A device with an antenna and an actuatable conductive structure and a lighting system comprising the device
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/EP2026/053423
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2025-04-02
- Filing Date
- 2026-02-10
- Publication Date
- 2026-08-27
Smart Images
Figure EP2026053423_27082026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
[0001] 2025PF80032
[0002] 1
[0003] A DEVICE WITH AN ANTENNA AND AN ACTUATABLE CONDUCTIVE STRUCTURE AND A LIGHTING SYSTEM COMPRISING THE DEVICE
[0004] FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0005] The present disclosure relates to the field of electronic devices.
[0006] BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0007] There is an increasing demand for devices, such as smart plugs, that are able to control whether or not a power flow is permitted from a power source or supply to a load. Typically, such devices comprise an actuatable conductive structure, such as a relay, having a controllable actuation state to thereby control an impedance across said structure and in turn to control whether or not the power flow is permitted to the load.
[0008] Some examples of such devices additionally comprise an antenna, e.g., for receiving control and / or sensor signals for defining an operation (e.g., actuation state of) the actuatable conductive structure.
[0009] There is an ongoing desire to improve the functionality of such devices, e.g., to improve a signal-to-noise ratio of signals detected by the antenna and / or improve a range of the antenna.
[0010] US 2008 / 224942A1 discloses an antenna device with a capacitor and diode between a radiating element and a ground plane wherein the diode can change the frequency of the antenna device.
[0011] US 5519889A discloses using a crystal in a switch mode power supply to avoid interference to AM radio reception.
[0012] US 2013 / 229316A1 discloses coupling a primary antenna to an auxiliary antenna portion with a current controlled switch and shifts a resonance frequency range of the primary antenna.
[0013] CN 1238479 A discloses tuning a resonance frequency of an antenna resonance circuit by a capacitor and a switch.2025PF80032
[0014] 2
[0015] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0016] It has been recognized that a problem of the prior art is that changing the actuation state of an actuatable conductive structure in close proximity (e.g., in the same device as) an antenna will result in the functionality of the antenna being effected. In particular, when the actuatable conductive structure has a particular actuation state (e.g., with an open circuit or high impedance), the actuatable conductive structure will function as another antenna / load for the component in the frequency band of the antenna. In this way, the actuatable conductive structure will interfere with the function of the antenna.
[0017] This is not the worst consequence because the RF antenna can still tolerate the interference and transceive signal, at some interfered degree. However, when the actuatable conductive structure is switched into another particular actuation state, the actuatable conductive structure’s electromagnetic characteristic in the frequency band of the antenna substantially changes, which confuses the RF antenna especially when the RF antenna has just started operating. A sudden change in the communication performance causes the RF antenna is mistakenly indicate that something is happening. For example, the RF antenna may be designed to detect an external object using the RS SI (received signal strength indicator). In this scenario, when the actuatable conductive structure’s actuation states changes, the RS SI will change even though there is actually no external object appearing / disappearing. This change in RS SI may result in the RF antenna emitting a false trigger.
[0018] The present disclosure proposes to stabilize the influence of the actuation state of the actuatable conductive structure on the antenna by providing a frequency-dependent impedance that effectively causes a frequency dependent impedance in the frequency band of the antenna to bypass a large change in the impedance of actuatable conductive structure especially when the actuatable conductive structure has such a large change in its impedance. Thus, regardless or independent of the actuation states, a frequency dependent impedance and the original impedance (before the large change) of the actuatable conductive structure are substantially similar at least within the frequency band of the antenna. This stabilizes the interference with the radiation pattern of the nearby RF antenna when the actuatable conductive structure is switched between different actuation states, and the performance of the nearby RF antenna is thereby stabilized.
[0019] The invention is defined by the claims.
[0020] According to examples in accordance with an aspect of the invention, there is provided a device comprising: an RF antenna configured to operate in a first frequency band; an actuatable conductive structure actuatable to switch between: a first actuation state, in which2025PF80032
[0021] 3
[0022] the actuatable conductive structure has a first impedance in at least the first frequency band and is adapted to cause an (first) interference to the RF antenna; and a second actuation state, in which the actuatable conductive structure has a second impedance, substantially different than the first impedance, in at least the first frequency band and is adapted to cause a varied (second) interference to the RF antenna; and a frequency-dependent impedance connected in parallel with the actuatable conductive structure. The frequency-dependent impedance is configured to have, in the first frequency band, a third impedance significantly close to one of the first impedance and the second impedance in a corresponding actuation state and bypass the other one of the first impedance and the second impedance in the other actuation state of the actuatable conductive structure so as to stabilize the interferences between the RF antenna and the actuatable conductive structure in different actuation states.
[0023] In this way, even if the actuatable conductive structure is switched from one original actuation state to another actuation state, in this other actuation state, the third impedance will bypass the impedance of the actuatable conductive structure in said other actuation state and this third impedance is significantly close to the impedance of the actuatable conductive structure in the original actuation state. So the impedance of the actuatable conductive structure in that other actuation state and frequency-dependent impedance in total does not effectively change thus not change its influence to the RF antenna, i.e., has no or negligible effect change on the RF antenna. Thus, the RF antenna’s performance can be substantially stabilized.
[0024] To further explain this, a total equivalent impedance of the actuatable conductive structure and the frequency-dependent impedance, in the first frequency band, are substantially same in the first actuation state and the second actuation state of the actuatable conductive structure.
[0025] The present disclosure recognizes that an actuatable conductive structure will cause the actuatable conductive structure to interfere with a radiation pattern of a nearby RF antenna operating in the same first frequency band. This is at least partially due to the actuatable conductive structure functioning as another antenna / load for the component in the first frequency band. This inherent interference is not a significant problem because the RF antenna can be tuned with an appropriate / proper gain to stabilize this interference. However, one critical problem is that this interference is variable depending on the potentially unpredictable actuation state of the actuatable conductive structure, particularly when the actuatable conductive structure is switchable between a high impedance mode or in a low impedance mode. The RF antenna is unable to easily or readily identify the present interference.2025PF80032
[0026] 4
[0027] This random or unpredictable actuation state of the actuatable conductive structure may be a result of a user simply turning on or off the actuatable conductive structure as he desires.
[0028] It is herein proposed to provide an alternative conductive path for the component in the first frequency band to bypass the (impedance of the) actuatable conductive structure. This stabilizes the interference with the radiation pattern of the nearby RF antenna.
[0029] The actuatable conductive structure may, for instance, be an electrical relay (or similar component) that is mechanically manipulatable between the first actuation state and the second actuation state. Thus, switching between the first actuation state and the second actuation state may cause a physical movement of a conductive component of the actuatable conductive structure. In this way, one of the first and second actuation state may define or create an air gap providing the corresponding first or second impedance.
[0030] This proposed approach thereby provides a device with an RF antenna and an actuatable conductive structure that are able to operate in different frequency bands while reducing interference. The frequency-dependent impedance allows for near-consistent total equivalent impedance of the actuatable conductive structure in the first frequency band regardless of the actuation state, while stabilizing different impedance characteristics in a different frequency band of the operation of the actuatable conductive structure. More specifically, the proposed device enables the actuatable conductive structure to switch between different impedance states in the operating frequency band of the actuatable conductive structure without significantly affecting the RF antenna's performance in the operating frequency band of the RF antenna.
[0031] In some examples, the frequency-dependent impedance is adapted to keep a stability of an interference of a radiation pattern of the RF antenna resulting from the change of actuation state of the actuatable conductive structure. Therefore, RF performance is kept consistent in both actuation states.
[0032] In some examples, the actuatable conductive structure is galvanically isolated from the RF antenna. Galvanic isolation between the actuatable conductive structure and the RF antenna reduces direct electrical coupling, further minimizing potential interference and improving overall system performance. Galvanically isolation may still cause electromagnetic interference, although galvanically isolation at least partially mitigates and / or stabilizes electrical interference. Therefore the present example may solve the interference across the galvanic isolation.
[0033] In some examples, the actuatable conductive structure comprises a movable conductive component and is adapted to cause the varied interferences to the RF antenna by2025PF80032
[0034] 5
[0035] causing a physical movement of the movable conductive component in switching between the different actuation states.
[0036] In some examples, the actuatable conductive structure comprises a relay comprising a first metal contact and a second metal contact, wherein: in the first actuation state, the first metal contact and the second metal contact engage with one another; and in the second actuation state, the first metal contact and the second metal contact disengage from one another; wherein one of the first metal contact and the second metal contact is the movable conductive component and the other one is immovable.
[0037] This configuration allows for a simple and reliable mechanical switching mechanism. The physical separation of contacts in the second actuation state ensures a high impedance in the operating frequency of the actuatable conductive structure, while their engagement in the first actuation state provides a low-impedance path in the operating frequency of the actuatable conductive structure. And this enables the original function of the actuatable conductive structure in changing its impedance in its own operating frequency.
[0038] In some examples, the first impedance is substantially zero or negligible and the second impedance is substantially infinite or an open circuit, and the frequency-dependent impedance is configured to have, in the first frequency band, the third impedance near zero or negligible and adapted to bypass the second impedance when the actuatable conductive structure is in the second actuation state.
[0039] This arrangement ensures a clear distinction between the two actuation states while allowing the frequency-dependent impedance to effectively bypass the high impedance state in the first frequency band into an impedance close to the first impedance in the first actuation state. This design maximizes the effectiveness of the switching mechanism while stabilizing same impedance as seen by the RF antenna in both actuation states thereby keeping RF performance consistent in both actuation states.
[0040] In some examples, the first frequency band is no less than 1 GHz, optionally the first frequency band is around 2.4GHz, and the third impedance is less than 10 Ohm, preferably less than 1 Ohm. This facilitates compatibility with common RF applications, such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth. The low third impedance value less than 10 Ohm and the first impedance zero Ohm in the first frequency band help stabilize consistent RF performance across both actuation states.
[0041] In some examples, the second frequency band is less than 1 kHz, optionally the second frequency band is around a frequency of an AC mains voltage or is around zero Hz. This configuration allows the device to operate effectively become open and close with low-2025PF80032
[0042] 6
[0043] frequency power systems, such as household AC power or DC power (e.g., batteries), while stabilizing RF functionality of the antenna at higher frequencies. This dual-band capability enables versatile applications in both power control and wireless communication domains.
[0044] In some examples, the frequency-dependent impedance is a capacitor. Using a capacitor as the frequency-dependent impedance provides a simple and effective solution for achieving the desired impedance characteristics across different frequency bands. Capacitors naturally exhibit different impedances at different frequencies.
[0045] In some examples, the frequency-dependent impedance has a capacitance of no more than 200 pF, preferably less than 100 pF. This facilitates low impedance of the frequencydependent impedance at high frequencies, e.g., at radiofrequency frequencies.
[0046] In some examples, the distance between the RF antenna and the actuatable conductive structure is no more than 100 mm, e.g., no more than 50 mm. With this distance, it provides a more compact device. However this compact device is particularly susceptible to the above mentioned electromagnetic interference between the RF antenna and the actuatable conductive structure. Thus it has been recognized that the proposed approach facilitates stabilized interference without the need for extra spacing or shielding between the RF antenna and the actuatable conductive structure, allowing for a more compact device.
[0047] In some examples, the RF antenna is configured to generate an antenna signal responsive to received electromagnetic waves in the first frequency band; and the device further comprises a sensor configured to receive the antenna signal and generate external information responsive to at least a signal strength of the antenna signal.
[0048] This configuration enables the device to function as a sensing system, e.g., for configuring the RF antenna for communication and / or detection purposes. The ability to generate external information based on signal strength allows for applications such as proximity / occupancy sensing or wireless signal quality monitoring. Thus if not using the embodiments of the invention, the actuatable conductive structure would result in change in the wireless signal and make the sensing or monitoring error-prone or inaccurate.
[0049] In some examples, the sensor is adapted to generate the external information about a detection of an object, external to the device, responsive to whether or not a change of the signal strength of the antenna signal occurs.
[0050] With the embodiments of the invention, the actuatable conductive structure would not (significantly or noticeably) change the signal strength of the antenna signal when it switches between actuation states thus avoid false or inaccurate triggering.2025PF80032
[0051] 7
[0052] In some examples, the device is a power control device further comprising: an input interface connectable to a power supply; and an output interface connectable to a load, wherein the actuatable conductive structure is electrically connected between the input interface and the output interface to control a power flow from the power supply to the load.
[0053] This configuration expands the device's functionality to include power control capabilities, making it suitable for applications such as smart switches or intelligent power management systems. The integration of RF sensing and power control in a single device facilitates energy-efficient power flow control.
[0054] The device may comprise a control arrangement configured to control the operation of the actuatable conductive structure. In particular, the control arrangement may control the operation of the actuatable conductive structure responsive to one or more signals generated by the RF antenna.
[0055] The device may be a wall switch or a power plug.
[0056] There is also proposed a lighting system comprising a herein proposed power control device and one or more lighting units as the loads of the power control device.
[0057] These and other aspects of the invention will be apparent from and elucidated with reference to the embodiment s) described hereinafter.
[0058] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0059] For a better understanding of the invention, and to show more clearly how it may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example only, to the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0060] Figure l is a circuit diagram illustrating a proposed device;
[0061] Figure 2 provides a perspective view of an actuatable conductive structure in a first actuation state;
[0062] Figure 3 provides a perspective view of an actuatable conductive structure in a first actuation state; and
[0063] Figure 4 illustrates a portion of the proposed device.
[0064] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
[0065] The invention will be described with reference to the Figures.
[0066] It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating exemplary embodiments of the apparatus, systems and methods, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. These2025PF80032
[0067] 8
[0068] and other features, aspects, and advantages of the apparatus, systems and methods of the present invention will become better understood from the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the Figures are merely schematic and are not drawn to scale. It should also be understood that the same reference numerals are used throughout the Figures to indicate the same or similar parts.
[0069] The invention provides a device with an RF antenna and an actuatable conductive structure, wherein a frequency-dependent impedance is connected in parallel with the actuatable conductive structure. The frequency-dependent impedance functions to at least substantially stabilize an impedance perceived by a signal, provided to the actuatable conductive device, within an operating frequency band of the RF antenna for different actuation states of the actuatable conductive structure.
[0070] The proposed approach functions to stabilize interference between the RF antenna and the actuatable conductive structure. More specifically, the proposed configuration may allow for consistent total equivalent impedance of the actuatable conductive structure in the RF antenna's operating frequency band, regardless of the actuation state of the actuatable conductive structure, while stabilizing different impedance characteristics for the actuatable conductive structure in a different frequency band used by / passing through the actuatable conductive structure.
[0071] Figure 1 is a circuit diagram illustrating a proposed device 100. The device comprises an RF antenna 110, an actuatable conductive structure 120 and a frequencydependentimpedance 130.
[0072] The RF antenna 110 is configured to operate in a first frequency band. In other words, the RF antenna 110 may be designed or tuned to operate with a particular range of frequencies (the first frequency band). More specifically, the RF antenna may have a resonant frequency that lies within the first frequency band.
[0073] As used herein, the "first frequency band" refers to a range of frequencies over which the RF antenna 110 is designed to effectively transmit or receive electromagnetic signals. This range includes frequencies at which the RF antenna exhibits desired performance characteristics, such as maximum power transfer, minimal signal distortion, and desired radiation patterns. The frequency band is characterizable by parameters such as center frequency, bandwidth, and upper and lower frequency limits.
[0074] The first frequency band may, for example, be no less than 1 GHz, e.g., the first frequency band is around 2.4GHz. Other suitable frequency bands for an antenna, in old time, present, and even future, will be apparent to the appropriately skilled person and applicable to2025PF80032
[0075] 9
[0076] this invention. In general, the first frequency band relates to the frequency of so-called Radio Frequency (RF) in the field of wireless communication.
[0077] The actuatable conductive structure 120 is actuatable to switch between a first actuation state and a second actuation state. In other words, a component of the actuatable conductive structure moves (i.e., actuates) when the actuatable conductive structure switches between the first and second actuations states.
[0078] In the first actuation state, the actuatable conductive structure has a first impedance in at least the first frequency band. In the second actuation state, the actuatable conductive structure has a second impedance, substantially different than the first impedance, in at least the first frequency band.
[0079] In particular, when in one of the first and second actuations states, the actuatable structure may define an open circuit impedance (e.g., a (near-)infinite impedance) for both the RF frequency as well as the frequency of power flow through the actuatable structure. In such examples, when in the other of the first and second actuation states, the actuatable conductive structure may define a closed circuit (e.g., having (near-)zero or negligible impedance) for both the RF frequency as well as the frequency of power flow through the actuatable structure.
[0080] By convention, for the purposes of this disclosure, the first actuation state may define an open circuit impedance (e.g., (near-) infinite impedance) in the first frequency band and the second actuation state may define a closed circuit impedance (e.g., a (near-) zero or negligible impedance) in the first frequency band.
[0081] By way of working example, the actuatable conductive structure may comprise a first metal contact and a second metal contact, wherein in the first actuation state, the first metal contact and the second metal contact engage with one another; and in the second actuation state, the first metal contact and the second metal contact disengage from one another. This defines the first actuation state to cause the actuatable conductive structure to have (near-)zero or negligible impedance and the second actuation state to cause the actuatable conductive to have an open circuit impedance (e.g., near-infinite impedance).
[0082] For instance, the actuatable conductive structure may be a relay (e.g., an electromechanical relay) or a similar structure. Examples of (electromechanical) relays are well known in the art. For a relay, the first actuation state is meant for closing the power loop with (near-) zero impedance and the second actuation state is meant for opening the power loop with (near-) infinite impedance.
[0083] The frequency dependent impedance 130 is connected in parallel to the actuatable conductive structure 120.2025PF80032
[0084] 10
[0085] More specifically, the frequency-dependent impedance 130 is connected in parallel to the variable impedance component or portion of the actuatable conductive structure. By way of example, where the actuatable conductive structure 120 comprises a first and second metal structure (as described above), the frequency-dependent impedance may be connected between the first and second metal structures.
[0086] The frequency-dependent impedance 130 is configured to have, in the first frequency band, a third impedance. The third impedance is significantly close to the first impedance or the second impedance (in the first frequency band).
[0087] The frequency-dependent impedance is also configured to bypass the other one of the first impedance and the second impedance in the corresponding actuation state of the actuatable conductive structure. More particularly, the frequency-dependent impedance is designed such that a total equivalent impedance of the actuatable conductive structure and the frequency-dependent impedance, in the first frequency band, is substantially the same in the first actuation state and the second actuation state of the actuatable conductive structure.
[0088] Consider a scenario in which the first impedance is (near-) zero or negligible and the second impedance is an open circuit impedance (e.g., near-infinite). In this scenario, the third impedance may be (near-) zero or negligible in the first frequency band, such that the equivalent impedance of the actuatable conductive structure and the frequency-dependent impedance, in the first frequency band, is (near-) zero or negligible when the actuatable conductive structure is in any one of the first actuation state and the second actuation state.
[0089] The frequency-dependent impedance 130 thereby help stabilize the potential interference between the RF antenna and the actuatable conductive structure by providing a consistent impedance across different actuation states of the actuatable conductive structure 120 in the frequency band of the RF antenna 110 regardless of whether the relay is on or off.
[0090] In particular, the frequency-dependent impedance 130 keeps a stability of an interference of a radiation pattern of the RF antenna resulting from the actuation state (or change of actuation state) of the actuatable conductive structure.
[0091] In preferred examples, the actuatable conductive structure is configured to have the first impedance in a second frequency band in the first actuation state and have the second impedance in the second frequency band in the second actuation state.
[0092] The second frequency band is a frequency band of a signal provided to the actuatable conductive structure, e.g., a signal for which the actuatable conductive structure is designed to control the power flow of. As an example, the second frequency band may be a frequency band of < 100Hz (e.g., a 0 Hz DC signal and / or a 50-60 Hz mains supply AC signal).2025PF80032
[0093] 11
[0094] Thus, if the first impedance defines an open-circuit impedance and the second impedance defines a closed-circuit impedance, the actuatable conductive structure is configured to permit power flow (in the second frequency band) when in the first actuation state and prevent power flow (in the second frequency band) when in the second actuation state.
[0095] The frequency-dependent impedance may be correspondingly configured to have a fourth impedance, in the second frequency band, substantially equivalent to the second impedance. In this context, the fourth impedance is substantially equivalent to the second impedance when the effect of the fourth impedance is near-identical to the second impedance (e.g., simulates or performs the function of an open-circuit impedance).
[0096] By way of example, the fourth impedance may be no less than 1 MQ.
[0097] In this way, the total equivalent impedance of the actuatable conductive structure and the frequency-dependent impedance, in the second frequency band, are significantly different in the different actuation states of the actuatable conductive structure.
[0098] In particular, when the actuatable conductive structure is in the first actuation state, the total equivalent impedance of the actuatable conductive structure and the frequencydependent impedance in the second frequency band is substantially equivalent to the first impedance. Similarly, when the actuatable conductive structure is in the second actuation state, the total equivalent impedance of the actuatable conductive structure and the frequencydependent impedance in the second frequency band is substantially equivalent to the second impedance.
[0099] In this way, the effective impedance seen by a first signal provided to the actuatable conductive structure in the first frequency band is substantially the same for both the first actuation state and the second actuation state of the actuatable conductive structure. Similarly, the effective impedance seen by a second signal provided to the actuatable conductive structure in the second frequency band is substantially different for the first and second actuation states of the actuatable conductive structure.
[0100] The frequency-dependent impedance may, for instance, be a capacitor. A well-known property of a capacitor is that an impedance (of the capacitor) will reduce for increasing frequencies, i.e., as governed by the following equation:
[0101] 1
[0102] Xc = (1) 2irfC2025PF80032
[0103] 12
[0104] where Xc is the reactance (e.g., effective impedance) of the capacitor, f is the frequency (in Hz) of the signal provided to the capacitor and C is the capacitance of the capacitor.
[0105] Appropriate selection of the capacitance of the capacitor may be made to permit the conductance (through the capacitor) of signals in the first frequency band and (preferably) prevent the conductance (through the capacitor) of signals in the second frequency band.
[0106] By way of working example, the capacitance of the capacitor may be no more than 200pF, e.g., no more than lOOpF. This is particularly advantageous when the first frequency band is relatively high (e.g., >1 GHz) and, if used, the second frequency band is relatively low (e.g., < 100 Hz).
[0107]
[0108] TABLE 1
[0109] Table 1 illustrates exemplary impedances seen by a 60 Hz signal and a 2.4 GHz signal provided to the actuatable conductive structure (in a first actuation state and a second actuation state) in a first scenario, in which a frequency-dependent impedance (FDI) in the form of lOOpF capacitance is present, and a second scenario in which the FDI is not present.
[0110] Table 1 demonstrates how the effective impedance may be stabilized for a 2.4 GHz signal for both actuation states (when the FDI is present) whilst the effective impedance is changed for a 60 Hz signal.
[0111] If without the invention, for 2.4GHz, the RF antenna sees an infinite (galvanically isolated) impedance when the actuatable conductive structure is off; and sees a zero (galvanically isolated) impedance when the relay is on, and the RF antenna will receive signal with significantly different signal strength. By comparison, if using the embodiment of the invention, for 2.4GHz, the RF antenna sees a 0.66 Ohm (galvanically isolated) impedance when the relay is off; and sees a zero (galvanically isolated) impedance when the relay is on, and the RF antenna will receive signal with little different signal strength.2025PF80032
[0112] 13
[0113] For the normal operation of relay, the 100 pF capacitator has 26M Ohm resistance in 60Hz AC frequency and it effectively is always an open circuit, thus the on and off of the relay in 60Hz AC frequency is mostly controlled still by the relay. There may be a very little leakage current through the 100 pF capacitator when the relay is off, but that current is negligible and / or does not after the operation of the circuit .
[0114] As previously mentioned, the use of a frequency-dependent impedance stabilizes the interference or effect of the (actuation state of the) actuatable conductive structure on the radiation pattern of the RF antenna.
[0115] One approach for assessing the 3D radiation pattern makes use of the EIRP at all the direction on the sphere surrounding the RF antenna. As is well known, EIRP is the Effective Isotropic Radiated Power, also called the Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power. In antenna measurements, the measured radiated power in a single direction (that is, for a fixed
[0116]
[0117] known as the EIRP.
[0118]
[0119] TABLE 2
[0120] Table 2 illustrates determined EIRPs for the RF antenna in the first scenario, in which a frequency-dependent impedance (FDI) in the form of lOOpF capacitance is present, and the second scenario in which the FDI is not present.
[0121] As demonstrated in Table 2, there is a significantly reduced delta (i.e., difference between actuation states) for the Max EIRP of the RF antenna when the frequency-dependent impedance is present, compared to its absence. Indeed, the use of the frequency-dependent impedance means that this delta is near-zero or negligible. This demonstrates that the proposed use of the frequency-dependent impedance improves the performance of the RF antenna, in particular, stabilizing interference of the radiation pattern of the RF antenna by the actuatable conductive structure.2025PF80032
[0122] 14
[0123] For the sake of completeness, it is noted that in an indoor wireless system, the total radiofrequency signal that reaches an antenna is a combination of direct emissions and all the reflection / diffraction emissions. To make the RSSI of the RF antenna stable, not only the maximum EIRP deviation should be considered, but also the RSSI in other directions. Thus, the average EIRP deviation in all directions is also important.
[0124] Average EIRP delta (dB)
[0125] without FDI 0.082
[0126] with FDI 0.042
[0127] TABLE 3
[0128] Table 3 illustrates determined average EIRP deltas for the RF antenna in the first scenario, in which a frequency-dependent impedance (FDI) in the form of lOOpF capacitance is present, and the second scenario in which the FDI is not present.
[0129] In this context, an average EIRP delta refers to the mean difference in Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) values between different actuation states of a system, calculated across a plurality of measured directions surrounding the RF antenna. This value thereby provides a measure of how consistently the RF antenna's radiation pattern is stabilized across different actuation states of the actuatable conductive structure.
[0130] As demonstrated in Table 3, the average EIRP delta is reduced when the frequency-dependent impedance is present, further indicating improved stability of the RF antenna's radiation pattern across different actuation states of the actuatable conductive structure. This demonstrates the improvement achieved by the use of the frequency-dependent impedance in the proposed device.
[0131] It will be appreciated that the RF antenna may generate one or more antenna signals. More particularly, the antenna signal(s) may be responsive to radiofrequency signals (in the first frequency band) produced or reflected by an external source or device.
[0132] These radiofrequency signals may encompass a wide range of communication protocols and data types, including but not limited to Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, or proprietary wireless protocols. For instance, the radiofrequency signals may be communication signals produced by the external source or device for communication with the device 100. These2025PF80032
[0133] 15
[0134] signals could contain various types of information, such as control commands, status updates, or sensor data.
[0135] As such, the one or more antenna signals generated responsive to the radiofrequency signals may carry communication information from one or more external sources or devices.
[0136] As later described, this information could include instructions to change the actuation state of the actuatable conductive structure, requests for power consumption data, or updates to the device's firmware. The device 100 may be designed to interpret and act upon this communication information.
[0137] Radiofrequency signals received by the RF antenna may be responsive to an object presence / movement within the vicinity of the device 100. When an object enters the vicinity of the device 100, it alters the environment around the RF antenna. This alteration may manifest as changes in the strength (or other characteristic, such as phase) of the radiofrequency signals received by the RF antenna.
[0138] This functionality may be exploited to perform occupancy detection, to determine or predict whether or not the surrounding environment (e.g., a room) is occupied. Example approaches are later described.
[0139] In some examples, the actuatable conductive structure is galvanically isolated from the RF antenna. This may be achieved, for instance, through the use of one or more optocouplers (e.g., to transmit any antenna signal) and / or transformers. Galvanic isolation between the actuatable conductive structure and the RF antenna reduces direct electrical coupling, further minimizing potential interference and improving overall system performance.
[0140] Further optional components of the device 100 are hereafter described for the sake of completeness.
[0141] The device 100 may comprise a control arrangement 135 configured to control the operation of the actuatable conductive structure 120. In this way, the control arrangement 135 is configured to control or define in which actuation state the actuatable conductive structure 120 operates.
[0142] In some examples, the control arrangement 135 may control the operation of the actuatable conductive structure responsive to one or more signals generated by the RF antenna.
[0143] Thus, the RF antenna may generate one or more antenna signals (previously described) that are received by the control arrangement 135. The control arrangement 135 may be configured to process the one or more signals and determine an appropriate actuation state for the actuatable conductive structure 120 based on the processed signals. The control2025PF80032
[0144] 16
[0145] arrangement 135 may then actuate the actuatable conductive structure 120 to the determined actuation state.
[0146] In some examples, the control arrangement may comprise one or more power sensors for monitoring one or more power characteristics of the device (such as voltage or current). The control arrangement may use such monitored features / characteristics to control the actuation state, e.g., to perform overvoltage protection, overcurrent protection and so on.
[0147] The control arrangement may be configured to adjust the actuation state of the actuatable conductive structure based on one or more predefined timings or a schedule. This functionality allows for automated control of device operation without constant manual intervention or reliance on external signals.
[0148] In some examples, the device 100 comprises a sensor 136 configured to receive the antenna signal(s) and generate external information responsive to at least a signal strength of the antenna signal (s).
[0149] In particular, the sensor 136 may be adapted to generate the external information about a detection of an object, external to the device, responsive to whether or not a change of the signal strength of the antenna signal (or called an RS SI, Received Signal Strength Indicator) occurs. As such, the sensor 136 may function as an occupancy detection sensor.
[0150] This approach recognizes that changes in the signal strength of the antenna signal is indicative of object presence or movement in the vicinity of the device 100. For example, if the signal strength of the antenna signal suddenly decreases or fluctuates in a specific pattern, it could indicate that a person has entered the room or is moving within the space. Conversely, if the signal strength remains stable for an extended period, it might suggest that the area is unoccupied. It is therefore desirable to prevent the signal strength from being influenced, especially, changed, by the actuation states (or reduce the change of influence in activation state on the signal strength) of the actuatable conductive structure, such as relay.
[0151] In some examples, the sensor may be configured to process the antenna signal(s) to generate external information indicating data from an external source or device. For instance, the sensor may analyze one or more characteristics of the antenna signals (including signal strength, signal frequency, modulation, encoding, or other parameters) to extract information carried by the antenna signal(s) that originates from such external sources.
[0152] For instance, the sensor may be equipped with demodulation and decoding capabilities to extract data embedded in the received radiofrequency signals. This could allow the sensor to interpret communication protocols used by external devices, such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or Zigbee.2025PF80032
[0153] 17
[0154] The external information generated by the sensor may include metadata about the received signals, such as timestamps, signal quality metrics, or confidence levels associated with the interpreted data.
[0155] In some examples, both the control arrangement 135 and the sensor 136 are present. In such examples, the control arrangement 135 may receive and process the external information generated by the sensor 136 to determine the appropriate actuation state for the actuatable conductive structure 120.
[0156] For instance, where the sensor 136 functions as an occupancy detection sensor, the control arrangement 135 may adjust the actuation state based on detected occupancy or movement in the vicinity of the device 100.
[0157] Similarly, where the sensor 136 is configured to extract data from external sources, the control arrangement 135 may adjust the actuation state based on the extracted information. For example, if the sensor 136 decodes a command from an external device to activate the actuatable conductive structure, the control arrangement 135 may control the actuatable conductive structure 120 to its first actuation state.
[0158] If both the control arrangement 135 and the sensor 136 are present, then (in practice) they may be formed from a same processing component.
[0159] In particular, where present, the control arrangement and / or sensor may be embodied using one or more processing units. In some examples, the control arrangement may include a microprocessor, microcontroller, or other programmable logic device capable of executing instructions and processing data.
[0160] The processing unit may be coupled to memory, which may store instructions and data used by the control arrangement. This memory may include volatile memory (e.g., RAM) for temporary storage and non-volatile memory (e.g., flash memory or EEPROM) for persistent storage of configuration settings, operational parameters, and firmware.
[0161] In some examples, where present, the processing unit and / or sensor may comprise analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) to interface with analog sensors or signals, such as those from the RF antenna. The control arrangement may comprise one or more digital-to-analog converters (DACs) may also be included to generate control signals for the actuatable conductive structure or other components.
[0162] In some examples, the device 100 is a power control device. The device 100 may thereby comprise an input interface 141 connectable to a power supply 151 (e.g., a mains power supply, such as a plug for the mains power supply) and an output interface 142 connectable to a load 152.2025PF80032
[0163] 18
[0164] In such examples, the actuatable conductive structure 120 may be electrically connected between the input interface and the output interface to control a power flow from the power supply 151 to the load 152.
[0165] In particular, the power supply 151 may be configured to provide a power signal having a frequency within the second frequency band, such as a main supply frequency (e.g., 50 Hz or 60 Hz) or a DC frequency (i.e., 0 Hz). This allows the actuatable conductive structure 120 to control a power flow between the power supply and the load, by changing its actuation state to thereby change an impedance seen by the power signal in the second frequency band.
[0166] In some examples, the power control device 100 may comprise both the control arrangement 135 and the sensor 136 to facilitate power flow control based on information carried in the antenna signal(s).
[0167] Consider a scenario in which the sensor 136 is configured to function as occupancy detection sensor.
[0168] In such an example, the RF antenna may continuously receive radiofrequency signals from the surrounding environment. The sensor 136 may analyze the antenna signal(s) to detect changes in signal strength or other characteristics indicative of object presence or movement. When the sensor 136 detects a significant change in the antenna signal, such as a sudden decrease in signal strength or a specific pattern of fluctuations, it may generate external information indicating potential occupancy in the vicinity of the device and communicate this external information to the control device.
[0169] Upon receiving the external information suggesting occupancy, the control arrangement 135 may determine that power should be supplied to the load 152. The control arrangement 135 may then actuate the actuatable conductive structure 120 to its first actuation state, which may correspond to a low impedance state allowing power flow.
[0170] In this state, the actuatable conductive structure 120 may effectively connect the input interface 141 to the output interface 142, permitting power to flow from the power supply 151 to the load 152. This may result in, for example, lights turning on in a room or other electrical devices becoming operational.
[0171] The sensor 136 may continue monitoring the antenna signals for changes indicating continued occupancy or vacancy. If the sensor 136 detects a prolonged period of stable signal strength, suggesting the area may no longer be occupied, it may communicate this information to the control arrangement 135.
[0172] In response, the control arrangement 135 may actuate the actuatable conductive structure 120 to its second actuation state, which may correspond to a high impedance state2025PF80032
[0173] 19
[0174] preventing power flow. This may effectively disconnect the load 152 from the power supply 151, turning off the connected devices and conserving energy when the area is unoccupied.
[0175] In this way, the power control device may be configured to automatically manage power flow based on occupancy detection.
[0176] Consider a scenario in which the sensor 136 is configured to extract data from external sources.
[0177] In this scenario the RF antenna may receive radiofrequency signals from external sources or devices. These radiofrequency signals may contain various types of data, such as control commands or status updates, the antenna signal(s) produced by the RF antenna may be processed by the sensor 136 to extract relevant information. For example, the sensor 136 may decode any commands carried in the antenna signal(s), e.g., originating from a remote control device or a smart home system. These commands may include instructions to turn on or off any connected load (e.g., provide or not provide power to the connected load).
[0178] Upon extracting this information, the sensor 136 may generate external information that encapsulates the decoded commands or data. This external information may then be communicated to the control arrangement 135.
[0179] The control arrangement 135 may process the external information and determine the appropriate action for power flow control. Based on the received commands or data, it may decide to adjust the actuation state of the actuatable conductive structure 120.
[0180] If, for instance, the external information indicates a command to turn on a load, the control arrangement 135 may actuate the actuatable conductive structure 120 to its first actuation state. This state may correspond to a low impedance condition, allowing power to flow from the power supply 151 through the input interface 141 and output interface 142 to the load 152.
[0181] Conversely, if the external information indicates a command to turn off a device or reduce power consumption, the control arrangement 135 may actuate the actuatable conductive structure 120 to its second actuation state. This state may correspond to a high impedance condition, limiting or preventing power flow to the load 152.
[0182] This approach allows for remote and automated control of power flow to the load.
[0183] Although above described examples make use of one or more antenna signals to control the actuation state of the actuatable conductive structure, this is not essential. For instance, the antenna signal(s) may be used for other purposes (e.g., passed to a load or to control one or more other components of the device 100) and the actuatable conductive2025PF80032
[0184] 20
[0185] structure may be independently controlled, e.g., manually controlled, controlled according to a timer, controlled responsive to power characteristics of the device and so on.
[0186] As previously mentioned, the control arrangement may be configured to adjust the actuation state of the actuatable conductive structure based on one or more predefined timings or a schedule.
[0187] In this way, the control arrangement may be configured to switch the actuatable conductive structure to its first actuation state (e.g., permitting power flow to the load) at specific times of day, such as when occupants are expected to return home or when the load needs to be operational. Similarly, the control arrangement may switch the actuatable conductive structure to the second actuation state (e.g., preventing power flow) during periods when power consumption should be reduced or minimized, such as late at night or during peak electricity pricing hours.
[0188] In some examples, the device 100 may comprise a converter 155 for powering the load 152. In particular, the converter 155 may be configured to convert power from the power supply 151 to a form suitable for the load 152.
[0189] The converter 155 may, in some cases, be positioned between the actuatable conductive structure 120 and the output interface 142. This configuration may allow the converter 155 to modify the power characteristics, such as voltage or current levels, frequency, or waveform, to meet the specific requirements of the load 152.
[0190] In some examples, the converter 155 may include AC-to-DC, DC-to-AC, or DC-to-DC conversion capabilities, depending on the nature of the power supply 151 and the load 152.
[0191] In some embodiments, the operation of the converter 155 may be responsive to the antenna signal(s) or external information produced by the sensor 136. For instance, the converter 155 may adjust its power conversion parameters based on data extracted from the antenna signal(s) or processed by the sensor 136.
[0192] Figure 2 provides a perspective view of a portion of a proposed device 100 illustrating the actuatable conductive structure 120 in a first actuation state, in which it has a first impedance. The frequency-dependent impedance 130 is also shown.
[0193] Figure 3 provides a perspective view of the portion of the proposed device 100 illustrating the actuatable conductive structure 120 in a second actuation state, in which it has a second impedance. In the illustrated examples, the first impedance is a closed-circuit impedance and the second impedance is an open-circuit impedance. The frequency-dependent impedance 130 is also shown.2025PF80032
[0194] 21
[0195] Figure 4 provides a partial view of the proposed device 100 comprising the RF antenna 110, the actuatable conductive structure 120 and the frequency-dependent impedance 130 (here: formed as a capacitor).
[0196] It is recognized that the proximity of the actuatable conductive structure 120 to the RF antenna 110 will influence the RF antenna's performance. As previously explained, the frequency-dependent impedance 130 may help stabilize potential interference between these components by providing a consistent impedance across different actuation states of the actuatable conductive structure 120 in the frequency band of the RF antenna 110.
[0197] As such, the proposed device may be made more compact, and the distance between the actuatable conductive structure 120 and the frequency-dependent impedance 130 reduced without significantly impacting performance. In other words, the improvement of the proposed approach enables device manufacturers to create smaller, more integrated designs without sacrificing functionality or performance.
[0198] In particular, the proposed approach is particularly advantageous when the distance D between the RF antenna 110 and the actuatable conductive structure 120 is no more than 100 mm (10 cm), e.g., no more than 50 mm (5 cm).
[0199] The device may be embodied as a wall switch or a power plug.
[0200] Any herein proposed device may comprise additional components for providing additional, alternative or redundant functionality to the device. These components may include, but are not limited to: sensing arrangements, communication modules, further processing modules; power management units, and user interface elements. Any such components are not described in detail for the sake of brevity.
[0201] There is also herein proposed an electrical system comprising any herein proposed power control device and the load. Both embodiments would benefit from the compact design enabled by the frequency-dependent impedance, which allows for close proximity between the RF antenna and the actuatable conductive structure without compromising performance.
[0202] When embodied as a power plug, the device could be inserted into a standard electrical outlet, providing a smart power control point for various appliances or electronic devices. In this configuration, the RF antenna could be incorporated into the plug housing, enabling wireless connectivity. The actuatable conductive structure would be positioned between the plug's prongs (input interface) and socket (output interface), allowing for remote or automated control of power to a connected load.2025PF80032
[0203] 22
[0204] In some examples, the electrical system is a lighting system, wherein the load comprises one or more lighting units. A lighting unit is any device designed to produce artificial light when supplied with electrical power. Exemplary lighting units include: incandescent bulbs, fluorescent lamps, LED lights, or any combination thereof. In the context of the lighting system, lighting units serve as the loads within the lighting system.
[0205] A lighting system is particularly advantageous when the actuatable conductive structure is controlled (by a control arrangement) responsive to a determined occupancy (e.g., by a sensor) in the vicinity of the power control device. In particular, a lighting system with occupancy-based control may provide energy savings by automatically adjusting lighting levels based on the presence or absence of occupants in a space. The system may turn lights on when occupancy is detected and turn them off or dim them when the space is vacant, improving energy usage without impacting on user visibility.
[0206] Other examples of electrical systems could include: electrical heating systems, where the load is an electric heater or HVAC unit; appliance systems, where the load is a household appliance such as a refrigerator or washing machine; and an industrial system , in which the load is a piece of industrial equipment such as manufacturing equipment or machinery.
[0207] Variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art in practicing the claimed invention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure and the appended claims. In the claims, the word "comprising" does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article "a" or "an" does not exclude a plurality.
[0208] The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage.
[0209] If the term "adapted to" is used in the claims or description, it is noted the term "adapted to" is intended to be equivalent to the term "configured to". If the term "arrangement" is used in the claims or description, it is noted the term "arrangement" is intended to be equivalent to the term "system", and vice versa.
[0210] Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.
Claims
2025PF8003223CLAIMS:
1. A device (100) comprising:an RF antenna (110) configured to operate in a first frequency band;an actuatable conductive structure (120) actuatable to switch between:a first actuation state, in which the actuatable conductive structure has a first impedance in at least the first frequency band and is adapted to cause an interference to the RF antenna; anda second actuation state, in which the actuatable conductive structure has a second impedance, substantially different than the first impedance, in at least the first frequency band and is adapted to cause a varied interference to the RF antenna anda frequency-dependent impedance (130) connected in parallel with the actuatable conductive structure and configured to have, in the first frequency band, a third impedance significantly close to one of the first impedance and the second impedance in a corresponding actuation state and to bypass the other one of the first impedance and the second impedance in the other actuation state so as to stabilize the interferences between the RF antenna and the actuatable conductive structure in different actuation states.
2. The device of claim 1, wherein the actuatable conductive structure (120) comprises a movable conductive component and is adapted to cause the varied interferences to the RF antenna by causing a physical movement of the movable conductive component in switching between the different actuation states, andin the corresponding actuation state of the actuatable conductive structure, a total equivalent impedance of the actuatable conductive structure and the frequency-dependent impedance, in the first frequency band, are substantially same in the other actuation state of the actuatable conductive structure,the frequency-dependent impedance (130) is adapted to keep a stability of an interference of a radiation pattern of the RF antenna resulting from the change of actuation state of the actuatable conductive structure.2025PF80032243. The device of claim 1 or 2, wherein the actuatable conductive structure is galvanically isolated from the RF antenna.
4. The device of claim 2, wherein the actuatable conductive structure comprises a relay comprising a first metal contact and a second metal contact, wherein:in the first actuation state, the first metal contact and the second metal contact engage with one another; andin the second actuation state, the first metal contact and the second metal contact disengage from one another;wherein one of the first metal contact and the second metal contact is the movable conductive component and the other one is immovable.
5. The device of any one of claims 1 or 3, wherein the first impedance is substantially zero or negligible and the second impedance is substantially infinite or an open circuit, andthe frequency-dependent impedance is configured to have, in the first frequency band, the third impedance near zero or negligible and adapted to bypass the second impedance when the actuatable conductive structure actuatable is in the second actuation state.
6. The device of claim 5, wherein the first frequency band is no less than 1 GHz, optionally the first frequency band is around 2.4GHz, andthe third impedance is less than 10 , preferably less than 1 .
7. The device of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the actuatable conductive structure has the first impedance in a second frequency band in the first actuation state and has the second impedance in the second frequency band in the second actuation state, wherein the second frequency band is the frequency band of a signal electrically flowing through the actuatable conductive structure, andthe frequency-dependent impedance has a fourth impedance, in the second frequency band, substantially equivalent to the second impedance.
8. The device of claim 6, wherein the first impedance is substantially zero or negligible / short circuit and the second impedance is substantially infinite or open circuit, and the fourth impedance is above 1 MQ.2025PF80032259. The device of claim 6 or 7, wherein, the second frequency band is less than 1 kHz, optionally the second frequency band is around a frequency of an AC mains voltage or is around zero Hz.
10. The device of any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the frequency-dependent impedance is a capacitor, preferably the capacitor has a capacitance of no more than 200 pF, more preferably no more than 100 pF.
11. The device of any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the distance between the RF antenna and the actuatable conductive structure is no more than 100 mm.
12. The device of any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein:the RF antenna is configured to generate an antenna signal responsive to received electromagnetic waves in the first frequency band; andthe device further comprises a sensor (136) configured to receive the antenna signal and generate external information responsive to at least a signal strength of the antenna signal.
13. The device of claim 12, wherein the sensor is adapted to generate the external information about a detection of an object, external to the device, responsive to whether or not a change of the signal strength of the antenna signal occurs.
14. The device (100) of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the device is a power control device further comprising:an input interface (141) connectable to a power supply (151); and an output interface (142) connectable to a load (152),wherein the actuatable conductive structure is electrically connected between the input interface and the output interface to control a power flow from the power supply to the load.
15. A lighting system comprising the power control device of claim 14 and one or more lighting units as the load of the power control device.