Microprocessor adjusts electric fan speed based on temperature sensors to cool battery cells and DC-DC voltage converters.
A battery pack cover integrates a circulative fluid channel between inner and outer layers to absorb internal heat from battery modules.
Embossed heat-conducting plates form a chamber that dissipates heat while accommodating cell expansion forces without damaging cooling pathways.
Air-conditioning circuit transports heat between electrochemical energy stores using dedicated sensors for dynamic thermal management.
A secondary battery module gathers harnesses in a space region between the case wall and cell blocks to enable coolant circulation.