Cracking resistant asphalt binders including BIO-resins, and related methods

Abstract

A method of forming a cracking resistant asphalt binder includes providing an asphalt binder that at least one of has a viscosity greater than about 50,000 P at about 60°C or having an m-value less than about 0.300 at -12°C after PAV aging for 20 hours, and mixing at least about 0.50 part by weight of a biomaterial comprising more than 80.0 weight percent resin with the base asphalt binder for every about 100.0 parts by weight of the base asphalt binder to form a cracking resistant asphalt binder having a performance grade of PG 58-28 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at ‑18°C after PAV aging for 20 hours or cracking resistant asphalt binder having a performance grade of PG 64-22 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at ‑12°C. Related cracking resistant asphalt binders and methods are also disclosed.

Description

CRACKING RESISTANT ASPHALT BINDERS INCLUDING BIO-RESINS, AND RELATED METHODSPRIORITY CLAIM

[0001] This application claims the benefit of the filing date of United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 760,970, filed February 20, 2025, for “CRACKING RESISTANT ASPHALT BINDERS INCLUDING HIGH VISCOSITY VACUUM TOWER BOTTOMS MATERIAL AND AT LEAST ONE OF A HEAVY VACUUM GAS OIL OR A BIOMATERIAL, AND RELATED METHODS,” the filing date of United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 760,991, filed February 20, 2025, for “CRACKING RESISTANT ASPHALT BINDERS INCLUDING BIO-RESINS, AND RELATED METHODS,” the filing date of United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 760,996, filed February 20, 2025, for “CRACKING RESISTANT ASPHALT BINDERS INCLUDING HARD ASPHALT, AND RELATED METHODS,” the filing date of United States Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63 / 896,394, filed October 9, 2025, for “CRACKING RESISTANT ASPHALT BINDERS INCLUDING BLEND OF LOW VISCOSITY VACUUM TOWER BOTTOMS AND BIO-RESINS, AND RELATED METHODS,” and the filing date of United States Provisional Patent Application No.63 / 896,416, filed October 9, 2025, for “MOISTURE RESISTANT ASPHALT MIXTURES INCLUDING BLEND OF LOW VISCOSITY VACUUM TOWER BOTTOMS, BIOMATERIALS, AND HARD ASPHALT, AND RELATED METHODS,” the entire disclosure of each of which applications is incorporated herein in its entirety by this reference.BACKGROUND

[0002] Asphalt binder, also known as bitumen, is a sticky, black, and viscous material. Asphalt may be obtained from natural deposits or may be obtained as a product of crude oil refining. Asphalt is a natural constituent of crude oil, which may include, among other things, paraffinic materials, naphthenes, aromatics, and asphaltenes. Generally, the components of different materials in crude oil are separated by distillation into various fractions. After separation, these fractions are further refined into other products such as gasoline, naphtha, lubricating oil, kerosene, diesel oil, and asphalt. Asphalt binder is the heavy constituent of crude petroleum, and typically forms the residue that remains after the oil refining process.- Page 1 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT

[0003] Asphalt binder may be sold and used as a binder to bind mineral aggregates in asphalt concrete. Asphalt concrete, also referred to as blacktop or pavement, is a composite material used to surface roads and parking lots. Conventional asphalt concrete suffers from different types of distress modes, including permanent deformation. For example, asphalt concrete can deform to cause a depression or groove in the driving surface, also known as rutting. Rutting may prevent the designed removal of rainwater from road surfaces, which can lead to pooling of water on the road surfaces. Asphalt cement exhibiting a high degree of stiffness can mitigate against rutting. Solvent deasphalting (SDA) pitch is a hard, brittle material that has also been used to modify asphalt binders to increase resistance to rutting. Increasing the stiffness of the asphalt binder generally negatively affects the low temperature properties of the asphalt binder, such as by causing the asphalt binder to be more susceptible to thermal or fatigue cracking at intermediate and low temperatures (and increasing the low temperature compliance (e.g., increasing the temperature of the low temperature compliance) of the asphalt binder).

[0004] Superior Performance Asphalt Pavement (Superpave) Performance Grade (PG) asphalt binder was introduced in the past in an effort to improve asphalt properties. PG asphalt is specified by the American State Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). AASHTO M320 is a standard specification developed by the AASHTO for performance graded asphalts. The objective of Superpave and performance graded asphalt specifications is to address permanent deformation (e.g., rutting), fatigue cracking, and low temperature thermal cracking. To address these issues, new equipment was introduced to test the properties of the asphalt binders that affect or correlate to performant deformation, fatigue cracking, and / or low temperature thermal cracking. For example, a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) may be used to characterize asphalt binder properties at high and intermediate temperatures; and a bending beam rheometer (BBR) and direct tension (DT) device may be used to characterize asphalt binder properties at low temperatures.

[0005] The asphalt binder may be aged prior to testing to characterize the performance of the asphalt binder responsive to aging. Methods of aging the asphalt binder include rolling thin film oven (RTFO) aging and pressure aging vessel (PAV) aging. Many performance tests are performed on asphalt binders after RTFO aging or PAV aging for 20 hours or 40 hours. G / sin(δ) was introduced to characterize the unaged and RTFO aged asphalts. In addition, G*sin(δ) on asphalt binders aged for 20 hours in a PAV (20-hour PAV-aged asphalt binder) was introduced to characterize the asphalt binder at intermediate- Page 2 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTtemperatures. Stiffness and m-value, measured in the BBR, were introduced to address thermal cracking.

[0006] Although significant improvements were noted after introduction of G*sin(δ), there are several shortcomings in the proposed specification, and the current criteria for thermal cracking is not reliable. The National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) 09-59 was initiated to find a better parameter that correlates the fatigue properties of the asphalt binder to the fatigue performance of an asphalt blend. To further address thermal cracking, Delta Tc(ATC) was introduced by the Airfield Asphalt Pavement Technology Program (AAPTP), Project 06-01 “Techniques for Prevention and Remediation of Non-Load-Related Distresses on HMA Airport Pavements.” The ATCis an indicator of how effectively the asphalt binder responds to aging. The ATCcorresponds to the difference in the critical low temperature values of the asphalt binder according to the Superpave performance grading methodology. The ATCis calculated by subtracting the BBR s-critical temperature at 60 seconds of loading (Tc, m(60s)), which is the resulting temperature when the S-value is exactly equal to the specification value of 300 MPa, from the BBR m-critical temperature at 60 seconds of loading (Tc, S(60s)), which is the resulting temperature when the m-value is exactly equal to the specification value of 0.300. The creep stiffness of the asphalt binder represents the ability of the asphalt binder to resist deformation under constant load. The Federal Highway Association (FHWA)-ICT-21-015 Rheology-Chemical Based Procedure to Evaluate Additives / Modifiers Used in Asphalt Binders for Performance Enhancements: Phase 2” suggests a minimum of -5°C for the ATCfor an asphalt binder aged in the PAV for 40 hours.BRIEF SUMMARY

[0007] In some embodiments, a method of producing a cracking resistant asphalt binder includes providing an asphalt binder at least one of having a viscosity greater than about 50,000 P at about 60°C or comprising a performance grade asphalt binder, and mixing at least about 0.50 part by weight of a biomaterial with the base asphalt binder for every about 100.0 parts by weight of the base asphalt binder to form a cracking resistant asphalt binder having a performance grade of PG 58-28 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -18°C after PAV aging for 20 hours, or a cracking resistant asphalt binder having a performance grade of PG 64-22 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -12°C after PAV aging for 20 hours, the biomaterial comprising more than 80.0 weight percent resin.- Page 3 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT

[0008] In some embodiments, a cracking resistant asphalt binder includes a base asphalt binder at least one of having a viscosity greater than about 50,000 P at about 60°C or comprising a performance grade asphalt binder, and a biomaterial comprising greater than about 80.0 weight percent bio-resin, the biomaterial constituting from about 0.50 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent of the cracking resistant asphalt binder by weight of the base asphalt binder. The cracking resistant asphalt binder exhibits an m-value after 20 hours of PAV aging at -12°C greater than about 0.300 and greater than an m-value of the base asphalt binder after 20 hours of PAV aging at -12°C.

[0009] In some embodiments, a method of forming a cracking resistant asphalt binder includes providing a base asphalt binder at least one of having a viscosity greater than 50,000 P at about 60°C or comprising a performance grade asphalt binder, and mixing from about 0.50 part by weight to about 20.0 parts by weight of a biomaterial for every about 100.0 parts by weight of the base asphalt binder to form a cracking resistant asphalt binder having an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -12°C after PAV aging for 20 hours, the biomaterial comprising greater than 80.0 weight percent of a bio-resin comprising one or more of a phenolic resin, an epoxy resin, a polyester resin, an alkyd resin, a polyurethane resin, or a polyamine resin.

[0010] In some embodiments, a cracking resistant asphalt binder includes a base asphalt binder having a viscosity greater than about 50,000 P at about 60°C and an m-value lower than about 0.275 after 40-hour PAV aging at -12°C, and a biomaterial comprising greater than about 80.0 weight percent of a bio-resin comprising one or more of a phenolic resin, an epoxy resin, a polyester resin, an alkyd resin, a polyurethane resin, or a polyamine resin. The cracking resistant asphalt binder has an m-value greater than about 0.300 after 20-hour PAV aging at -12°C.

[0011] In some embodiments, method of producing a cracking resistant asphalt binder comprises providing a base asphalt binder at least one of having a viscosity greater than about 50,000 P at about 60°C or having an m-value less than about 0.300 at -12°C after PAV aging for 20 hours; and mixing at least about 0.50 part by weight of a biomaterial comprising more than 80.0 weight percent resin with the base asphalt binder for every about 100.0 parts by weight of the base asphalt binder to form a cracking resistant asphalt binder having a performance grade of PG 58-28 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -18°C after PAV aging for 20 hours or a cracking resistant asphalt binder having a performance grade of PG 64-22 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -12°C after PAV aging for- Page 4 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT20 hours, the m-value of the cracking resistant asphalt binder higher than the m-value of the base asphalt binder after 20 hours of PAV aging at -12°C.

[0012] In some embodiments, a cracking resistant asphalt binder comprises a base asphalt binder at least one of having a viscosity greater than about 50,000 P at about 60°C or having an m-value less than about 0.300 at -12°C after PAV aging for 20 hours; and a biomaterial comprising greater than about 80.0 weight percent resin, the biomaterial constituting from about 0.50 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent of the cracking resistant asphalt binder by weight of the base asphalt binder, wherein the cracking resistant asphalt binder has a performance grade of 58-28 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -18°C after PAV aging for 20 hours or has a performance grade of PG64-22 and an m-value after 20 hours of PAV aging at -18°C greater than about 0.300, the m-value of the cracking resistant asphalt binder greater than the m-value of the base asphalt binder after 20 hours of PAV aging at -12°C.

[0013] In some embodiments, a method of forming a cracking resistant asphalt binder comprises providing a base asphalt binder at least one of having a viscosity greater than 50,000 P at about 60°C and an m-value lower than about 0.275 after 40-hour PAV aging at -12°C; and mixing from about 0.50 part by weight to about 20.0 parts by weight of a biomaterial for every about 100.0 parts by weight of the base asphalt binder to form a performance grade cracking resistant asphalt binder having an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -12°C after PAV aging for 20 hours and a performance grade of PG 58-28 or PG 64-22, the biomaterial comprising greater than 80.0 weight percent resin.

[0014] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts that are further described below in the detailed description. This summary is not intended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in limiting the scope of the claimed subject matter.

[0015] Additional features and advantages of embodiments of the disclosure will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by the practice of such embodiments. The features and advantages of such embodiments may be realized and obtained by means of the instruments and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. These and other features will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by the practice of such embodiments as set forth hereinafter.- Page 5 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTBRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0016] In order to describe the manner in which the above-recited and other features of the disclosure can be obtained, a more particular description will be rendered by reference to specific implementations thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. For better understanding, the like elements have been designated by like reference numbers throughout the various accompanying figures. While some of the drawings may be schematic or exaggerated representations of concepts, at least some of the drawings may be drawn to scale. Understanding that the drawings depict some example implementations, the implementations will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:

[0017] FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic of a system for forming (producing, generating) one or more materials that may be used as a component of a blended cracking resistant asphalt binder, according to at least one embodiment of the disclosure;

[0018] FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic of a system for forming (producing, generating) a high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material that may be used as a component of a blended cracking resistant asphalt binder, according to at least one embodiment of the disclosure;

[0019] FIG. 3 is a simplified flow diagram illustrating a system for forming a cracking resistant asphalt binder from a base asphalt binder and one or more biomaterials, according to at least one embodiment of the disclosure;

[0020] FIG. 4 is a simplified flow diagram illustrating a method of forming a cracking resistant asphalt binder, according to at least one embodiment of the disclosure;

[0021] FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the composition of the different biomaterials, as measured by a SARA analysis;

[0022] FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the m-value of a base asphalt binder and cracking resistant asphalt binders including different biomaterials at -12°C after PAV-aging for 40 hours;

[0023] FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the high temperature compliance of a base asphalt binder and cracking resistant asphalt binders formed from the base asphalt binder and different biomaterials;

[0024] FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating the m-value of the base asphalt binder and the cracking resistant asphalt binders formed from the base asphalt binder and the different biomaterials of FIG. 7;- Page 6 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT

[0025] FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating the high temperature compliance of a base asphalt binder to the high temperature compliance of the cracking resistant asphalt binders;

[0026] FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating the m-value of the base asphalt binder and cracking resistant asphalt binders including the biomaterials and the base asphalt binder of FIG. 9 at -12°C after aging for 40 hours in a PAV;

[0027] FIG. 11 is a graph illustrating the distillation curve of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material; and

[0028] FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating the distillation curve of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] Various equipment and tests may be used to characterize the properties of the asphalt binders described herein. For example, a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) may be used to characterize asphalt binder properties at high and intermediate temperatures. The DSR is also known as an “oscillator shear rheometer” and is used to measure the rheological properties of liquid asphalt binders at intermediate temperatures (e.g., about 20°C) to high temperatures (e.g., about 64°C). The DSR applies a shear stress (T) and / or a shear strain (y) to an asphalt binder. The complex shear modulus (G*) is a ratio of the applied shear stress to the resulting shear strain. The phase angle (δ) is related to the time lag between the input and output signals and provides a relative indication of the viscous and elastic behavior of the asphalt binder (and represents the ratio of elastic to viscous behavior, measured in degrees). Materials with a phase angle of 90° are completely viscous while materials with a phase angle of 0° are completely elastic. At intermediate temperatures, asphalt binders are generally viscoelastic (with a phase angle of about 45°).

[0030] A bending beam rheometer (BBR) and a direct tension (DT) device may be used to characterize the asphalt binder properties at low temperatures. For example, a BBR may be used to measure the rheological properties of liquid asphalt binders at low temperatures (e.g., about -12°C or at different temperatures depending on the specification). A fixed static load is applied to an asphalt binder beam of known dimensions, and the resulting deflection is measured. The flexural stiffness is reported as a function of time to provide an indication of the low temperature stiffness and cracking potential of the asphalt binder.

[0031] Methods of aging an asphalt binder prior to various tests include rolling thin film oven (RTFO) aging and pressure aging vessel (PAV) aging. Rolling thin film oven simulates the aging (e.g., short-term ageing) that occurs in a hot mix asphalt (HMA) facility as thin- Page 7 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTfilms of binder are exposed to heat and air. A sample is poured into a cylindrical bottle and rotated horizontally at about 163°C (about 325°F). Because RTFO-aged asphalt exhibits a stiffness higher than the stiffness of the unaged asphalt binder, the stiffness of the RTFO-aged asphalt binder is measured to determine whether the desirable viscoelastic properties of the asphalt binder have been maintained after aging. PAV aging methods are designed to simulate oxidation of the asphalt binder over the service life of pavement including the asphalt binder. In PAV methods, the asphalt binders are exposed to high temperature (e.g., about 100°C) and air pressure (e.g., about 2.10 MPa) for 20 hours (or 40 hours) to simulate long-term aging.

[0032] The creep stiffness (S-value, or more simply, S) is a measure of the thermal stresses in the asphalt binder resulting from thermal contraction. If the thermal stresses are too high, cracking will occur. Higher S -values correspond to higher thermal stresses (and a higher likelihood of thermal cracking). The creep stiffness is calculated according to Equation (1) below:pj 3(».wherein P is the applied load in Newtons, L is the span length between the two supports (e.g., 102 mm), b is the beam width (e.g., 12.5 mm), h is the beam thickness (e.g., 6.25 mm), and 8(f) is the deflection (in mm) as a function of time.

[0033] The m-value of an asphalt binder represents the rate of change of the stiffness (e.g., the creep stiffness) of the asphalt binder with time and may be representative of the ability of the asphalt binder to relax stresses that develop due to thermal contraction. Determination of the m-value may include aging the asphalt binder in a PAV for a duration, such as for 20 hours or 40 hours. After aging, a beam is prepared from the 20-hour or 40-hour PAV aged asphalt binder. The beam may have, for example, a thickness of about 6.25 mm, a width of about 12.5 mm, and a length of about 125 mm. The beam sample may be tested using a BBR. For example, the beam may be submerged in a temperature-controlled fluid bath having a temperature, such as, for example, -10°C or about -40°C, depending on the specification. A constant load (e.g., about 100 g (about 980 mN)) is applied to the midpoint of the beam for a specified time (e.g., about 60 seconds, about 240 seconds). The beam may be supported on, for example, stainless steel cylindrical bearings spaced about 102 mm apart, as specified in ASTM D6648 and AASHTO T313 standards. The deflection of the beam responsive to the load is measured as a function of time using a high-precision displacement transducer. The m-value is calculated as the slope of the logarithm of the- Page 8 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTstiffness curve (the S-value) versus the logarithm of time at the specified time (e.g., about 60 seconds, about 240 seconds). The m-value is shown in Equation (2) below:dlogS(t)(,m(t) =dlog(t) ’ 'wherein S is the creep stiffness of the asphalt binder at a given temperature, t is the loading time (typically measured at 60 seconds), and d represents the derivative operator (the rate of change) of the respective parameter (e.g., the creep stiffness, time). According to Equation (2), the m-value corresponds to how quickly the creep stiffness changes over time. In other words, the m-value is the rate at which the material relaxes stress under a constant load, wherein higher m-values correspond to better stress relaxation and lower susceptibility to thermal cracking.

[0034] The ATCmay correspond to the degree of embrittlement of the asphalt binder and may be calculated according to Equation (3) below:TC= TCs_TCm- (3),wherein Tcmis the temperature at which the m-value equals 0.300 (referred to as the critical temperature for the m-value) and Tcs is the temperature at which the creep stiffness equals 300 MPa (referred to as the critical temperature for the creep stiffness). A negative ATCvalue below -5°C may indicate or suggest embrittlement and reduced durability of the asphalt binder compared to asphalt binders having a relatively higher (less negative) ATCvalue.

[0035] As used herein, a high temperature compliance (HTC) of an asphalt binder is the temperature at which the unaged DSR tested sample and the RFTO tested sample fails specifications of G* / sin(δ) equal to -1.0 kPa for the original unaged binder and / or G* / sin(δ) equal to 2.2 kPa after RTFO. The high temperature compliance represents the highest temperature at which the asphalt binder can resist rutting or deformation under load. The unaged and RFTO-aged asphalt binder are individually placed between parallel plates spaced by about 1 mm in a DSR, and one of the plates (e.g., the upper plate) oscillates to apply a sinusoidal shear stress or shear strain on the asphalt binder. The temperature is selected depending on the performance grade of the asphalt binder and is usually varied in 6°C increments (e.g., 46°C, 52°C, 58°C, 64°C, 70°C, 76°C). The DSR measures the resistance of the binder to shear deformation and determines the complex shear modulus (G*) and the phase angle (8). One parameter for high temperature compliance is the value of G* divided by the sin(δ). Unaged asphalt binders having a G* / sin(δ) value greater than- Page 9 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTor equal to 1.0 meet Superpave PG specifications; and RTFO-aged binders having a G* / sin(δ) value greater than or equal to 2.2 meet Superpave PG specifications. The high temperature compliance for the unaged and RTFO aged asphalt binder can be interpolated according to Equation (4.1) and Equation (4.2), respectively, below:T_T(log (i)+iog (G; ow)) T _ T • (A 1 A1HTC(unaged') ~1low (iog(G*^^)-log (Gow) * \ high owJ^— T, (log (2.2)+log (Gow)) / HTC(RTFO)1low+(log (G^)-log - Tlow, (4.2),(Gfow)X 7^wherein THTC is the high temperature compliance in °C for the unaged and RTFO aged asphalt binders; Tlowis the last temperature where the value of G* / sin(6) was greater than or equal to 1.0 kPa for the unaged asphalt binder or 2.2 kPa for the RTFO aged asphalt binder; Thigh is the first temperature where the value of G* / sin(6) was less than 1.0 kPa for the unaged asphalt binder or 2.2 kPa for the RTFO aged asphalt binder; G*iowis the value of G* / sin(6) at Tlow; and G*high is the value of G* / sin(6) at Thigh. The lower temperature between the temperature at which the value of G* / sin(6) of the unaged asphalt binder equals 1.0 kPa and the temperature at which the value of G* / sin(6) of the RTFO aged asphalt binder equals 2.2 kPa.

[0036] As used herein, a low temperature compliance (LTC) of an asphalt binder is the temperature at which the creep stiffness or the m-value of the asphalt binder fails specifications. The low temperature compliance represents the lowest temperature at which the binder can resist thermal cracking caused by cold weather stresses. The creep stiffness and the m-value of a PAV-aged asphalt binder may be measured. To have a low temperature compliance at a particular temperature, the creep stiffness of the asphalt binder after 60 seconds (S(60s)) at the temperature must be less than or equal to 300 MPa and the m-value after 60 seconds (m(60s)) at the temperature must be greater than or equal to 0.300. If the S(60s) value exceeds 300 MPa or the m(60s) value falls below 0.300, the asphalt binder fails and is not compliant at the temperature. The low temperature compliance temperature may be interpolated according to Equation (5) or Equation (6) below:(300 S[0W) frji — Tlow- Tlow); (5) TLTC(S) (Shigh-slow)X(0.300 miow) ( rp- Tlowy (6), TLTC (m-value') — Tiow(mhigh-miow)hlah25ASPRi3-WO-PCT - Page 10 -wherein Tlowis the last temperature where S(60s) was less than or equal to 300 MPa; Thigh is the first temperature where S(60s) was greater than 300 MPa; Slowis the creep stiffness at Tiow, and Shigh is the creep stiffness at Thigh; mlowis the m-value at Tlow; and mhigh is the m-value at Thigh. The LTC may be the higher temperature of the TLTC(S) and the TLTC(m-value).

[0037] As used herein, a usable temperature range (UTR) of an asphalt binder is the difference between the high temperature compliance and the low temperature compliance of the asphalt binder. The usable temperature range is an indication of the span over which the asphalt binder performs as specified. A larger usable temperature range is an indication of better performance of the asphalt binder across various temperatures.

[0038] As used herein, a performance graded asphalt binder is an asphalt binder exhibiting a specified high temperature compliance and a low temperature compliance. As one example, a performance graded asphalt binder having a performance grade of PG 64-22 is an asphalt binder having a high temperature compliance of 64°C and a low temperature compliance of -22°C. The performance grade of the asphalt binder may also provide an indication of the usable temperature range of the asphalt binder. For example, a PG 64-22 asphalt binder may have a usable temperature range of 86°C (e.g., 64°C-(-22°C) = 86°C).

[0039] In some embodiments, a composition of a material (e.g., an asphalt material, a vacuum gas oil, a vacuum tower bottoms material, a biomaterial) may be determined according to the IP 469 Standard, “Determination of saturate, aromatic and polar components in petroleum products by thin layer chromatography and flame ionization detection”. A SARA (saturates, aromatics, reins, asphaltenes) analysis may be performed with, for example, the latroscan MK-6 thin layer chromatograph, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation, of Japan. The IATROSCAN is an automatic detector that performs quantitative analysis on organic mixtures separated on thin layer chromatography (TLC) and detected by Hydrogen Frame Ionization System (FID). The separation of components is performed on an exclusive thin layer chromatography media (CHROMAROD) in the same manner of normal phase TLC. The IP 469 Standard outlines a methodology for conducting a SARA analysis of the material and may be used to quantify the composition of the different components (saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes) (also referred to as “fractions”) in the material.

[0040] The different components are separated based on solubility using toluene, heptane (or n-pentane), di chloromethane, and methanol. The saturates include non-polar hydrocarbons including alkanes and cycloalkanes; the aromatics include compounds with- Page 11 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTone or more aromatic rings; the resins include polar, non-asphaltene hydrocarbons; and the aromatics include highly polar, high molecular weight hydrocarbons that are insoluble in n-heptane (or n-pentane). Saturates elute using heptane, aromatics elute using a mixture of 80:20 toluene: heptane by volume, resins elute using a mixture of 95:5 dichloromethane:methanol by volume, while asphaltenes do not elute. Other methods of performing a SARA analysis include using n-heptane (or n-pentane) to precipitate asphaltenes from the sample, while the remaining soluble material (referred to as “maltenes”) is further fractionated using a chromatography column. In the chromatography column, a silica or alumina column is employed to separate the maltenes into saturates, aromatics, and resins using specific solvents of varying polarity. The column is loaded with the maltene solution (the heptane-soluble portion). The saturates are separated from the maltenes by elution using a non-polar solvent, such as n-hexane or heptane; followed by separation of the aromatics by elution using an aromatic-rich solvent, such as toluene or benzene. Finally, the resins are separated by elution using a polar solvent, such as dichloromethane (DCM), acetone, or methanol. Of course, methods of performing a SARA analysis other than that described are possible. For example, the asphaltenes may not be precipitated from the material prior to fractionating the sample in the chromatography column.

[0041] According to embodiments described herein, performance graded cracking resistant asphalt binders may be formed from base asphalt binders having a viscosity greater than about 50,000 P at about 60°C and a biomaterial and / or from other performance graded asphalt binders. The biomaterial may be formulated and configured to alter the performance rating of the base asphalt binder to form the cracking resistant asphalt binder having a difference performance rating than the base asphalt binder. In some embodiments, the addition of the biomaterial lowers the low temperature compliance of the cracking resistant asphalt binder relative to the base asphalt binder; and lowers the high temperature compliance of the cracking resistant asphalt binder relative to the base asphalt binder. The biomaterial may include a resin content greater than about 80.0 weight percent and may be referred to herein as a “bio-resin.” In some embodiments, the resin content of the biomaterial is greater than about 90.0 weight percent, such as greater than about 95.0 weight percent. In some embodiments, the biomaterial is substantially free of saturates and aromatics. In some embodiments, the biomaterial comprises an ester bottoms material including one or more of (e.g., each of) methyl esters, monoglycerides, diglycerides,- Page 12 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTtriglycerides, sodium soaps produced from the addition of sodium methoxide (a catalyst in the biodiesel refining process), and unsaponifiable materials.

[0042] In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder has a relatively high viscosity, such as a viscosity greater than about 50,000 P at about 60°C, greater than about 100,000 P, greater than about 150,000 P, or even greater than about 200,000 P at about 60°C. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder includes, comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material, a hard asphalt (e.g., solvent deasphalted asphalt), or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder exhibits an m-value at -12°C less than about 0.250, such as less than about 0.225, less than about 0.200, less than about 0.175, less than about 0.150, or even less than about 0.125. The addition of the biomaterial to the base asphalt binder may increase the m-value such that the cracking resistant asphalt binder exhibits an m-value higher than about 0.275, such as greater than about 0.300 at about -12°C after aging for 20 hours in a PAV or even after 40 hours in a PAV. In addition, the cracking resistant asphalt binder may exhibit an m-value higher than about 0.275, such as greater than about 0.300 at about -18°C after aging for 20 hours in a PAV, or even after 40 hours in a PAV. In some embodiments, the cracking resistant asphalt binder comprises a performance grade asphalt binder having a performance grade of PG 58-28 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -18°C. In some embodiments, the cracking resistant asphalt binder comprises a performance grade asphalt binder having a performance grade of PG 64-22 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -12°C. In some embodiments, the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material and / or the base asphalt binder is does not flow at room temperature, or even at temperatures as high as 60°C.

[0043] The high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may exhibit a stiffness and a vacuum viscosity higher than conventional tower bottoms materials. For example, the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may exhibit a vacuum viscosity greater than about 60,000 P at about 60°C, such as greater than about 100,000 P, greater than about 150,000 P, or even greater than about 200,000 P at about 60°C. The high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may exhibit a high temperature compliance greater than 85°C (e.g., within a range of from about 85°C to about 95°C), and a low temperature compliance lower than or equal to about 0°C (e.g., within a range of from about -9°C to about 0°C) after PAV aging for 20 hours. The high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may exhibit a ATCgreater than -5°C after PAV aging for 20 hour and after PAV aging for 40 hours. The high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may exhibit a usable temperature range greater- Page 13 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTthan about 90°C. In some embodiments, the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material includes at least about 3.0 weight percent saturates, at least about 25.0 weight percent aromatics, at least about 35.0 weight percent resins, and at least about 10.0 weight percent asphaltenes.

[0044] In some embodiments, the biomaterial increases the ATCof the asphalt binder such that the cracking resistant asphalt binder after 20 hours of PAV aging has a higher ATCthan the base asphalt binder. In addition, the biomaterial may lower the S-critical temperature and m-critical temperature of the cracking resistant asphalt binder compared to the base asphalt binder. In other words, the S-critical temperature and m-critical temperature of the cracking resistant asphalt binder including the biomaterial and the base asphalt binder may be lower than the S-critical temperature and m-critical temperature of the base asphalt binder.

[0045] The biomaterial may improve the properties of base asphalt binder and facilitate the use of base asphalt binders having a relatively high vacuum viscosity (e.g., greater than about 50,000 P at about 60°C) in a performance grade cracking resistant asphalt binder. In some embodiments, the biomaterial may allow the cracking resistant asphalt binder to include a relatively high weight percent of the base asphalt binder while still having a performance grade meeting high temperature and low temperature requirements. In some embodiments, without the biomaterial, the base asphalt material is does not flow (e.g., substantially, noticeably) at room temperature or even at about 60°C.

[0046] The biomaterial may constitute from about 0.50 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent of the cracking resistant asphalt binder, based on the weight of the base asphalt binder. In other words, for every about 100.0 parts by weight of the base asphalt binder, the cracking resistant asphalt binder may include from about 0.50 part by weight to about 20.0 parts by weight of the biomaterial.

[0047] Accordingly, the addition of the biomaterial to the base asphalt binder facilitates forming the cracking resistant asphalt binder to exhibit a softer grade than the base asphalt binder and a higher m-value than the base asphalt binder. The biomaterial may exhibit synergistic properties with the base asphalt binder and facilitate forming the cracking resistant asphalt binder from the base asphalt binder, even though the base asphalt binder is substantially stiff and does not noticeably flow at room temperature. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the relatively high resin content of the biomaterial facilitates providing a desired composition (saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltenes) to the cracking resistant asphalt binder and facilities improving the low- Page 14 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTtemperature properties (or specifications) (e.g., the m-value, the ATC) of the cracking resistant asphalt binder.

[0048] Refineries may have difficulty meeting low temperature properties of asphalt binders, particularly based on the crude oil slate and the operation of vacuum distillation units. In some embodiments, it may be difficult for an oil refinery to continuously form an asphalt binder exhibiting desired specifications, such as an m-value of 0.300 or higher at -12°C after 20 hours of PAV aging (and a performance grade of PG 64-22) or an m-value of 0.300 or higher at -18°C after 20 hours of PAV aging (and a performance grade of PG 58-28). For example, due to variations in the crude oils refined in the oil refinery and / or different operating conditions of units of the oil refinery, the composition of components that are blended to form the asphalt binder may vary, increasing a difficulty of forming a cracking resistant asphalt binder meeting desired specifications. The biomaterials described herein facilitate forming cracking resistant asphalt binders from a base asphalt binder, even though the properties and composition of the base asphalt binder may be variable (e.g., based on the crude oil and / or the operation of vacuum distillation units). In particular, continuously forming a cracking resistant asphalt binder having an m-value of 0.300 or higher at -12°C and / or -18°C after 20 hours of PAV aging is particularly difficult. The addition of biomaterial to the base asphalt binder, as described herein, facilitates forming a cracking resistant asphalt binder meeting desired specifications of an m-value of 0.300 or higher at -12°C and / or -18°C after 20 hours of PAV. In some embodiments, a cracking resistant asphalt binder having a performance grade of PG 58-28 and an m-value of 0.300 or higher at -18°C after 20 hours of PAV aging is formed from a base asphalt binder having a performance grade of PG 64-22. In addition, the addition of the biomaterial to the base asphalt binder may facilitate forming a cracking resistant asphalt binder having an m-higher than about 0.300 after 40 hours of PAV aging at-12°C and after 40 hours of PAV aging at -18°C. Thus, the biomaterial may facilitate a method of forming difficult to form (blend) cracking resistant asphalt binders. Accordingly, the biomaterials described herein allow refineries to correct asphalt binders having a low m-value and / or make asphalt grades that are conventionally difficult to produce from asphalt binder materials formed within the refinery.

[0049] FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic of a system 100 for forming (producing, generating) one or more materials that may be used as a component of a blended cracking resistant asphalt binder, according to at least one embodiment of the disclosure. The system 100 may be a refinery, such as a petroleum or oil refinery. The system 100 may include one- Page 15 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTor more units configured to distill (refine) one or more crude oils and form one or more products therefrom. The system 100 may be configured to refine a crude oil 102 into one or more components (e.g., fractions) based, at least in part, on the boiling point of the different components. The system 100 includes a crude distillation unit 101 configured to distill (refine) the crude oil 102 and form one or more products therefrom. The crude distillation unit 101 may include an atmospheric distillation tower 106 and a vacuum distillation tower 124.

[0050] The properties of the crude oil 102 may depend on the type of crude oil 102 and may include any mixture of hydrocarbon materials. The crude oil 102 may be a low-density crude oil having an API gravity (wherein API gravity is equal to (141.5 / SG)-131.5, wherein SG is the specific gravity) greater than about 40°, a medium-density crude oil having an API gravity between about 30° and about 40°, a high-density crude oil having an API gravity less than about 30°, or combinations thereof. In addition, the crude oil 102 may have a sulfur content, such as a sulfur content less than about 0.5 weight percent (e.g., a so-called “sweet” crude oil), a crude oil having a sulfur content greater than about 0.5 weight percent (e.g., a so-called “sour” crude oil), or combinations thereof. The crude oil 102 may include a paraffinic content, a naphthenic content, an aromatic content, or combinations thereof. The various fractions of the crude oil 102 may be separated from one another based on one or more of the density (gravity), the assay, or another property of the crude oil 102. Accordingly, the assay of the crude oil 102 may affect the fractions and the volume of different fractions of hydrocarbon products formed from the distillation of the crude oil 102.

[0051] The system 100 includes a furnace 104, which may also be referred to herein as a “crude furnace.” The furnace 104 may receive the crude oil 102 and provide thermal energy to the crude oil 102 to increase a temperature thereof prior to the crude oil 102 entering an atmospheric distillation tower 106 (also referred to herein as an “atmospheric distillation column” or a “crude tower”). The furnace 104 may include a cabin-type furnace, a cylindrical furnace, an A-frame furnace, or another type of furnace.

[0052] While FIG. 1 illustrates only certain components of the system 100, it will be understood that the system 100 may include components and devices in addition to those described. For example, the system 100 may include a desalter configured to remove salts and water from the crude oil 102 prior to introducing the crude oil 102 to the furnace 104 and the atmospheric distillation tower 106. In addition, the atmospheric distillation tower 106 may include additional streams (e.g., stripping steam, reflux streams, other streams)- Page 16 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTand may be in operable communication with one or more additional components (e.g., one or more pumps, heat exchangers). The system 100 may include pumps, valves, heat exchangers, or other process equipment for facilitating the recovery of hydrocarbon materials from the crude oil 102.

[0053] A temperature of the crude oil 102 entering the atmospheric distillation tower 106 may be sufficient to facilitate separation of different components within the crude oil 102 based on a boiling point range of the different components within the crude oil 102 based on the boiling point range of the different components. The temperature of the crude oil 102 entering the atmospheric distillation tower 106 may be selected based, at least in part, on the composition of the crude oil 102 (e.g., the crude assay) and an operating pressure of the atmospheric distillation tower 106. By way of non-limiting example, the temperature of the crude oil 102 may be within a range of from about 260°C (about 550°F) to about to 400°C (about 752°F), such as from about 260°C (about 550°F) to 315.6°C (about 600°F), from about 315.6°C (about 600°F) to about 343.3°C (about 650°F), from about 343.3°C (about 650°F) to about 371.1°C (about 700°F), or from about 371.1°C (about 700°F) to about 400°C (about 752°F). However, the disclosure is not so limited, and the temperature of the crude oil 102 may be different than that described.

[0054] The atmospheric distillation tower 106 may be configured to facilitate separation of the different components of the crude oil 102 from one another to form one or more hydrocarbon fractions from the crude oil 102, each hydrocarbon fraction having a different boiling point range and / or one or more different properties than the other hydrocarbon fractions. The atmospheric distillation tower 106 may include multiple trays including, for example, one or more of bubble cap trays, sieve trays, valve trays, or any other type of tray to facilitate vapor-liquid contact and separation based on boiling point. In some embodiments, the atmospheric distillation tower 106 is configured to separate the crude oil 102 into an overhead gaseous material 108 (also referred to as a “light ends” material), a light naphtha material 110, a heavy naphtha material 112, a jet material 114 (or a kerosene material), a diesel material 116, an atmospheric gas oil 118, and an atmospheric tower bottoms material 120 (which may also be referred to as “atmospheric residue”).

[0055] The overhead gaseous material 108 may include, for example, non-condensable gases and / or liquified petroleum gas (LPG). The non-condensable gases may include one or more of hydrogen, methane, ethane, propane, or butane. The liquified petroleum gas may include one or more of propane, butanes, and other hydrocarbon materials. In some- Page 17 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTembodiments, the overhead gaseous material 108 is further processed in the system 100, such as in a gas recovery system.

[0056] The light naphtha material 110 may include, for example, pentane, hexane, other C5hydrocarbons, other C6hydrocarbons, or combinations thereof. The C5 and Ce hydrocarbons may be paraffins (e.g., n-pentane, n-hexane), isoparaffins (e.g., isopentane, isohexane), naphthenes (cyclopentane, cyclohexane), aromatics (e.g., benzene), or combinations thereof. The light naphtha material 110 may have a boiling point range from about 35°C (about 95°F) to about 90°C (about 194°F); a molecular weight range within a range of from about 70 g / mol to about 85 g / mol; a density at about 15°C within a range of from about 0.65 g / cm3to about 0.70 g / cm3; a Reid vapor pressure from about 6 psi to about 12 psi; a flash point less than about 0°C; and a viscosity within a range of from about 0.4 cSt to about 0.5 cSt. The light naphtha material 110 may be further processed in the system 100, such as in a reformer and / or may be used as a blending component of gasoline. In some embodiments, the light naphtha material 110 is used as a feedstock to an isomerization unit. As used herein, a “boiling point range” refers to the temperature interval over which a material (a mixture of different materials) transitions from liquid to vapor and may be measured using a distillation test, such as ASTM D86 or ASTM D160.

[0057] The heavy naphtha material 112 may include, for example, C7 to C10 hydrocarbon materials and may include naphthenes, paraffins, higher aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylenes), or combinations thereof. The heavy naphtha material 112 may have a higher flash point, a higher boiling point range, a higher molecular weight, a higher density, and a higher viscosity than the light naphtha material 110. By way of non-limiting example, the heavy naphtha material 112 may have a boiling point range from about 90°C (about 194°F) to about 200°C (about 392°F); a molecular weight within a range of from about 85 g / mol to about 120 g / mol; a density at about 15°C within a range of from about 0.70 g / cm3to about 0.78 g / cm3; a Reid vapor pressure from about 3 psi to about 6 psi; a flash point within a range of from about 26.7°C (about 80°F) to about 37.8°C (about 100°F); and a viscosity within a range of from about 0.6 cSt to about 1.0 cSt. The heavy naphtha material 112 may be further processed in the system 100, such as in a catalytic reformer and / or may be used as a blending component of gasoline.

[0058] The jet material 114 may include, for example, a mixture of paraffins (e.g., from about 50 volume percent to about 70 volume percent), naphthenes (e.g., from about 20 volume percent to about 30 volume percent), and aromatics (e.g., from about 10 volume percent to about 20 volume percent). The jet material 114 may include, for example, C9 to- Page 18 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTC17hydrocarbons. A boiling point range of the jet material 114 may be from about 175°C to about 300°C, with a 10 percent recovery (recovered, boiled, evaporated) temperature within a range of from about 180°C to about 211°C; a 20 percent recovery temperature within a range of from about 199°C to about 213°C; a 50 percent recovery temperature within a range of from about 212°C to about 229°C; a 90 percent recovery temperature within a range of from about 236°C to about 275°C; and an endpoint temperature of about 300°C, and a minimum flash point of about 38°C. The jet material 114 may have a density within a range of from about 0.775 g / cm3to about 0.840 g / cm3; a freezing point of about -40°C or about -47°C; and a viscosity less than about 8.0 cSt at about -20°C. The jet material 114 may be further processed in the system 100 to remove contaminants (e.g., mercaptans) therefrom. The jet material 114 may be blended to form a jet fuel (e.g., a Jet A jet fuel, a Jet A-1 jet fuel, a jet B jet fuel, or another jet fuel).

[0059] The diesel material 116 may include, for example, a mixture of paraffins (e.g., from about 30 volume percent to about 50 volume percent), naphthenes (e.g., from about 20 volume percent to about 40 volume percent), aromatics (e.g., from about 10 volume percent to about 30 volume percent), and olefins (e.g., less than about 5 volume percent). The diesel material 116 may include, for example, C9 to C20 hydrocarbon materials. A boiling point range of the diesel material 116 may be from about 220°C to about 380°C, with an initial boiling point within a range of from about 160°C to about 180°C; a 10 percent recovery temperature within a range of from about 175°C to about 210°C; a 50 percent recovery temperature within a range of from about 210°C to about 270°C; a 90 percent recovery temperature within a range of from about 250°C to about 325°C; and an endpoint within a range of from about 275°C to about 380°C. The diesel material 116 may exhibit a density within a range of from about 0.82 g / cm3to about 0.85 g / cm3; a cetane number between about 40 and about 55; a minimum flash point of about 52°C; and a viscosity between about 1.9 cSt and about 4.1 cSt at about 40°C. The diesel material 116 may be further processed in the system 100, such as in one or more hydrotreaters to remove (e.g., reduce) sulfur from the diesel material 116. The diesel material 116 may be blended to form a diesel fuel, stored in tankage, and / or provided to a terminal after removal of the sulfur therefrom.

[0060] The atmospheric gas oil (AGO) 118 may include C12 to C20 hydrocarbons. The atmospheric gas oil 118 may have a boiling point range of from about 250°C (e.g., about 270°C)to about 425°C (e.g., about 370°C). The atmospheric gas oil 118 may include a light gas oil, a heavy gas oil, or combinations thereof. The atmospheric gas oil 118 may exhibit- Page 19 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTa viscosity within a range of from about 2 cSt to about 10 cSt at about 40°C; a density within a range of from about 0.83 g / cm3to about 0.88 g / cm3; and a cetane number within a range of from about 35 to about 50. The system 100 may be configured to further process the atmospheric gas oil 118, such as in a hydrotreater, a hydrocracker (e.g., a fluid catalytic cracker), or another process.

[0061] The atmospheric tower bottoms material 120 may include heavy atmospheric gas oil, asphaltenes, resins, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and combinations thereof. The atmospheric tower bottoms material 120 may have a boiling point range from about 343°C (about 650°F) to about 565.6°C (about l,050°F). In some embodiments, the atmospheric tower bottoms material 120 exhibits an initial boiling temperature from about 343.3°C (about 650°F) to about 371.1°C (about 700°F). A final boiling point (endpoint) of the atmospheric tower bottoms material 120 may be greater than about 565.6°C (about l,050°F). The atmospheric tower bottoms material 120 may have a density within a range of from about 0.95 g / cm3to about 1.05 g / cm3; a pour point greater than about 30°C; a flash point greater than about 200°C; and a viscosity greater than about 1,000 cSt at about 100°C.

[0062] With continued reference to FIG. 1, the atmospheric tower bottoms material 120 may be further processed to separate lighter fractions (e.g., fractions having a lower boiling point range than heavier fractions) from the heavier fractions (e.g., fractions having a higher boiling point range than the lighter fractions). In some embodiments, the atmospheric tower bottoms material 120 is processed in a distillation column or tower having a pressure lower than atmospheric pressure. In some embodiments, the atmospheric tower bottoms material 120 may be provided to a vacuum distillation tower 124 (also referred to as a “vacuum tower” or a “vacuum separation tower”). The vacuum distillation tower 124 may be operated at a pressure such that the vacuum distillation tower 124 is a low vacuum distillation tower and forms (among other things) a low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material; or may be operated at a pressure such that the vacuum distillation tower 124 is a high vacuum distillation tower and forms (among other things) a high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material.

[0063] The vacuum distillation tower 124 may be configured to receive the atmospheric tower bottoms material 120 and separate the atmospheric tower bottoms material 120 into one or more materials having different boiling point ranges, such as an overhead vapor material 126, a light vacuum gas oil (LVGO) 128 (also referred to as a “low vacuum gas oil”), a medium vacuum gas oil (MVGO) 130, a heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO) 132 (also referred to as a “high vacuum gas oil”), and a vacuum tower bottoms material 134 (VTB- Page 20 - 25ASPR13-WO-PCTor VTB material). In some embodiments, the atmospheric tower bottoms material 120 is heated in a furnace 122 prior to being provided to the vacuum distillation tower 124. The temperature of the atmospheric tower bottoms material 120 provided to the vacuum distillation tower 124 may be within a range of from about 343.4°C (about 650°F) to about 371.1°C (about 700°F). However the disclosure is not so limited and the temperature of the atmospheric tower bottoms material 120 may be different than that described.

[0064] A pressure of the vacuum distillation tower 124 may be within a range of from about 5 mmHg absolute to about 100 mmHg absolute. In some embodiments, the vacuum distillation tower 124 is operated at a pressure within a range of from about 50 mmHg absolute to about 100 mmHg absolute and is a low vacuum distillation tower. In some embodiments, the vacuum distillation tower 124 is operated at a pressure within a range of from about 5 mmHg absolute to about 50 mmHg absolute, such as from about 5 mmHg to about 10 mmHg, from about 10 mmHg absolute to about 25 mmHg absolute, or from about 25 mmHg absolute to about 50 mmHg absolute and may be a high vacuum distillation tower. As described in additional detail herein with respect to FIG. 2, in some embodiments, the system 100 includes a low vacuum distillation tower (e.g., low vacuum distillation tower 124a (FIG. 2)) and a high vacuum distillation tower (e.g., high vacuum distillation tower 124b)). In some embodiments, one or more properties (e.g., a vacuum viscosity, a high temperature compliance, a low temperature compliance) of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 depends, at least in part, on the pressure of the vacuum distillation tower 124.

[0065] The overhead vapor material 126 may include C1 to C4 hydrocarbon materials and may be further processed in the system 100 by, for example, the gas recovery system. The light vacuum gas oil 128 may have a boiling point ranging from about 343°C to about 455°C; the medium vacuum gas oil 130 may have a boiling point ranging from about 455°C to about 510°C; the heavy vacuum gas oil 132 may have a boiling point ranging from about 510°C to about 566°C; and the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 may have a boiling point range greater than about 566°C. In some embodiments, the boiling point range of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132 may be different than that described above and may be, for example, from about 455°C to about 566°C.

[0066] While the vacuum distillation tower 124 has been described as including the medium vacuum gas oil 130, the disclosure is not so limited. In some embodiments, the vacuum distillation tower 124 does not include the medium vacuum gas oil 130 and includes the overhead vapor material 126, the light vacuum gas oil 128, the heavy vacuum gas oil 132, and the vacuum tower bottoms material 134. In some embodiments, the boiling- Page 21 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTpoint range of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132 may be different than that described above and may be, for example, from about 455°C to about 566°C.

[0067] The light vacuum gas oil 128 may exhibit a density within a range of from about 0.85 g / cm3to about 0.88 g / cm3; a viscosity within a range of from about 2 cSt to about 5 cSt at about 100°C, a pour point within a range of from about -23°C to about -1°C; an aromatic content within a range of from about 20 weight percent to about 40 weight percent; and a flash point greater than about 93 °C. The light vacuum gas oil 128 may be further processed in the system 100, such as in a hydrocracker, may be used as a blending component, or combinations thereof.

[0068] The medium vacuum gas oil 130 may exhibit a density within a range of from about 0.88 g / cm3to about 0.91 g / cm3; a viscosity within a range of from about 5 cSt to about 10 cSt at about 100°C, a pour point within a range of from about -6°C to about 10°C; an aromatic content within a range of from about 30 weight percent to about 50 weight percent; and a flash point greater than about 121 °C. The medium vacuum gas oil 130 may be further processed in the system 100, such as in a hydrocracker or a catalytic cracker, may be used as a blending component, or combinations thereof.

[0069] The heavy vacuum gas oil 132 may exhibit a density within a range of from about 0.91 g / cm3to about 0.95 g / cm3; a viscosity within a range of from about 10 cSt to about 20 cSt at about 100°C, a pour point within a range of from about 10°C to about 27°C; an aromatic content within a range of from about 40 weight percent to about 60 weight percent; and a flash point greater than about 149°C. The heavy vacuum gas oil 132 may be further processed in the system 100, such as in a hydrocracker or a catalytic cracker, may be used as a blending component, or combinations thereof.

[0070] A composition of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132 may be measured according to the IP 469 standard for determining the composition of saturates, aromatic, and polar compounds (including resins and asphaltenes). In some embodiments, the composition of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132 is measured using a SARA analysis. In some embodiments, the heavy vacuum gas oil 132 includes from about 46.0 weight percent to about 55.0 weight percent saturates, from about 34.0 weight percent to about 46.0 weight percent aromatics, from about 7.0 weight percent to about 15.0 weight percent resins, and from about 0.0 weight percent to about 1.0 weight percent asphaltenes.

[0071] Saturates may constitute at least about 40.0 weight percent of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132. Saturates may constitute from about 40.0 weight percent to about 60.0 weight percent of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132, such as from about 40.0 weight percent to about- Page 22 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT45.0 weight percent, from about 45.0 weight percent to about 50.0 weight percent, from about 50.0 weight percent to about 55.0 weight percent, or from about 55.0 weight percent to about 60.0 weight percent of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132. In some embodiments, saturates constitute from about 46.0 weight percent to about 55.0 weight percent of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132.

[0072] Aromatics may constitute at least about 30.0 weight percent of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132. Aromatics may constitute from about 30.0 weight percent to about 50.0 weight percent of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132, such as from about 30.0 weight percent to about 35.0 weight percent, from about 35.0 weight percent to about 40.0 weight percent, from about 40.0 weight percent to about 45.0 weight percent, or from about 45.0 weight percent to about 50.0 weight percent of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132. In some embodiments, aromatics constitute from about 34.0 weight percent to about 46.0 weight percent of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132.

[0073] Resins may constitute at least about 5.0 weight percent of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132. Resins may constitute from about 5.0 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132, such as from about 5.0 weight percent to about 10.0 weight percent, from about 10.0 weight percent to about 15.0 weight percent, or from about 15.0 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132. In some embodiments, resins constitute from about 7.0 weight percent to about 15.0 weight percent of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132.

[0074] Asphaltenes may constitute less than about 2.0 weight percent, such as less than about 1.0 weight percent, less than about 0.50 weight percent, or less than about 0.10 weight percent of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132. Asphaltenes may constitute from about 0.0 weight percent to about 2.0 weight percent of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132, such as from about 0.10 weight percent to about 0.50 weight percent, from about 0.50 weight percent to about 1.0 weight percent, or from about 1.0 weight percent to about 2.0 weight percent of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132. In some embodiments, the heavy vacuum gas oil 132 is free of (e.g., substantially free of) asphaltenes.

[0075] A colloidal index (CI) of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132 may be within a range of from about 0.8 to about 1.2, such as from about 0.8 to about 1.0, or from about 1.0 to about 1.2. The colloidal index may be a representation of a likelihood of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132 to form sediments due to instability of the asphaltene particles therein. The colloidal index is calculated as the ratio between the aromatics and the resins to the asphaltenes and the saturates (i.e., colloidal index = (weight percent aromatics + weight percent- Page 23 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTresins) / (weight percent asphaltenes + weight percent saturates)). The colloidal instability index (CII) is the reciprocal of the colloidal index (i.e., colloidal instability index = (weight percent saturates + weight percent asphaltenes) / (weight percent resins + weight percent aromatics)).

[0076] The composition of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132 may be measured using staged thermal extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TE GC-MS) and / or using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PY GC-MS). As measured by staged thermal extraction gas chromatography -mass spectrometry, the heavy vacuum gas oil 132 may include C11 to C33 hydrocarbons (e.g., C11 to C33 vacuum gas oil-range aliphatic materials. The heavy vacuum gas oil 132 may further include a range of aliphatic materials including C18 materials, trace 3 or 4 ring aromatics and thiophenes, as determined by TE GC-MS. In some embodiments, the heavy vacuum gas oil 132 includes a greater weight percent of C18 hydrocarbons than other hydrocarbons, such as hydrocarbons in the C11 to C33 range. As measured by pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the heavy vacuum gas oil 132 may not include appreciable organic materials.

[0077] The vacuum tower bottoms material 134 may exhibit an initial boiling point greater than about 566°C; a density within a range of from about 0.98 g / cm3to about 1.10 g / cm3; a viscosity within a range of from about 50 cSt to about 500 cSt at about 100°C; a pour point within a range of from about 27°C to about 65°C; and a flash point greater than about 149°C. However, the properties of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 are not so limited, and may be different than those described. The properties of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 may depend, at least in part, on the operating pressure of the vacuum distillation tower 124.

[0078] The vacuum tower bottoms material 134 may be a high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms (HVTB) material (also referred to as a “heavy vacuum tower bottoms material”) or a low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms (LVTB) material (also referred to as a “light vacuum tower bottoms material”), depending on, for example, the temperature and pressure of the vacuum distillation tower 124. As described herein, the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 may be processed in the system 100, such as in one or more of a hydrocracker, a coker, may be used in asphalt production, in the formation of an asphalt binder (e.g., cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 (FIG. 3)), or combinations thereof. At least a portion of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 may be blended into an asphalt binder meeting performance grade specifications.- Page 24 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT

[0079] In some embodiments, the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 includes a low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material. The low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms may have a vacuum viscosity within a range of 10 P to about 300 P at about 60°C, such as from about 10 P to about 200 P at about 60°C. In some embodiments, the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 has a vacuum viscosity less than about 300 P at about 60°C. In some embodiments, the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 has a vacuum viscosity within a range of from about 10 P to about 200 P at about 60°C. In some embodiments, the vacuum viscosity of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 is less than about 200 P at about 60°C. As used herein, a vacuum viscosity refers to a viscosity measured according to ASTM D2171 (such as ASTM D2171 / D2171M-22) measured at 60°C, which method is used to determine viscosity of asphalt index by vacuum capillary viscometers.

[0080] The low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may include a bimodal distribution of C6 to C25 hydrocarbons and C25 to C35 hydrocarbons, as measured by using staged thermal extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TE GC-MS). The C6 to C25 hydrocarbons may be aliphatic and may be in the diesel range, and the C25 to C35 hydrocarbons may be aliphatic and may be in the vacuum gas oil range. As measured by pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (PY GC-MS), the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may include C4 to C23 hydrocarbons, such as a mixture of C4 to C23 olefinic and paraffinic hydrocarbons. In some embodiments, the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material further includes up to C29 paraffins. The mixture of C4 to C23 olefinic and paraffinic hydrocarbons may include pairs of olefinic and paraffinic C4 to C23 hydrocarbons.

[0081] A distillation curve of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 may be determined according to, for example, ASTM D7169M. The low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 may have an initial boiling point within a range of from about 404°C (about 760°F) to about 426.7°C (about 800°F), such as from about 410°C (about 770°F) to about 423°C (about 794°F), or from about 413°C (about 775°F) to about 423°C (about 794°F). In some embodiments, the initial boiling point of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 is about 413°C (about 775°F).

[0082] A temperature at which about 10.0 weight percent of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 boils off (is evaporated) (a T10 temperature) may be within a range of from about 510°C (about 950 °F) to about 565.6°C (about l,050°F), such as from about 521°C (about 970°F) to about 554.4°C (about l,030°F), from about 526.7°C (about- Page 25 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT980°F) to about 548.9°C (about l,020°F), or from about 532.2°C (about 990°F) to about 543.3°C (about l,010°F). In some embodiments, the T10 temperature of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 is less than about 554.4°C (about l,030°F), such as less than about 548.9°C (about l,020°F), or less than about 543.3°C (about l,010°F). In some embodiments, the T10 temperature of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 is about 535°C (about 995°F).

[0083] A temperature at which about 30.0 weight percent of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 boils off (is evaporated) (a T30 temperature) may be within a range of from about 565.6°C (about l,050°F) to about 615.6°C (about l,140°F), such as from about 576.7°C (about l,070°F) to about 604.4°C (about l,120°F), or from about 582.2°C (about l,080°F) to about 598.9°C (about l,110°F). In some embodiments, the T30 temperature of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 is higher than about 565.6°C (about l,050°F), such as higher than about 576.7°C (about l,070°F). In some embodiments, the T30 temperature of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 is lower than about 615.6°C (about l,140°F), such as lower than about 604.4°C (about l,120°F), or lower than about 593.3°C (about l,100°F). In some embodiments, the T30 temperature of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 is about 587.8°C (about l,090°F).

[0084] A temperature at which about 50.0 weight percent of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 boils off (is evaporated) (a T50 temperature) may be within a range of from about 621.1°C (about l,150°F) to about 676.7°C (about l,250°F), or from about 598.9°C (about 1, 110°F) to about 654.4°C (about l,210°F), such as from about 610°C (about l,130°F) to about 643.3°C (about l,190°F), or from about 621°C (about l,150°F) to about 632.2°C (about l,170°F). In some embodiments, the T50 temperature of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 is less than about 648.9°C (about l,200°F), such as less than about 637.8°C (about l,180°F), or less than about 632.2°C (about l,170°F).

[0085] A temperature at which about 70.0 weight percent of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 boils off (is evaporated) (a T70 temperature) may be within a range of from about 643.3°C (about l,190°F) to about 698.9°C (about l,290°F), such as from about 654.4°C (about l,210°F) to about 687.8°C (about l,270°F), or from about 665.6°C (about l,230°F) to about 676.7°C (about l,250°F). In some embodiments, the T70 temperature of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 is less than about 682.2°C (about l,260°F), such as less than about 676.7°C (about l,250°F).- Page 26 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT

[0086] A temperature at which about 90.0 weight percent of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 boils off (is evaporated) (a T90 temperature) may be within a range of from about 676.7°C (about l,250°F) to about 726.7°C (about l,340°F), or from about 690.6°C (about 1,275°F) to about 735°C (about 1,355°F), such as from about 698.9°C (about l,290°F) to about 726.7°C (about l,340°F), or from about 707.2°C (about l,305°F) to about 718.3°C (about 1,325°F). In some embodiments, the T90 temperature of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 is less than about 732.2°C (about l,350°F), such as less than about 726.7°C (about l,340°F), less than about 721.1 °C (about l,330°F), or less than about 715.6°C (about l,320°F).

[0087] An endpoint temperature of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 (a temperature at which substantially all of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 evaporates) may be within a range of from about 704.4°C (about l,300°F) to about 748.9°C (about l,380°F), such as from about 732.2°C (about l,350°F) to about 743.3°C (about l,370°F). In some embodiments, the endpoint temperature of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 is within a range of from about 715.6°C (about l,320°F) to about 771.1°C (about l,420°F), such as from about 726.7°C (about l,340°F) to about 760°C (about l,400°F), or from about 737.8°C (about l,360°F) to about 748.9°C (about l,380°F). In some embodiments, the endpoint temperature of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 134 is less than about 760°C (about l,400°F), such as less than about 754.4°C (about l,390°F), or less than about 748.9°C (about l,380°F).

[0088] A composition of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may be measured according to the IP 469 standard for determining the composition of saturates, aromatic, and polar compounds (including resins and asphaltenes) (a SARA analysis). As measured by the IP 469 standard, in some embodiments, the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material includes from about 22.0 weight percent to about 35.0 weight percent saturates (such as from about 24.0 weight percent to about 33.0 weight percent saturates, from about 25.0 weight percent to about 32.0 weight percent saturates, or from about 26.1 weight percent to about 31.0 weight percent saturates), from about 30.0 weight percent to about 45.0 weight percent aromatics (such as from about 38.0 weight percent to about 42.0 weight percent resins or from about 38.9 weight percent to about 43.7 weight percent aromatics), from about 15.0 weight percent to about 25.0 weight percent resins (such as from about 18.0 weight percent to about 22.0 weight percent resins, or from about 15.5 weight percent to about 16.5 weight percent resins), and from about 10.0 weight percent to- Page 27 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTabout 15.0 weight percent asphaltenes (such as from about 11.0 weight percent to about 14.0 weight percent asphaltenes, or from about 13.0 weight percent to about 14.5 weight percent asphaltenes). However, the disclosure is not so limited, and the composition of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may be different than that described. In some embodiments, the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material includes from about 26.1 weight percent to about 31.0 weight percent saturates; from about 38.9 weight percent to about 43.7 weight percent aromatics; from about 15.5 weight percent to about 16.5 weight percent resins; and from about 13.0 weight percent to about 14.5 weight percent asphaltenes.

[0089] In some embodiments, the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 includes a high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material, such as when the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 is operated at a pressure within a range of from about 5.0 mmHg absolute to about 50 mmHg absolute. The high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may have a vacuum viscosity within a range of from about 60,000 P to about 200,000 P, such as from about 60,000 P to about 100,000 P, from about 100,000 P to about 150,000 P, or from about 150,000 P to about 200,000 P. The vacuum viscosity is measured at a temperature of 60°C. In some embodiments, the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material has a viscosity greater than about 60,000 P, such as greater than about 100,000 P, or greater than about 150,000 P at 60°C. In some embodiments, the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material is does not substantially flow at room temperature (e.g., at a temperature within a range of from about 20°C to about 25°C).

[0090] The high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may exhibit a high temperature compliance (as measured by DSR) greater than about 85°C. For example, the high temperature compliance of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may be within a range of from about 85°C to about 95°C, such as from about 85°C to about 87°C, from about 87°C to about 90°C, from about 90°C to about 92°C, or from about 92°C to about 95°C. In some embodiments, the high temperature compliance of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material is within a range of from about 87°C to about 95°C. The high temperature compliance of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may be greater than about 87°C, such as greater than about 90°C, or greater than about 92°C.

[0091] A low temperature compliance of an unaged and / or a 20-hour PAV aged high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may be less than or equal to 0°C, such as within a range of from about -9°C to about 0°C, such as from about -9°C to about -6°C, from about -6°C to about -3 °C, or from about -3 °C to about 0°C. The low temperature compliance of- Page 28 - 25ASPR13-WO-PCTa 20-hour PAV aged high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may be less than about 0°C, such as less than about -3 °C, or less than about -6°C. A usable temperature range of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may be greater than about 90°C, such as greater than about 92°C, greater than about 93 °C, greater than about 94°C, greater than about 95°C, or even greater than about 96°C.

[0092] A ATCof the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may be greater than about -5°C. In other words, a minimum ATCof the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms may be about -5°C. In some embodiments, the ATCof a 20-hour PAV aged or a 40-hour PAV aged high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material is greater than about -5°C, such as greater than about -4°C, -2°C, or 0°C. In other words, the ATCof the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may be greater than about -5°C after aging for 20 hours and after aging for 40 hours in a PAV. In some embodiments, the ATCof the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material after 20 hours of PAV aging is higher than about -3.0°C, or even higher than about -2.5°C. The ATCof the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material after 40 hours of PAV aging is higher than about -4.5°C, such as higher than about -4.0°C, or higher than about -3.5°C.

[0093] The distillation curve of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may be determined according to, for example, ASTM D7169M. The high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may have an initial boiling point within a range of from about 480°C (about 896°F) to about 510°C (about 950°F). In some embodiments, the initial boiling point of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material is higher than about 482.2°C (about 900°F). A temperature at which about 10.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material boils off (is evaporated) (a T10 temperature) may be within a range of from about 537.8°C (about l,000°F) to about 593.3°C (about l,100°F).

[0094] A temperature at which about 30.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material boils off (is evaporated) (a T30 temperature) may be within a range of from about 593.3°C (about l,100°F) to about 648.9°C (about l,200°F), such as from about 600°C (about 1,112°F) to about 640°C (about 1,184°F), or from about 610°C (about l,130°F) to about 630°C (about 1,166°F). In some embodiments, the T30 temperature of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material is higher than about 600°C (about 1,112°F), such as higher than about 610°C (about l,130°F). In some embodiments, the T30 temperature of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material is about 621 °C (about 1150°F).- Page 29 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT

[0095] A temperature at which about 50.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material boils off (is evaporated) (a T50 temperature) may be within a range of from about 648.9°C (about l,200°F) to about 687.8°C (about l,270°F), such as from about 650°C (about l,202°F) to about 685°C (about 1,265°F), or from about 655°C (about 1,211°F) to about 675°C (about 1,247°F). In some embodiments, the T50 temperature of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material is higher than about 650°C (about l,202°F), such as higher than about 655°C (about 1,211°F). In some embodiments, the T50 temperature of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material is about 665°C (about 1229°F).

[0096] A temperature at which about 70.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material boils off (is evaporated) (a T70 temperature) may be within a range of from about 687.8°C (about l,270°F) to about 721.1°C (about l,330°F), such as from about 690°C (about 1,274°F) to about 720°C (about 1,328°F), or from about 695°C (about 1,283°F) to about 715°C (about 1,319°F). In some embodiments, the T70 temperature of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material is higher than about 690°C (about 1,274°F), such as higher than about 695°C (about 1,283°F). In some embodiments, the T70 temperature of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material is about 704°C (about 1299°F).

[0097] A temperature at which about 90.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material boils off (is evaporated) (a T90 temperature) may be within a range of from about 760.0°C (about l,400°F) to about 776.7°C (about l,430°F), such as from about 765.6°C (about l,410°F) to about 782.2°C (about l,440°F). In some embodiments, the T90 temperature is within a range of from about 760.0°C (about l,400°F) to about 776.7°C (about l,430°F). In some embodiments, the T90 temperature of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material is higher than about 760.0°C (about l,400°F), such as higher than about 771.1°C (about l,420°F).

[0098] An endpoint temperature of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material (a temperature at which substantially all of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material evaporates) may be within a range of from about 787.8°C (about l,450°F) to about 843.3°C (about l,550°F), such as from about 804.4°C (about l,480°F) to about 826.7°C (about l,520°F). In some embodiments, the endpoint temperature of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material is than about 810°C (about l,490°F), such as higher than about 815.6°C (about l,500°F). In some embodiments, the endpoint temperature of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material is about 820°C (about l,508°F).- Page 30 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT

[0099] A composition of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may be measured according to the IP 469 standard for determining the composition of saturates, aromatic, and polar compounds (including resins and asphaltenes) (a SARA analysis). As measured by the IP 469 standard, in some embodiments, the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material includes from about 3.0 weight percent to about 5.0 weight percent saturates, from about 30.0 weight percent to about 45.0 weight percent aromatics, from about 29.0 weight percent to about 45.0 weight percent resins, and from about 21.0 weight percent to about 25.0 weight percent asphaltenes. However, the disclosure is not so limited, and the composition of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may be different than that described.

[0100] Saturates may constitute at least about 2.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material, such as at least about 3.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material. Saturates may constitute from about 2.0 weight percent to about 10.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material, such as from about 2.0 weight percent to about 3.0 weight percent, from about 3.0 weight percent to about 4.0 weight percent, from about 4.0 weight percent to about 5.0 weight percent, from about 5.0 weight percent to about 7.0 weight percent, or from about 7.0 weight percent to about 10.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material. In some embodiments, saturates constitute from about 3.0 weight percent to about 5.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material.

[0101] Aromatics may constitute at least about 20.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material, such as at least about 25.0 weight percent, or at least about 30.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material. Aromatics may constitute from about 20.0 weight percent to about 50.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material, such as from about 20.0 weight percent to about 30.0 weight percent, from about 30.0 weight percent to about 35.0 weight percent, from about 35.0 weight percent to about 40.0 weight percent, from about 40.0 weight percent to about 45.0 weight percent, or from about 45.0 weight percent to about 50.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material. In some embodiments, aromatics constitute from about 30.0 weight percent to about 45.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material.

[0102] Resins may constitute at least about 20.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material, such as at least about 25.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material. Resins may constitute from about 20.0 weight- Page 31 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTpercent to about 50.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material, such as from about 20.0 weight percent to about 29.0 weight percent, from about 29.0 weight percent to about 35.0 weight percent, from about 35.0 weight percent to about 40.0 weight percent, from about 40.0 weight percent to about 45.0 weight percent, or from about 45.0 weight percent to about 50.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material. In some embodiments, resins constitute from about 29.0 weight percent to about 45.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material.

[0103] Asphaltenes may constitute at least about 15.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material, such as at least about 20.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material. Asphaltenes may constitute from about 15.0 weight percent to about 35.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material, such as from about 15.0 weight percent to about 18.0 weight percent, from about 18.0 weight percent to about 21.0 weight percent, from about 21.0 weight percent to about 23.0 weight percent, from about 23.0 weight percent to about 25.0 weight percent, from about 25.0 weight percent to about 27.0 weight percent, from about 27.0 weight percent to about 30.0 weight percent, or from about 30.0 weight percent to about 35.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material. In some embodiments, asphaltenes constitute from about 21.0 weight percent to about 25.0 weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material.

[0104] The high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material may exhibit a colloidal instability index within a range of from about 0.30 to about 0.40, such as from about 0.30 to about 0.35, or from about 0.35 to about 0.40.

[0105] In some embodiments, the system 100 includes a sensor package 175 configured to measure one or more properties of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134, such as one or more of a temperature, a pressure, a flow rate, a viscosity, a density, a metals concentration (e.g., a vanadium concentration, a nickel concentration), a sulfur concentration, a nitrogen concentration, or a carbon residue concentration, a c7A, or an asphaltene concentration of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134. In some embodiments, the sensor package 175 includes one or more of (e.g., each of) a temperature sensor, a flow meter, a density meter, a viscometer; a sensor configured to measure a vanadium concentration; a sensor configured to measure a nickel concentration; a sensor configured to measure a sulfur concentration; a sensor configured to measure a nitrogen concentration; a sensor configured to measure a carbon residue concentration; a sensor configured to measure a c7A, or a sensor configured to measure an asphaltene concentration of the- Page 32 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTvacuum tower bottoms material 134. Thus, in some embodiments, the sensor package 175 includes a density analyzer and / or a composition analyzer and may include one or more of a refractometer, a spectrometer, a gas chromatograph, and / or another sensor to monitor the conditions, properties, and / or composition of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134. In some embodiments, the sensor package 175 may be configured to infer a viscosity of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 based on the measured density of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134. In some embodiments, the sensor package 175 is configured to analyze the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 in-situ.

[0106] As used herein, the carbon residue concentration of a material may include one or more of a micro residue carbon (MCR), a Conradson carbon residue (CCR), or a Ramsbotton carbon residue (RCR) of the material. As used herein, the c7A of a material may include the weight percent of carbon atoms originating from C7aromatics (e.g., toluene, mono-methyl-substituted benzenes) of the material and may correspond to a concentration of asphaltenes in the material and may also be referred to as the c7A content. The c7A of the material may also simply be referred to as the c7A of the material. In some embodiments, the c7A may be measured with a Raman spectrometer, such as an in-line Raman spectrometer.

[0107] In some embodiments, the system 100 includes one or more sampling locations 177 configured to facilitate gathering samples of vacuum tower bottoms material 134. The samples may be analyzed, such as in a laboratory, to determine or more properties and / or the composition of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134. Analyzing the samples may include measuring (e.g., determining) one or more of a SARA analysis, a saturate content, an aromatics content, a resin content, an asphaltene content, a vacuum viscosity (e.g., at about 60°C), a high temperature compliance, a low temperature compliance, a ATCafter 20-hour PAV aging, a ATCafter 40-hour PAV aging, or a colloidal index of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134.

[0108] As described in additional detail herein, an amount of a biomaterial mixed with the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 may be based on at least one of one or more properties, conditions, and / or the composition of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 measured by the sensor package 175 and / or determined in a laboratory based on the sample from the one or more sampling locations 177. Based on the at least one of one or more properties, conditions, and / or the composition, an amount of one or more biomaterials blended with the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 may be adjusted to form a cracking- Page 33 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTresistant asphalt binder exhibiting desired properties, such as exhibiting performance grade properties.

[0109] With continued reference to FIG. 1, the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 may be further processed and / or provided as a blend component, such as a component of an asphalt binder. The vacuum tower bottoms material 134 can be further processed in the system 100 to form lighter and more valuable products. In some embodiments, the system 100 further includes an asphalt processing system 136 configured to remove (e.g., strip, extract) asphaltenes and heavier residual components from at least a first portion 135 of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 or other heavy oil streams to produce a deasphalted oil (DAO)) 138 and a hard asphalt 140 (also referred to as “solvent deasphalted oil (SDO),” “pitch,” “SDA pitch,” or “0-10 pen” (short for 0-10 dmm penetration)). In embodiments where the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 is a low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material, the first portion 135 of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 is processed in the asphalt processing system 136 and a second portion 142 of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 may be further processed elsewhere in the system 100, provided to tankage (e.g., a heated tank), and / or provided to a mixing terminal to blend into an asphalt binder. In some embodiments, at least a portion (e.g., the second portion 142) of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 is provided as a component of an asphalt binder, as described in additional detail herein. In some such embodiments, the second portion 142 may be blended with one or more additional components of an asphalt binder (e.g., with a portion of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132 and / or with at least one biomaterial), as described in additional detail herein.

[0110] While FIG. 1 illustrates the asphalt processing system 136 including a particular configuration, the disclosure is not so limited, and the asphalt processing system 136 may include a different configuration and different components and structures than those described and illustrated. In some embodiments, the asphalt processing system 136 includes an asphaltene separator 144, also referred to as a “deasphalting column,” a “deasphalting tower,” an “asphaltene extractor,” or an “extractor” configured to receive the first portion 135 of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 and a solvent 146. The asphaltene separator 144 may be configured to facilitate contact between the first portion 135 of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 and the solvent 146.[oni] In some embodiments, the solvent 146 is provided to a lower portion of the asphaltene separator 144 than the first portion 135 of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 and the solvent 146. The solvent 146 may flow countercurrent to the vacuum tower- Page 34 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTbottoms material 134 in the asphaltene separator 144. In other embodiments, the asphaltene separator 144 is designed such that the solvent 146 and the first portion 135 of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 flow co-currently and / or are introduced into the asphaltene separator 144 at the same location.

[0112] The solvent 146 may be formulated and configured to dissolve lighter components (e.g., lighter oil fractions) of the first portion 135 of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 to form an asphaltene separator overhead 148 (also referred to as a “solvent-rich deasphalted oil”) including the lighter components, and a precipitate including an asphaltene separator bottoms material 150. In some embodiments, the solvent 146 is configured to extract the lighter components from the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 to form the asphaltene separator bottoms material 150 including a lower amount of the lighter components than the vacuum tower bottoms material 134. The composition of the solvent 146 may affect the amount of asphaltenes removed from the first portion 135 of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 and the amount of asphaltenes remaining in the asphaltene separator bottoms material 150.

[0113] The solvent 146 may include, for example, propane, n-butane, isobutane, pentane, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent 146 includes propane and the asphalt processing system 136 includes a propane deasphalting unit, the deasphalted oil 138 includes propane deasphalted oil, and the hard asphalt 140 includes propane deasphalting (PDA) pitch.

[0114] In some embodiments, the solvent 146 includes n-butane and isobutane and the asphalt processing system 136 includes a solvent deasphalting unit, the deasphalted oil 138 includes solvent deasphalted oil, and the hard asphalt 140 includes solvent deasphalting (SDA) pitch. The use of n-butane and / or isobutane in the solvent 146 may increase the molecular weight of the deasphalted oil 138 generated compared to the use of a solvent 146 including propane. In some embodiments, the solvent 146 includes from about 11.0 volume percent to about 99.0 volume percent n-butane, and from about 1.0 volume percent to about 82.0 volume percent isobutane. For example, the solvent 146 may include from about 11.0 volume percent to about 99.0 volume percent n-butane, such as from about 11.0 volume percent to about 30.0 volume percent, from about 30.0 volume percent to about 50.0 volume percent, from about 50.0 volume percent to about 70.0 volume percent, from about 70.0 volume percent to about 90.0 volume percent, or from about 90.0 volume percent to about 99.0 volume percent n-butane; and from about 1.0 volume percent to about 82.0 volume percent isobutane, such as from about 1.0 volume percent to about 20.0 volume- Page 35 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTpercent, from about 20.0 volume percent to about 40.0 volume percent, from about 40.0 volume percent to about 60.0 volume percent, or from about 60.0 volume percent to about 82.0 volume percent isobutane. In some embodiments, the solvent 146 includes a greater volume percent of the n-butane than of the isobutane. In some embodiments, the solvent 146 includes a greater volume percent of the isobutane than of the n-butane.

[0115] In some embodiments, the pressure of the asphaltene separator 144 may be sufficient to maintain the solvent 146 in a liquid phase. For example, when the solvent 146 includes propane, the pressure of the asphaltene separator 144 may be within a range of from about 2,070 kPa (about 300 psi) to about 3,450 kPa (about 500 psi), such as from about 2,070 kPa (about 300 psi) to about 2,500 kPa (about 363 psi), from about 2,500 kPa (about 363 psi) to about 3,000 kPa (about 435 psi), or from about 3,000 kPa (about 435 psi) to about 3,450 kPa (about 500 psi). When the solvent 146 includes n-butane and / or isobutane, the pressure of the asphaltene separator 144 may be within a range of from about 689 kPa (about 100 psi) to about 5,516 kPa (about 800 psi), such as from about 689 kPa (about 100 psi) to about 1,000 kPa (about 145 psi), from about 1,000 kPa (about 145 psi) to about 1,500 kPa (about 218 psi), from about 1,500 kPa (about 218 psi) to about 2,070 kPa (about 300 psi), from about 2,070 kPa (about 300 psi) to about 2,758 kPa (about 400 psi), from about 2,758 kPa (about 400 psi) to about 3,447 kPa (about 500 psi), from about 3,447 kPa (about 500 psi) to about 4,137 kPa (about 600 psi), from about 4,137 kPa (about 600 psi) to about 4,826 kPa (about 700 psi), or from about 4,826 kPa (about 700 psi) to about 5,516 kPa (about 800 psi). In some embodiments, relatively higher pressures of the asphaltene separator 148 may reduce the amount of the deasphalted oil 138 generated and relatively lower pressures of the asphaltene separator 148 may increase the amount of the deasphalted oil 138 generated but may extract undesired heavy fractions in the deasphalted oil 138 and result in increased DAO lift, but may also result in undesired deasphalted oil carryover.

[0116] A temperature of the asphaltene separator 144 may depend, at least in part, on the composition of the solvent 146. The temperature of the asphaltene separator 144 may be within a range of from about 48.9°C (about 120°F) to about 176.7°C (about 350°F). For example, when the solvent 146 includes propane, the temperature of the asphaltene separator 144 may be within a range of from about 48.9°C (about 120°F) to about 71.1°C (about 160°F). When the solvent 146 includes n-butane and / or isobutane, the temperature of the asphaltene separator 144 may be within a range of from about 65.6°C (about 150°F) to about 137.8°C (about 280°F), such as from about 65.6°C (about 150°F) to about 93.3°C- Page 36 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT(about 200°F), from about 93.3°C (about 200°F) to about 121.1°C (about 250°F), or from about 121.1°C (about 250°F) to about 137.8°C (about 280°F). In some embodiments, where the solvent 146 includes pentane, the temperature may be within a range of from about 93.3°C (about 200°F) to about 176.7°C (about 350°F), such as from about 93.3°C (about 200°F) to about 148.9°C (about 300°F), or from about 148.9°C (about 300°F) to about 176.7°C (about 350°F).

[0117] With continued reference to FIG. 1, the asphalt processing system 136 may include a solvent recovery system configured to recover the solvent 146 that may be present in the asphaltene separator overhead 148 and the asphaltene separator bottoms material 150. The asphalt processing system 136 may include, for example, a separator 152 (also referred to as a “deasphalted oil separator” or a “DAO separator”) configured to separate the solvent 146 from the asphaltene separator overhead 148 to form a recovered solvent 154 and a deasphalted oil material 156. In some embodiments, the separator 152 is configured to operate at supercritical conditions to separate the recovered solvent 154 from the deasphalted oil material 156. In some embodiments, the asphalt processing system 136 includes a deasphalted oil stripper 158 and the deasphalted oil material 156 is provided to a deasphalted oil stripper 158 where the deasphalted oil material 156 is contacted (e.g., stripped) with steam 160 to recover additional solvent 162 from the deasphalted oil material 156 and form the deasphalted oil 138. The deasphalted oil stripper 158 may include, for example, trays configured to facilitate contact between the steam 160 and the deasphalted oil material 156 to facilitate the separation of the additional solvent 162 from the deasphalted oil material 156 to form the deasphalted oil 138.

[0118] In some embodiments, the recovered solvent 154 and the additional solvent 162 are mixed to form a recycle solvent 164. The recycle solvent 164 may be recycled to the solvent 146 provided to the asphaltene separator 144.

[0119] In some embodiments, the asphaltene separator bottoms material 150 may be further treated to remove solvent entrained therein. With reference to FIG. 1, the asphaltene separator bottoms material 150 may be provided to a heat exchanger 166 configured to increase a temperature of the asphaltene separator bottoms material 150 prior to providing the asphaltene separator bottoms material 150 to an asphalt stripper 174 where the asphaltene separator bottoms material 150 is contacted (e.g., stripped) with steam 176 to recover solvent 178 from the asphaltene separator bottoms material 150 and form the hard asphalt 140. The asphalt stripper 174 may include, for example, trays configured to facilitate contact between the steam 176 and the asphaltene separator bottoms material 150- Page 37 - 25ASPR13-WO-PCTto facilitate the separation of the solvent 178 from the asphaltene separator bottoms material 150 to form the hard asphalt 140. The asphalt stripper 174 may be substantially the same as the deasphalted oil stripper 158.

[0120] In some embodiments, the solvent 178 may be recycled to the solvent 146 provided to the asphaltene separator 144. In some embodiments, steam or condensed water may be removed from the solvent 178 to recycling to the solvent 146.

[0121] The conditions of the asphalt processing system 136, as well as the properties of the first portion 135 of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 (and, the conditions of the vacuum distillation tower 124) may affect the properties of the hard asphalt 140. The hard asphalt 140 may exhibit a vacuum viscosity greater than about 200,000 P at about 60°C, such as greater than about 500,000 P, greater than about 750,000 P, greater than about 1,000,000 P, greater than about 1,500,000 P, greater than about 2,000,000 P, greater than about 3,000,000 P, greater than about 4,000,000 P, or even greater than about 5,000,000 P at about 60°C. In some embodiments, the vacuum viscosity of the hard asphalt 140 is greater than about 1,000,000 P at about 60°C. The vacuum viscosity of the hard asphalt 140 at about 60°C may be greater than the vacuum viscosity of the first portion 135 of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 at about 60°C. In some embodiments, the rotational viscosity of the hard asphalt 140 is greater than about 10,000 cP at about 135°C, such as greater than about 20,000 cP, greater than about 30,000 cP, greater than about 40,000 cP, or greater than about 50,000 cP at about 135°C.

[0122] A penetration of the hard asphalt 140 may be measured with a penetration test wherein the hard asphalt 140 is placed in a standardized container, cooled to about 25°C, and a needle is allowed to penetrate the sample under a load of about 100 grams for 5 seconds. The depth of the needle is measured and recorded in tenths of a millimeter (dmm). The hard asphalt 140 may exhibit a penetration within a range of from about 0.0 dmm to about 10 dmm at about 25°C, such as from about 0.0 dmm to about 1.0 dmm, from about 1.0 dmm to about 2.0 dmm, from about 2.0 dmm to about 4.0 dmm, from about 4.0 dmm to about 6.0 dmm, from about 6.0 dmm to about 8.0 dmm, or from about 8.0 dmm to about 10.0 dmm at about 25°C. In some embodiments, the penetration of the hard asphalt 140 is less than about 20.0 dmm, such as less than about 15.0 dmm, less than about 10.0 dmm, less than about 5.0 dmm, less than about 3.0 dmm, less than about 2.0 dmm, less than about 1.0 dmm, less than about 0.5 dmm, less than about 0.2 dmm, or even less than about 0.1 dmm. In some embodiments, the penetration of the hard asphalt 140 at about 25°C is about 0 dmm (e.g., no penetration).- Page 38 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT

[0123] The hard asphalt 140 may exhibit a softening point within a range of from about 65.6°C (about 150°F) to about 104.4°C (about 220°F), such as from about 65.6°C (about 150°F) to about 76.7°C (about 170°F), from about 76.7°C (about 170°F) to about 87.9°C (about 190°F), from about 87.9°C (about 190°F) to about 93.3°C (about 200°F), from about 93.3°C (about 200°F) to about 98.9°C (about 210°F), or from about 98.9°C (about 210°F) to about 104.4°C (about 220°F). In some embodiments, the softening point of the hard asphalt 140 is within a range of from about 82.2°C (about 180°F) to about 104.4°C (about 220°F). In some embodiments, the softening point of the hard asphalt 140 is greater than about 93.3 °C (about 200°F), such as greater than about 98.9°C (about 210°F), or greater than about 104.4°C (about 220°F). In some embodiments, the softening point of the hard asphalt 140 is within a range of from about 82.2°C (about 180°F) to about 104.4°C (about 220°F). The softening point of the hard asphalt 140 may be (correspond to) the temperature at which the hard asphalt 140 transitions from a solid phase to a more pliable or semi-liquid phase under specific conditions. The softening point may be determined using standardized tests, such as the Ring-and-Ball test (ASTM D36 or EN 1427) wherein a steel ball is placed on a sample of the hard asphalt 140 and the temperature is increased at a controlled rate. The softening point is the temperature where the hard asphalt 140 softens to allow the ball to drop a specified distance (about 25 mm). The steel ball may have a weight of about 3.5 grams.

[0124] The hard asphalt 140 may exhibit a high temperature compliance of at least about 85°C, such as at least about 86°C, at least about 87°C, at least about 88°C, at least about 89°C, or even at least about 90°C. In some embodiments, the high temperature compliance of the hard asphalt 140 is less than the high temperature compliance of the first portion 135 of the vacuum tower bottoms material 134. The hard asphalt 140 may exhibit a low temperature compliance greater than about -12°C, such as greater than about -10°C, greater than about -8°C, greater than about -6°C, or greater than about -5°C.

[0125] In some embodiments, as measured by TE GC-MS, the hard asphalt 140 may include a bimodal distribution of Ce to C28 hydrocarbons and C28 to C39 gas oil. The Ce to C28 hydrocarbons may be aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as distillate range aliphatic compounds. The C28 to C39 hydrocarbons may be aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as gas-oil range aliphatic hydrocarbons. As measured by PY GC-MS, the hard asphalt 140 may include Ce to C25 hydrocarbons, such as a mixture of Ce to C25 olefinic and paraffinic hydrocarbons. In some embodiments, the hard asphalt 140 further includes up to C40- Page 39 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTparaffins. The mixture of Ce to C25 olefinic and paraffinic hydrocarbons may include pairs of olefinic and paraffinic Ce to C25 hydrocarbons.

[0126] As described above herein, the composition and properties of the deasphalted oil 138 and the hard asphalt 140 (e.g., PDA pitch or SDA pitch) may depend, at least in part, on the solvent 146. In some embodiments where the solvent 146 includes n-butane and / or isobutane, the hard asphalt 140 includes SDA pitch. In embodiments where the hard asphalt 140 includes SDA pitch, the hard asphalt 140 may include from about 0.8 weight percent to about 3.8 weight percent of saturates, from about 24.0 weight percent to about 41.6 weight percent of aromatics, from about 25.6 weight percent to about 37.7 weight percent of resins, and from about 16.8 weight percent to about 25.6 weight percent of asphaltenes, as measured by the IP 469 standard, the hexane method, and / or IATROSCAN-SARA testing (which is based on thin layer chromatography with flame ionization detection (TLC-FID)). A colloidal index of the hard asphalt 140 may be within a range of from about 0.268 to about 0.388, such as from about 0.268 to about 0.290, from about 0.290 to about 0.320, from about 0.320 to about 0.350, or from about 0.350 to about 0.388.

[0127] By way of non-limiting example, saturates may constitute from about 0.8 weight percent to about 3.8 weight percent of the hard asphalt 140, such as from about 0.8 weight percent to about 1.5 weight percent, from about 1.5 weight percent to about 2.0 weight percent, from about 2.0 weight percent to about 3.0 weight percent, or from about 3.0 weight percent to about 3.8 weight percent of the hard asphalt 140. Aromatics may constitute from about 24.0 weight percent to about 41.6 weight percent of the hard asphalt 140, such as from about 24.0 weight percent to about 30.0 weight percent, from about 30.0 weight percent to about 35.0 weight percent, from about 35.0 weight percent to about 40.0 weight percent, or from about 40.0 weight percent to about 41.6 weight percent of the hard asphalt 140. Resins may constitute from about 25.6 weight percent to about 37.7 weight percent of the hard asphalt 140, such as from about 25.6 weight percent to about 30.0 weight percent, from about 30.0 weight percent to about 35.0 weight percent, or from about 35.0 weight percent to about 37.7 weight percent of the hard asphalt 140. Asphaltenes may constitute from about 16.8 weight percent to about 25.6 weight percent of the hard asphalt 140, such as from about 16.8 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent, from about 20.0 weight percent to about 23.0 weight percent, or from about 23.0 weight percent to about 25.6 weight percent of the hard asphalt 140. In some embodiments, the hard asphalt 140 includes asphaltenes and resins. In some embodiments, the hard asphalt 140 includes at least about 10.0 weight percent asphaltenes, such as at least about 15.0 weight percent, at- Page 40 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTleast about 20.0 weight percent, or at least about 23.0 weight percent asphaltenes. The hard asphalt 140 may include at least about 20.0 weight percent resins, such as at least about 25.0 weight percent, at least about 30.0 weight percent, or even at least about 35.0 weight percent resins. In some embodiments, the hard asphalt 140 includes at least about 10.0 weight percent aromatics, such as at least about 15.0 weight percent, or at least about 20.0 weight percent aromatics.

[0128] In some embodiments, a weight ratio of the resins to the aromatics in the hard asphalt 140 is greater than about 6.0:1.0. In other words, for every about 1.0 part by weight of aromatics in the hard asphalt 140, the hard asphalt 140 may include at least about 6.0 parts by weight of resin. The hard asphalt 140 may include at least about 6.0 parts by weight of the resin for every about 1.0 part by weight of aromatics, such as at least about 10.0 parts by weight, at least about 20.0 parts by weight, at least about 30.0 parts by weight, at least about 40.0 parts by weight, or even at least about 50.0 parts by weight of resin for every about 1.0 part by weight of aromatics. In some embodiments, the relatively high ratio of the resins in the hard asphalt 140 may increase the ductility and adhesion of the asphalt binder formed from the hard asphalt 140. In some embodiments, the hard asphalt 140 includes at least about 0.5 part by weight of the aromatics for every about 1.0 part by weight of asphaltenes.

[0129] In some embodiments, the hard asphalt 140 includes PDA pitch. The PDA pitch may include from about 0.0 weight percent to about 1.0 weight percent saturates, from about 60.0 weight percent to about 70.0 weight percent aromatics, from about 20.0 weight percent to about 30.0 weight percent resins, and from about 10.0 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent asphaltenes, as measured by IP 469 standard. As measured by the hexane method, the PDA pitch may include from about 0.0 weight percent to about 1.0 weight percent saturates, from about 50.0 weight percent to about 60.0 weight percent aromatics, from about 30.0 weight percent to about 35.0 weight percent resins, and from about 10.0 weight percent to about 15.0 weight percent asphaltenes. In some embodiments, the PDA pitch includes at least some resins and at least some asphaltenes. For example, the PDA pitch may include at least about 20.0 weight percent resins, such as at least about 25.0 weight percent, at least about 30.0 weight percent, or even at least about 35.0 weight percent resin. The PDA pitch may include at least about 5.0 weight percent asphaltenes, such as at least about 10.0 weight percent, or at least about 15.0 weight percent asphaltenes. The PDA pitch may include at least about 40.0 weight percent aromatics, such as at least about 45.0 weight percent, or at least about 50.0 weight percent aromatics. A colloidal index of the- Page 41 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTPDA pitch may be within a range of from about 0.09 to about 0.20, such as from about 0.09 to about 0.12, from about 0.12 to about 0.15, from about 0.15 to about 0.18, or from about 0.18 to about 0.20.

[0130] The deasphalted oil 138 may include a mixture of paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics. In some embodiments, the deasphalted oil 138 is substantially free of asphaltenes. A boiling point range of the deasphalted oil 138 may be from about 230°C (about 446°F) to about 480°C (about 896°F). In some embodiments, the deasphalted oil 138 includes a 10 percent recovered temperature within a range of from about 230°C (about 446°F) to about 290°C (about 554°), a 50 percent recovered temperature within a range of from about 345°C (about 653°F) to about 400°C (about 752°F), a 90 percent recovered temperature within a range of from about 455°C (about 851°F) to about 510°C (about 955°F), and an endpoint within a range of from about 510°C (about 955°F) to about 565°C (about l,049°F).

[0131] The deasphalted oil 138 may be further processed in the system 100, such as in a catalytic cracker, a delayed coker, and / or used as a blending component. As described herein, in some embodiments, at least a portion of the deasphalted oil 138 is blended in an asphalt binder. The deasphalted oil 138 may exhibit a viscosity within a range of 10 cP to about 100 cP at about 100°C.

[0132] As described in additional detail herein, the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 may be used as a component in a cracking resistant asphalt binder. The vacuum tower bottoms material 134 may be mixed with one or more additional materials, such as from the system 100 and / or a biomaterial to form the cracking resistant asphalt binder. For example, the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 may be mixed with one or more of the biomaterial and / or one or more of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132, the medium vacuum gas oil 130, or a low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material to form the cracking resistant asphalt material. The vacuum tower bottoms material 134 may constitute at least about 40.0 weight percent of the cracking resistant asphalt binder.

[0133] FIG. 2 is a simplified schematic of a system 200 for forming (producing, generating) a high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 250 that may be used as a component of a blended cracking resistant asphalt binder, according to at least one embodiment of the disclosure. The system 200 may be substantially similar to the system 100 described above with reference to FIG. 1, except that the system 200 may include more than one atmospheric distillation tower and more than one vacuum distillation tower.- Page 42 - 25ASPR13-WO-PCT

[0134] The system 200 may include a first crude distillation unit 201 and a second crude distillation unit 203. The first crude distillation unit 201 and the second crude distillation unit 203 may be substantially similar to the crude distillation unit 101 described above with reference to FIG. 1. In some embodiments, the first crude distillation unit 201 and the second crude distillation unit 203 are configured to process different crude oils. For example, the first crude distillation unit 201 may be configured to process a first crude oil 202 and the second crude distillation unit 203 may be configured to process a second crude oil 205 having one or more different properties than the first crude oil 202.

[0135] The first crude oil 202 may exhibit a density less than a density of the second crude oil 205. In some embodiments, the first crude oil 202 is a low-density crude oil having an API gravity greater than about 40° or a medium-density crude oil having an API gravity between about 30° and about 40°; and the second crude oil 205 is a high-density crude oil having an API gravity less than about 30°. In some embodiments, a sulfur content of the first crude oil 202 is different than a sulfur content of the second crude oil 205. In some embodiments, the first crude oil 202 includes a lower sulfur content than the second crude oil 205.

[0136] With continued reference to FIG. 2, the first crude distillation unit 201 and the second crude distillation unit 203 may be substantially the same as the crude distillation unit 101 described above. Components of the first crude distillation unit 201 and the second crude distillation unit 203 that are the same as or similar to components of the crude distillation unit 101 described above with reference to FIG. 1 retain the same numerical designation. The first crude distillation unit 201 includes a first atmospheric distillation tower 106a and the second crude distillation unit 203 includes a second atmospheric distillation tower 106b. The first atmospheric distillation tower 106a and the second atmospheric distillation tower 106b may each be substantially the same as the atmospheric distillation tower 106 described above with reference to FIG. 1, but the first atmospheric distillation tower 106a and the second atmospheric distillation tower 106b may be configured to process crude oils 202, 205 having different properties. In some embodiments, the first atmospheric distillation tower 106a and the second atmospheric distillation tower 106b are configured to be operated at different conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure) than one another. In some embodiments, the second crude oil 205 is a heavier crude oil than the first crude oil 202, and the temperature of the second atmospheric distillation tower 106b is higher than the temperature of the first atmospheric distillation tower 106a.- Page 43 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT

[0137] In some embodiments, due to the different compositions of the first crude oil 202 and the second crude oil 205, the properties (e.g., the distillation points, the distillation curves, the flash points, the freeze points, the pour points, the vapor pressure, the density, the sulfur content, other properties) of the overhead gaseous material 108, the light naphtha material 110, the heavy naphtha material 112, the jet material 114, the diesel material 116, the atmospheric gas oil 118, and / or the atmospheric tower bottoms material 120 of the first atmospheric distillation tower 106a and the second atmospheric distillation tower 106b may be different from one another. In some embodiments, the first atmospheric distillation tower 106a forms a first atmospheric tower bottoms material 120a and the second atmospheric distillation tower 106b forms a second atmospheric tower bottoms material 120b having one or more different properties than the first atmospheric tower bottoms material 120a.

[0138] In some embodiments, the first atmospheric tower bottoms material 120a exhibits a lower density, lower distillation points (e.g., a lower 10 percent point, a lower 50 percent point, a lower 90 percent point, a lower endpoint), a lower flash point, and a lower sulfur content than the second atmospheric tower bottoms material 120b. In addition, in some embodiments, the second atmospheric tower bottoms material 120b may include a greater asphaltene content and a greater resin content than the first atmospheric tower bottoms material 120a. The first atmospheric tower bottoms material 120a may exhibit a higher paraffinic content than the second atmospheric tower bottoms material 120b.

[0139] In some embodiments, the second atmospheric tower bottoms material 120b exhibits a higher viscosity than the first atmospheric tower bottoms material 120a. A viscosity of the first atmospheric tower bottoms material 120a may be within a range of from about 100 cSt to about 1,000 cSt at about 100°C, and the viscosity of the second atmospheric tower bottoms material 120b may be greater than about 1,000 cSt at about 100°C.

[0140] With continued reference to FIG. 2, in some embodiments, the first crude distillation unit 201 includes a low vacuum distillation tower 124a that may be substantially the same as the vacuum distillation tower 124 (FIG. 1). The low vacuum distillation tower 124a may be operated at a pressure within a range of from about 50 mmHg absolute to about 100 mmHg absolute, such as from about 50 mmHg absolute to about 60 mmHg absolute, from about 60 mmHg absolute to about 70 mmHg absolute, from about 70 mmHg absolute to about 80 mmHg absolute, from about 80 mmHg absolute to about 90 mmHg absolute, or from about 90 mmHg absolute to about 100 mmHg absolute.- Page 44 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT

[0141] The low vacuum distillation tower 124a may be configured to receive the first atmospheric tower bottoms material 120a and form a first overhead vapor material 126a, a light vacuum gas oil 128, a first medium vacuum gas oil 130a, and a low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 234 (also referred to as a “low vacuum tower bottoms material” or a “light vacuum tower bottoms material”). The first overhead vapor material 126a, the light vacuum gas oil 128, and the first medium vacuum gas oil 130a may be substantially the same as those described above with reference to FIG. 1.

[0142] The low vacuum distillation tower 124a may be operated at conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure) to form the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 234, which may be substantially the same as the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material described above with reference to FIG. 1 where the vacuum tower bottoms material 134 includes a low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material. For example, the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 234 may have a vacuum viscosity within a range of 1 P to about 200 P at about 60°C, an initial boiling point greater than about 566°C, a density within a range of from about 0.98 g / cm3to about 1.10 g / cm3, a viscosity within a range of from about 50 cSt to about 500 cSt at about 100°C, a pour point within a range of from about 27°C to about 65°C, and / or a flash point greater than about 149°C. In some embodiments, the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 234 includes a bimodal distribution of Ce to C25 hydrocarbons and C25 to C35 hydrocarbons, as measured by TE GC-MS. The C6 to C25 hydrocarbons may be aliphatic and may be in the diesel range, and the C25 to C35 hydrocarbons may be aliphatic and may be in the vacuum gas oil range. As measured by PY-GCMS, the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms may include C4 to C23 hydrocarbons, such as a mixture of C4 to C23 olefinic and paraffinic hydrocarbons. In some embodiments, the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 234 further includes up to C29 paraffins. The mixture of C4 to C23 olefinic and paraffinic hydrocarbons may include pairs of olefinic and paraffinic C4 to C23 hydrocarbons.

[0143] In some embodiments, at least a first portion 239 of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 234 may be further processed, such as in an asphalt processing system 236. The asphalt processing system 236 may be substantially similar to the asphalt processing system 136 (FIG. 1). In some embodiments, the first asphalt processing system 236 is configured to generate a deasphalted oil 238 and a hard asphalt 240. The asphalt processing system 236 may include a solvent including propane, a mixture of n-butane and isobutane, or another solvent; and the hard asphalt 240 may include SDA pitch or PDA pitch.- Page 45 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT

[0144] A second portion 242 of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 234 may be further processed or blended elsewhere in the system 200. In some embodiments, the second portion 242 is blended as a component of a cracking resistant asphalt binder, is coked, and / or is catalytically cracked in the system 200.

[0145] With continued reference to FIG. 2, in some embodiments, the second crude distillation unit 203 includes a high vacuum distillation tower 124b, that may be substantially the same as the vacuum distillation tower 124 (FIG. 1) and operated at a pressure within a range of from about 5 mmHg absolute to about 50 mmHg absolute, such as from about 5 mmHg absolute to about 25 mmHg absolute, or from about 25 mmHg absolute to about 50 mmHg absolute. The pressure of the high vacuum distillation tower 124b may be within a range of from about 5 mmHg absolute to about 25 mmHg absolute, such as from about 5 mmHg absolute to about 10 mmHg absolute, from about 10 mmHg absolute to about 15 mmHg absolute, from about 15 mmHg absolute to about 20 mmHg absolute, or from about 20 mmHg absolute to about 25 mmHg absolute. Accordingly, the high vacuum distillation tower 124b may be operated at a lower pressure (a higher vacuum) than the low vacuum distillation tower 124a.

[0146] The high vacuum distillation tower 124b may be configured to receive the second atmospheric tower bottoms material 120b and form a second overhead vapor material 126b, a second medium vacuum gas oil 130b, a heavy vacuum gas oil 132, and a high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 250 (also referred to as a “high vacuum tower bottoms material”). The second overhead vapor material 126b, the second medium vacuum gas oil 130b, and the heavy vacuum gas oil 132 may be substantially the same as those described above with reference to FIG. 1.

[0147] The high vacuum distillation tower 124b may be operated at conditions to form the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 250 (also referred to as a “heavy vacuum tower bottoms material” or a “high vacuum tower bottoms material”), which may be substantially the same as the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material described above. For example, the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 250 has a vacuum viscosity within a range of from about 50,000 P to about 200,000 P, such as from about 50,000 P to about 60,000 P, from about 60,000 P to about 100,000 P, from about 100,000 P to about 150,000 P, or from about 150,000 P to about 200,000 P at a temperature of about 60°C. In some embodiments, the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 250 has a viscosity greater than about 50,000 P, such as greater than about 60,000 P, greater than about 100,000 P, or greater than about 150,000 P at about 60°C.- Page 46 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT

[0148] The high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 250 may exhibit a high temperature compliance within a range of from about 85°C to about 95°C, such as from about 85°C to about 87°C, from about 87°C to about 90°C, from about 90°C to about 92°C, or from about 92°C to about 95°C. In some embodiments, the high temperature compliance of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 250 is within a range of from about 87°C to about 95°C. The high temperature compliance of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 250 may be greater than about 87°C, such as greater than about 90°C, or greater than about 92°C.

[0149] A low temperature compliance of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 250 after PAV aging for 20 hours may be within a range of from about -9°C to about 0°C, such as from about -9°C to about -6°C, from about -6°C to about -3 °C, or from about -3°C to about 0°C. The low temperature compliance of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 250 after PAV aging for 20 hours may be less than about 0°C, such as less than about -3 °C, or less than about -6°C.

[0150] A ATCof the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 250 may be greater than about -5°C. In other words, a minimum ATCof the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 250 may be about -5°C. In some embodiments, the ATCof the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 250 after PAV aging for 20 hours or 40 hours is greater than about -5°C, such as greater than about -4°C, -2°C, or 0°C.

[0151] The composition of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 250 may be the same as that described above. For example, as measured by the IP 469 standard, in some embodiments, the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material includes from about 3.0 weight percent to about 5.0 weight percent saturates, from about 30.0 weight percent to about 45.0 weight percent aromatics, from about 29.0 weight percent to about 45.0 weight percent resins, and from about 21.0 weight percent to about 25.0 weight percent asphaltenes.

[0152] In some embodiments, the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 250 is blended with one or more additional components to form a cracking resistant asphalt binder. The high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 250 may be mixed with one or more of the heavy vacuum gas oil 132, the hard asphalt 240, the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 234, or at least one biomaterial to form the cracking resistant asphalt binder. In some embodiments, the cracking resistant asphalt binder further includes another material, such as the first medium vacuum gas oil 130a, the second medium vacuum gas oil 130b, or the deasphalted oil 238. The cracking resistant asphalt binder may exhibit a- Page 47 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTperformance grade of PG 64-22 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -12°C. In some embodiments, the cracking resistant asphalt binder has a performance grade of PG 58-28 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -18°C after PAV aging for 20 hours and / or after PAV aging for 40 hours. In some embodiments, the cracking resistant asphalt binder has a ATCgreater than -5°C after aging for 40 hours in a PAV.

[0153] FIG. 3 is a simplified flow diagram illustrating a system 300 for forming a cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 from a base asphalt binder 305 and one or more biomaterials 316, according to at least one embodiment of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 exhibits a vacuum viscosity greater than about 50,000 P at about 60°C, such as greater than about 60,000 P, greater than about 100,000 P, greater than about 150,000 P, or greater than about 200,000 P at about 60°C. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 includes a performance grade PG 64-22. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 includes a different performance grade asphalt binder. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 includes at least one of a base asphalt binder exhibiting a vacuum viscosity greater than about 50,000 P at about 60°C or a performance grade base asphalt binder. The base asphalt binder 302 may exhibit a vacuum viscosity greater than about 50,000 P at about 60°C and an m-value lower than about 0.300 after 20-hour PAV aging at -12°C and / or after 40-hour PAV aging at -12°C, such as less than about 0.275, less than about 0.250, less than about 0.225, less than about 0.200, less than about 0.175, less than about 0.150, or less than about 0.125 after 20-hour PAV aging at -12°C and / or after 40-hour PAV aging at -12°C.

[0154] The base asphalt binder 305 may exhibit a G* / sin(6) at about 64°C within a range of from about 1.200 kPa to about 1.400 kPa, such as from about 1.200 kPa to about 1.250 kPa, from about 1.250 kPa to about 1.300 kPa, from about 1.300 kPa to about 1.350 kPa, or from about 1.350 kPa to about 1.400 kPa. In some embodiments, the G* / sin(6) at 64°C of the base asphalt binder 305 is about 1.258. The G* / sin(6) of the base asphalt binder 305 at about 70°C may be within a range of from about 0.550 kPa to about 0.650 kPa, such as from about 0.550 kPa to about 0.600 kPa, or from about 0.600 kPa to about 0.650 kPa. A high temperature compliance of the base asphalt binder 305 may within a range of from about 66°C to about 92°C, such as from about 66°C to about 72°C, from about 72°C to about 78°C, from about 78°C to about 84°C, or from about 84°C to about 92°C. In some embodiments, the high temperature compliance of the base asphalt binder 305 is greater than about 90°C and the viscosity of the base asphalt binder 305 is greater than about 50,000 P at 60°C.- Page 48 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT

[0155] After 85 minutes of RTFO aging, the base asphalt binder 305 may exhibit a G* / sin(6) at about 64°C within a range of from about 3.00 kPa to about 4.00 kPa, such as from about 3.00 kPa to about 3.25 kPa, from about 3.25 kPa to about 3.50 kPa, from about 3.50 kPa to about 3.75 kPa, or from about 3.75 kPa to about 4.00 kPa. The G* / sin(6) of the base asphalt binder 305 at about 70°C after 85 minutes of RTFO aging may be within a range of from about 1.00 kPa to about 2.00 kPa, such as from about 1.00 kPa to about 1.25 kPa, from about 1.25 kPa to about 1.50 kPa, from about 1.50 kPa to about 1.75 kPa, or from about 1.75 kPa to about 2.00 kPa.

[0156] The base asphalt binder 305 may exhibit a stiffness at -12°C within a range of from about 115.0 MPa to about 125.0 MPa, such as from about 115.0 MPa to about 120.0 MPa, or from about 120.0 MPa to about 125.0 MPa; a stiffness at -18°C within a range of from about 265.0 MPa to about 285.0 MPa, such as from about 265.0 MPa to about 270.0 MPa, from about 270.0 MPa to about 275.0 MPa, from about 275.0 MPa to about 280.0 MPa, or from about 280.0 MPa to about 285.0 MPa; an m-value at -12°C within a range of from about 0.310 to about 0.325, such as from about 0.310 to about 0.315, from about 0.315 to about 0.320, or from about 0.320 to about 0.325; an m-value at -18°C within a range of from about 0.265 to about 0.285, such as from about 0.265 to about 0.270, from about 0.270 to about 0.275, from about 0.275 to about 0.280, or from about 0.280 to about 0.285; an S-critical temperature within a range of from about -17.0°C to about -19°C; an m-critical temperature within a range of from about -13.5°C to about -15.5°C; and a ATCafter 20 hours of aging in a PAV within a range of from about -5.0°C to about -3.5°C, such as from -5.0°C to about -4.5°C, from about -4.5°C to about -4.0°C, or from about -4.0°C. The stiffness may be measured after 20 hours of PAV aging.

[0157] Of course, the disclosure is not so limited, and in other embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 has one or more different properties than those described above. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 exhibits a vacuum viscosity greater than about 50,000 P at about 60°C and has an m-value lower than about 0.300 after 20-hour PAV aging at -12°C and / or after 40-hour PAV aging at -12°C, such as less than about 0.275, less than about 0.250, less than about 0.225, less than about 0.200, less than about 0.175, less than about 0.150, or less than about 0.125 after 20-hour and / or 40-hour PAV aging at -12°C. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 has an m-value lower than about 0.150 after 20-hour and / or 40-hour PAV aging at -12°C and a viscosity greater than about 100,000 P at about 60°C. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 has an m-value of about 0.120 after 20-hour and / or 40-hour PAV aging at -12°C and a viscosity of about 190,000 P- Page 49 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTat about 60°C. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 includes, comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of a hard asphalt. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 has an m-value that does not meet performance grade requirements (e.g., an m-value higher than 0.300 at about -12°C and / or higher than about 0.300 at about -18°C).

[0158] By way of non-limiting example, the base asphalt binder 305 may be formed from a high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 304 and one or more of a heavy vacuum gas oil 306, a low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 308, a hard asphalt 310 (e.g., pitch, such as SDA pitch), a medium vacuum gas oil 312, or a deasphalted oil 314. In some embodiments, each of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 304, the heavy vacuum gas oil 306, the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 308, the hard asphalt 310, the medium vacuum gas oil 312, and the deasphalted oil 314 are formed in the system 200 (FIG. 2). In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 is formed from the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 304 and one or more of the heavy vacuum gas oil 306, the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 308, the hard asphalt 310, the medium vacuum gas oil 312, or the deasphalted oil 314. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 includes, comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 304 and one or more of the heavy vacuum gas oil 306, the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 308, or the hard asphalt 310. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 includes, comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 304.

[0159] The high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 304 may be the same as the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 250 (FIG. 2); the heavy vacuum gas oil 306 may be the same as the heavy vacuum gas oil 132 (FIG. 1, FIG. 2); the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 308 may be the same as the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 234 (FIG. 2), the hard asphalt 310 may be the same as the hard asphalt 140 (FIG. 1), and / or the hard asphalt 240 (FIG. 2); the medium vacuum gas oil 312 may be the same as the medium vacuum gas oil 130 (FIG. 1), the first medium vacuum gas oil 130a (FIG. 2), and / or the second medium vacuum gas oil 130b (FIG. 2); and the deasphalted oil 314 may be the same as the deasphalted oil 138 (FIG. 1), and / or the deasphalted oil 238 (FIG. 2).

[0160] The biomaterial 316 may include one or more materials formed from naturally-occurring materials, such as one or more materials formed from one or more vegetable oils and / or derived from one or more vegetable oils. In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 includes at least 80.0 weight percent resin material, as determined by a SARA analysis. The- Page 50 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTbiomaterial 316 may include a bio-resin. In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 comprises a vegetable resin, such as a material including more than about 80.0 weight percent resins derived from one or more vegetable oils. A resin content of the biomaterial 316 may be at least about 80.0 weight percent, such as at least about 85.0 weight percent, at least about 90.0 weight percent, at least about 95.0 weight percent, at least about 97.0 weight percent, at least about 98.0 weight percent, at least about 99.0 weight percent, or at least about 99.5 weight percent resin. In some embodiments, resins constitute greater than about 90.0 weight percent of the biomaterial 316. In some embodiments, during a SARA analysis, more than about 80.0 weight percent of the biomaterial 316 is a resin. In other words, more than about 80.0 weight percent of the biomaterial 316 is soluble in a polar solvent, such as dichloromethane (DCM) or acetone.

[0161] In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 includes at least some asphaltenes. Asphaltenes, if present in the biomaterial 316, may constitute from about 1.0 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent of the biomaterial 316, such as from about 1.0 weight percent to about 2.0 weight percent, from about 2.0 weight percent to about 3.0 weight percent, from about 3.0 weight percent to about 4.0 weight percent, from about 4.0 weight percent to about 6.0 weight percent, from about 6.0 weight percent to about 8.0 weight percent, from about 8.0 weight percent to about 10.0 weight percent, or from about 10.0 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent of the biomaterial 316. In some embodiments, asphaltenes constitute at least about 2.0 weight percent of the biomaterial 316, such as at least about 3.0 weight percent, at least about 5.0 weight percent, or at least about 7.0 weight percent of the biomaterial 316. In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of resins and asphaltenes. In some such embodiments, the biomaterial 316 is free of (e.g., substantially free of) saturates and aromatics.

[0162] The biomaterial 316 may include less than about 10.0 weight percent aromatics. Aromatics may constitute less than about 20.0 weight percent of the biomaterial 316, such as less than about 15.0 weight percent, less than about 10.0 weight percent, less than about 5.0 weight percent, or less than about 2.0 weight percent of the biomaterial 316. Aromatics, if present in the biomaterial 316, may constitute from about 1.0 weight percent to about 10.0 weight percent of the biomaterial 316, such as from about 1.0 weight percent to about 5.0 weight percent, or from about 5.0 weight percent to about 10.0 weight percent of the biomaterial 316. The biomaterial 316 may include less than about 5.0 weight percent of saturates, such as less than about 4.0 weight percent, or less than about 2.5 weight percent saturates. Saturates, if present in the biomaterial 316, may constitute from about 0.10- Page 51 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTweight percent to about 3.0 weight percent of the biomaterial 316, such as from about 0.10 weight percent to about 1.0 weight percent, from about 1.0 weight percent to about 2.0 weight percent, or from about 2.0 weight percent to about 3.0 weight percent of the biomaterial 316. In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 is substantially free of saturates. In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 is substantially free of aromatics. In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 is substantially free of saturates and aromatics and consists essentially of resins and asphaltenes. In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 consists essentially of resins.

[0163] In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 includes a bio-resin and includes a thermoplastic material. In some embodiments, the bio-resin is a resin derived from a renewable biological source material, such as plants, animals, algae, and microorganisms. In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 is a polymer-based bio-resin. In some embodiments, the bio-resin includes a mixture of terpenes (e.g., one or more of alphapinene, beta-pinene, delta-3 carene, sabinene, limonene, terpinolene, sesquiterpenes, longifolene, caryophyllene, and delta-cadinene) and resin acids. In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 includes alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, delta-3 carene monocyclic terpenes (e.g., limonene, terpinolene), sesquiterpenes (e.g., longifolene and caryophyllene), or combinations thereof. The biomaterial 316 may further include one or more rosin acids, such as one or more of abietic acid, pimaric acid, neoabietic acid, palustric acid, isopimaric acid, or combinations thereof.

[0164] In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 includes a bio-resin that is formed from (e.g., derived from) one or more bio-oils. The bio-oil may include one or more of vegetable oils, animal oils, or oil from algae (e.g., green algae (e.g., hallucinophyta, sea cucumber, parasites, hearing, beard hearing, jadebug, and salt weekly), brown algae (e.g., seaweed, kelp), red algae (e.g., red sea bream, red sea bream, red sea bream, red sea bream, red sea bream)). In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 includes a bio-resin formed from one or more triglyceride-based vegetable oils. In some embodiments, the vegetable oil includes a triglyceride (which may be molecule comprising a reaction product of glycerol and three fatty acids, each of which fatty acids may be the same or different, and each of which fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated). In some embodiments, the bio-oil is formed from biomass waste, such as by pyrolysis of biomass. In some embodiments, the bio-oil includes pyrolysis oil, which may be biomass-derived pyrolysis oil, municipal-waste derived pyrolysis oil, and / or pyrolysis oil formed from vegetable oils, animal fats, algae oil, or other biological material.- Page 52 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT

[0165] In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 includes a bio-oil, such as vegetable oil, and / or the biomaterial 316 is derived from a vegetable oil. Non-limiting examples of vegetable oils include canola oil, safflower oil, flaxseed oil, cottonseed oil, peanut oil, almond oil, rice oil, linseed oil, rapeseed oil, jatropha oil, rubber seed oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, olive oil, palm oil, castor coil, com oil, grapeseed oil, jojoba oil, sesame oil, walnut oil, hazelnut oil, shea butter oil, macadamia oil, alfalfa oil, coconut oil, oiticica oil, poppyseed oil, soya oil, tung oil, algae oil, and wheat germ oil. In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 includes bio-oil, such as animal oil and / or the biomaterial 316 is derived from animal oil. Non-limiting examples of animal oils include tallow oil (e.g., beef tallow oil), lard, or fish oil.

[0166] The algae oil may be formed from unicellular and / or multicellular algae. The algae oil may be formed from rhodophytes, chlorophytes, heterokontophytes, tribophytes, glaucophytes, chlorarachniophytes, euglenoids, haptophytes, cryptomonads, dinoflagellums, phytoplanktons, and combinations thereof. Non-limiting examples of species of algae include, for example, Neochloris oleoabundans, Scenedesmus dimorphus, Euglena gracilis, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Pleurochrysis carterae, Prymnesium parvum, Tetraselmis chuff, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Additional, non-limiting examples of algae species include one or more microalgae of the Achnanthes, Amphiprora, Amphora, Ankistrodesmus, Asteromonas, Boekelovia, Borodinella, Botryococcus, Bracteococcus, Chaetoceros, Carteria, Chlamydomonas, Chlorococcum, Chlorogonium, Chlorella, Chroomonas, Chrysosphaera, Cricosphaera, Crypthecodinium, Cryptomonas, Cyclotella, Dunaliella, Ellipsoidon, Emiliania, Eremosphaera, Ernodesmius, Euglena, Franceia, Fragilaria, Gloeothamnion, Haematococcus, Halocafeteria, Hymenomonas, Isochrysis, Lepocinclis, Micractinium, Monoraphidium, Nannochloris, Nannochloropsis, Navicula, Neochloris, Nephrochloris, Nephroselmis, Nitzschia, Ochromonas, Oedogonium, Oocystis, Ostreococcus, Pavlova, Parachlorella, Pascheria, Phaeodactylum, Phagus, Platymonas, Pleurochrysis, Pleurococcus, Prototheca, Pseudochlorella, Pyramimonas, Pyrobotrys, Scenedesmus, Skeletonema, Spyrogyra, Stichococcus, Tetraselmis, Thalassiosira, Viridiella, and Vo! vox species, and / or one or more cyanobacteria of the Agmenellum, Anabaena, Anabaenopsis, Anacystis, Aphanizomenon, Arthrospira, Asterocapsa, Borzia, Calothrix, Chamaesiphon, Chlorogloeopsi s, Chroococcidiopsi s, Chroococcus, Crinalium, Cyanobacterium, Cyanobium, Cyanocystis, Cyanospira, Cyanothece, Cylindrospermopsis, Cylindrospermum, Dactyl ococcopsis, Dermocarpella, Fischerella, Fremyella, Geitleria, Geitlerinema, Gloeobacter, Gloeocapsa, Gloeothece,- Page 53 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTHalospirulina, lyengariella, Leptolyngbya, Limnothrix, Lyngbya, Microcoleus, Microcystis, Myxosarcina, Nodularia, Nostoc, Nostochopsis, Oscillatoria, Phormidium, Planktothrix, Pleurocapsa, Prochlorococcus, Prochloron, Prochlorothrix, Pseudanabaena, Rivularia, Schizothrix, Scytonema, Spirulina, Stanieria, Starria, Stigonema, Symploca, Synechococcus, Synechocystis, Tolypothrix, Trichodesmium, Tychonema, and Xenococcus species.

[0167] In some embodiments, biomaterial 316 includes a bio-oil including one or more fatty acids. For example, each of the vegetable oils, animal oils, and / or algae oils described above may include one or more fatty acids (e.g., may include monoglycerides, di glycerides, and / or triglycerides formed from one or more fatty acids). Accordingly, the biomaterial 316 formed from the bio-oils may include one or more corresponding fatty acids and / or comprise a reaction product of one or more fatty acids or materials containing the one or more fatty acids.

[0168] The fatty acids may be unsaturated fatty acids and one or more saturated fatty acids. The unsaturated fatty acids and the saturated fatty acids may be naturally occurring (e.g., derived from plants, such as from vegetable oils and / or algae oils; and / or derived from animal sources). The fatty acids may be linear, branched, or may include one or more cyclic groups. The unsaturated fatty acids may include a monounsaturated fatty acid having one carbon to carbon double bond; a di-unsaturated fatty acid having two carbon to carbon double bonds; a tri-unsaturated fatty acid having three carbon to carbon double bonds; a tetra-unsaturated fatty acid having four carbon to carbon double bonds; a penta-unsaturated fatty acid having five carbon to carbon double bonds; a hexa-unsaturated fatty acid having six carbon to carbon double bonds; or a polyunsaturated fatty acid having more than six carbon to carbon double bonds. In some embodiments, the wetting agent includes one or more monounsaturated fatty acids, one or more di-unsaturated fatty acids, and one or more tri-unsaturated fatty acids.

[0169] The unsaturated fatty acid may include one or more of linolenic acid (e.g., a-linolenic acid and / or y-linolenic acid), stearidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, cervonic acid, linoleic acid, linolelaidic acid, arachidonic acid, docosatetranoic acid, palmitoleic acid, vaccenic acid, paullinic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, erucic acid, crotonic acid, myristoleic acid, sapienic acid, gadoleic acid, or eicosenoic acid.

[0170] The saturated fatty acids may include one or more of valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, undecylic acid, lauric acid, tridecylic acid, myristic acid, pentadecylic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid,- Page 54 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTnonadecylic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, tricosylic acid, lignoceric acid, pentacosylic acid, cerotic acid, carboceric acid, montanic acid, nonacosylic acid, melissic acid, lacceroic acid, or psyllic acid. In some embodiments, the saturated fatty acids include Ci6 and / or Cis saturated fatty acids. For example, the saturated fatty acids may include one or both of palmitic acid and stearic acid. In some embodiments, the saturated fatty acids include C12 fatty acids, such as lauric acid. In some embodiments, the saturated fatty acids include linear saturated fatty acids and may be naturally occurring, such as saturated fatty acids sourced from plants (e.g., vegetable oils) and / or animals.

[0171] In some embodiments, the unsaturated fatty acid includes one or more unsaturated Cis fatty acids, such as one or more of oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolelaidic acid, a-linolenic acid, y-linolenic acid, or stearidonic acid. In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 is formed from unsaturated fatty acids and / or material including unsaturated fatty acids including each of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and a-linolenic acid; and saturated fatty acids including one or both of stearic acid and palmitic acid. In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 is formed from elaidic acid and / or materials including elaidic acid. In some embodiments, the fatty acids include one or more Cis fatty acids, such as one or more of stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. In some embodiments, the fatty acids include palmitic acid and / or myristic acid.

[0172] Bio-resins formed from such bio-oils and / or materials including the fatty acids described above may include one or more of a phenolic resin, an epoxy resin, a polyester resin, an alkyd resin, and / or a polyurethane resin formed from the bio-oil. The phenolic resin, epoxy resin, polyester resin, alkyd resin, and polyurethane resin may include one or more fatty acids therein. For example, such resins may include a backbone including components of the fatty acids. By way of non-limiting example, a fatty acid may have the general formula R-COOH, wherein R is the base of the fatty acid (e.g., oleic acid may have the formula R-COOH, wherein R is CH3(CH2)7CH=CH-(CH2)7-. In other words, the R group of the fatty acid may be incorporated in the biomaterial 316 and / or at least a portion of the R group of the fatty acid may be incorporated in the biomaterial 316.

[0173] In some embodiments, the bio-resin is formed from a bio-oil, such as a vegetable oil, animal oil, or a combination thereof. The bio-resins may include bio-resins formed from such bio-oils and may include phenolic resins, epoxy resins, polyester or alkyd resins, polyurethane resins, polyamine resins, or combinations thereof. In other words, the biomaterial may include a bio-oil-based phenolic resin, a bio-oil-based epoxy resin, a bio-oil-based polyester resin, a bio-oil-based alkyl resin, a bio-oil-based polyurethane resin, a- Page 55 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTbio-oil-based polyamine resin, or combinations thereof. The bio-oil may include one or more vegetable oils and the bio-oil based phenolic resin may include a vegetable-based phenolic resin; the bio-oil-based epoxy resin may include a vegetable-based epoxy resin; the bio-oil-based polyester may include a vegetable-based polyester; the bio-oil-based alkyl resin may include a vegetable-based alkyl resin; the bio-oil-based polyurethane resin may include a vegetable-based polyurethane resin; and the bio-oil-based polyamine resin may include a vegetable-based polyamine resin.

[0174] By way of non-limiting example, bio-oil-based phenolic resins may be formed by reacting phenols present in the bio-oil and / or in a pyrolysis oil derived from a biological material (e.g., biomass-derived pyrolysis oil, municipal-waste derived pyrolysis oil, and / or pyrolysis oil formed from vegetable oils, animal fats, algae oil, or other biological material), with an aldehyde (e.g., formaldehyde) to form phenol-aldehyde resins (e.g., phenolformaldehyde resins). In some embodiments, the phenolic fraction of the bio-oil may be extracted from the bio-oil prior to reaction with the aldehyde. In some such embodiments, the biomaterial 316 includes a phenolic resin comprising a reaction product of the bio-oil and an aldehyde, such as formaldehyde. In some embodiments, the bio-oils are formed from or derived from pyrolysis of lignocellulosic materials. In some embodiments, vegetable oils may be thermally cracked or pyrolyzed to form phenol-containing materials that may be reacted with an aldehyde to form the phenolic resin. In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 includes a bio-based phenolic resin comprising a reaction product of the pyrolysis oil derived from a biological material and an aldehyde. The reaction between the pyrolysis oil derived from the biological material and the aldehyde may be an aldol condensation reaction to form the bio-oil-based phenolic resins.

[0175] Epoxy-resins formed from bio-oil may be formed by epoxidizing the bio-oils, such as by reacting the bio-oil with one or more of epichlorohydrin, glycidol (epoxy alcohol), glycerol derivatives, propylene oxide, oxytane, ethylene oxide, diallyl carbonate, maleic anhydride, or other reactive agents to form an epoxidized bio-oil. In some embodiments, the bio-resin includes a reaction product of an epoxidized vegetable oil and a diamine, such as a diamine derived from one or more fatty acid dimers (e.g., fatty diamines). In some embodiments, the bio-oil includes an unsaturated bio-oil (e.g., one or more unsaturated fatty acids). The unsaturated bio-oil may be reacted with an oxidizing agent (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, epichlorohydrin) to epoxidize the bio-oil. The epoxidized bio-oil may be polymerized and / or cross-linked to form an epoxy-resin. The crosslinkers may include, for example, an anhydride (phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride), an amine- Page 56 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT(e.g., ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine), a polyol, and / or a phenolic compound. In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 includes a reaction product of an epoxidized bio-oil and a crosslinker, such as one or more of an anhydride (phthalic anhydride, maleic anhydride), an amine (e.g., ethylenediamine, di ethylenetriamine), a polyol, or a phenolic compound. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 comprises a bio-resin including one or more bio-oil-based epoxy -resins, which may be formed from one or more epoxidized bio-oils that have been polymerized and / or crosslinked. In some embodiments, the bioresin includes a vegetable-based epoxy resin.

[0176] Polyester or alkyd resins may be formed by deriving fatty acids or esters from the bio-oils (e.g., through transesterification) and reacting with polyols (e.g., one or more of glycerol, pentaerythritol, or trimethylolpropane) and / or anhydrides (e.g., one or more of maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, isophthalic acid, glutaric anhydride, and / or succinic anhydride) to produce unsaturated polyester resins or alkyd resins. In some embodiments, the bio-oil and the polyol are mixed to form a mixture wherein the bio-oil is reacted with the polyol to at least partially esterify the bio-oil. The anhydrides may be added to the mixture, wherein the anhydrides react via condensation with the bio-oil and / or the polyol. Accordingly, the biomaterial 316 may include an alkyd resin comprising a reaction product of the bio-oil, a polyol, and an anhydride.

[0177] In some embodiments, the bio-oil may be reacted with a diol in a polycondensation reaction to form a polyester comprising a reaction product of the diol and the bio-oil. In some embodiments, the bio-oil is reacted with an alcohol (e.g., glycerol) to form a glyceride (e.g., monoglycerides, diglycerides), which is then reacted with an anhydride in a condensation reaction to form the alkyd resin. In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 includes a vegetable-based polyester resin and / or a vegetable-based alkyd resin. In yet other embodiments, the polyester is formed via the fatty acid method, wherein the bio-oil is reacted with a polyhydric alcohol to form the polyester, wherein the polyester includes a backbone including the fatty acids of the bio-oil.

[0178] In some embodiments, the bio-oil or the biomaterial 316 do not include alkyd resins. In other words, the biomaterial 316 may be free of alkyd resins.

[0179] Polyurethane (PU) resins may be formed by hydroxylating bio-oils (such as by reacting the bio-oils with ethylene and / or diethylene glycol) to form a hydroxylated biooil; and reacting the hydroxylated bio-oil with isocyanates to produce bio-based polyurethanes. In some embodiments, the bio-oil is modified by epoxidation to form an epoxidized bio-oil, followed by hydroxylation to form polyols having a high hydroxyl- Page 57 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTnumber. The polyols may include polyols derived from bio-oils and may comprise a reaction product of an epoxidized bio-oil and one or both of water and an alcohol. The resulting polyols derived from the bio-oil is reacted with the isocyanate to form the bio-oil-based polyurethane resin. The isocyanate may include a diisocyanate, such as one or more of toluene diisocyanate, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, naphthalene-l,5-diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, or methylene-4,4'-diphenyl diisocyanate. In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 includes a vegetable-based polyurethane resin. In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 includes a bio-oil-based polyurethane resin comprising a reaction product of a polyol derived from a bio-oil and an isocyanate.

[0180] The bio-oil-based polyamine resin may be formed by, for example, reacting a dimer acid with a diamine. In some embodiments, the bio-oil-based polyamine resin includes a reaction product of a dimer acid and a diamine. The diamine may include, for example, hexamethylene diamine. The dimer acid may be a dicarboxylic acid formed by the dimerization of an unsaturated fatty acid. In some embodiments, the dimer acid is formed by the condensation of oleic acid and includes C36 dimer acid.

[0181] In some embodiments, the bio-oil-based polyamine resin includes a reaction product of an aminated oil and an epoxidized fatty acid and / or an epoxidized bio-oil. The aminated oil may include a reaction product of cysteamine chloride and one or both of a fatty diamine or a fatty amide. The fatty diamine or the fatty amide may include one or more of the fatty acids described above. In some embodiments, the bio-oil-based polyamine resin includes a reaction product of an epoxidized bio-oil and an amine. The amine may include, for example, one or more of ammonia, ethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, or other primary or secondary amines. In other embodiments, the bio-oil-based polyamine resin includes a reaction product of the bio-oil and an amine, which forms a bio-amide including amide bonds (e.g., R-COOH + NH2-R' R-CONH-R'). The resulting bio-amide may be polymerized by reaction with an epoxide and / or an aldehyde (e.g., formaldehyde) and / or by polycondensation.

[0182] In some embodiments, the bio-resin includes a plant resin, such as one or more of amber resin, pine resin, Commiphora gileadensis (Balm of Gilead) resin, balsam, copal from trees of Protium copal and Hymenaea courbaril, dammar gum or dammar resin from trees of Dipterocarpaceae, resin from trees of plants of Calamus (Dracaena species) (also referred to as “dragon’s blood”), elemi resin, olibanum (also referred to as frankincense) from Boswellia sacra, galbanum from Ferula gummosa, gum guaicum from the lignum- Page 58 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTvitae trees of Guaiacum genus, kauri gum from trees of Agathis australis, hashish (cannabis resin) from cannabis indica, labdanum from a species of Cistus, mastic resin from the mastic tree Pistacia lentiscus, myrrh from shrubs of Commiphora, sandarac resin from Tetraclinis articulata, storax balsam, and spinifex resin.

[0183] In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 includes an ester bottoms material including methyl esters. Ester bottoms may include a low value byproduct of vegetable oil, animal fat, and / or recycled greases refining to produce methyl ester, such as biodiesel. Ester bottoms materials currently have relatively low value and are currently marketed for animal feed, lubricants, or other industrial uses at a low price point. In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of the ester bottoms material.

[0184] As noted above, ester bottoms materials are formed as a by-product of biodiesel refining. For example, a feedstock containing vegetable oil and / or animal fat is reacted and refined. By way of non-limiting example, the feedstock may be dried (e.g., in a dryer) to remove moisture therefrom and form dry oil. The dry oil may be fed to a reactor, such as a three-stage continuous reactor wherein a catalyst (e.g., sodium ethoxide) and methanol are added to each stage. The methanol reacts with the feedstock to form reaction products, which may include at least methyl ester and glycerin. In some embodiments, the reaction mixture including the reactants and the reaction products includes less than about 1.0 weight percent monoglycerides and is substantially free of diglycerides and triglycerides. The glycerin may be removed from the reaction mixture (e.g., may settle out of the reaction mixture) and may be directed away from the reactors for further processing. Removal of the glycerin from the reaction mixture may leave an ester phase.

[0185] The ester phase may be distilled (e.g., in a single stage flash distillation tank (or drum)) to remove any remaining methanol. The ester phase may be washed to remove at least some of the glycerin, soap, methanol, and methoxide catalyst. The washed methyl esters may dried in an ester dryer under vacuum to remove additional methanol and water. Sodium methoxide may be added to the drier to convert glycerin and monoglycerides into diglycerides and triglycerides. The methyl esters leaving the ester dryer may be preheated and provided to an ester surge tank. The esters may be fed to a distillation tower to separate purified methyl esters from ester bottoms. For example, the purified methyl esters may exit the top of the distillation tower and the ester bottoms may exit the bottom of the distillation tower.

[0186] The ester bottoms material may include one or more of (e.g., each of) methyl esters, sodium soap, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, or unsaponifiable- Page 59 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTmaterials. Thus, the ester bottoms material may include methyl esters, monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, sodium soaps produced from the addition of sodium methoxide (a catalyst in the biodiesel refining process), and unsaponifiable materials. The ester bottoms material may not be or contain glycerin or skimmed fatty acids. In some embodiments, unsaponifiable materials constitute up to about 10.0 weight percent of the ester bottoms material. In some embodiments, the unsaponifiable materials constitute at least 10.0 weight percent of the ester bottoms material. In some embodiments, the unsaponifiable materials constitute at least about 2.0 weight percent, such as at least about 4.0 weight percent, at least about 6.0 weight percent, at least about 8.0 weight percent, or even at least about 10.0 weight percent of the ester bottoms material. In some embodiments, the ester bottoms material exhibits a viscosity within a range of from about 10 cP to about 900 cP at about 64°C.

[0187] The ester bottoms material may include methyl esters, monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides. By way of non-limiting example, a methyl ester content of the ester bottoms material may be within a range of from about 5.0 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent, such as from about 5.0 weight percent to about 10.0 weight percent, from about 10.0 weight percent to about 15.0 weight percent, or from about 15.0 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent. In some embodiments, the methyl ester content of the ester bottoms material is within a range of from about 9.0 weight percent to about 14.0 weight percent.

[0188] A monoglyceride content of the ester bottoms material may be less than about 2.0 weight percent, such as less than about 1.0 weight percent, or less than about 0.75 weight percent. A diglyceride content of the ester bottoms material may be within a range of from about 5.0 weight percent to about 15.0 weight percent, such as from about 5.0 weight percent to about 7.0 weight percent, from about 7.0 weight percent to about 9.0 weight percent, from about 9.0 weight percent to about 11.0 weight percent, from about 11.0 weight percent to about 13.0 weight percent, or from about 13.0 weight percent to about 15.0 weight percent. In some embodiments, the diglyceride content of the ester bottoms material is within a range of from about 7.0 weight percent to about 11.0 weight percent. The diglyceride content of the ester bottoms material may be less than about 15.0 weight percent, such as less than about 13.0 weight percent, or less than about 11.0 weight percent of the ester bottoms material. A triglyceride content of the ester bottoms material may be within a range of from about 37.0 weight percent to about 47.0 weight percent, such as from about 37.0 weight percent to about 39.0 weight percent, from about 39.0 weight percent to about- Page 60 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT41.0 weight percent, from about 41.0 weight percent to about 43.0 weight percent, from about 43.0 weight percent to about 45.0 weight percent, or from about 45.0 weight percent to about 47.0 weight percent of the ester bottoms material. In some embodiments, the triglyceride content of the ester bottoms material is greater than about 40.0 weight percent and / or is within a range of from about 40.0 weight percent to about 43.0 weight percent.

[0189] A weight percent of either diglycerides or triglycerides in the ester bottoms material (in addition to the diglyceride content and the triglyceride content described above) may be within a range of 20.0 weight percent to about 30.0 weight percent, such as from about 20.0 weight percent to about 25.0 weight percent, or from about 25.0 weight percent to about 30.0 weight percent. Atotal fatty acid content of the ester bottoms material (not including the monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, or combination of diglycerides and triglycerides) may be less than about 5.0 weight percent, such as within a range of from about 1.0 weight percent to about 5.0 weight percent, such as from about 2.0 weight percent to about 4.0 weight percent.

[0190] An aromatic content of the ester bottoms material may be within a range of from about 5.0 weight percent to about 10.0 weight percent, such as from about 5.0 weight percent to about 7.0 weight percent, from about 7.0 weight percent to about 9.0 weight percent, or from about 9.0 weight percent to about 11.0 weight percent. In some embodiments, aromatics constitute from about 7.5 weight percent to about 8.5 weight percent of the ester bottoms material. A resin content of the ester bottoms material may be within a range of from about 85.0 weight percent to about 95.0 weight percent, such as from about 85.0 weight percent to about 87.5 weight percent, from about 87.5 weight percent to about 90.0 weight percent, from about 90.0 weight percent to about 92.5 weight percent, or from about 92.5 weight percent to about 95.0 weight percent. In some embodiments, resins constitute from about 91.5 weight percent to about 92.5 weight percent of the ester bottoms material. In some embodiments, the aromatic content of the ester bottoms material is greater than the aromatic content of the other biomaterials 316 described herein.

[0191] Table 1 below shows the composition of three different ester bottoms materials, as measured by gas chromatography -mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Table 1Component Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Total methyl ester 12.853 9.113 13.322- Page 61 - 25ASPR13-WO-PCTTotal fatty acids 2.901 2.376 2.906 Total monoglycerides 0.506 0.628 0.678 Total diglycerides 7.577 10.670 8.970 Total triglycerides 42.214 41.847 40.450 Unknown between diglycerides or triglycerides 22.958 24.001 21.677 Other unknowns 10.991 11.366 11.997

[0192] The biomaterial 316 may have a specific gravity within a range of from about 0.80 to about 0.90, such as from about 0.80 to about 0.82, from about 0.82 to about 0.84, from about 0.84 to about 0.86, from about 0.86 to about 0.88, or from about 0.88 to about 0.90. In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 has a specific gravity within a range of from about 0.82 to about 0.86, such as from about 0.83 to about 0.85. A viscosity of the biomaterial 316 at about 64°C may be within a range of from about 10 cP to about 1,000 cP, such as from about 10 cP to about 50 cP, from about 50 cP to about 100 cP, from about 100 cP to about 300 cP, from about 300 cP to about 500 cP, from about 500 cP to about 750 cP, or from about 750 cP to about 1,000 cP. In some embodiments, the viscosity of the biomaterial 316 at about 64°C is within a range of from about 10 cP to about 900 cP. A boiling point of the biomaterial 316 may be higher than about 200°C.

[0193] In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 includes at least two different biomaterials. For example, the biomaterial 316 may include a first material including a vegetable oil, plant oil, and / or a bio-resin derived from vegetable oil and / or animal oils; and a second material including an ester bottoms material. By way of non-limiting example, the biomaterial 316 may include a first material including at least 80.0 weight percent resin material, as determined by a SARA analysis; and a second material comprising the ester bottoms material. For example, with reference to FIG. 3, the biomaterial 316 may be formed of a first biomaterial 316a, and a second biomaterial 316b, which may be blended and provided to the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 together; or may be separately provided to the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302.

[0194] In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 is formed from a high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 304 and one or more of the heavy vacuum gas oil 306, the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 308, the hard asphalt 310, the medium vacuum gas oil 312, or the deasphalted oil 314. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 is formed from the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 304 and one or more of (e.g., each of) the heavy vacuum gas oil 306, the low viscosity vacuum tower- Page 62 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTbottoms material 308, or the hard asphalt 310. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 comprises, consists essentially or, or consists of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 304 and the heavy vacuum gas oil 306. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 comprises, consists essentially or, or consists of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 304, the heavy vacuum gas oil 306, and the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 308. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 comprises, consists essentially or, or consists of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 304, the heavy vacuum gas oil 306, and the hard asphalt 310. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 comprises, consists essentially or, or consists of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 304, the heavy vacuum gas oil 306, the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 308, and the hard asphalt 310.

[0195] The high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 304 may constitute at least about 30.0 weight percent of the base asphalt binder 305, such as at least about 40.0 weight percent, at least about 50.0 weight percent, at least about 60.0 weight percent, at least about 70.0 weight percent, at least about 80.0 weight percent, or even at least about 90.0 weight percent of the base asphalt binder 305. In some embodiments, the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 304 constitutes at least about 60.0 weight percent of the base asphalt binder 305. The high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 304 may constitute from about 30.0 weight percent to about 95.5 weight percent of the base asphalt binder 305, such as from about 30.0 weight percent to about 40.0 weight percent, from about 40.0 weight percent to about 50.0 weight percent, from about 50.0 weight percent to about 60.0 weight percent, from about 60.0 weight percent to about 70.0 weight percent, from about 70.0 weight percent to about 80.0 weight percent, from about 80.0 weight percent to about 90.0 weight percent, or from about 90.0 weight percent to about 95.0 weight percent of the base asphalt binder 305. In some embodiments, the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 304 constitutes from about 41.0 weight percent to about 95.5 weight percent of the base asphalt binder 305. In some embodiments, the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 304 constitutes from about 59.0 weight percent to about 95.5 weight percent of the base asphalt binder 305.

[0196] The heavy vacuum gas oil 306 may constitute from about 1.0 weight percent to about 30.0 weight percent of the base asphalt binder 305, such as from about 1.0 weight percent to about 2.0 weight percent, from about 2.0 weight percent to about 4.0 weight percent, from about 4.0 weight percent to about 7.0 weight percent, from about 7.0 weight percent to about 10.0 weight percent, from about 10.0 weight percent to about 15.0 weight- Page 63 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTpercent, from about 15.0 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent, from about 15.0 weight percent to about 25.0 weight percent, or from about 25.0 weight percent to about 30.0 weight percent of the base asphalt binder 305. In some embodiments, the heavy vacuum gas oil 306 constitutes from about 4.0 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent of the base asphalt binder 305. In some embodiments, the heavy vacuum gas oil 306 constitutes greater than about 1.0 weight percent of the base asphalt binder 305, such as greater than about 2.0 weight percent, greater than about 4.0 weight percent, greater than about 5.0 weight percent, greater than about 10.0 weight percent, or greater than about 15.0 weight percent of the base asphalt binder 305.

[0197] The low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 308 may constitute from about 0.0 weight percent to about 10.0 weight percent of the base asphalt binder 305, such as from about 0.0 weight percent to about 0.10 weight percent, from about 0.10 weight percent to about 0.50 weight percent, from about 0.50 weight percent to about 1.0 weight percent, from about 1.0 weight percent to about 2.0 weight percent, from about 2.0 weight percent to about 3.0 weight percent, from about 3.0 weight percent to about 4.0 weight percent, from about 4.0 weight percent to about 6.0 weight percent, or from about 6.0 weight percent to about 10.0 weight percent of the base asphalt binder 305. The low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 308 may constitute from about 0.10 weight percent to about 4.0 weight percent of the base asphalt binder 305. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 is free of (e.g., substantially free of) the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 308. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 includes less than about 2.0 weight percent of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 308, such as less than about 1.0 weight percent, less than about 0.50 weight percent, or less than about 0.10 weight percent of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 308. However, the disclosure is not so limited, and the base asphalt binder 305 may include a different amount of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 308 than that described.

[0198] The hard asphalt 310 may constitute from about from about 0.0 weight percent to about 45.0 weight percent (e.g. from about 0.0 weight percent to about 10.0 weight percent) of the base asphalt binder 305, such as from about 0.0 weight percent to about 0.10 weight percent, from about 0.10 weight percent to about 1.0 weight percent, from about 1.0 weight percent to about 2.0 weight percent, from about 2.0 weight percent to about 3.0 weight percent, from about 3.0 weight percent to about 4.0 weight percent, from about 4.0 weight percent to about 5.0 weight percent, from about 5.0 weight percent to about 7.0 weight percent, or from about 7.0 weight percent to about 10.0 weight percent of the base asphalt- Page 64 - 25ASPR13-WO-PCTbinder 305. In some embodiments, the hard asphalt 310 constitutes from about from about 0.10 weight percent to about 4.0 weight percent of the base asphalt binder 305. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 is free of (e.g., substantially free of) the hard asphalt 310. However, the disclosure is not so limited, and the base asphalt binder 305 may include a different amount of the hard asphalt 310 than that described.

[0199] In some embodiments, the hard asphalt 310 comprises SDA pitch. The SDA pitch may constitute from about 5.0 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302, such as from about 5.0 weight percent to about 10.0 weight percent, from about 10.0 weight percent to about 15.0 weight percent, or from about 15.0 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 by weight of the base asphalt binder 305.

[0200] In some embodiments, the hard asphalt 310 comprises PDA pitch. The PDA pitch may constitute from about 5.0 weight percent to about 45.0 weight percent of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302, such as from about 5.0 weight percent to about 15.0 weight percent, from about 15.0 weight percent to about 25.0 weight percent, from about 25.0 weight percent to about 35.0 weight percent, or from about 35.0 weight percent to about 45.0 weight percent of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 by weight of the base asphalt binder 305. In some embodiments, the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 includes at least about 15.0 parts by weight of the PDA pitch, such as at least about 20.0 parts by weight, at least about 25.0 parts by weight, at least about 30.0 parts by weight, at least about 35.0 parts by weight, at least about 40.0 parts by weight, or at least about 45.0 parts by weight of the PDA pitch.

[0201] Each of the medium vacuum gas oil 312 and the deasphalted oil 314, if present in the base asphalt binder 305, may individually constitute from about 0.1 weight percent to about 10.0 weight percent of the base asphalt binder 305, such as from about 0.1 weight percent to about 5.0 weight percent, or from about 5.0 weight percent to about 10.0 weight percent of the base asphalt binder 305.

[0202] The different components of the base asphalt binder 305 may be mixed together in-line and / or may be mixed in a tank or other storage vessel.

[0203] The biomaterial 316 may constitute from about 0.50 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302, by weight of the base asphalt binder 305. For example, for every about 100.0 parts by weight of the base asphalt binder 305, the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 may include from about 0.50 part by weight to about 20.0 parts by weight of the biomaterial 316. For every about 100.0 parts by weight- Page 65 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTof the base asphalt binder 305, the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 may include at least about 1.0 part by weight of the biomaterial 316, such as at least about 3.0 parts by weight, at least about 5.0 parts by weight, at least about 10.0 parts by weight, or at least about 15.0 parts by weight of the biomaterial; 316. The biomaterial 316 may constitute from about from about 0.50 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 based on the weight of the base asphalt binder 305, such as from about 0.50 weight percent to about 1.0 weight percent, from about 1.0 weight percent to about 2.0 weight percent, from about 2.0 weight percent to about 4.0 weight percent, from about 4.0 weight percent to about 6.0 weight percent, from about 6.0 weight percent to about 8.0 weight percent, from about 8.0 weight percent to about 10.0 weight percent, from about 10.0 weight percent to about 12.0 weight percent, from about 12.0 weight percent to about 15.0 weight percent, or from about 15.0 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 based on the weight of the base asphalt binder 305. In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 constitutes from about 0.50 weight percent to about 12.0 weight percent of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 based on the weight of the base asphalt binder 305. In some such embodiments, the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 includes from about 0.50 part by weight to about 12.0 parts by weight to the biomaterial 316 for every about 100.0 parts by weight of the base asphalt binder 305. The biomaterial 316 may constitute greater than about 2.0 weight percent, such as greater than about 4.0 weight percent, greater than about 6.0 weight percent, greater than about 8.0 weight percent, greater than about 10.0 weight percent, or even greater than about 12.0 weight percent of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 based on the weight percent of the base asphalt binder 305. In embodiments where the biomaterial 316 includes the first biomaterial 316a and the second biomaterial 316b, each of the first biomaterial 316a and the second biomaterial 316b may be present in a weight percent of from about 0.50 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302; or the combined weight percent of the first biomaterial 316a and the second biomaterial 316b may be within a range of from about 0.50 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent. In some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 includes the first biomaterial 316a and the second biomaterial 316b and includes a greater weight percent of the ester bottoms material than of the other biomaterial.

[0204] In some embodiments, an amount of the biomaterial 316 provided to the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 is based on at least one of one or more properties of the base asphalt binder 305, one or more properties of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302,- Page 66 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTand / or one or more properties of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 304. By way of non-limiting example, in some embodiments, a sensor package 325 may be configured to measure one or more properties and / or a composition of the base asphalt binder 305. The sensor package 325 may be the same as the sensor package 175 described above. In some embodiments, at least one of one or more properties and / or a composition of the base asphalt binder 305 may be measured in a laboratory. Based on the properties and / or composition of the base asphalt binder 305, at least one of the flow rate and the composition of the biomaterial 316 (e.g., each of the first biomaterial 316a and the second biomaterial 316b) may be changed to form a cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 having desired properties, such as performance grade properties.

[0205] In some embodiments, the system 300 includes a sensor package 327 configured to measure one or more properties and / or a composition of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302. The sensor package 327 may be the same as the sensor package 175 described above. In some embodiments, at least one of one or more properties and / or a composition of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 may be measured in a laboratory. Based on the properties and / or composition of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302, at least one of the flow rate and the composition of the biomaterial 316 (e.g., each of the first biomaterial 316a and the second biomaterial 316b) may be changed to form a cracking resistant asphalt binder 305 having desired properties, such as performance grade properties. In some embodiments, samples of the base asphalt binder 305 and / or the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 may be taken and the properties and / or composition thereof may be used to determine a flow rate and / or composition of the biomaterial 316 (e.g., each of the first biomaterial 316a and the second biomaterial 316b) to form a cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 having desired properties, such as performance grade properties.

[0206] By way of non-limiting example, responsive to determining that a composition (e.g., a SARA analysis) of the base asphalt binder 305 (e.g., as measured from a sample in the laboratory and / or via the sensor package 325) is different than desired, at least one of the flow rate and the composition of the biomaterial 316 may be altered to form the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 having desired properties. As another example, responsive to determining that the base asphalt binder 305 and / or the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 has an m-value lower than a predetermined value, at least one of the flow rate and the composition of the biomaterial 316 may be altered to form the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 having desired properties.- Page 67 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT

[0207] With reference to FIG. 3, in some embodiments, the biomaterial 316 is mixed with the base asphalt binder 305 to form the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 in-line (e.g., in-situ) and / or in a tank 320 or other storage vessel. In some embodiments, the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 is mixed at a terminal. In some embodiments, the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 is mixed in-line, wherein one or more components that form the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 are directly mixed with another material to form the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 without providing the one or more components to the tank 320. In other words, one or more components of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 may be directly mixed after processing in the system 100, 200. In some embodiments, one or more of the components used to form the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 are stored in a tank and then provided to the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 from the tank.

[0208] The cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 including the base asphalt binder 305 and the biomaterial 316 may exhibit one or more desirable properties. The cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 may exhibit a lower S-critical temperature, a lower m-critical temperature, a higher m-value after PAV aging for 20 hours and / or for 40 hours (and at each of, for example, -12°C and -18°C), and a higher ATCafter 20-hour PAV aging than the base asphalt binder 305. In some embodiments, the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 comprises a performance graded asphalt binder having a performance grade of 58-28 and the base asphalt binder 305 has a performance grade of PG 64-22. Thus, the biomaterial 316 may facilitate forming a performance grade asphalt binder having a difficult to produce performance grade from the base asphalt binder 305. In some embodiments, the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 has a performance grade of PG 58-28 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -18°C. In some embodiments, the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 has a performance grade of PG 64-22 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -12°C.

[0209] In some embodiments, the addition of the biomaterial 316 to the base asphalt binder 305 may increase the m-value of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 relative to the base asphalt binder 305 after aging for 20 hours and after aging for 40 hours at each of -12°C and -18°C. By way of non-limiting example, the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 may exhibit an m-value at least 0.050 higher than an m-value of the base asphalt binder 305 after aging for each of 20 hours and 40 hours in a PAV and at each of -12°C and -18°C, such as at least about 0.100 higher, at least about 0.150 higher, at least about 0.175 higher, or even at least about 0.200 higher. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder 305 has an m-value lower than about 0.250, such as lower than about 0.225, lower than about 0.200,- Page 68 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTlower than about 0.175, lower than about 0.150, or even lower than about 0.125; and the addition of the biomaterial 316 to the base asphalt binder 305 increases the m-value such that the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 has an m-value greater than about 0.300 after 20-hour and / or 40-hour PAV aging at -12°C and / or at -18°C. In some embodiments, the addition of the biomaterial 316 increases the m-value of the base asphalt binder 305 such that the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 has an m-value at least about 10.0 percent higher than the m-value of the base asphalt binder 305, such as at least about 20.0 percent higher, at least about 40.0 percent higher, at least about 60.0 percent higher, at least about 80.0 percent higher, at least about 100.0 percent higher, at least about 120.0 percent higher, at least about 140.0 percent higher, at least about 160.0 percent higher, or even at least about 175.0 percent higher than the m-value of the base asphalt binder 305. The m-value may be measured after 20-hour PAV aging at -12°C, after 20-hour PAV aging at -18°C, after 40-hour PAV aging at -12°C, and / or after 40-hour PAV aging at -18°C. The biomaterial 316 may facilitate forming a cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 having an m-value after 20 hours PAV aging higher than about 0.300 at -12°C and / or -18°C from a base asphalt binder 305 having an m-value after 20 hours of PAV aging lower than about 0.300 at -12°C and / or -18°C, such as an m-value after 20 hours of PAV aging lower than about 0.290, lower than about 0.280, lower than about 0.270, or even lower than about 0.250 at -12°C and / or -18°C.

[0210] In some embodiments, the m-value of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 after 20-hour PAV aging at -12°C is within a range of from about 0.310 to about 0.340, such as from about 0.310 to about 0.320, from about 0.320 to about 0.330, or from about 0.330 to about 0.340. In some embodiments, the m-value of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 after 20-hour PAV aging at -12°C is greater than about 0.320. The m-value of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 after 20-hour PAV aging at -18°C is within a range of from 0.275 to about 0.300, such as from about 0.275 to about 0.280, from about 0.280 to about 0.285, from about 0.285 to about 0.290, from about 0.290 to about 0.295, or from about 0.295 to about 0.300. In some embodiments, the m-value of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 after 20-hour PAV aging at -12°C is greater than about 0.280. However, the disclosure is not so limited, and the m-value of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 may be different than that described.

[0211] The addition of the biomaterial 316 to the base asphalt binder 305 may increase the S-critical temperature and the m-critical temperature of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 relative to the base asphalt binder 305. By way of non-limiting example, the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 may exhibit an S-critical temperature at least about- Page 69 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT1.0°C lower than the S-critical temperature of the base asphalt binder 305, such as at least about 1.5°C lower, at least about 2.0°C lower, or at least about 2.5°C lower than the S-critical temperature of the base asphalt binder 305. In some embodiments, the S-critical temperature of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 is within a range of from about -22.0°C to about -18.0°C, such as from about -22.0°C to about -21.0°C, from about -21.0°C to about -20.0°C, from about -20.0°C to about -19.0°C, or from about -19.0°C to about -18.0°C.

[0212] In addition, the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 may exhibit an m-critical temperature of at least about 1.0°C lower than the m-critical temperature of the base asphalt binder 305, such as at least about 1.5°C lower, at least about 2.0°C lower, or at least about 2.5°C lower than the m-critical temperature of the base asphalt binder 305. In some embodiments, the m-critical temperature of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 is within a range of from about -18.0°C to about -15.0°C, such as from about -18.0°C to about -17.0°C, from about -17.0°C to about -16.0°C, or from about -16.0°C to about -15.0°C.

[0213] The cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 may exhibit a higher ATCafter 20-hour PAV aging than the base asphalt binder 305 after 20-hour PAV aging. By way of nonlimiting example, the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 may exhibit a ATCafter 20-hour PAV aging at least about 0.5°C higher than the ATCafter 20-hour PAV aging of the base asphalt binder 305, such as at least about 1.0°C, at least about 1.5°C, or at least about 2.0°C higher than the ATCafter 20-hour PAV aging of the base asphalt binder 305. The ATCafter 20-hour PAV aging of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 may be higher than -5.0°C, such as higher than about -4.5°C, higher than about -4.0°C, higher than about -3.5°C, higher than about -3.0°C, or higher than about -2.5°C.

[0214] In some embodiments, the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 exhibits a lower G* / sin(6) at 64°C and at 70°C than the base asphalt binder 305 both before aging and after 85 minutes of RTFO aging; a lower stiffness at -12°C and at -18°C than the base asphalt binder 305; and a higher m-value at -12°C and at -18°C after 85 minutes of RTFO aging. The G* / sin(6) at 64°C of the unaged cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 may be within a range of from about 1.00 kPa to about 1.20 kPa, such as from about 1.00 kPa to about 1.05 kPa, from about 1.05 kPa to about 1.10 kPa, from about 1.10 kPa to about 1.15 kPa, or from about 1.15 kPa to about 1.20 kPa. The G* / sin(6) at 70°C of the unaged cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 may be within a range of from about 0.40 kPa to about 0.50 kPa, such as from about 0.40 kPa to about 0.45 kPa, or from about 0.45 kPa to about 0.50 kPa. The G* / sin(6) at 64°C of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 after 85 minutes of RTFO- Page 70 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTaging may be within a range of from about 2.00 kPa to about 4.00 kPa, such as from about 2.00 kPa to about 2.50 kPa, from about 2.50 kPa to about 3.00 kPa, from about 3.00 kPa to about 3.50 kPa, or from about 3.50 kPa to about 4.00 kPa. The G* / sin(δ) at 70°C of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 after 85 minutes of RTFO aging may be within a range of from about 1.00 kPa to about 2.00 kPa, such as from about 1.00 kPa to about 1.50 kPa, or from about 1.50 kPa to about 2.00 kPa. However, the disclosure is not so limited, and the G* / sin(δ) at the different temperatures and before and after aging of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 may be different than that described.

[0215] The stiffness of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 at -12°C may be within a range of from about 105.0 MPa to about 130.0 MPa, such as from about 105.0 MPa to about 110.0 MPa, from about 110.0 MPa to about 115.0 MPa, from about 115.0 MPa to about 120.0 MPa, from about 120.0 MPa to about 125.0 MPa, or from about 125.0 MPa to about 130.0 MPa. The stiffness of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 at -18°C may be within a range of 225.0 MPa to about 275.0 MPa, such as from about 225.0 MPa to about 235.0 MPa, from about 235.0 MPa to about 245.0 MPa, from about 245.0 MPa to about 255.0 MPa, from about 255.0 MPa to about 265.0 MPa, or from about 265.0 MPa to about 275.0 MPa. However, the disclosure is not so limited, and the stiffness of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 at -12°C and at -18°C may be different than that described.

[0216] Accordingly, forming the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 from the biomaterial 316 facilitates forming a cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 exhibiting desirable properties (e.g., performance grade, m-value, etc.), even though the base asphalt binder 305 may change, such as based on crude slate used to form one or more components of the base asphalt binder 305 (e.g., the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material 304). The addition of the biomaterial 316 to the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 may improve the m-value and the 20-hour PAV ΔTCof the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302 while minimally or not substantially negatively affecting the high temperature compliance of the cracking resistant asphalt binder 302.

[0217] FIG. 4 is a simplified flow diagram illustrating a method 400 of forming a cracking resistant asphalt binder, according to at least one embodiment of the disclosure. The method 400 may include forming a base asphalt binder, as shown in act 402. The base asphalt binder may be substantially the same as the base asphalt binder 305 described above with reference to FIG. 3. In some embodiments, the base asphalt binder has a viscosity greater than about 50,000 P at about 60°C, such as greater than about 60,000 P, greater than- Page 71 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTabout 100,000 P, greater than about 150,000 P, or greater than about 200,000 P at about 60°C.

[0218] The method 400 may further include mixing a biomaterial with the base asphalt binder to form a cracking resistant asphalt binder, as shown in act 404. The biomaterial may be substantially the same as the biomaterial 316 described above with reference to FIG. 3. In some embodiments, the cracking resistant asphalt binder includes from about 0.50 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent of the biomaterial by weight of the base asphalt binder. In some embodiments, act 404 includes mixing two or more different biomaterials (e.g., the first biomaterial 316a and the second biomaterial 316b) with the base asphalt binder. In some embodiments, act 404 includes providing an amount of biomaterial to the base asphalt binder based on one or more properties of the base asphalt binder and / or of a high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material measured by a sensor package (e.g., sensor package 175) and / or measured from a sample obtained from a sampling location (e.g., sampling location 177).

[0219] Forming the cracking resistant asphalt binder from the biomaterial facilitates forming the cracking resistant asphalt binder to exhibit one or more of (e.g., each of) a performance grade of PG 58-28, a ΔTCvalue greater than -5°C after PAV aging for 40 hours, a ΔTCvalue greater than -4°C after PAV aging for 40 hours, an m-value greater than 0.300 after PAV aging for 20 hours at -12°C, or an m-value greater than 0.275 after PAV aging for 20 hours at -18°C. Forming the cracking resistant asphalt binder from the biomaterial facilitates forming the cracking resistant asphalt binder to have one or more of a higher m-value after PAV aging for 20 hours and after PAV aging for 40 hours at each of -12°C and -18°C than the base asphalt binder; a higher ΔTCafter PAV aging for 40 hours and after PAV aging for 20 hours than the base asphalt binder; and a lower S-critical temperature and a lower m-critical temperature than the base asphalt binder. The biomaterial may facilitate forming performance grade asphalt binders that are more difficult to produce from asphalt materials generated within a refinery. For example, the biomaterials may facilitate changing one or more properties of a base asphalt binder, which may facilitate forming performance grade asphalt binders that meet desired specifications, despite a feedstock material exhibiting varying properties (e.g., properties that are non-uniform and / or change over time). In some embodiments, the cracking resistant asphalt binder exhibits desired properties that meet performance grade specifications including polymer additives (e.g., the cracking resistant asphalt binder is free of polymer additives).- Page 72 - 25ASPR13-WO-PCT

[0220] Additional non-limiting example embodiments of the disclosure are set forth below.

[0221] Embodiment 1: A method of producing a cracking resistant asphalt binder, the method comprising: providing a base asphalt binder at least one of having a vacuum viscosity greater than about 50,000 P at about 60°C or having an m-value less than about 0.300 at -12°C after PAV aging for 20 hours; and mixing at least about 0.50 part by weight of a biomaterial comprising more than 80.0 weight percent resin with the base asphalt binder for every about 100.0 parts by weight of the base asphalt binder to form a cracking resistant asphalt binder having a performance grade of PG 58-28 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -18°C after PAV aging for 20 hours or a cracking resistant asphalt binder having a performance grade of PG 64-22 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -12°C after PAV aging for 20 hours, the m-value of the cracking resistant asphalt binder higher than the m-value of the base asphalt binder after 20 hours of PAV aging at -12°C.

[0222] Embodiment 2: The method of Embodiment 1, further comprising: measuring at least one of one or more properties or a composition of the base asphalt binder; and based on the measured at least one of the one or more properties or the composition of the base asphalt binder, adjusting an amount of the biomaterial mixed with the base asphalt binder to form the cracking resistant asphalt binder.

[0223] Embodiment 3: The method of Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2, wherein the base asphalt binder has a vacuum viscosity greater than about 150,000 P at about 60°C.

[0224] Embodiment 4: The method of any one of Embodiments 1 through 3, wherein the m-value of the cracking resistant asphalt binder after 20 hours of PAV aging at -12°C is at least about 0.100 higher than the m-value of the base asphalt binder after 20 hours of PAV aging at -12°C.

[0225] Embodiment 5: The method of any one of Embodiments 1 through 4, wherein the cracking resistant asphalt binder has a performance grade of PG 58-28 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -18°C after PAV aging for 40 hours.

[0226] Embodiment 6: The method of any one of Embodiments 1 through 5, wherein the base asphalt binder has an m-value less than about 0.250 at -12°C after PAV aging for 40 hours.

[0227] Embodiment 7: The method of any one of Embodiments 1 through 6, wherein the cracking resistant asphalt binder has a performance grade of PG 64-22 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -12°C after PAV aging for 40 hours.- Page 73 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT

[0228] Embodiment 8: The method of any one of Embodiments 1 through 7, wherein the biomaterial comprises greater than about 90.0 weight percent resin.

[0229] Embodiment 9: The method of any one of Embodiments 1 through 8, wherein the biomaterial constitutes at least about 5.0 parts by weight of the biomaterial with the asphalt binder for every about 100.0 parts by weight of the base asphalt binder.

[0230] Embodiment 10: The method of any one of Embodiments 1 through 9, wherein the biomaterial includes less than about 2.5 weight percent saturates.

[0231] Embodiment 11: The method of any one of Embodiments 1 through 10, wherein the biomaterial comprises one or more of phenolic resins, epoxy resins, polyester resins, alkyd resins, polyurethane resins, polyamine resins, or a mixture of terpenes and resins acids.

[0232] Embodiment 12: The method of any one of Embodiments 1 through 10, wherein the biomaterial comprises an ester bottoms material.

[0233] Embodiment 13: The method of any one of Embodiments 1 through 10, wherein the biomaterial comprises one of: a reaction product of a bio-oil, a polyol, and an aldehyde; crosslinked epoxidized bio-oil; or a reaction product of a dimer acid and a diamine or a reaction product of an epoxidized bio-oil and an amine.

[0234] Embodiment 14: A cracking resistant asphalt binder, comprising: a base asphalt binder at least one of having a vacuum viscosity greater than about 50,000 P at about 60°C or having an m-value less than about 0.300 at -12°C after PAV aging for 20 hours; and a biomaterial comprising greater than about 80.0 weight percent resin, the biomaterial constituting from about 0.50 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent of the cracking resistant asphalt binder by weight of the base asphalt binder, wherein the cracking resistant asphalt binder has a performance grade of 58-28 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -18°C after PAV aging for 20 hours or has a performance grade of PG 64-22 and an m-value after 20 hours of PAV aging at -18°C greater than about 0.300, the m-value of the cracking resistant asphalt binder greater than the m-value of the base asphalt binder after 20 hours of PAV aging at -12°C.

[0235] Embodiment 15: The cracking resistant asphalt binder of Embodiment 14, wherein the base asphalt binder has a performance grade of PG 64-22.

[0236] Embodiment 16: The cracking resistant asphalt binder of Embodiment 14 or Embodiment 15, wherein the biomaterial constitutes at least about 5.0 weight percent of the cracking resistant asphalt binder by weight of the base asphalt binder.- Page 74 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT

[0237] Embodiment 17: The cracking resistant asphalt binder of any one of Embodiments 14 through 16, wherein the biomaterial comprises one or more C18fatty acids comprising at least one of oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolelaidic acid, a-linolenic acid, y-linolenic acid, or stearidonic acid.

[0238] Embodiment 18: The cracking resistant asphalt binder of any one of Embodiments 14 through 16, wherein the biomaterial comprises a plant resin.

[0239] Embodiment 19: The cracking resistant asphalt binder of any one of Embodiments 1 through 18, wherein the base asphalt binder has a vacuum viscosity greater than about 50,000 P at about 60°C and an m-value lower than about 0.275 after 40-hour PAV aging at -12°C.

[0240] Embodiment 20: A method of forming a cracking resistant asphalt binder, the method comprising: providing a base asphalt binder at least one of having a vacuum viscosity greater than 50,000 P at about 60°C and an m-value lower than about 0.275 after 40-hour PAV aging at -12°C; and mixing from about 0.50 part by weight to about 20.0 parts by weight of a biomaterial for every about 100.0 parts by weight of the base asphalt binder to form a performance grade cracking resistant asphalt binder having an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -12°C after PAV aging for 20 hours and a performance grade of PG 58-28 or PG 64-22, the biomaterial comprising greater than 80.0 weight percent resin.EXAMPLESExample 1

[0241] The composition of different biomaterials was measured using a SARA analysis. FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the composition of the different biomaterials, as measured by a SARA analysis. With reference to FIG. 5, the biomaterials included greater than about 80.0 weight percent resin. Some biomaterials included greater than about 90.0 weight percent resin, or even greater than about 95.0 weight percent resin. Notably, the biomaterials were free of (e.g., substantially free of) saturates.

[0242] Biomaterial 1 was a blend of plant-derived oils; biomaterial 2 was a resin formed from corn oil; biomaterial 3, biomaterial 4, and biomaterial 5 were commercially available bio-based asphalt additives; biomaterial 6 was another commercially available asphalt additive; biomaterial 7 was a commercially available mixture of ester bottoms; biomaterial 8 was a fatty amine derivative resin including dimethyl alkyl amine; biomaterial 9 was a tallow derivative including polyamine; biomaterial 10 was a commercially available rheology modifier for asphalt mixtures; biomaterial 11 was a refined, bleached and- Page 75 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTdeodorized vegetable oil; biomaterial 12 was a commercially available biomaterial; and biomaterial 13 and biomaterial 14 were resins derived from tall oil.Example 2

[0243] Different biomaterials were added to a base asphalt binder to form cracking resistant asphalt binders. The base asphalt binder was a performance grade PG 64-22 asphalt binder. The biomaterials constituted 1.0 weight percent by weight of the base asphalt binder. The cracking resistant asphalt binders including the biomaterials improved the properties of the base asphalt binder. Table 1 below shows the properties of the base asphalt binder and the properties of the cracking resistant asphalt binders including the different biomaterials.Table 1Asphalt 1 + Asphalt Asphalt 1 + Asphalt 1 + Asphalt 1 +Biomaterial 1 Biomaterial 1 Biomaterial 2 Biomaterial 3G* / sin(δ) @64°C, kPa (no 1.258 1.08 1.093 1.088 1.02 aging)G* / sin(6) @70°C, kPa (no 0.589 0.46 0.50 0.54 0.49 aging)True Grade65.8 64.5 64.7 64.7 64.2 (HTC, °C)G* / sin(6) @64°C, kPa (853.40 2.77 3.46 3.27 2.50 minutes RTFOaging)G* / sin(6) @70°C, kPa (851.62 1.20 1.56 1.51 1.19 minutes RTFOaging)- Page 76 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTTrue Grade67.5 65.6 67.4 67.1 65.0 (HTC, °C)Stiffness (-12°C),120.5 113.0 125.5 116.0 107.0 MPam-value (-12°C) 0.319 0.334 0.334 0.331 0.332 Stiffness (-18°C),275.5 260.5 238.0 254.5 250.0 MPam-value (-18°C) 0.273 0.288 0.287 0.279 0.282 Tcr, S (°C) -18.6 -19.0 -20.2 -19.3 -19.3 Tcr, m-value (°C) -14.5 -16.4 -16.3 -15.6 -15.8 ATc (20-hour PAV-4.1 -2.6 -3.9 -3.7 -3.5 aging) (°C)

[0244] With reference to Table 1, the G* / sin(6) value of the unaged base asphalt binder and the cracking resistant binder was measured at 64°C and at 70°C. In addition, the G* / sin(6) value of the base asphalt binder and the cracking resistant binder was measured at 64°C and at 70°C after RTFO aging for 85 minutes. The addition of the biomaterials decreased the G* / sin(6) of the unaged and the 20-hour RTFO-aged asphalt binders. For example, the cracking resistant asphalt binders including the biomaterials exhibited a lower G* / sin(6) value before aging and after aging for 85 minutes in an RTFO. The addition of the biomaterial appeared to reduce the true grade (the high temperature compliance temperature, also referred to as the high-temperature grade) of the unaged and the RTFO asphalt binders, but generally less than about 2°C.

[0245] With continued reference to Table 1, addition of the biomaterials decreased the stiffness of the asphalt binders at -12°C and at-18°C after 20-hour PAV aging. The cracking resistant asphalt binders including the biomaterial exhibited a lower stiffness than the base asphalt binder at -12°C and at -18°C. The addition of the biomaterials substantially increased the m-value of the asphalt binders at -12°C and at -18°C. The cracking resistant asphalt binders including the biomaterial exhibited a higher m-value than the base asphalt binder at -12°C and at -18°C. The m-values were measured after PAV aging for 20 hours.

[0246] The addition of the biomaterials to the base asphalt binder lowered the S-critical temperature and the m-critical temperature of the base asphalt binders such that the cracking resistant asphalt binders exhibited a lower S-critical temperature and m-critical temperature than the base asphalt binder. In addition, cracking resistant asphalt binders- Page 77 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTincluding the biomaterials exhibited a lower ATCafter aging for 20 hours in a PAV than the base asphalt binder. Accordingly, the addition of the biomaterial lowered each of the S-critical temperature, the m-critical temperature, and the ATCafter aging for 20 hours in a PAV.Example 3

[0247] Different biomaterials were added to a base asphalt binder to form cracking resistant asphalt binders. The ΔTCafter aging for 40 hours in a PAV of the base asphalt binder and the cracking resistant asphalt binders was measured. The cracking resistant asphalt binders included 1.5 weight percent of the biomaterial based on the weight of the base asphalt binder. FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the m-value of the base asphalt binder and the cracking resistant asphalt binders at -12°C after PAV-aging for 40 hours. With reference to FIG. 6, the addition of 1.5 weight percent biomaterial substantially increased the m-value of the base asphalt binder. For example, the m-value of the base-asphalt binder increased from 0.284 to about 0.308 after addition of biomaterial 5; increased from 0.284 to about 0.298 after the addition of biomaterial 6; and increased from 0.284 to about 0.303 after the addition of biomaterial 7. The increase in the m-value was from about 4.9 percent to about 8.5 percent due to the addition of 1.5 weight percent of the biomaterial.Example 4

[0248] The high temperature compliance and low temperature compliance of a base asphalt binder was compared to the high temperature compliance and low temperature compliance of cracking resistant asphalt binders formed from the base asphalt binder and different biomaterials. The cracking resistant asphalt binders included 3.0 weight percent of a biomaterial by weight of the base asphalt binder.

[0249] FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating the high temperature compliance of the base asphalt binder and the cracking resistant asphalt binders formed from the base asphalt binder and different biomaterials. FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating the m-value of the base asphalt binder and the cracking resistant asphalt binders formed from the base asphalt binder and the different biomaterials. The base asphalt binder was a performance grade PG 64-22 asphalt binder and had an m-value of 0.315 at -12°C and 0.273 at -18°C. With reference to FIG. 7, the addition of 3.0 weight percent of biomaterial reduced the high temperature compliance of the asphalt binder. With reference to FIG. 8, the addition of the biomaterials to the base asphalt binder increased the m-value of the base asphalt binder from 0.273 to from about- Page 78 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT0.305 to 0.317 at -18°C. Accordingly, the addition of the biomaterial substantially increased the m-value at -18°C. In addition, the addition of the biomaterial facilitated forming a performance grade PG 58-28 cracking resistant asphalt binder from an asphalt binder having a performance grade of PG 64-22. Thus, the biomaterials facilitating forming a cracking resistant asphalt binder having a performance grade of PG 58-28, which is generally difficult to produce. Accordingly, the biomaterials may be used to form difficult to form performance grade asphalt binders without changing the operation of refining equipment that forms the asphalt binders.Example 5

[0250] Different biomaterials were added to a base asphalt binder having a viscosity of about 190,000 P at about 60°C to make cracking resistant asphalt binders meeting paving grade specifications. The base asphalt binder exhibited an m-value of about 0.12 at -12°C. At high temperatures, the base asphalt binder met the m-value requirement of an m-value exceeding 0.300. The cracking resistant asphalt binders were formed by adding from about 10.0 weight percent to about 15.0 weight percent of the biomaterial to the base asphalt binder to form the cracking resistant asphalt binder comprising from about 10.0 weight percent to about 15.0 weight percent of the biomaterial by weight of the base asphalt binder. FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating the high temperature compliance of the base asphalt binder (asphalt 4) to the high temperature compliance of the cracking resistant asphalt binders. With reference to FIG. 9, the base asphalt binder exhibited a high temperature compliance of about 92°C. The cracking resistant asphalt binders exhibited a high temperature compliance of about 67°C (biomaterial 14) and about 66°C (biomaterial 15). The high temperature compliance of the cracking resistant asphalt binders were higher than required for a performance grade PG 58-28 or a PG 64-22 asphalt binder.

[0251] FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating the m-value of the base asphalt binder and cracking resistant asphalt binders including the biomaterials and the base asphalt binder at -12°C after aging for 40 hours in a PAV. With reference to FIG. 10, the addition of the biomaterials to the base asphalt binder increased the m-value substantially. In particular, the addition of the biomaterials increased the m-value of the base asphalt binder at -12°C to about 0.310 or about 0.330 at about -12°C after 40 hours of PAV aging. Accordingly, the addition of the biomaterials may be used as a method of increasing the m-value of hard asphalt binders.Example 6- Page 79 - 25ASPR13-WO-PCT

[0252] The distillation curve of a high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material was measured according to the ASTM D7169M method. The weight percent of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material that evaporated (was boiled off) as a function of temperature was measured. FIG. 11 is a graph illustrating the distillation curve of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material. With reference to FIG. 11, the initial boiling point of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material was about 482.2°C (about 900°F) and the end point of the high viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material was about 820°C (about l,508°F).Example 7

[0253] The distillation curve of a low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material was measured according to the ASTM D7169M method. The weight percent of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material that evaporated (was boiled off) as a function of temperature was measured. FIG. 12 is a graph illustrating the distillation curve of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material. With reference to FIG. 12, the initial boiling point of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material was about 410°C (about 770°F) and the end point of the low viscosity vacuum tower bottoms material was about 740.6°C (about 1,365°F).

[0254] One or more specific embodiments of the present disclosure are described herein. These described embodiments are examples of the presently disclosed techniques. Additionally, in an effort to provide a concise description of these embodiments, not all features of an actual embodiment may be described in the specification. It should be appreciated that in the development of any such actual implementation, as in any engineering or design project, numerous embodiment-specific decisions will be made to achieve the developers’ specific goals, such as compliance with system-related and business-related constraints, which may vary from one embodiment to another. Moreover, it should be appreciated that such a development effort might be complex and time consuming, but would nevertheless be a routine undertaking of design, fabrication, and manufacture for those of ordinary skill having the benefit of this disclosure.

[0255] The articles “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to mean that there are one or more of the elements in the preceding descriptions. The terms “comprising,” “including,” and “having” are intended to be inclusive and mean that there may be additional elements other than the listed elements. Additionally, it should be understood that references to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” of the present disclosure are not intended to be- Page 80 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTinterpreted as excluding the existence of additional embodiments that also incorporate the recited features. For example, any element described in relation to an embodiment herein may be combinable with any element of any other embodiment described herein. Numbers, percentages, ratios, or other values stated herein are intended to include that value, and also other values that are “about” or “approximately” the stated value, as would be appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art encompassed by embodiments of the present disclosure. A stated value should therefore be interpreted broadly enough to encompass values that are at least close enough to the stated value to perform a desired function or achieve a desired result. The stated values include at least the variation to be expected in a suitable manufacturing or production process, and may include values that are within 5%, within 1%, within 0.1%, or within 0.01% of a stated value.

[0256] A person having ordinary skill in the art should realize in view of the present disclosure that equivalent constructions do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure, and that various changes, substitutions, and alterations may be made to embodiments disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. Equivalent constructions, including functional “means-plus-function” clauses are intended to cover the structures described herein as performing the recited function, including both structural equivalents that operate in the same manner, and equivalent structures that provide the same function. It is the express intention of the applicant not to invoke means-plus-function or other functional claiming for any claim except for those in which the words ‘means for’ appear together with an associated function. Each addition, deletion, and modification to the embodiments that falls within the meaning and scope of the claims is to be embraced by the claims.

[0257] The terms “approximately,” “about,” and “substantially” as used herein represent an amount close to the stated amount that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result. For example, the terms “approximately,” “about,” and “substantially” may refer to an amount that is within less than 5% of, within less than 1% of, within less than 0.1% of, and within less than 0.01% of a stated amount. Further, it should be understood that any directions or reference frames in the preceding description are merely relative directions or movements. For example, any references to “up” and “down” or “above” or “below” are merely descriptive of the relative position or movement of the related elements.

[0258] The present disclosure may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the disclosure is, therefore, indicated by the- Page 81 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCTappended claims rather than by the foregoing description. Changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.- Page 82 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT

Claims

CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A method of producing a cracking resistant asphalt binder, the method comprising:providing a base asphalt binder at least one of having a vacuum viscosity greater than about 50,000 P at about 60°C or having an m-value less than about 0.300 at -12°C after PAV aging for 20 hours; andmixing at least about 0.50 part by weight of a biomaterial comprising more than 80.0 weight percent resin with the base asphalt binder for every about 100.0 parts by weight of the base asphalt binder to form a cracking resistant asphalt binder having a performance grade of PG 58-28 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -18°C after PAV aging for 20 hours or a cracking resistant asphalt binder having a performance grade of PG 64-22 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at - 12°C after PAV aging for 20 hours, the m-value of the cracking resistant asphalt binder higher than the m-value of the base asphalt binder after 20 hours of PAV aging at -12°C.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:measuring at least one of one or more properties or a composition of the base asphalt binder; andbased on the measured at least one of the one or more properties or the composition of the base asphalt binder, adjusting an amount of the biomaterial mixed with the base asphalt binder to form the cracking resistant asphalt binder.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the base asphalt binder has a vacuum viscosity greater than about 150,000 P at about 60°C.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the m-value of the cracking resistant asphalt binder after 20 hours of PAV aging at -12°C is at least about 0.100 higher than the m-value of the base asphalt binder after 20 hours of PAV aging at -12°C.- Page 83 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT5. The method of claim 1, wherein the cracking resistant asphalt binder has a performance grade of PG 58-28 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -18°C after PAV aging for 40 hours.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the base asphalt binder has an m-value less than about 0.250 at -12°C after PAV aging for 40 hours.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the cracking resistant asphalt binder has a performance grade of PG 64-22 and an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -12°C after PAV aging for 40 hours.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the biomaterial comprises greater than about 90.0 weight percent resin.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the biomaterial constitutes at least about 5.0 parts by weight of the biomaterial with the asphalt binder for every about 100.0 parts by weight of the base asphalt binder.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the biomaterial includes less than about 2.5 weight percent saturates.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein the biomaterial comprises one or more of phenolic resins, epoxy resins, polyester resins, alkyd resins, polyurethane resins, polyamine resins, or a mixture of terpenes and resin acids.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the biomaterial comprises an ester bottoms material.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the biomaterial comprises one of:a reaction product of a bio-oil, a polyol, and an aldehyde;crosslinked epoxidized bio-oil; ora reaction product of a dimer acid and a diamine or a reaction product of an epoxidized bio-oil and an amine.- Page 84 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT14. A cracking resistant asphalt binder, comprising:a base asphalt binder at least one of having a vacuum viscosity greater than about 50,000 P at about 60°C or having an m-value less than about 0.300 at -12°C after PAV aging for 20 hours; anda biomaterial comprising greater than about 80.0 weight percent resin, the biomaterial constituting from about 0.50 weight percent to about 20.0 weight percent of the cracking resistant asphalt binder by weight of the base asphalt binder, wherein the cracking resistant asphalt binder has a performance grade of 58-28 and an m- value greater than about 0.300 at -18°C after PAV aging for 20 hours or has a performance grade of PG 64-22 and an m-value after 20 hours of PAV aging at -18°C greater than about 0.300, the m-value of the cracking resistant asphalt binder greater than the m-value of the base asphalt binder after 20 hours of PAV aging at -12°C.

15. The cracking resistant asphalt binder of claim 14, wherein the base asphalt binder has a performance grade of PG 64-22.

16. The cracking resistant asphalt binder of claim 14, wherein the biomaterial constitutes at least about 5.0 weight percent of the cracking resistant asphalt binder by weight of the base asphalt binder.

17. The cracking resistant asphalt binder of claim 14, wherein the biomaterial comprises one or more C18fatty acids comprising at least one of oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolelaidic acid, a-linolenic acid, y-linolenic acid, or stearidonic acid.

18. The cracking resistant asphalt binder of claim 14, wherein the biomaterial comprises a plant resin.

19. The cracking resistant asphalt binder of claim 14, wherein the base asphalt binder has a vacuum viscosity greater than about 50,000 P at about 60°C and an m-value lower than about 0.275 after 40-hour PAV aging at -12°C.- Page 85 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT20. A method of forming a cracking resistant asphalt binder, the method comprising:providing a base asphalt binder at least one of having a vacuum viscosity greater than 50,000 P at about 60°C and an m-value lower than about 0.275 after 40-hour PAV aging at -12°C; andmixing from about 0.50 part by weight to about 20.0 parts by weight of a biomaterial for every about 100.0 parts by weight of the base asphalt binder to form a performance grade cracking resistant asphalt binder having an m-value greater than about 0.300 at -12°C after PAV aging for 20 hours and a performance grade of PG 58-28 or PG 64-22, the biomaterial comprising greater than 80.0 weight percent resin.- Page 86 - 25ASPRi3-WO-PCT

Images