is effective to produce a desired therapeutic effect.
[0058] The terms “treat, ” “treating” or “treatment, ” as used herein, include alleviating, abating, or ameliorating at least one symptom of a disease or condition, preventing additional symptoms, inhibiting the disease or condition, e.g., arresting the development of the disease or condition, relieving the disease or condition, causing regression of the disease or condition, relieving a condition caused by the disease or condition, or stopping the symptoms of the disease or condition.
[0059] The term “subject” or “patient” as used herein means mammals and non-mammals. Mammals means any member of the mammalia class including, but not limited to, humans; non-human primates such as chimpanzees and other apes and monkey species; farm animals such as cattle, horses, sheep, goats, and swine; domestic animals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats; laboratory animals including rodents, such as rats, mice, and guinea pigs; and the like. Examples of non-mammals include, but are not limited to, birds, and the like. The term “subject” or “patient” does not denote a particular age or sex. In some embodiments, the subject or patient is a human. GR modulators
[0060] Described herein are compounds, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof useful as GR modulators (e.g., inhibitors or antagonists) , for treating a metabolic disorder.
[0061] In some embodiments, the GR modulator is selected from mifepristone, ketoconazole, cyproterone acetate, relacorilant, miricorilant, dazucorilant, exicorilant, CORT-108297, RU-43044, Org 34517, Org 36410, Org 34850, CP-409069, CP-394531, AL082D06, KB285, AL-438 or fluorocortivazol, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, derivative, analogue, tautomer, stereoisomer or isotope-labeled compound thereof.
[0062] In some embodiments, the GR modulator is a compound of Formula (I) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: each is independently a single bond or double bond; X is N, C or CH; L1 is -C (=O) -, -C (=O) O-, -C (=O) N (Ra) -, -C (Ra) 2-, -N (Ra) -, -O-, -S-, S (=O) or -S (=O) 2-; each of L2 and L3 is independently a bond, -N (Ra) -, -C (=O) -, -C (=O) O-, -C (=O) N (Ra) -, -O-, -S-, S (=O) , -S (=O) 2-, -S (=O) (=NRa) -, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, or heteroalkynyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, and heteroalkynyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, cyano, or oxo; each of Ring A, Ring B and Ring C is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl; each of R1, R2 and R3 is independently halogen, hydroxy, cyano, -ORb, -N (Rb) 2, -C (=O) Rb, -C (=O) ORb, -C (=O) N (Rb) 2, -S (=O) Rb, -S (=O) 2Rb, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, cyano, oxo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, or hydroxyalkyl; each of R4a and R4b is independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or alkoxy; or R4a and R4b together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino or alkyl; each of Ra and Rb is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl or cycloalkyl; or two Rb together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a heterocyclyl optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino or alkyl; n is any integer of 0-5; m is any integer of 0-5; and t is any integer of 0-5.
[0063] In some embodiments, L1 is -C (=O) -.
[0064] In some embodiments, L2 is a bond, -N (Ra) -or alkyl (such as C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) alkyl) , and L3 is -S (=O) 2-or -S (=O) (=NRa) -; or L2 is -S (=O) 2-or -S (=O) (=NRa) -and L3 is a bond, -N (Ra) -or alkyl (such as C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) alkyl) .
[0065] In some embodiments, L2 is a bond, -N (Ra) -or alkyl (such as C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) alkyl) and L3 is -S (=O) 2-or -S (=O) (=NRa) -.
[0066] In some embodiments, L2 is -S (=O) 2-or -S (=O) (=NRa) -and L3 is a bond, -N (Ra) -or alkyl (such as C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) alkyl) .
[0067] In some embodiments, -L2-L3-is -S (=O) 2-, -N (Ra) -S (=O) 2-or -S (=O) (=NRa) -.
[0068] In some embodiments, Ra is hydrogen or alkyl (such as C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) alkyl) .
[0069] In some embodiments, -L2-L3-is -S (=O) 2-or -S (=O) (=NH) -.
[0070] In some embodiments, Ring A is aryl or heteroaryl.
[0071] In some embodiments, Ring A is a C6-12 aryl, C6-11 aryl, C6-10 aryl, C6-9 aryl, C6-8 aryl or C6-7 aryl. In some embodiments, Ring A is a C12 aryl, C11 aryl, C10 aryl, C9 aryl, C8 aryl, C7 aryl or C6 aryl. In some embodiments, Ring A is a monocyclic or bicyclic aryl. In some embodiments, Ring A is a monocyclic aryl. In some embodiments, Ring A is a bicyclic aryl.
[0072] In some embodiments, Ring A is a 5-to 12-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 11-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 10-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 9-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 8-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 7-membered heteroaryl or 5-to 6-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ring A is a 12-membered heteroaryl, 11-membered heteroaryl, 10-membered heteroaryl, 9-membered heteroaryl, 8-membered heteroaryl, 7-membered heteroaryl, 6-membered heteroaryl or 5-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ring A is a monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ring A is a monocyclic heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ring A is a bicyclic heteroaryl.
[0073] In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from phenyl, pyridyl, pyrazolyl, pyrimidinyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, dihydropyrrolopyrazolyl, dihydroimidazooxazinyl, or dihydropyrazoloxazinyl.
[0074] In some embodiments, Ring A is selected from the group consisting of:
[0075] In some embodiments, each R1 is independently halogen, cyano, -ORb, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, each R1 is independently halogen, cyano, -ORb, C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) alkyl, C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) haloalkyl, C3-6 (e.g., C3-5 or C3-4) cycloalkyl or 3-to 6-membered (e.g., 3-to 5-membered or 3-to 4-membered) heterocyclyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl and heterocyclyl are deuterated.
[0076] In some embodiments, one or more R1 is alkyl. In some embodiments, one or more R1 is C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) alkyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl is deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, the C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) alkyl is deuterated C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) alkyl. In some embodiments, one or more R1 is -CH3. In some embodiments, one or more R1 is -CD3.
[0077] In some embodiments, each R1 is independently -F, -Cl, cyano, -OCH3, -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3, cyclopropyl or In some embodiments, -OCH3, -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2F, -CHF2, cyclopropyl and are deuterated. In some embodiments, -CH3 is -CD3. In some embodiments, -OCH3 is -OCD3.
[0078] In some embodiments, m is 1.
[0079] In some embodiments, m is 2.
[0080] In some embodiments, m is 3.
[0081] In some embodiments, the moiety is selected from wherein each of R1A, R1B, R1C and R1D is independently hydrogen or R1. In some embodiments, each of R1A, R1B, R1C and R1D is independently hydrogen, alkyl (such as C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) alkyl) , haloalkyl (such as C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) haloalkyl) , cycloalkyl (such as C3-6 (e.g., C3-5 or C3-4) cycloalkyl) or heterocyclyl (such as 3-to 6-membered (e.g., 3-to 5-membered or 3-to 4-membered) heterocyclyl) . In some embodiments, each of R1A, R1B, R1C and R1D is independently hydrogen, -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3, cyclopropyl or
[0082] In some embodiments, Ring B is heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 5-to 12-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 11-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 10-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 9-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 8-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 7-membered heteroaryl or 5-to 6-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 12-membered heteroaryl, 11-membered heteroaryl, 10-membered heteroaryl, 9-membered heteroaryl, 8-membered heteroaryl, 7-membered heteroaryl, 6-membered heteroaryl or 5-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ring B is a monocyclic or bicyclic heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ring B is a monocyclic heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ring B is a bicyclic heteroaryl.
[0083] In some embodiments, Ring B is pyridyl, thiazolyl, pyrimidinyl, imidazolyl or oxazolyl.
[0084] In some embodiments, Ring B is selected from the group consisting of:
[0085] In some embodiments, each R2 is independently halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl or cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R2 is independently halogen, C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) alkyl, C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) haloalkyl, or C3-6 (e.g., C3-5 or C3-4) cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl, haloalkyl, or cycloalkyl are deuterated.
[0086] In some embodiments, one or more R2 is alkyl. In some embodiments, one or more R2 is C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) alkyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl is deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, the C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) alkyl is deuterated C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) alkyl. In some embodiments, one or more R2 is -CH3. In some embodiments, one or more R2 is -CD3.
[0087] In some embodiments, each R2 is independently -CH3, -F, -Cl, -CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3 or cyclopropyl. In some embodiments, the -CH3, -CH2F, -CHF2, or cyclopropyl are deuterated. In some embodiments, -CH3 is -CD3.
[0088] In some embodiments, n is 0.
[0089] In some embodiments, n is 1.
[0090] In some embodiments, the moiety is selected from wherein each of R2A and R2B is independently hydrogen or R2.
[0091] In some embodiments, Ring C is aryl. In some embodiments, Ring C is a C6-12 aryl, C6-11 aryl, C6-10 aryl, C6-9 aryl, C6-8 aryl or C6-7 aryl. In some embodiments, Ring C is a C12 aryl, C11 aryl, C10 aryl, C9 aryl, C8 aryl, C7 aryl or C6 aryl. In some embodiments, Ring A is a monocyclic or bicyclic aryl. In some embodiments, Ring A is a monocyclic aryl. In some embodiments, Ring A is a bicyclic aryl.
[0092] In some embodiments, Ring C is phenyl.
[0093] In some embodiments, each R3 is independently halogen, alkyl, or haloalkyl. In some embodiments, each R3 is independently halogen, C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) alkyl, or C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) haloalkyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl or haloalkyl are deuterated.
[0094] In some embodiments, one or more R3 is alkyl. In some embodiments, one or more R3 is C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) alkyl. In some embodiments, the alkyl is deuterated alkyl. In some embodiments, the C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) alkyl is deuterated C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) alkyl. In some embodiments, one or more R3 is -CH3. In some embodiments, one or more R3 is -CD3.
[0095] In some embodiments, each R3 is -F, -CH3, -CH2F, -CHF2, or -CF3. In some embodiments, -CH3, -CH2F, and -CHF2 are deuterated. In some embodiments, -CH3 is -CD3.
[0096] In some embodiments, t is 0.
[0097] In some embodiments, t is 1.
[0098] In some embodiments, t is 2.
[0099] In some embodiments, the moiety is wherein each of R3A, R3B and R3C is independently hydrogen or R3.
[0100] In some embodiments, R4a is hydrogen or alkyl. In some embodiments, R4a is hydrogen or C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) alkyl. In some embodiments, R4a is hydrogen.
[0101] In some embodiments, R4b is hydrogen or alkyl. In some embodiments, R4b is hydrogen or C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) alkyl. In some embodiments, R4b is hydrogen.
[0102] In some embodiments, both R4a and R4b are hydrogen.
[0103] In some embodiments, R4a and R4b together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a C3-6 (e.g., C3-5 or C3-4) cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, R4a and R4b together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a cycloalkyl (such as C3-6 cycloalkyl, C3-5 cycloalkyl, or C3-4 cycloalkyl) . In some embodiments, R4a and R4b together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form cyclopropyl.
[0104] In some embodiments, the compound disclosed herein is of Formula (Ia) or Formula (Ib) :
[0105] In some embodiments, the compound disclosed herein is of formula selected from:
[0106] In some embodiments of Formula (Ia) , Formula (Ib) , Formula (Ia-1) or Formula (Ib-1) , Ring A is aryl or heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ring A is a C6-12 aryl, C6-11 aryl, C6-10 aryl, C6-9 aryl, C6-8 aryl or C6-7 aryl. In some embodiments, Ring A is a C12 aryl, C11 aryl, C10 aryl, C9 aryl, C8 aryl, C7 aryl or C6 aryl. In some embodiments, Ring A is a 5-to 12-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 11-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 10-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 9-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 8-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 7-membered heteroaryl or 5-to 6-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ring A is a 12-membered heteroaryl, 11-membered heteroaryl, 10-membered heteroaryl, 9-membered heteroaryl, 8-membered heteroaryl, 7-membered heteroaryl, 6-membered heteroaryl or 5-membered heteroaryl.
[0107] In some embodiments of Formula (Ia) , Formula (Ib) , Formula (Ia-1) or Formula (Ib-1) , Ring A is phenyl, pyridyl, pyrazolyl, pyrimidinyl, triazolyl, or thiadiazolyl.
[0108] In some embodiments of Formula (Ia) , Formula (Ib) , Formula (Ia-1) or Formula (Ib-1) , Ring B is heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 5-to 12-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 11-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 10-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 9-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 8-membered heteroaryl, 5-to 7-membered heteroaryl or 5-to 6-membered heteroaryl. In some embodiments, Ring B is a 12-membered heteroaryl, 11-membered heteroaryl, 10-membered heteroaryl, 9-membered heteroaryl, 8-membered heteroaryl, 7-membered heteroaryl, 6-membered heteroaryl or 5-membered heteroaryl.
[0109] In some embodiments of Formula (Ia) , Formula (Ib) , Formula (Ia-1) or Formula (Ib-1) , Ring B is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, thiazolyl or imidazolyl.
[0110] In some embodiments of Formula (Ia) , Formula (Ib) , Formula (Ia-1) or Formula (Ib-1) , Ring C is aryl. In some embodiments, Ring C is a C6-12 aryl, C6-11 aryl, C6-10 aryl, C6-9 aryl, C6-8 aryl or C6-7 aryl. In some embodiments, Ring C is a C12 aryl, C11 aryl, C10 aryl, C9 aryl, C8 aryl, C7 aryl or C6 aryl.
[0111] In some embodiments of Formula (Ia) , Formula (Ib) , Formula (Ia-1) or Formula (Ib-1) , Ring C is phenyl.
[0112] In some embodiments of Formula (Ia) , Formula (Ib) , Formula (Ia-1) or Formula (Ib-1) , each of L2 and L3 is independently a bond, -N (Ra) --S (=O) 2-or -S (=O) (=NRa) -.
[0113] In some embodiments of Formula (Ia) , Formula (Ib) , Formula (Ia-1) or Formula (Ib-1) , -L2-L3-is -S (=O) 2-, -N (Ra) -S (=O) 2-or -S (=O) (=NRa) -. In some embodiments, Ra is hydrogen or alkyl (such as C1-6 (e.g., C1-5, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2) alkyl) .
[0114] In some embodiments of Formula (Ia) , Formula (Ib) , Formula (Ia-1) or Formula (Ib-1) , -L2-L3-is -S (=O) 2-or -S (=O) (=NH) -.
[0115] Provided herein are also compounds set forth in Table 1, 2 or 3, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. TABLE 1 Exemplary Compounds TABLE 2 Exemplary Compounds TABLE 3 Exemplary Compounds
[0116] Exemplary GR modulators suitable for this application, and their methods of making are described in PCT International Patent Application No: PCT / CN2024 / 072263, PCT / CN2024 / 104020, PCT / CN2024 / 140643, and PCT / CN2025 / 072491, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. Further Forms of Compounds Disclosed Herein Isomers / Stereoisomers
[0117] In some embodiments, the compounds described herein exist as geometric isomers. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein possess one or more double bonds. The compounds presented herein include all cis, trans, syn, anti, entgegen (E) , and zusammen (Z) isomers as well as the corresponding mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein possess one or more chiral centers and each center exists in the R configuration, or S configuration. The compounds described herein include all diastereomeric, enantiomeric, and epimeric forms as well as the corresponding mixtures thereof. In additional embodiments of the compounds and methods provided herein, mixtures of enantiomers and / or diastereoisomers, resulting from a single preparative step, combination, or interconversion are useful for the applications described herein. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are prepared as their individual stereoisomers by reacting a racemic mixture of the compound with an optically active resolving agent to form a pair of diastereoisomeric compounds, separating the diastereomers and recovering the optically pure enantiomers. In some embodiments, dissociable complexes are preferred. In some embodiments, the diastereomers have distinct physical properties (e.g., melting points, boiling points, solubilities, reactivity, etc. ) and are separated by taking advantage of these dissimilarities. In some embodiments, the diastereomers are separated by chiral chromatography, or preferably, by separation / resolution techniques based upon differences in solubility. In some embodiments, the optically pure enantiomer is then recovered, along with the resolving agent, by any practical means that would not result in racemization. Tautomers
[0118] In some situations, compounds exist as tautomers. The compounds described herein include all possible tautomers within the formulas described herein. Tautomers are compounds that are interconvertible by migration of a hydrogen atom, accompanied by a switch of a single bond and adjacent double bond. In bonding arrangements where tautomerization is possible, a chemical equilibrium of the tautomers will exist. All tautomeric forms of the compounds disclosed herein are contemplated. The exact ratio of the tautomers depends on several factors, including temperature, solvent, and pH. Isotopic form
[0119] Unless otherwise stated, compounds described herein may exhibit their natural isotopic abundance, or one or more of the atoms may be artificially enriched in a particular isotope having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number predominantly found in nature. All isotopic variations of the compounds of the present disclosure, whether radioactive or not, are encompassed within the scope of the present disclosure. For example, hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes, denoted 1H (protium) , 2H (deuterium) , and 3H (tritium) . Protium is the most abundant isotope of hydrogen in nature. Enriching for deuterium may afford some therapeutic advantages, such as increased in vivo half-life and / or exposure, or may provide a compound useful for investigating in vivo routes of drug elimination and metabolism.
[0120] For example, the compounds described herein may be artificially enriched in one or more particular isotopes. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein may be artificially enriched in one or more isotopes that are not predominantly found in nature. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein may be artificially enriched in one or more isotopes selected from deuterium (2H) , tritium (3H) , iodine-125 (125I) or carbon-14 (14C) . In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are artificially enriched in one or more isotopes selected from 2H, 11C, 13C, 14C, 15C, 12N, 13N, 15N, 16N, 16O, 17O, 14F, 15F, 16F, 17F, 18F, 33S, 34S, 35S, 36S, 35Cl, 37Cl, 79Br, 81Br, 131I, and 125I. In some embodiments, the abundance of the enriched isotopes is independently at least 1%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, or 100%by molar.
[0121] In some embodiments, the compound is deuterated in at least one position. In some embodiments, the compounds disclosed herein have some or all of the 1H atoms replaced with 2H atoms. Unless otherwise indicated, each hydrogen atom of the compounds disclosed herein is independently 1H, 2H (D) or 3H (T) . In some embodiments, one or more hydrogen atom of the compounds disclosed herein is 2H (deuterium, or D) .
[0122] The methods of synthesis for deuterium-containing compounds are known in the art and include, by way of non-limiting example only, the procedure described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,846,514 and 6,334,997, and the following synthetic methods. For example, deuterium substituted compounds may be synthesized using various methods such as described in: Dean, Dennis C.; Editor. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Applications of Radiolabeled Compounds for Drug Discovery and Development. [In: Curr., Pharm. Des., 2000; 6 (10) ] 2000, 110 pp; George W.; Varma, Rajender S. The Synthesis of Radiolabeled Compounds via Organometallic Intermediates, Tetrahedron, 1989, 45 (21) , 6601-21; and Evans, E. Anthony. Synthesis of radiolabeled compounds, J. Radioanal. Chem., 1981, 64 (1-2) , 9-32.
[0123] Deuterated starting materials are readily available and are subjected to the synthetic methods described herein to provide for the synthesis of deuterium-containing compounds. Large numbers of deuterium-containing reagents and building blocks are available commercially from chemical vendors, such as Aldrich Chemical Co. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts
[0124] In some embodiments, the compounds described herein exist as their pharmaceutically acceptable salts. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein include methods of treating diseases by administering such pharmaceutically acceptable salts. In some embodiments, the methods disclosed herein include methods of treating diseases by administering such pharmaceutically acceptable salts as pharmaceutical compositions.
[0125] In some embodiments, the compounds described herein possess acidic or basic groups and therefore react with any of several inorganic or organic bases, and inorganic and organic acids, to form a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. In some embodiments, these salts are prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds disclosed herein, or by separately reacting a purified compound in its free form with a suitable acid or base, and isolating the salt thus formed.
[0126] Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those salts prepared by reaction of the compounds described herein with a mineral, organic acid or inorganic base, such salts including, acetate, acrylate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, bisulfite, bromide, butyrate, butyn-1, 4-dioate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, caproate, caprylate, chlorobenzoate, chloride, citrate, cyclopentanepropionate, decanoate, digluconate, dihydrogenphosphate, dinitrobenzoate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hexyne-1, 6-dioate, hydroxybenzoate, γ-hydroxybutyrate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, iodide, isobutyrate, lactate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, mandelate, metaphosphate, methanesulfonate, methoxybenzoate, methylbenzoate, monohydrogenphosphate, 1-napthalenesulfonate, 2-napthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, pyrosulfate, pyrophosphate, propiolate, phthalate, phenylacetate, phenylbutyrate, propanesulfonate, salicylate, succinate, sulfate, sulfite, succinate, suberate, sebacate, sulfonate, tartrate, thiocyanate, tosylate, undecanoate, and xylenesulfonate.
[0127] Further, the compounds described herein can be prepared as pharmaceutically acceptable salts formed by reacting the free base form of the compound with a pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic acid, including, but not limited to, inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid metaphosphoric acid, and the like; and organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, tartaric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3- (4-hydroxybenzoyl) benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, arylsulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1, 2-ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo- [2.2.2] oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 4, 4’ -methylenebis- (3-hydroxy-2-ene-1 -carboxylic acid) , 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid and muconic acid. In some embodiments, other acids, such as oxalic, while not in themselves pharmaceutically acceptable, are employed in the preparation of salts useful as intermediates in obtaining the compounds disclosed herein, and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts.
[0128] In some embodiments, those compounds described herein which comprise a free acid group react with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate, bicarbonate, sulfate, of a pharmaceutically acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically acceptable organic primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amine. Representative salts include the alkali or alkaline earth salts, like lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium, and aluminum salts and the like. Illustrative examples of bases include sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, choline hydroxide, sodium carbonate, N+ (C1-4 alkyl) 4, and the like.
[0129] Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine and the like. It should be understood that the compounds described herein also include the quaternization of any basic nitrogen-containing groups they contain. In some embodiments, water or oil-soluble or dispersible products are obtained by such quaternization. Routes of Administration
[0130] Suitable routes of administration include, but are not limited to, oral, intravenous, rectal, aerosol, parenteral, ophthalmic, pulmonary, transmucosal, transdermal, vaginal, otic, nasal, and topical administration. In addition, by way of example only, parenteral delivery includes intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramedullary injections, as well as intrathecal, direct intraventricular, intraperitoneal, intralymphatic, and intranasal injections. Pharmaceutical Compositions / Formulations
[0131] The compounds described herein are administered to a subject in need thereof, either alone or in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, or diluents, in a pharmaceutical composition, according to standard pharmaceutical practice. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein are administered to animals.
[0132] In another aspect, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound described herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or stereoisomer thereof, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. Pharmaceutical compositions are formulated in a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients that facilitate processing of the active compounds into preparations that can be used pharmaceutically. Proper formulation is dependent upon the route of administration chosen. A summary of pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be found, for example, in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, Nineteenth Ed (Easton, Pa.: Mack Publishing Company, 1995) ; Hoover, John E., Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pennsylvania 1975; Liberman, H. A. and Lachman, L., Eds., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Marcel Decker, New York, N. Y., 1980; and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Seventh Ed. (Lippincott Williams &Wilkins1999) , herein incorporated by reference for such disclosure. Methods of Treatment
[0133] Disclosed herein are methods of treating a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically affective amount of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
[0134] In some embodiments, the GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof is used in a monotherapy.
[0135] Also disclosed herein is use of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof.
[0136] Also disclosed herein is a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) for use in treating a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof.
[0137] In some embodiments, the metabolic disorder includes, but is not limited to, acid-base imbalance (e.g., acidosis, including ketoacidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, alcoholic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, hyperchloremic acidosis and renal tubular acidosis, and alkalosis, including contraction alkalosis) , metabolic brain diseases, inborn error of metabolism (e.g., phenylketonuria, galactosemia and Gaucher's disease) , disorders of calcium metabolism (e.g., hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia) , DNA repair-deficiency disorders, glucose metabolism disorders (e.g., diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2) , lactose intolerance, fructose malabsorption, galactosemia and glycogen storage disease) , iron metabolism disorders, dyslipidemia (e.g., hyperlipidemia, hyperlipoproteinemia and hypercholesterolemia) , malabsorption syndromes, metabolic syndrome (e.g., obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high serum triglycerides and low serum high-density lipoprotein) , mitochondrial diseases (e.g., mitochondrial myopathy, maternally inherited diabetes mellitus and deafness, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, Leigh syndrome, NARP syndrome, mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome, MERRF syndrome, MELAS syndrome and Alper’s syndrome) , phosphorus metabolism disorders, porphyria (e.g., porphyria cutanea tarda) , proteostasis deficiencies, metabolic skin diseases, wasting syndrome, water-electrolyte imbalance, adipocyte dysfunction, visceral adipose deposition, sleep apnea and hyperinsulinemia.
[0138] In some embodiments, the glucose metabolism disorders includes, but is not limited to, T1D, T2DM, pre-diabetes, idiopathic T1D, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) , early-onset T2DM (EOD) , youth-onset atypical diabetes (YOAD) , maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) , malnutrition-related diabetes, gestational diabetes, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hepatic insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, kidney disease, and diabetic retinopathy.
[0139] In some embodiments, the obesity includes, but is not limited to, hypothalamic obesity and monogenic obesity and related comorbidities (e.g., osteoarthritis and urine incontinence) , eating disorders (including binge eating syndrome, bulimia nervosa, and syndromic obesity such as Prader-Willi and Bardet-Biedl syndromes) , weight gain from use of other agents (e.g., from use of steroids and antipsychotics) .
[0140] In some embodiments, the metabolic disorder is diabetes mellitus (type 1 and / or type 2) , hyperlipidemia or obesity.
[0141] Also disclosed herein are methods of treating diabetes mellitus (type 1 and / or type 2) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically affective amount of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Also disclosed herein is use of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) in the manufacture of a medicament for treating diabetes mellitus (type 1 and / or type 2) in a subject in need thereof. Also disclosed herein is a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) for use in treating diabetes mellitus (type 1 and / or type 2) in a subject in need thereof.
[0142] Also disclosed herein are methods of treating hyperlipidemia in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically affective amount of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Also disclosed herein is use of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) in the manufacture of a medicament for treating hyperlipidemia in a subject in need thereof. Also disclosed herein is a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) for use in treating hyperlipidemia in a subject in need thereof.
[0143] Also disclosed herein are methods of treating obesity in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically affective amount of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Also disclosed herein is use of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) in the manufacture of a medicament for treating obesity in a subject in need thereof. Also disclosed herein is a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) for use in treating obesity in a subject in need thereof.
[0144] In some embodiments, the GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a pharmaceutical composition thereof is used in a combination therapy.
[0145] Also disclosed herein are methods of treating a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically affective amount of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and an anti-diabetic agent or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
[0146] In some embodiments, the an anti-diabetic agent includes but not limited to a biguanide (e.g., metformin) , a sulfonylurea (e.g., tolbutamide, glibenclamide, gliclazide, chlorpropamide, tolazamide, acetohexamide, glyclopyramide, glimepiride, or glipizide) , a thiazolidinedione (e.g., pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, or lobeglitazone) , a glitazar (e.g., saroglitazar, aleglitazar, muraglitazar or tesaglitazar) , a meglitinide (e.g., nateglinide, repaglinide) , a dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitor (e.g., sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, gemigliptin, anagliptin, teneligliptin, alogliptin, trelagliptin, dutogliptin, or omarigliptin) , a glitazone (e.g., pioglitazone, rosiglitazone, balaglitazone, rivoglitazone, or lobeglitazone) , a sodium-glucose linked transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor (e.g., empagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, ipragliflozin, Ipragliflozin, tofogliflozin, sergliflozin etabonate, remogliflozin etabonate, or ertugliflozin) , an SGLTL1 inhibitor, a GPR40 agonist (FFAR1 / FFA1 agonist, e.g. fasiglifam) , glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and analogues thereof, an alpha glucosidase inhibitor (e.g. voglibose, acarbose, or miglitol) , or an insulin or an insulin analogue, including the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the specifically named agents and the pharmaceutically acceptable solvates of said agents and salts
[0147] Also disclosed herein are methods of treating a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically affective amount of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and an anti-obesity agent or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
[0148] In some embodiments, the anti-obesity agent includes but not limited to peptide YY or an analogue thereof, a neuropeptide Y receptor type 2 (NPYR2) agonist, a NPYR1 or NPYR5 antagonist, a cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) antagonist, a lipase inhibitor (e.g., orlistat) , a human proislet peptide (HIP) , a melanocortin receptor 4 agonist (e.g., setmelanotide) , a melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonist, a farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist (e.g. obeticholic acid) , zonisamide, phentermine (alone or in combination with topiramate) , a norepinephrine / dopamine reuptake inhibitor (e.g., buproprion) , an opioid receptor antagonist (e.g., naltrexone) , a combination of norepinephrine / dopamine reuptake inhibitor and opioid receptor antagonist (e.g., a combination of bupropion and naltrexone) , a GDF-15 analog, sibutramine, a cholecystokinin agonist, amylin and analogues therof (e.g., pramlintide) , leptin and analogues thereof (e.g., metroleptin) , a serotonergic agent (e.g., lorcaserin) , a methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) inhibitor (e.g., beloranib or ZGN-1061) , phendimetrazine, diethylpropion, benzphetamine, an SGLT2 inhibitor (e.g., empagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, ipragliflozin, Ipragliflozin, tofogliflozin, sergliflozin etabonate, remogliflozin etabonate, or ertugliflozin) , an SGLTL1 inhibitor, a dual SGLT2 / SGLT1 inhibitor, a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) modulator, an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator, biotin, a MAS receptor modulator, or a glucagon receptor agonist (alone or in combination with another GLP-1R agonist, e.g., liraglutide, exenatide, dulaglutide, albiglutide, lixisenatide, or semaglutide) , including the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the specifically named agents and the pharmaceutically acceptable solvates of said agents and salts.
[0149] Also disclosed herein are methods of treating a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically affective amount of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a GLP-1 receptor agonist or a pharmaceutical composition thereof.
[0150] Also disclosed herein is use of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) and a GLP-1 receptor agonist in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof.
[0151] Also disclosed herein is use of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a metabolic disorder in combination with a GLP-1 receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof.
[0152] Also disclosed herein is a combination of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) and a GLP-1 receptor agonist for use in treating a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof.
[0153] Also disclosed herein is a composition comprising a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) and a GLP-1 receptor agonist, for use in treating a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof.
[0154] Also disclosed herein is a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) for use in treating a metabolic disorder in combination with a GLP-1 receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof.
[0155] In some embodiments, the metabolic disorder comprises acid-base imbalance (e.g., acidosis, including ketoacidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, alcoholic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, hyperchloremic acidosis and renal tubular acidosis, and alkalosis, including contraction alkalosis) , metabolic brain diseases, inborn error of metabolism (e.g., phenylketonuria, galactosemia and Gaucher's disease) , disorders of calcium metabolism (e.g., hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia) , DNA repair-deficiency disorders, glucose metabolism disorders (e.g., diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2) , lactose intolerance, fructose malabsorption, galactosemia and glycogen storage disease) , iron metabolism disorders, dyslipidemia (e.g., hyperlipidemia, hyperlipoproteinemia and hypercholesterolemia) , malabsorption syndromes, metabolic syndrome (e.g., obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high serum triglycerides and low serum high-density lipoprotein) , mitochondrial diseases (e.g., mitochondrial myopathy, maternally inherited diabetes mellitus and deafness, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, Leigh syndrome, NARP syndrome, mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome, MERRF syndrome, MELAS syndrome and Alper’s syndrome) , phosphorus metabolism disorders, porphyria (e.g., porphyria cutanea tarda) , proteostasis deficiencies, metabolic skin diseases, wasting syndrome water-electrolyte imbalance, adipocyte dysfunction, visceral adipose deposition, sleep apnea and hyperinsulinemia.
[0156] In some embodiments, the glucose metabolism disorders includes, but is not limited to, T1D, T2DM, pre-diabetes, idiopathic T1D, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) , early-onset T2DM (EOD) , youth-onset atypical diabetes (YOAD) , maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) , malnutrition-related diabetes, gestational diabetes, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hepatic insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, kidney disease, and diabetic retinopathy.
[0157] In some embodiments, the obesity includes, but is not limited to, hypothalamic obesity and monogenic obesity and related comorbidities (e.g., osteoarthritis and urine incontinence) , eating disorders (including binge eating syndrome, bulimia nervosa, and syndromic obesity such as Prader-Willi and Bardet-Biedl syndromes) , weight gain from use of other agents (e.g., from use of steroids and antipsychotics) .
[0158] In some embodiments, the metabolic disorder is diabetes mellitus (type 1 and / or type 2) , hyperlipidemia or obesity.
[0159] Also disclosed herein are methods of treating diabetes mellitus (type 1 and / or type 2) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically affective amount of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a GLP-1 receptor agonist or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Also disclosed herein is use of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) and a GLP-1 receptor agonist in the manufacture of a medicament for treating diabetes mellitus (type 1 and / or type 2) in a subject in need thereof. Also disclosed herein is use of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) in the manufacture of a medicament for treating diabetes mellitus (type 1 and / or type 2) in combination with and a GLP-1 receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof. Also disclosed herein is a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) and a GLP-1 receptor agonist for use in treating diabetes mellitus (type 1 and / or type 2) in a subject in need thereof. Also disclosed herein is a composition comprising a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) and a GLP-1 receptor agonist, for use in treating diabetes mellitus (type 1 and / or type 2) in a subject in need thereof. Also disclosed herein is a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) for use in treating diabetes mellitus (type 1 and / or type 2) in combination with and a GLP-1 receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof.
[0160] Also disclosed herein are methods of treating hyperlipidemia in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically affective amount of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a GLP-1 receptor agonist or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Also disclosed herein is use of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) and a GLP-1 receptor agonist in the manufacture of a medicament for treating hyperlipidemia in a subject in need thereof. Also disclosed herein is use of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) in the manufacture of a medicament for treating hyperlipidemia in combination with and a GLP-1 receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof. Also disclosed herein is a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) and a GLP-1 receptor agonist for use in treating hyperlipidemia in a subject in need thereof. Also disclosed herein is a composition comprising a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) and a GLP-1 receptor agonist, for use in treating hyperlipidemia in a subject in need thereof. Also disclosed herein is a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) for use in treating hyperlipidemia in combination with and a GLP-1 receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof.
[0161] Also disclosed herein are methods of treating obesity in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically affective amount of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a GLP-1 receptor agonist or a pharmaceutical composition thereof. Also disclosed herein is use of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) and a GLP-1 receptor agonist in the manufacture of a medicament for treating obesity in a subject in need thereof. Also disclosed herein is use of a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) in the manufacture of a medicament for treating obesity in combination with and a GLP-1 receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof. Also disclosed herein is a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) and a GLP-1 receptor agonist for use in treating obesity in a subject in need thereof. Also disclosed herein is a composition comprising a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) and a GLP-1 receptor agonist, for use in treating obesity in a subject in need thereof. Also disclosed herein is a GR modulator (e.g., inhibitor) for use in treating obesity in combination with and a GLP-1 receptor agonist in a subject in need thereof.
[0162] In some embodiments, the GR modulator and the GLP-1 receptor agonist are administered sequentially, simultaneously, or within the same treatment protocol. In some embodiments, the GR modulator is administered prior to the administration of the GLP-1 receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the GR modulator is administered after the administration of the GLP-1 receptor agonist. In some embodiments, the GR modulator and the GLP-1 receptor agonist are administered simultaneously or within the same treatment protocol.
[0163] In some embodiments, the administration of the GR modulator and the administration of the GLP-1 receptor agonist are separated with a time interval of about 0 to about 36 hours, e.g., of about 0 hour, 0.5 hours 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 30 hours, 36 hours, or a range between any two of the preceding values. In some embodiments, the administration of the GR modulator and the administration of the GLP-1 receptor agonist are separated with a time interval of about 0 to about 24 hours, of about 0 to 12 hours, of about 0.5 to 12 hours, of about 0.5 to 6 hours, or of about 0.5 to 2 hours.
[0164] In some embodiments, the GR modulator and the GLP-1 receptor agonist are administered in one unit dosage form or in two or more separate unit dosage forms. In some embodiments, the GR modulator and the GLP-1 receptor agonist are administered in one unit dosage form. In some embodiments, the GR modulator and the GLP-1 receptor agonist are administered in two or more separate unit dosage forms. In some embodiments, the two or more separate unit dosage forms are in a kit.
[0165] Amounts effective for the described methods can depend on the severity and course of the metabolic disorder, previous therapy, the patient’s health status, weight, and response to the drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician. EXAMPLES Example 1: Synthesis of Exemplary Compounds Example 1.1: Synthesis of Compound 1A
[0166] Step 1: To a solution of Compound 1-1 (20 g, 60.61 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (200 mL) were slowly dropped 10 M BH3·Me2S (18.2 mL, 181.82 mmol) at -10 ℃. The mixture was heated to 25 ℃ for 3 h. Then, the mixture was slowly added dropwise 3M NaOH (10.1 mL, 30.30 mmol) and 30%H2O2 (31.2 mL, 303.05 mmol) at -10 ℃. The mixture was heated to 25 ℃ for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with sat. Na2SO3 and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue which was purified by flash silica gel chromatography to provide Compound 1-2 (5.1 g, 24%yield) as a yellow oil. LCMS: 349.2 [M+H] +.
[0167] 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.43 –7.24 (m, 5H) , 5.15 –4.94 (m, 2H) , 4.21 (dd, J = 12.8, 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 3.91 (d, J = 12.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.78 –3.67 (m, 1H) , 3.58 –3.42 (m, 3H) , 3.15 –2.89 (m, 3H) , 2.87 –2.65 (m, 1H) , 2.59 –2.52 (m, 1H) , 2.39 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H) , 1.84 –1.48 (m, 3H) , 1.38 –1.19 (m, 1H) .
[0168] Step 2: To a solution of Compound 1-2 (5 g, 14.37 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) were added 4A molecular sieves (5 g) , NMO (2.5 g, 21.55 mmol) and TPAP (500 mg, 1.44 mmol) at 0 ℃. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under N2 atmosphere for 3 h. The mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue which was purified by flash silica gel chromatography to provide Compound 1-3 (3.2 g, 64%yield) as a yellow oil. LCMS: 347.1 [M+H] +.
[0169] 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.42 –7.29 (m, 5H) , 5.17 –4.99 (m, 2H) , 4.38 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H) , 3.94 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H) , 3.67 –3.51 (m, 4H) , 3.17 (d, J = 16.4 Hz, 1H) , 3.07 –2.77 (m, 3H) , 2.61 –2.53 (m, 1H) , 2.42 –2.33 (m, 1H) , 2.30 –2.14 (m, 2H) , 1.83 –1.70 (m, 1H) .
[0170] Step 3: To a solution of Compound 1-3 (3.2 g, 9.25 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (30 mL) were added KHMDS (27.7 mL, 27.75 mmol) at -78 ℃. The reaction mixture was stirred at this temperature for 1 h. Then, 2, 2, 2-trifluoroethyl formate (7.1 g, 55.49 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred at -78 ℃ under N2 atmosphere for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with 3 M HCl and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide Compound 1-4 (3 g, 87%yield) as a red oil. LCMS: 375.1 [M+H] +.
[0171] Step 4: To a solution of Compound 1-4 (3 g, 8.02 mmol) in acetic acid (30 mL) were added NaOAc (986 mg, 12.03 mmol) and 4-fluorophenylhydrazine hydrochloride (1.9 g, 12.03 mmol) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue which was purified by flash silica gel chromatography to provide Compound 1-5 (1.5 g, 40%yield) as a red solid. LCMS: 465.2 [M+H] +.
[0172] 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.23 (s, 1H) , 7.83 –7.70 (m, 2H) , 7.42 –7.19 (m, 7H) , 5.09 (s, 2H) , 4.34 (d, J = 13.6 Hz, 1H) , 4.04 –3.86 (m, 3H) , 3.38 –3.30 (m, 3H) , 3.22 –3.00 (m, 4H) , 2.86 –2.74 (m, 1H) , 2.59 (d, J = 15.6 Hz, 1H) .
[0173] Step 5: To a solution of Compound 1-5 (1.5 g, 3.23 mmol) in ethyl acetate (15 mL) was added Pd (OH) 2 (633 mg, 4.52 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ under H2 atmosphere for 2 h. The mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide Compound 1-6 (1.15 g, crude) as a yellow solid. LCMS: 331.1 [M+H] +.
[0174] Step 6: To a solution of Compound 1-6 (1.15 g, crude) in dichloromethane (10 mL) were added di-tert-butyldicarbonate (2.1 g, 9.48 mmol) and TEA (957 mg, 9.48 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ under N2 atmosphere for 1 h. The mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue which was purified by flash silica gel chromatography to provide Compound 1-7 (0.8 g, 57%yield) as a yellow solid. LCMS: 431.1 [M+H] +.
[0175] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 7.54 –7.35 (m, 3H) , 7.22 –7.06 (m, 2H) , 4.43 (d, J = 12.8 Hz, 1H) , 4.32 (d, J = 15.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.08 –3.89 (m, 1H) , 3.79 (d, J = 15.2 Hz, 1H) , 3.65 (s, 3H) , 3.35 –3.04 (m, 3H) , 2.98 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H) , 2.72 (d, J = 9.6 Hz, 1H) , 2.60 (d, J = 15.2 Hz, 1H) , 1.45 (s, 9H) .
[0176] Step 7: To a solution of 2-bromopyridine (370 mg, 3.02 mmol) in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (15 mL) were added 1.6 M n-butyllithium (1.9 mL, 3.02 mmol) at -78 ℃. The reaction mixture was stirred at this temperature for 1 h. Then, Compound 1-7 (130 mg, 0.30 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at -78 ℃ for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with sat. NH4Cl and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue which was purified by flash silica gel chromatography to provide Compound 1-8 (75 mg, 52%yield) as a yellow solid. LCMS: 478.2 [M+H] +.
[0177] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.68 (s, 1H) , 7.90 –7.70 (m, 2H) , 7.49 –7.40 (m, 3H) , 7.34 –7.30 (m, 1H) , 7.20 –7.10 (m, 2H) , 5.53 (s, 1H) , 4.61 (d, J = 15.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.48 –4.36 (m, 1H) , 4.12 (s, 1H) , 4.03 –3.85 (m, 1H) , 3.55 (s, 1H) , 3.32 –3.18 (m, 1H) , 3.19 –3.01 (m, 1H) , 2.89 –2.74 (m, 2H) , 1.60 –1.59 (m, 9H) .
[0178] Step 8: Compound 1-8 (75 g) was separated by SFC (column: (250*25 mm, 10μm) ; mobile phase A: Supercritical CO2; mobile phase B: MeOH (+0.1%7.0mol / L Ammonia in MeOH) ) to provide Compound 1-9A (26 mg, 18%yield) with a retention time of 1.657 min as a white solid and Compound 1-9B (24 mg, 17%yield) with a retention time of 2.635 min as a white solid. LCMS: 478.2 [M+H] +.
[0179] Step 9: To a solution of Compound 1-9A (20 mg, 0.04 mmol) in dichloromethane (2 mL) was added TFA (1 mL) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to provide Compound 1-10A (14 mg, 89%yield) as a yellow solid. LCMS: 378.1 [M+H] +.
[0180] Step 10: To a solution of Compound 1-10A (14 mg, 0.04 mmol) in dichloromethane (3 mL) were added DIPEA (14 mg, 0.11 mmol) and 4- (trifluoromethyl) benzenesulfonyl chloride (9.9 mg, 0.04 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ under N2 atmosphere for 30 min and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to give a residue which was purified by Prep-HPLC to afford the corresponding Compound 1A (12 mg, 55%yield) . LCMS: 586.2 [M+H] +.
[0181] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.62 (d, J = 3.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.80 (s, 4H) , 7.71 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 7.50 –7.38 (m, 3H) , 7.32 (s, 1H) , 7.14 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 5.41 (s, 1H) , 4.68 (d, J = 14.0 Hz, 1H) , 4.23 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.95 (s, 1H) , 3.76 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H) , 3.63 (s, 1H) , 2.99 -2.71 (m, 4H) . Example 1.2: Synthesis of Compounds 88A and 88B
[0182] Step 1: To a solution of Compound 88-1 (33 g, 326 mmol) in ethanol (200 mL) was added benzyl bromide (55.8 g, 326 mmol) and stirred at 25 ℃ under N2 for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to afford Compound 88-2 (53 g, 85%yield) as a white solid. LCMS: 192.2 [M+H] +.
[0183] Step 2: To a solution of Compound 88-2 (30 g, 157 mmol) in DMF (200 mL) were added sodium 2-chloro-2, 2-difluoroacetate (47.8 g, 314 mmol) and cesium carbonate (102 g, 314 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 70 ℃ under N2 for 2 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The obtained residue was purified by flash silica gel chromatography to afford Compound 88-3 (5.1 g, 13%yield) as a yellow oil. LCMS: 242.1 [M+H] +.
[0184] Step 3: To a solution of Compound 88-3 (5.1 g, 21 mmol) in acetic acid (48 mL) and water (24 mL) was added NCS (11.3 g, 86 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 30 ℃ under N2 for 2 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The obtained residue was purified by flash silica gel chromatography to afford Compound 88-4 (3.1 g, 68%yield) as a yellow oil. 1HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) : δ 8.33 (s, 1H) , 7.45 (t, J = 57.6 Hz, 1H) .
[0185] Step 4: To a solution of Compound 88-4 (1.9 g, 8.73 mmol) in acetonitrile (10 mL) was added 7 M ammonia in methanol (20 mL) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ under N2 for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated. The obtained residue was purified by flash silica gel chromatography to afford Compound 88-5 (1.0 g, 58%yield) as a white solid. LCMS: 197.1 [M-H] -.
[0186] Step 5: To a solution of Compound 88-5 (500 mg, 2.52 mmol) in THF (3 mL) was added NaH (202 mg, 5.05 mmol) at 0 ℃ and stirred for 0.5 h. Then, tert-butylchlorodimethylsilane (456 mg, 3.03 mmol) was added. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 2 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with sat. NH4Cl and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic phase was washed with brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The obtained residue was purified by flash silica gel chromatography to afford Compound 88-6 (300 mg, 38%yield) as a white solid. LCMS: 311.1 [M-H] -.
[0187] Step 6: To a solution of Compound 38-Int (100 mg, 0.19 mmol) in 1, 4-dioxane (1 mL) was added 4 M HCl in dioxane (1 mL) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ under N2 for 1 h. The mixture was quenched with sat. NaHCO3. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated to afford Compound 88-7 (75 mg, 92%yield) as a yellow solid. LCMS: 428.1 [M+H] +.
[0188] Step 7: To a mixture of 4A molecular sieve (100 mg) and Compound 88-6 (81 mg, 0.26 mmol) in dichloromethane (4 mL) was added TEA (0.12 mL, 0.86 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 10 min. Dichlorotriphenylphosphorane (144 mg, 0.43 mmol) was added at 0 ℃. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0 ℃ for 1 h. Compound 88-7 (50 mg, 0.12 mmol) was added to this reaction mixture at 0 ℃. The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 h. This reaction mixture was quenched with sat. NaHCO3 and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated to give a residue. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC to afford Compound 88-8A (15 mg, 17.3%yield) and Compound 88-8B (20 mg, 23.1 %yield) . LCMS: 722.1 [M+H] +.
[0189] Step 8: To a solution of Compound 88-8A (15 mg, 0.021 mmol) in 1, 4-dioxane (1 mL) was added 4 M HCl in dioxane (1 mL) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 h. This mixture was quenched with sat. NaHCO3. and extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The obtained residue was purified by Prep-HPLC to afford Compound 88A (5.16 mg, 40.4%yield) . LCMS: 608.3 [M+H] +.
[0190] 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.87 (s, 1H) , 8.10 (s, 1H) , 8.05 –7.95 (m, 2H) , 7.46 –7.41 (m, 2H) , 7.38 (t, J = 57.8 Hz, 1H) , 7.35 (s, 1H) , 7.20 –7.14 (m, 2H) , 6.79 (t, J = 55.4 Hz, 1H) , 5.77 –5.58 (m, 1H) , 4.77 –4.63 (m, 1H) , 4.24 –3.94 (m, 3H) , 3.79 –3.62 (m, 1H) , 3.39 –2.71 (m, 4H) , 2.06 (brs, 1H) .
[0191] Step 4: To a solution of Compound 88-8B (15 mg, 0.021 mmol) in 1, 4-dioxane (1 mL) was added 4M HCl in dioxane (1 mL) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 25 ℃ for 1 h. This mixture was quenched with sat. NaHCO3. and extracted with dichloromethane. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated. The obtained residue was purified by Prep-HPLC to afford Compound 88B (8.63 mg, 67.5 %yield) . LCMS: 608.4 [M+H] +.
[0192] 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 8.92 (s, 1H) , 8.45 (s, 1H) , 8.26 (t, J = 57.0 Hz, 1H) , 8.17 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.89 (d, J = 8.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.62 –7.54 (m, 2H) , 7.42 (s, 1H) , 7.38 –7.31 (m, 2H) , 7.26 (t, J = 54.8 Hz, 1H) , 5.34 –5.20 (m, 2H) , 4.42 (d, J = 15.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.19 (d, J = 15.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.07 (d, J = 16.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.78 –3.67 (m, 1H) , 3.41 –3.35 (m, 1H) , 3.02 –2.93 (m, 1H) , 2.82 –2.70 (m, 2H) , 2.69 –2.60 (m, 1H) .
[0193] The following intermediates were prepared and separated by similar procedures as described in Example 1.1, wherein *indicates the chiral center. The enantiomeric separation conditions are shown in the table blow, and the Isomer A and Isomer B are the first eluting isomer and the second eluting isomer under the identified enantiomeric separation condition, respectively. Example 2: Evaluation for the Treatment of Obesity
[0194] Compound 88B was evaluated using diet-induced obese (DIO) mice (Shanghai Model Organisms) to investigate its pharmaceutical efficacy, including body weight gain, insulin resistance and liver histopathology either as monotherapy or in combination therapy. The mice were randomly divided into five groups: Control Group (vehicle administered orally twice daily (BID) ) , Semaglutide Group (5 nmol / kg semaglutide injected intraperitoneally once daily (QD) ) , Compound 88B Low Dose Group (3 mg / kg Compound 88B administered orally BID) , Compound 88B High Dose Group (10 mg / kg Compound 88B administered orally BID) , and Combination Group (5 nmol / kg semaglutide administered i.p. QD and 10 mg / kg Compound 88B administered orally BID) .
[0195] As shown in Figure 1, Compound 88B reduces body weight gain in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and augments semaglutide efficacy.
[0196] As shown in Figure 2, Compound 88B has a trend to improve insulin resistance in DIO Mice and enhance the efficacy of semaglutide, including fasting blood glucose (mmol / L) , insulin levels (ng / mL) , and HOMA-IR scores. The combination therapy exhibits a trend towards greater improvement compared to semaglutide alone.
[0197] As shown in Figure 3, enhanced improvement in liver histopathology was observed with combined Compound 88B and semaglutide treatment in DIO mice. Representative histological images demonstrated that combination therapy leads to more pronounced improvements in liver pathology compared to semaglutide alone. Improvements include reductions in hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, indicating enhanced therapeutic efficacy of semaglutide when Compound 88B is combined with. Example 3: Evaluation for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
[0198] Compound 88B was evaluated using C57BL / KSJ diabetic db / db mice model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Cyagen Biosciences) to investigate its pharmaceutical efficacy, including fasting blood glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels, either as monotherapy or in combination therapy. The mice were randomly divided into three groups: Control Group (vehicle administered orally BID) , Compound 88B Group (10 mg / kg Compound 88B administered orally BID) , and Combination Group (1 nmol / kg semaglutide administered i.p. QD and 10 mg / kg Compound 88B administered orally BID) . Fasting blood glucose levels were measured weekly over the 21-day treatment period. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted on day 21, and the area under the curve (AUC) from 0 to 120 minutes was calculated to assess glucose tolerance. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were measured on day 36 to quantify long-term glycemic control.
[0199] As shown in Figure 4, Compound 88B tends to improve hyperglycemia phenotypes in the db / db mouse model of type 2 diabetes mellitus, with enhanced efficacy when combined with semaglutide.
[0200] It is understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and scope of the appended claims. All publications, patents, and patent applications cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes.
Claims
1.A method of treating a metabolic disorder in a subject in need thereof, wherein the method comprises administering a glucocorticoid receptor (GR) modulator (e.g., inhibitor) to the subject.2.The method of claim 1, further comprising administering a GLP-1 receptor agonist to the subject.3.The method of claim 2, wherein the GLP-1 receptor agonist is semaglutide, trizepatide, retatrutide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide or beinaglutide.4.The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the GR modulator is selected from mifepristone, ketoconazole, cyproterone acetate, relacorilant, miricorilant, dazucorilant, exicorilant, CORT-108297, RU-43044, Org 34517, Org 36410, Org 34850, CP-409069, CP-394531, AL082D06, KB285, AL-438 or fluorocortivazol, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, derivative, analogue, tautomer, stereoisomer or isotope-labeled compound thereof.5.The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the GR modulator is a compound of Formula (I) : or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,wherein:each is independently a single bond or double bond;X is N, C or CH;L1 is -C (=O) -, -C (=O) O-, -C (=O) N (Ra) -, -C (Ra) 2-, -N (Ra) -, -O-, -S-, S (=O) or -S (=O) 2-;each of L2 and L3 is independently a bond, -N (Ra) -, -C (=O) -, -C (=O) O-, -C (=O) N (Ra) -, -O-, -S-, S (=O) , -S (=O) 2-, -S (=O) (=NRa) -, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, or heteroalkynyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, and heteroalkynyl are optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, cyano, or oxo;each of Ring A, Ring B and Ring C is independently cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl;each of R1, R2 and R3 is independently halogen, hydroxy, cyano, -ORb, -N (Rb) 2, -C (=O) Rb, -C (=O) ORb, -C (=O) N (Rb) 2, -S (=O) Rb, -S (=O) 2Rb, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, heteroalkyl, heteroalkenyl, heteroalkynyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocyclyl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxy, cyano, oxo, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, or hydroxyalkyl;each of R4a and R4b is independently hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, alkyl, haloalkyl, hydroxyalkyl or alkoxy;or R4a and R4b together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl, each optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino or alkyl;each of Ra and Rb is independently hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl or cycloalkyl;or two Rb together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a heterocyclyl optionally substituted with one or more groups independently selected from halogen, hydroxyl, amino or alkyl;n is any integer of 0-5;m is any integer of 0-5; andt is any integer of 0-5.6.The method of claim 5, wherein L1 is -C (=O) -.7.The method of claim 5 or 6, wherein L2 is a bond, -N (Ra) -or alkyl and L3 is -S (=O) 2-or -S (=O) (=NRa) -; orL2 is -S (=O) 2-or -S (=O) (=NRa) -and L3 is a bond, -N (Ra) -or alkyl.8.The method of any one of claims 5-7, wherein -L2-L3-is -S (=O) 2-, -N (Ra) -S (=O) 2-or -S (=O) (=NRa) -.9.The method of any one of claims 5-8, wherein Ring A is aryl or heteroaryl.10.The method of claim 9, wherein, wherein Ring A is phenyl, pyridyl, pyrazolyl, pyrimidinyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, dihydropyrrolopyrazolyl, dihydroimidazooxazinyl, or dihydropyrazoloxazinyl.11.The method of claim 10, wherein, wherein Ring A is selected from the group consisting of: 12.The method of any one of claims 5-11, wherein each R1 is independently halogen, cyano, -ORb, alkyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclyl.13.The method of claim 12, wherein each R1 is independently -F, -Cl, cyano, -OCH3, -CH3, -CH2CH3, -CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3, cyclopropyl or 14.The method of any one of claims 5-13, wherein Ring B is heteroaryl.15.The method of claim 14, wherein Ring B is pyridyl, thiazolyl, pyrimidinyl, imidazolyl or oxazolyl.16.The method of claim 14, wherein Ring B is selected from the group consisting of: 17.The method of any one of claims 5-16, wherein each R2 is independently halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl or cycloalkyl.18.The method of claim 17, wherein each R2 is independently -CH3, -F, -Cl, -CH2F, -CHF2, -CF3 or cyclopropyl.19.The method of any one of claims 5-18, wherein Ring C is aryl.20.The method of claim 19, wherein Ring C is phenyl.21.The method of any one of claims 5-20, wherein each R3 is independently halogen, alkyl, or haloalkyl.22.The method of claim 21, wherein each R3 is independently -F, -CH3, -CH2F, -CHF2, or -CF3.23.The method of any one of claims 5-22, wherein R4a is hydrogen or alkyl.24.The method of any one of claims 5-23, wherein R4b is hydrogen or alkyl.25.The method of any one of claims 5-24, wherein both R4a and R4b are hydrogen.26.The method of any one of claims 5-22, wherein R4a and R4b together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form cyclopropyl.27.The method of claim 5, wherein the compound is of Formula (Ia) or Formula (Ib) : 28.The method of claim 5, wherein the compound is of formula selected from: 29.The method of claim 28, wherein Ring A is aryl or heteroaryl, optionally Ring A is phenyl, pyridyl, pyrazolyl, pyrimidinyl, triazolyl, or thiadiazolyl.30.The method of claim 28 or 29, wherein Ring B is heteroaryl, optionally Ring B is pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, thiazolyl or imidazolyl.31.The method of any one of claims 28-30, wherein Ring C is aryl, optionally Ring C is phenyl.32.The method of any one of claims 28-31, wherein each of L2 and L3 is independently a bond, -N (Ra) -, -S (=O) 2-or -S (=O) (=NRa) -, optionally -L2-L3-is -S (=O) 2-, -N (Ra) -S (=O) 2-or -S (=O) (=NRa) -, optionally Ra is hydrogen or alkyl.33.The method of claim 5, wherein the compound is selected from any compound set forth in Table 1, 2 or 3.34.The method of any one of claims 2-33, wherein the GR modulator and the GLP-1 receptor agonist are administered sequentially (e.g., the GR modulator is administered prior to or after the administration of the GLP-1 receptor agonist) , simultaneously, or within the same treatment protocol.35.The method of any one of claims 2-34, wherein the GR modulator and the GLP-1 receptor agonist are administered in one unit dosage form or in two or more separate unit dosage forms, optionally the two or more separate unit dosage forms are in a kit.36.The method of any one of claims 1-35, wherein the method comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising the GR modulator and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.37.The method of any one of claims 2-35, wherein the method comprises administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising the GR modulator, the GLP-1 receptor agonist and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.38.The method of any one of claims 1-37, wherein the metabolic disorder comprises acid-base imbalance (e.g., acidosis, including ketoacidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis, alcoholic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, hyperchloremic acidosis and renal tubular acidosis, and alkalosis, including contraction alkalosis) , metabolic brain diseases, inborn error of metabolism (e.g., phenylketonuria, galactosemia and Gaucher's disease) , disorders of calcium metabolism (e.g., hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia) , DNA repair-deficiency disorders, glucose metabolism disorders (e.g., diabetes mellitus (type 1 and type 2) , lactose intolerance, fructose malabsorption, galactosemia and glycogen storage disease) , iron metabolism disorders, dyslipidemia (e.g., hyperlipidemia, hyperlipoproteinemia and hypercholesterolemia) , malabsorption syndromes, metabolic syndrome (e.g., obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, high serum triglycerides and low serum high-density lipoprotein) , mitochondrial diseases (e.g., mitochondrial myopathy, maternally inherited diabetes mellitus and deafness, Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy, Leigh syndrome, NARP syndrome, mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy syndrome, MERRF syndrome, MELAS syndrome and Alper’s syndrome) , phosphorus metabolism disorders, porphyria (e.g., porphyria cutanea tarda) , proteostasis deficiencies, metabolic skin diseases, wasting syndrome, water-electrolyte imbalance, adipocyte dysfunction, visceral adipose deposition, sleep apnea and hyperinsulinemia.39.The method of claim 38, wherein the glucose metabolism disorders comprise T1D, T2DM, pre-diabetes, idiopathic T1D, latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) , early-onset T2DM (EOD) , youth-onset atypical diabetes (YOAD) , maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) , malnutrition-related diabetes, gestational diabetes, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hepatic insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, kidney disease, and diabetic retinopathy.40.The method of claim 38, wherein the obesity comprises hypothalamic obesity and monogenic obesity and related comorbidities (e.g., osteoarthritis and urine incontinence) , eating disorders (including binge eating syndrome, bulimia nervosa, and syndromic obesity such as Prader-Willi and Bardet-Biedl syndromes) , weight gain from use of other agents (e.g., from use of steroids and antipsychotics) .