Shield tunnel segment circular seam full-scale loading test device and method based on Internet of Things

Abstract

The invention relates to the application of the Internet of Things technology in the technical field of shield tunnel design, and discloses a shield tunnel segment circular seam full-scale loading test device and method based on the Internet of Things, and the device comprises a steel frame supporting assembly which is used for providing a supporting frame of the whole test device. Comprising a supporting bottom beam, stand columns, a counter-force top beam, a counter-force bottom beam, a cross beam and a tensile diagonal rod, the stand columns are located on the supporting bottom beam, the counter-force top beam is arranged between the stand columns, the counter-force bottom beam is a box-shaped beam and is provided with a plurality of holes along the axis, and rotating shafts and brake bolt pins are arranged in the holes. Through the synergistic effect of the positioning steel tank, the positioning jack, the angle sensor and other components, accurate horizontal positioning and bilateral symmetry adjustment of the test duct piece can be achieved, in the test process, the strip-shaped hole design of the positioning steel tank allows the transverse rib of the inverted-T-shaped steel beam to slide left and right along the strip-shaped hole, and the fine adjustment function of the positioning jack is matched; and the duct piece can be ensured to be positioned at an accurate horizontal position and be bilaterally symmetrical before being loaded.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the application of Internet of Things technology in the technical field of shield tunnel design, and specifically to a full-scale loading test device and method for segment circumferential joints of shield tunnels based on the Internet of Things. Background Technique

[0002] Although the shield tunneling method has been widely used in tunnel engineering around the world, as a three-dimensional space assembled structure, compared with cast-in-place structures, the structural stiffness of shield tunnels is relatively small, and a series of phenomena that endanger structural safety, such as cracking, dislocation, and opening, are likely to occur. Existing research believes that the overall mechanical deformation of shield tunnels is mainly controlled by joints. Therefore, it is very necessary to carry out research on the mechanical and deformation characteristics of joints for the safety during the design and construction of shield tunnels.

[0003] Among them, the circumferential joint is an important part of the shield tunnel joint. When the segment is separated from the shield tail, it is extremely prone to extrusion damage under the influence of the jack thrust and grouting pressure. The on-site vertical displacement monitoring of the vault cannot reflect the stress condition at the segment circumferential joint, and thus cannot predict the damage degree of the segment. Therefore, in this case, it is necessary to rely on a full-scale loading test to establish the relationship between the deformation and stress at the circumferential joint and combine it with the on-site monitoring results to judge the damage condition of the segment.

[0004] However, most of the current full-scale test devices have certain defects. First, most of the existing test devices cannot achieve pure bending and pure shear forces at the segment circumferential joint, so the bending and shear characteristics of the circumferential joint cannot be analyzed separately. Second, due to the existence of horizontal loads in the existing test devices, when the test segment undergoes a certain degree of deformation, additional bending moments will be generated at the circumferential joint, thus having an adverse impact on the test results. Third, the method of assembling by hoisting the segment is not convenient for the segment to be placed in position and accurately positioned, and it is easy to generate large assembly errors, thus having an adverse impact on the test results. Fourth, the displacement meter is used to monitor the deformation of the segment. This method is based on the assumption that the segment is a rigid body. However, relevant research shows that the segment will deform under load. This monitoring method can only monitor the deformation of the segment at local points in real time and cannot achieve the continuous deformation monitoring of the upper and lower arc surfaces of the segment.

[0005] The problems of floating during the construction period and uplift or settlement during the operation stage of shield tunnels are closely related to the mechanical characteristics of the shield tunnel circumferential joint. However, the current research on test devices cannot separately analyze the bending and shear characteristics of the circumferential joint and cannot eliminate the influence of additional bending moments on the test results. In addition, there are also certain defects in the existing test devices and operation methods for the assembly positioning and deformation monitoring of test segments. There are still three major technical bottlenecks in the existing full-scale loading test devices:

[0006] Lack of dynamic adaptability: Traditional devices rely on manual preset loading modes and cannot respond to changes in formation conditions in real time. For example, the rheological properties of soft soil strata require sine wave loading, but existing equipment cannot automatically adjust the phase difference, resulting in a deviation of 15%-20% between test data and actual working conditions (statistics from China Railway Construction in 2023).

[0007] Absence of data closed-loop: Monitoring data mostly relies on manual recording, and a real-time closed-loop of loading - monitoring - adjustment cannot be achieved. Actual measurements in a subway project showed that the delay in manually adjusting loading parameters reached 120 ms, far higher than the industry's required response standard of 30 ms.

[0008] Difficulty in remote collaboration: Complex working conditions require the on-site participation of multiple experts, but existing devices lack Internet of Things (IoT) collaboration functions, resulting in low cross-regional collaboration efficiency and a 25% extension of the project cycle.

[0009] Therefore, technicians in this field have proposed an IoT-based full-scale loading test device and method for the segment ring joints of shield tunnels to solve the above problems. Summary of the Invention

[0010] Aiming at the deficiencies of the existing technology, the present invention provides an IoT-based full-scale loading test device and method for the segment ring joints of shield tunnels, which solves the problems raised in the above background technology.

[0011] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention is realized through the following technical solutions: An IoT-based full-scale loading test device for the segment ring joints of shield tunnels, comprising:

[0012] A steel frame support assembly, which is used to provide a support framework for the overall test device, including a support bottom beam, columns, a reaction top beam, a reaction bottom beam, cross beams, and tensile diagonal rods. The columns are located on the support bottom beam, the reaction top beam is placed between the columns, the reaction bottom beam is a box-shaped beam, and several holes are arranged along the axis. A rotating shaft and a braking bolt are arranged inside the holes. The reaction bottom beam is fixed to the support bottom beams on both sides through the rotating shaft, and the tensile diagonal rods connect the top of the columns and both sides of the support bottom beam;

[0013] A transportation system, which is used to transport test segments, including a sliding steel trough, a well-shaped steel frame, an electric hoist, and a mechanical gripper. The sliding steel trough is assembled by relatively splicing two angle steels fixed by hinge joints. The sliding steel trough can open and close along the rotating shaft of the hinge joint. Circular holes are opened on both sides of the sliding steel trough, and locking bolts are arranged inside the circular holes. Inverted T-shaped steel beams are arranged at the bottom and sides of the well-shaped steel frame, and the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beams can slide along the sliding steel trough. The electric hoist is placed on the reaction top beam, and the mechanical gripper is connected to the electric hoist through a steel cable;

[0014] The vertical loading system is used to apply vertical force to the test segment. It includes a downward pressing loading device and a pushing loading device. The downward pressing loading device is fixed to the reaction top beam, and the pushing loading device is fixed to the reaction bottom beam;

[0015] The horizontal loading system is used to apply horizontal force to the test segment. It includes a reaction frame, a cylinder, a horizontal jack, a hydraulic device, a transverse loading beam, a channel steel, and a segment fixture. The horizontal jack and the hydraulic device are placed inside the cylinder. The top surface of the cylinder is provided with an opening and is fixed to the reaction frame and the channel steel. The web of the channel steel is provided with an opening. The transverse loading beam is placed inside the channel steel. The top plate of the segment fixture is connected to the upper flange of the channel steel through a hinge. The bottom plate of the segment fixture is fixed to the lower flange of the channel steel. Rubber pads are arranged on the inner sides of the top plate and the bottom plate of the segment fixture. The top plate and the bottom plate of the segment fixture are provided with openings and are provided with fixing bolts.

[0016] Preferably, it further includes a support system for supporting the test segment, which is placed on the support bottom beam. It includes a hinge support, a bearing steel plate, a positioning steel groove, positioning bolts, a support platform, a positioning jack, and a tensile bolt. The hinge support is arranged on the top of the bearing steel plate. An inverted T-shaped steel beam is arranged at the bottom of the bearing steel plate. The transverse rib of the inverted T-shaped steel beam can slide left and right along the positioning steel groove. An inverted T-shaped steel beam is arranged at the bottom of the support platform. The transverse rib of the inverted T-shaped steel beam can slide along the sliding steel groove. The positioning jack and the tensile bolt are placed between the bearing steel plate and the support bottom beam;

[0017] The monitoring system is used to monitor the force and deformation conditions of the segment during the test. It includes monitoring elements, transmission lines, and a data collector.

[0018] Preferably, the downward pressing loading device includes a vertical jack, a pressure sensor, a cushion block, and a vertical loading beam. The cushion block is provided with a hemispherical hole and a ball seat is arranged inside. A ball head bolt is arranged on the ball seat. The bottom of the vertical loading beam adopts an arc-shaped loading round bar. The pushing loading device is inverted inside the H-shaped steel beam. A circular hole is opened on the web of the H-shaped steel beam. The pressure sensor is placed in the hole on the web of the H-shaped steel beam. The vertical loading beam, the cushion block, and the reaction bottom beam of the pushing loading device are fixed to the inner sides of the upper flange and the lower flange of the H-shaped steel beam through fixing bolts.

[0019] Preferably, the hydraulic device includes a hydraulic cylinder and a hydraulic hose. The hydraulic cylinder is placed inside the cylinder with an opening on the top surface. The hydraulic hose is connected to the hydraulic cylinder through the hole on the top of the cylinder. The hydraulic cylinder includes a cylinder body, a piston, a piston rod, and an end cover. The positioning steel groove is formed by assembling two angle steels relatively. The angle steels are fixed to the support platform through a hinge. A strip-shaped hole is opened on one side of the angle steel. The positioning bolt passes through the strip-shaped hole and can slide left and right along the strip-shaped hole.

[0020] Preferably, the monitoring system includes a plurality of sensor modules for real-time monitoring of the stress and deformation of the segment during the test. The sensor modules include:

[0021] A pressure sensing module, which utilizes the high sensitivity and high precision of the pressure sensor to real-time monitor the vertical and horizontal pressures on the test segment during the loading process, and converts the pressure signal into an electrical signal for transmission to the data acquisition processor;

[0022] An angle sensing module, which utilizes an angle sensor to real-time monitor the rotational angle change of the test segment during the loading process. The measurement range of the angle sensor is ±30°, and the angle signal is converted into an electrical signal for transmission to the data acquisition processor;

[0023] A laser ranging module, which utilizes a laser rangefinder to measure the displacement change of the segment during the loading process;

[0024] A tunnel cross-section scanning and monitoring module, which utilizes a tunnel cross-section scanner to scan the cross-section change of the test segment during the loading process. The tunnel cross-section scanner is installed at the bottom of the test segment.

[0025] Preferably, the monitoring system further includes a data acquisition and processing module for real-time acquisition and processing of the data collected by each sensor module. The data acquisition and processing module includes:

[0026] A data collector, which is connected to each sensor module through a signal line, can real-time collect the electrical signals transmitted by the sensor module, and convert the electrical signals into digital signals;

[0027] A data processing unit, which is used for real-time processing and analysis of the collected digital signals to generate curves such as the stress-deformation curve, angle change curve, displacement change curve, and cross-section change curve of the segment. The data processing unit can perform processing such as filtering, fitting, and error analysis on the collected data;

[0028] A data transmission unit, which is used for transmitting the processed data to a remote monitoring terminal through a wired or wireless network to realize real-time monitoring and remote control of the test process;

[0029] A remote monitoring terminal, which is used for receiving the processed data through the data transmission unit and real-time displaying the stress and deformation conditions of the segment on the terminal interface.

[0030] A method for loading test on the circumferential joint stress of a shield tunnel segment includes the following steps:

[0031] S1. Install the steel frame support and the installation and transportation system;

[0032] S2. Install the vertical loading system. Place the jacking loading device fixed on the reaction bottom beam flat, open the sliding steel groove, insert the transverse rib of the inverted T-shaped steel beam at the bottom of the well-shaped steel frame into the sliding steel groove, hoist the segment onto the well-shaped steel frame, and move the segment to the specified horizontal position through the sliding steel groove. Open the sliding steel groove, wait for the transverse rib of the inverted T-shaped steel beam on the side of the well-shaped steel frame to be inserted into the sliding steel groove, close the sliding steel groove, fix the well-shaped steel frame with a mechanical gripper, start the electric hoist, and lift the segment to the specified height.

[0033] S3. Assemble the support system. Insert the transverse rib of the inverted T-shaped steel beam at the bottom of the support system into the sliding steel groove, close the sliding steel groove, move the support system to the specified position, open the sliding steel groove, open the positioning steel groove at the top of the support platform, insert the transverse rib of the inverted T-shaped steel beam at the bottom of the bearing steel plate into the positioning steel groove, close the positioning steel groove, install the support system on the bearing steel plate, and insert the braking pin at the hinge support.

[0034] S4. Install the monitoring system.

[0035] S5. Open the top plate of the segment fixture, and roughly adjust the position of the segment fixture close to the segment through the positioning jack and the positioning steel groove. After the preliminary position adjustment is completed, tighten the fixing bolts between the top plate and the bottom plate of the segment fixture to clamp the segment, remove the well-shaped steel frame, start the horizontal loading system. After loading to the specified horizontal load, rotate the reaction bottom beam to make the jacking loading device perpendicular to the segment, and finely adjust the position of the segment through the positioning jack and the positioning steel groove to keep the segment horizontal, symmetric left and right, and the bottom just in contact with the jacking loading device.

[0036] S6. Pull out the braking pins at the lower pressing loading device and the jacking loading device, pull out the braking pin at the support, and start the vertical loading system and the tunnel section scanning detector.

[0037] S7. Implement dynamic loading strategy optimization. By deploying high-frequency pressure sensors and laser displacement meters, real-time collect the stress distribution and displacement changes of the segment circumferential joints, and use the industrial-grade RS485 bus to transmit data to ensure that the transmission delay < 50ms.

[0038] S8. Analyze the real-time data based on the cloud algorithm model, automatically adjust the jack pressure or the resistance spring parameters, simulate the influence of different stratum conditions on the segment, and realize the intelligent switching of test conditions, where:

[0039] The input parameters include the stratum type code, the real-time load deviation rate, and the segment displacement rate.

[0040] The data sources for model training include the historical test database and the real-time monitoring data stream.

[0041] The hydraulic system is set with a dual-redundancy control channel, and the switching time between the main and standby systems < 300ms.

[0042] The implementation of the formation simulation algorithm includes:

[0043] For soft soil strata, a sine wave loading mode is adopted to simulate the rheological properties of the soil, and the phase difference control accuracy ≤ 1;

[0044] For sandy cobble strata, pulse impact loading is implemented, and the pressure rise time ≤ 50 ms;

[0045] For composite strata, a reinforcement learning algorithm is applied to dynamically generate the loading curve, and the Q-learning optimization strategy is used to optimize the strategy, and the working condition switching time < 10 s;

[0046] The machine learning model iteration mechanism automatically updates the model parameters after every 10 groups of tests are completed, and the transfer learning technology is used to transfer the weights of the new working condition data to the basic model;

[0047] S9. The triggering conditions for the intelligent working condition switching process include sudden changes in formation parameters, local strain overrun of segments, and continuous load deviation > 30 s.

[0048] Preferably, during the hoisting and moving process of the segment in step S5, the hoisting and positioning of the segment are realized through the cooperation of the sliding steel groove and the mechanical gripper.

[0049] The present invention provides a full-scale loading test device and method for the segment circumferential joint of a shield tunnel based on the Internet of Things. It has the following beneficial effects:

[0050] 1. Through the coordinated action of components such as the positioning steel groove, positioning jack, and angle sensor, the present invention can achieve precise horizontal positioning and left-right symmetry adjustment of the test segment. During the test, the bar-shaped hole design of the positioning steel groove allows the transverse rib of the inverted T-shaped steel beam to slide left and right along it. Combining with the fine-tuning function of the positioning jack, it can ensure that the segment is in a precise horizontal position and left-right symmetry before loading. The angle sensor real-time monitors the change in the rotation angle of the segment, further ensuring the attitude stability of the segment during the loading process. This precise positioning and symmetry control enable the application of symmetric and antisymmetric loads on the symmetric test segments, achieving pure bending and pure shear forces at the circumferential joint, thus providing a reliable experimental basis for the separate analysis of the bending and shear characteristics of shield tunnels.

[0051] 2. The present invention adopts a hydraulic device in the horizontal loading system. The internal hydraulic cylinder and hydraulic hose structure can flexibly change the direction of the horizontal thrust generated by the horizontal jack, making the direction of the thrust always perpendicular to the side of the segment. This unique design effectively avoids the additional bending moment caused by the deviation of the horizontal thrust direction, ensuring that the horizontal force received by the segment during the test is pure and accurate.

[0052] 3. The present invention can use a tunnel cross-section scanning detector to scan in real time the changes in the outer contour of the test segment during the loading process. Through this advanced monitoring method, testers can more intuitively observe the overall deformation of the segment, including deformation parameters such as the opening and rotation of the segment. The tunnel cross-section scanning detector is installed at the bottom of the test segment and can capture the deformation details of the segment at different loading stages in all directions, providing rich information for the analysis of test data. This intuitive deformation detection method can not only understand the stress state of the segment in real time but also provide strong data support for subsequent structural analysis and safety assessment.

[0053] 4. The monitoring system of the present invention includes multiple sensor modules and a data acquisition and processing module, which can realize real-time, efficient monitoring and analysis of the stress and deformation of the segment during the test. In addition, the data processing unit also has functions such as filtering, fitting, and error analysis, which can further improve the accuracy and reliability of the data. The processed data is transmitted to the remote monitoring terminal through the data transmission unit to realize real-time monitoring and remote control of the test process. It provides strong technical support for the research on the force characteristics of the segment ring joint of the shield tunnel, and then speeds up the scientific research progress and technology of the tunnel project. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0054] Figure 1 is the front view of the present invention;

[0055] Figure 2 is the schematic structural principle diagram of the present invention;

[0056] Figure 3 is the top view of the present invention;

[0057] Figure 4 is the schematic structural diagram of the sliding steel groove of the present invention;

[0058] Figure 5 is the schematic structural diagram of the positioning steel groove of the present invention;

[0059] Figure 6 is the schematic structural diagram of the mechanical gripper device of the present invention;

[0060] Figure 7 is the schematic structural diagram of the downward pressure loading device of the present invention;

[0061] Figure 8 is the schematic structural diagram of the jacking loading device of the present invention;

[0062] Figure 9 is the schematic structural diagram of the hydraulic device of the present invention;

[0063] Figure 10 The schematic structural diagram of the segment fixture of the present invention;

[0064] Figure 11 is a structural schematic diagram of the hinge support of the present invention;

[0065] Figure 12 is a working flowchart of the data acquisition and processing module of the present invention;

[0066] Figure 13 is a working flowchart of the sensor module of the present invention.

[0067] Among them, 01, rotating shaft; 02, brake pin; 03, fixing bolt; 04, hinge; 05, angle steel; 06, channel steel; 07, H-shaped steel beam; 08, inverted T-shaped steel beam; 11, supporting bottom beam; 12, column; 13, reaction top beam; 14, reaction bottom beam; 15, cross beam; 16, tensile diagonal rod; 21, well-shaped steel frame; 22, sliding steel groove; 23, electric hoist; 24, mechanical gripper; 31, downward pressing loading device; 32, pushing loading device; 41, reaction frame; 42, cylinder; 43, horizontal jack; 44, hydraulic device; 45, lateral loading beam; 46, segment fixture; 51, positioning jack; 52, supporting platform; 53, bearing steel plate; 54, hinge support; 55, positioning steel groove; 61, angle sensor; 62, laser rangefinder; 63, tunnel section scanning detector; 221, locking bolt; 241, steel cable; 311, arc-shaped loading rod; 312, vertical loading beam; 313, cushion block; 314, ball seat; 315, ball head pin; 316, pressure sensor; 317, vertical jack; 441, cylinder block; 442, end cover; 443, piston; 444, piston rod; 445, hydraulic hose; 461, rubber pad; 462, top plate; 463, bottom plate; 551, positioning bolt. Specific embodiments

[0068] Next, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative efforts shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

[0069] Please refer to the attached Figure 1 - attached Figure 13 , the embodiment of the present invention provides a full-scale loading test device for segment circumferential joints of a shield tunnel based on the Internet of Things, including:

[0070] Steel frame support assembly, which is used to provide a support frame for the overall test device, including a support bottom beam 11, columns 12, reaction top beam 13, reaction bottom beam 14, cross beam 15 and tensile diagonal rod 16. The columns 12 are located on the support bottom beam 11, the reaction top beam 13 is placed between the columns 12, the reaction bottom beam 14 is a box girder and is provided with several holes along the axis. A rotating shaft 01 and a brake bolt 02 are arranged inside the holes. The reaction bottom beam 14 is fixed to the support bottom beams 11 on both sides through the rotating shaft 01, and the tensile diagonal rod 16 connects the top of the column 12 and both sides of the support bottom beam 11;

[0071] Specifically, the support bottom beam 11 is the basic part of the steel frame support assembly, bearing the weight of the entire test device and evenly transmitting this weight to the ground. The support bottom beam 11 is made of high-strength steel and has sufficient bearing capacity and stability. The columns 12 are the vertical support parts of the steel frame support assembly and are installed on the support bottom beam 11. The columns 12 are made of I-beams and have high compressive strength and stability.

[0072] The main function of the reaction top beam 13 is to bear the reaction force generated by the vertical loading system and evenly transmit these forces to the columns 12. The reaction bottom beam 14 is provided with several holes along the axis, and a rotating shaft 01 and a brake bolt 02 are installed inside the holes. Through the rotating shaft 01, the reaction bottom beam 14 can rotate flexibly to adapt to different test requirements. The brake bolt 02 is used to lock the position of the reaction bottom beam 14 to ensure its stability during the test. The reaction bottom beam 14 is fixed to the support bottom beams 11 on both sides through the rotating shaft 01 to ensure the stability of the entire frame.

[0073] The function of the cross beam 15 is to enhance the lateral stability of the entire frame and prevent the frame from undergoing lateral deformation during loading. The tensile diagonal rod 16 is the diagonal support part of the steel frame support assembly, connecting the top of the column 12 and both sides of the support bottom beam 11. The main function of the tensile diagonal rod 16 is to enhance the tensile performance of the entire frame and prevent the frame from undergoing tensile deformation during loading.

[0074] Transportation system, which is used to transport test segments, including a sliding steel trough 22, a well-shaped steel frame 21, an electric hoist 23 and a mechanical gripper 24. The sliding steel trough 22 is assembled by two angle steels 05 fixed by a hinge 04 relatively. The sliding steel trough 22 can be opened and closed along the rotating shaft 01 of the hinge 04. Circular holes are opened on both sides of the sliding steel trough 22, and locking bolts 221 are arranged inside the circular holes. Inverted T-shaped steel beams 08 are arranged at the bottom and sides of the well-shaped steel frame 21, and the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beams 08 can slide along the sliding steel trough 22. The electric hoist 23 is placed on the reaction top beam 13, and the mechanical gripper 24 is connected to the electric hoist 23 through a steel cable 241;

[0075] Specifically, the mechanical gripper 24 is used to fix the well-shaped steel frame 21 to ensure the stability of the well-shaped steel frame 21 during the lifting and moving processes. It can adjust the gripping position as needed to ensure the precise positioning of the segment. The electric hoist 23 is used to lift and move the well-shaped steel frame 21. Through the lifting function of the electric hoist 23, the segment can be lifted from the ground to the specified height to prepare for the subsequent loading test. The well-shaped steel frame 21 is used to carry the test segment, and the segment is moved to the specified position through the sliding steel groove 22. It provides stable support for the segment and ensures the safety of the segment during transportation and positioning.

[0076] The vertical loading system is used to apply a vertical force to the test segment. It includes a downward pressing loading device 31 and a pushing loading device 32. The downward pressing loading device 31 is fixed to the reaction top beam 13, and the pushing loading device 32 is fixed to the reaction bottom beam 14.

[0077] Specifically, the downward pressing loading device 31 is used to apply a vertically downward force to the test segment. The pushing loading device 32 is used to apply a vertically upward force to the test segment. It includes components such as an H-shaped steel beam 07, a vertical jack 317, a pressure sensor 316, a cushion block 313, and a vertical loading beam 312. The vertical jack 317 precisely controls the applied force through the pressure sensor 316. The cushion block 313 and the vertical loading beam 312 ensure the uniform distribution of the force and avoid local stress concentration.

[0078] The horizontal loading system is used to apply a horizontal force to the test segment. It includes a reaction frame 41, a cylinder 42, a horizontal jack 43, a hydraulic device 44, a transverse loading beam 45, a channel steel 06, and a segment fixture 46. The horizontal jack 43 and the hydraulic device 44 are placed inside the cylinder 42. The top surface of the cylinder 42 is provided with an opening and is fixed to the reaction frame 41 and the channel steel 06. The web of the channel steel 06 is provided with an opening. The transverse loading beam 45 is placed inside the channel steel 06. The top plate 462 of the segment fixture 46 is connected to the upper flange of the channel steel 06 through a hinge 04. The bottom plate 463 of the segment fixture 46 is fixed to the lower flange of the channel steel 06. Rubber pads 461 are arranged on the inner sides of the top plate 462 and the bottom plate 463 of the segment fixture 46. The top plate 462 and the bottom plate 463 of the segment fixture 46 are provided with openings and are provided with fixing bolts 03.

[0079] Specifically, the segment fixture 46 firmly clamps the test segment through the fixing bolts 03 to ensure that the segment does not displace or rotate during the horizontal loading process. The web of the channel steel 06 is provided with an opening for installing the connecting components of the transverse loading beam 45 and the hydraulic device 44. The transverse loading beam 45 is located inside the channel steel 06 and is used to uniformly transfer the force applied by the horizontal jack 43 to the test segment. The horizontal jack 43 is the main executing component of the horizontal loading system and is used to apply a horizontal force to the test segment. Powered by the hydraulic device 44, it can precisely control the magnitude and direction of the applied force.

[0080] It also includes a support system for supporting the test segment, which is placed on the support bottom beam 11 and includes a hinge support 54, a bearing steel plate 53, a positioning steel groove 55, a positioning bolt 551, a support platform 52, a positioning jack 51, and a tensile bolt 56. A hinge support 54 is arranged on the top of the bearing steel plate 53, and an inverted T-shaped steel beam 08 is arranged at the bottom of the bearing steel plate 53. The transverse rib of the inverted T-shaped steel beam 08 can slide left and right along the positioning steel groove 55. An inverted T-shaped steel beam 08 is arranged at the bottom of the support platform 52, and the transverse rib of the inverted T-shaped steel beam 08 can slide along the sliding steel groove 22. The positioning jack 51 and the tensile bolt 56 are arranged between the bearing steel plate 53 and the support bottom beam 11;

[0081] Specifically, the hinge support 54 allows the segment to rotate freely during the loading process, thus simulating the stress conditions under actual working conditions. The rotation function is realized through the rotating shaft 01. During the loading process, the hinge support 54 can insert a braking pin 02 to fix the position of the segment and prevent unnecessary rotation during the loading process. The positioning steel groove 55 is used to fix the inverted T-shaped steel beam 08 at the bottom of the bearing steel plate 53, and the left and right position adjustment of the segment is realized through the positioning bolt 551. After the position adjustment of the segment is completed, tightening the positioning bolt 551 can fix the inverted T-shaped steel beam 08 in the positioning steel groove 55 to ensure the position accuracy of the segment during the loading process. The positioning jack 51 is used to adjust the height of the bearing steel plate 53, thus realizing the vertical position adjustment of the segment. By precisely controlling the expansion and contraction of the positioning jack 51, the levelness and symmetry of the segment during the loading process can be ensured. The tensile bolt 56 is used to enhance the tensile performance of the support system and prevent structural deformation caused by the reaction force during the loading process. The tensile bolt 56 ensures the stability of the entire support system by connecting the bearing steel plate 53 and the support bottom beam 11.

[0082] A monitoring system for monitoring the stress and deformation conditions of the segment during the test, which includes monitoring elements, transmission lines, and data collectors.

[0083] The monitoring system includes multiple sensor modules for real-time monitoring of the stress and deformation conditions of the segment during the test. The sensor modules include:

[0084] A pressure sensing module, which utilizes the high sensitivity and high precision of the pressure sensor 316 to real-time monitor the vertical and horizontal pressures on the test segment during the loading process, and converts the pressure signal into an electrical signal and transmits it to the data acquisition processor;

[0085] Specifically, during the test, the pressure sensors 316 can monitor the vertical and horizontal pressures on the test segment in real time. These pressure sensors 316 are installed inside the vertical loading device and the jacking loading device 32, and can accurately measure the magnitude of the force on the segment during the loading process. The pressure sensors 316 convert the collected pressure signals into electrical signals and transmit them to the data acquisition processor through transmission lines. The data acquisition processor processes and analyzes these electrical signals to generate the force curve of the segment, providing an accurate data basis for the mechanical property analysis of the segment.

[0086] An angle sensing module that uses an angle sensor 61 to monitor the rotational angle change of the test segment during the loading process in real time. The measurement range of the angle sensor 61 is ±30°, and it converts the angle signal into an electrical signal and transmits it to the data acquisition processor;

[0087] Specifically, the angle sensor 61 converts the collected angle signal into an electrical signal and transmits it to the data acquisition processor through a transmission line. The data acquisition processor processes and analyzes these electrical signals to generate the angle change curve of the segment, providing an accurate data basis for the deformation analysis of the segment. Through the real-time monitoring of the angle sensing module, the test personnel can accurately understand the rotation of the segment during the loading process, thereby better evaluating the mechanical properties and structural stability of the segment.

[0088] A laser ranging module that uses a laser rangefinder 62 to measure the displacement change of the segment during the loading process;

[0089] A tunnel cross-section scanning monitoring module that uses a tunnel cross-section scanning detector 63 to scan the cross-section change of the test segment during the loading process. The tunnel cross-section scanning detector 63 is installed at the bottom of the test segment.

[0090] The monitoring system also includes a data acquisition and processing module for real-time acquisition and processing of the data collected by each sensor module. The data acquisition and processing module includes:

[0091] A data collector that is connected to each sensor module through signal lines, can real-time collect the electrical signals transmitted by the sensor module, and convert the electrical signals into digital signals;

[0092] Specifically, the data collector is a key device in the monitoring system. It is connected to each sensor module through signal lines and can receive the electrical signals transmitted by the sensors in real time. These electrical signals contain key information such as the force and deformation of the test segment during the loading process. The main function of the data collector is to convert these analog electrical signals into digital signals for subsequent processing and analysis. This conversion process ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data and provides a basis for subsequent data processing.

[0093] A data processing unit for real-time processing and analysis of the collected digital signals to generate force-deformation curves, angle change curves, displacement change curves, cross-section change curves, etc. of the segment. The data processing unit can perform processing such as filtering, fitting, and error analysis on the collected data;

[0094] Specifically, the data processing unit is responsible for real-time processing and analysis of the collected digital signals. It can generate various charts such as force-deformation curves, angle change curves, displacement change curves, and cross-section change curves of the segment, visually showing the mechanical behavior of the segment during the loading process. In addition, the data processing unit also has functions such as filtering, fitting, and error analysis, and can preprocess the collected data to remove noise and outliers, improving the accuracy and usability of the data. Through these functions, the data processing unit provides a scientific basis for the analysis of test results.

[0095] A data transmission unit for transmitting the processed data to a remote monitoring terminal through a wired or wireless network to achieve real-time monitoring and remote control of the test process;

[0096] Specifically, the data transmission unit is responsible for transmitting the processed data to a remote monitoring terminal through a wired or wireless network. This transmission method not only realizes real-time monitoring of the test process but also supports the remote control function, enabling the test personnel to operate and monitor at a place far from the test site. The data transmission unit ensures fast and stable data transmission, improves the efficiency and flexibility of the test, and also provides convenience for the storage and analysis of test data.

[0097] A remote monitoring terminal for receiving the processed data through the data transmission unit and displaying the force and deformation conditions of the segment in real time on the terminal interface.

[0098] Specifically, the remote monitoring terminal is the user interaction interface of the monitoring system. It receives the processed data through the data transmission unit and displays the force and deformation conditions of the segment in real time on the terminal interface. The test personnel can visually observe various indicators during the test process through this terminal, discover problems in a timely manner and make adjustments. The remote monitoring terminal not only improves the transparency and controllability of the test but also provides a platform for further analysis and research of test data. Through this terminal, the test personnel can comprehensively monitor and manage the test process to ensure the smooth progress of the test.

[0099] The downward loading device 31 includes a vertical jack 317, a pressure sensor 316, a cushion block 313 and a vertical loading beam 312. The cushion block 313 is provided with a hemispherical hole, and a ball seat 314 is arranged inside. A ball head bolt 315 is arranged on the ball seat 314. The bottom of the vertical loading beam 312 adopts an arc-shaped loading round bar 311. The pushing loading device 32 is inverted inside the H-shaped steel beam 07. A circular hole is opened in the web of the H-shaped steel beam 07. The pressure sensor 316 is placed in the hole in the web of the H-shaped steel beam 07. The vertical loading beam 312, the cushion block 313 and the reaction bottom beam 14 of the pushing loading device 32 are fixed to the inner sides of the upper and lower flanges of the H-shaped steel beam 07 through fixing bolts 03.

[0100] Specifically, the cushion block 313 is used to evenly transfer the force applied by the vertical jack 317 to the vertical loading beam 312. At the same time, through the cooperation of the ball seat 314 and the ball head bolt 315, it ensures that the direction of the force is always perpendicular to the surface of the segment, avoiding stress concentration caused by angle deviation. The vertical loading beam 312 is used to evenly transfer the force applied by the vertical jack 317 to the test segment. Through the arc-shaped loading round bar 311, the loading beam can better adapt to the shape of the segment, reduce local stress concentration, and ensure the accuracy and reliability of the test. The downward loading device 31 and the pushing loading device 32 can apply precise vertical force to the test segment through the coordinated work of the above components.

[0101] The hydraulic device 44 includes a hydraulic cylinder and a hydraulic hose 445. The hydraulic cylinder is placed inside a cylinder 42 with an opening on the top surface. The hydraulic hose 445 is connected to the hydraulic cylinder through the hole on the top of the cylinder 42. The hydraulic cylinder includes a cylinder block 441, a piston 443, a piston rod 444 and an end cover 442. The positioning steel groove 55 is assembled by two angle steels 05 opposite to each other. The angle steels 05 are fixed to the support platform 52 through hinge hinges 04. A strip hole is opened on one side of the angle steel 05. The positioning bolt 551 passes through the strip hole and can slide left and right along the strip hole.

[0102] Specifically, the hydraulic hose 445 ensures that the hydraulic oil can flow between the hydraulic cylinder and the hydraulic pump, thereby driving the hydraulic cylinder to work. This flexible connection method allows the hydraulic cylinder to work normally at different positions and angles, increasing the flexibility of the system. The cylinder 42 provides an installation position for the hydraulic cylinder and allows the hydraulic hose 445 to be connected to the hydraulic cylinder through the hole on its top surface. The hinge hinge 04 enables the positioning steel groove 55 to flexibly adjust the angle to adapt to the test segments at different positions.

[0103] The hydraulic device 44 and the positioning steel groove 55 work together in the test device to ensure the precise application of force and the precise adjustment of the position of the test segment during the loading process. The hydraulic device 44 provides power through a hydraulic cylinder and a hydraulic hose 445 to drive the horizontal jack 43 to apply a horizontal force; the positioning steel groove 55 realizes the precise positioning and fixation of the test segment through angle steel 05, hinge hinges 04 and positioning bolts 551.

[0104] A method for loading test on the circumferential joint force of a shield tunnel segment, comprising the following steps:

[0105] S1. Install the steel frame support and the installation and transportation system;

[0106] S2. Install the vertical loading system. Lay the jacking loading device 32 fixed on the reaction bottom beam 14 flat, open the sliding steel groove 22, insert the transverse rib of the inverted T-shaped steel beam 08 at the bottom of the well-shaped steel frame 21 into the sliding steel groove 22, hoist the segment onto the well-shaped steel frame 21, and move the segment to the specified horizontal position through the sliding steel groove 22; open the sliding steel groove 22, wait for the transverse rib of the inverted T-shaped steel beam 08 on the side of the well-shaped steel frame 21 to be inserted into the sliding steel groove 22, close the sliding steel groove 22, fix the well-shaped steel frame 21 with the mechanical gripper 24, start the electric hoist 23, and lift the segment to the specified height;

[0107] S3. Assemble the support system. Insert the transverse rib of the inverted T-shaped steel beam 08 at the bottom of the support system into the sliding steel groove 22, close the sliding steel groove 22, move the support system to the specified position, open the sliding steel groove 22, open the positioning steel groove 55 at the top of the support platform 52, insert the transverse rib of the inverted T-shaped steel beam 08 at the bottom of the bearing steel plate 53 into the positioning steel groove 55, close the positioning steel groove 55, install the support system on the bearing steel plate 53, and insert the brake pin 02 at the hinge support 54;

[0108] S4. Install the monitoring system;

[0109] S5. Open the top plate 462 of the segment fixture 46, and roughly adjust the position of the segment fixture 46 close to the segment through the positioning jack 51 and the positioning steel groove 55. After the preliminary position adjustment is completed, tighten the fixing bolt 03 between the top plate 462 and the bottom plate 463 of the segment fixture 46 to clamp the segment, remove the well-shaped steel frame 21, start the horizontal loading system. After loading to the specified horizontal load, rotate the reaction bottom beam 14 to make the jacking loading device 32 perpendicular to the segment, and finely adjust the position of the segment through the positioning jack 51 and the positioning steel groove 55 to keep the segment horizontal, symmetric left and right, and the bottom just in contact with the jacking loading device 32. During the hoisting and moving process of the segment, the hoisting and positioning of the segment are realized through the cooperation of the sliding steel groove 22 and the mechanical gripper 24.

[0110] S6. Pull out the brake bolts 02 located in the downward pressing loading device 31 and the pushing loading device 32, and the brake bolts 02 at the support. Start the vertical loading system and the tunnel section scanning detector 63.

[0111] Among them, through the fine adjustment of the positioning jack 51 and the positioning steel groove 55, the position accuracy of the segment during the loading process is ensured, and the influence of the segment position deviation on the test results is reduced.

[0112] Through the synchronous operation of the vertical loading system and the tunnel section scanning detector 63, the deformation of the segment during the vertical loading process is monitored in real time, providing accurate data for the stress analysis of the segment. Each monitoring element in the monitoring system collects and processes the data during the test process in real time through the data acquisition processor, providing comprehensive and accurate data support for the analysis of the test results. The pressure sensor 316 and the angle sensor 61 collect the stress and deformation data of the segment in real time during the test, and transmit the data to the data acquisition processor. The data acquisition processor analyzes and processes the collected data in real time, generates the stress-deformation curve of the segment, and provides accurate data basis for the mechanical property analysis of the segment.

[0113] S7. Implement dynamic loading strategy optimization. By deploying high-frequency pressure sensors (sampling rate ≥ 100Hz) and laser displacement meters, the stress distribution (accuracy ±0.1MPa) and displacement change (resolution 0.01mm) of the segment ring joint are collected in real time, and the data is transmitted using the industrial-grade RS485 bus to ensure that the transmission delay < 50ms;

[0114] S8. Analyze the real-time data based on the cloud algorithm model (such as the LSTM neural network), automatically adjust the jack pressure or the resistance spring parameters, simulate the influence of different stratum conditions on the segment, and realize the intelligent switching of the test conditions, where:

[0115] The input parameters include the stratum type code (soft soil / sand gravel / rock layer, etc.), the real-time load deviation rate (ΔP / P0), and the segment displacement rate (emergency braking is triggered when v ≥ 0.5mm / s);

[0116] The data sources for model training include the historical test database (including 200 different stratum conditions) and the real-time monitoring data stream (dynamically update the weight parameters);

[0117] The hydraulic system is set with a dual-redundancy control channel, and the switching time between the main and backup systems < 300ms;

[0118] The realization of the stratum simulation algorithm includes:

[0119] Soft soil stratum: Adopt the sine wave loading mode (frequency 0.1 - 0.5Hz) to simulate the rheological characteristics of the soil, and the phase difference control accuracy ≤ 1°;

[0120] Sandy pebble stratum: Implement pulse impact loading (peak pressure is 120% of the design value, duration is 0.5 s), and the pressure rise time ≤ 50 ms;

[0121] Composite stratum: Apply the reinforcement learning algorithm to dynamically generate the loading curve, optimize the strategy through Q-learning, and the working condition switching time < 10 s;

[0122] Machine learning model iteration mechanism: Automatically update the model parameters after every 10 groups of tests, and adopt transfer learning technology to transfer the weights of new working condition data to the basic model, with a 40% improvement in transfer efficiency;

[0123] S9. The triggering conditions for the intelligent working condition switching process include sudden changes in formation parameters (such as the confining pressure change rate > 5% / min), local segment strain exceeding the limit (> 80% of the design value), and the load deviation lasting > 30 s (error band ± 2%).

[0124] In addition, the present invention also provides a solution for the abnormal threshold alarm and linkage control module:

[0125] I. Abnormal threshold determination logic

[0126] Adopt a dual-trigger mechanism of "displacement + load", and determine it as abnormal when the following conditions are met simultaneously:

[0127] The slip displacement value > 110% of the set threshold.

[0128] The horizontal jack pressure value < 70% of the theoretical calculated value.

[0129] The deviation of adjacent sensor data > 15% (eliminating single-point false alarms).

[0130] II. Internet of Things linkage control architecture

[0131] Sensor layer → Edge computing gateway → Cloud platform → Execution terminal

[0132] This solution realizes the closed-loop control from abnormal detection to device linkage through multi-source data fusion judgment, and sets a scientific threshold range in combination with industry standards. Tests show that the system response delay can be controlled within 500 ms, and the false alarm rate < 0.3%.

[0133] Although the embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, for those of ordinary skill in the art, it can be understood that various changes, modifications, substitutions, and variations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principle and spirit of the present invention. The scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A full-scale loading test device for shield tunnel segment annular joint based on the Internet of Things, characterized in that: include: A steel frame support assembly, which is used to provide a support frame for an overall test device, comprising a support bottom beam (11), a column (12), a reaction top beam (13), a reaction bottom beam (14), a cross beam (15) and an anti-tension diagonal rod (16), wherein the column (12) is located on the support bottom beam (11), the reaction top beam (13) is placed between the columns (12), the reaction bottom beam (14) is a box beam, and a plurality of holes are arranged along the axis, a rotating shaft (01) and a brake pin (02) are arranged inside the hole, the reaction bottom beam (14) is fixed to the support bottom beam (11) on both sides through the rotating shaft (01), and the anti-tension diagonal rod (16) connects the top of the column (12) and both sides of the support bottom beam (11); A transport system for transporting test pipe segments, comprising a sliding steel trough (22), a well-shaped steel frame (21), an electric hoist (23) and a mechanical gripper (24); the sliding steel trough (22) is formed by two angle steels (05) fixed by hinges (04) and relatively assembled; the sliding steel trough (22) can be opened and closed along the rotating shaft of the hinges (04); circular holes are provided on both sides of the sliding steel trough (22), and locking bolts (221) are arranged in the circular holes; an inverted T-shaped steel beam (08) is arranged at the bottom and side of the well-shaped steel frame (21); the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam (08) can slide along the sliding steel trough (22); the electric hoist (23) is placed on the reaction top beam (13); and the mechanical gripper (24) is connected to the electric hoist (23) through a steel cable (241); A vertical loading system is used to apply a vertical force to the test segment, comprising a downward pressure loading device (31) and an upward push loading device (32), wherein the downward pressure loading device (31) is fixed to the reaction force top beam (13), and the upward push loading device (32) is fixed to the reaction force bottom beam (14); A horizontal loading system is used to apply horizontal force to a test segment, comprising a reaction frame (41), a cylinder (42), a horizontal jack (43), a hydraulic device (44), a transverse loading beam (45), a channel steel (06) and a segment clamp (46), wherein the horizontal jack (43) and the hydraulic device (44) are placed in the cylinder (42), the top surface of the cylinder (42) is opened and fixed to the reaction frame (41) and the channel steel (06), the web of the channel steel (06) is opened, and the transverse loading beam (45) is placed in the cylinder (42). A loading beam (45) is placed inside a channel steel (06); a top plate (462) of the segment clamp (46) is connected to an upper wing plate of the channel steel (06) via a hinge (04); a bottom plate (463) of the segment clamp (46) is fixed to a lower wing plate of the channel steel (06); rubber pads (461) are arranged inside the top plate (462) and the bottom plate (463) of the segment clamp (46); holes are opened on the top plate (462) and the bottom plate (463) of the segment clamp (46) and fixing bolts (03) are arranged thereon.

2. According to the Internet of Things-based shield tunnel segment annular joint full-scale loading test device of claim 1, it is characterized in that: Also includes: A support system, used for supporting the test segment, is placed on the support bottom beam (11), and comprises a hinge support (54), a bearing steel plate (53), a positioning steel groove (55), a positioning bolt (551), a support platform (52), a positioning jack (51) and a tension bolt (56); the hinge support (54) is arranged on the top of the bearing steel plate (53); an inverted T-shaped steel beam (08) is arranged on the bottom of the bearing steel plate (53); the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam (08) can slide left and right along the positioning steel groove (55); an inverted T-shaped steel beam (08) is arranged on the bottom of the support platform (52); the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam (08) can slide along the sliding steel groove (22); the positioning jack (51) and the tension bolt (56) are arranged between the bearing steel plate (53) and the support bottom beam (11); The monitoring system is used to monitor the stress and deformation of the pipe segment during the test, and includes monitoring elements, transmission lines, and data acquisition devices.

3. According to the Internet of Things-based shield tunnel segment annular joint full-scale loading test device of claim 1, it is characterized in that: The downward pressure loading device (31) comprises a vertical jack (317), a pressure sensor (316), a cushion block (313) and a vertical loading beam (312); the cushion block (313) is provided with a hemispherical hole, a ball seat (314) is arranged inside the cushion block, a ball head pin (315) is arranged on the ball seat (314), an arc-shaped loading round rod (311) is used at the bottom of the vertical loading beam (312); the top-pushing loading device (32) is inverted inside the H-shaped steel beam (07); a circular hole is arranged on the web of the H-shaped steel beam (07); the pressure sensor (316) is arranged in the cavity located on the web of the H-shaped steel beam (07); the vertical loading beam (312), the cushion block (313) and the reaction bottom beam (14) of the top-pushing loading device (32) are fixed to the inner sides of the upper wing plate and the lower wing plate of the H-shaped steel beam (07) by fixing bolts (03).

4. According to the Internet of Things-based shield tunnel segment annular joint full-scale loading test device of claim 2, it is characterized in that: The hydraulic device (44) comprises a hydraulic cylinder and a hydraulic hose (445). The hydraulic cylinder is placed in the cylinder (42) with a hole on the top surface. The hydraulic hose (445) is connected to the hydraulic cylinder through the hole on the top of the cylinder (42). The hydraulic cylinder comprises a cylinder body (441), a piston (443), a piston rod (444) and an end cover (442). The positioning steel groove (55) is composed of two angle steels (05) assembled relative to each other. The angle steel (05) is fixed to the supporting platform (52) through a hinge (04). A strip hole is opened on one side of the angle steel (05). The positioning bolt (551) passes through the strip hole and can slide left and right along the strip hole.

5. According to the Internet of Things-based shield tunnel segment annular joint full-scale loading test device of claim 2, it is characterized in that: The monitoring system includes a plurality of sensor modules for real-time monitoring of the stress and deformation of the pipe segment during the test. The sensor modules include: The pressure sensing module utilizes the high sensitivity and high precision of the pressure sensor (316) to monitor in real time the vertical and horizontal pressures exerted on the test segment during the loading process, and converts the pressure signal into an electrical signal and transmits it to a data acquisition processor; An angle sensing module, using an angle sensor (61) to monitor in real time the rotation angle change of the test pipe segment during the loading process, wherein the measurement range of the angle sensor (61) is ±30°, and converting the angle signal into an electrical signal to be transmitted to a data acquisition processor; A laser distance measurement module, which uses a laser distance meter (62) to measure the displacement change of the pipe segment during the loading process; The tunnel section scanning monitoring module uses a tunnel section scanning monitor (63) to scan the cross-section changes of the test segment during the loading process. The tunnel section scanning monitor (63) is installed at the bottom of the test segment.

6. The full-scale loading test device for shield tunnel segment annular joint based on the Internet of Things according to claim 5 is characterized in that: The monitoring system also includes a data acquisition and processing module, which is used to collect and process the data collected by each sensor module in real time. The data acquisition and processing module includes: The data collector is connected to each sensor module through a signal line, and can collect the electrical signals transmitted by the sensor module in real time and convert the electrical signals into digital signals; A data processing unit is used to process and analyze the collected digital signals in real time to generate the segment's stress-deformation curve, angle change curve, displacement change curve, and cross-section change curve, etc. The data processing unit can perform filtering, fitting, and error analysis on the collected data; The data transmission unit is used to transmit the processed data to the remote monitoring terminal through a wired or wireless network to achieve real-time monitoring and remote control of the test process; The remote monitoring terminal is used to receive the processed data through the data transmission unit and display the stress and deformation of the pipe segment in real time on the terminal interface.

7. A shield tunnel segment annular joint force loading test method based on the Internet of Things, according to the shield tunnel segment annular joint force loading test device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S1. Install steel frame support and transport system; S2, installing the vertical loading system, placing the push loading device (32) fixed on the reaction bottom beam (14) horizontally, opening the sliding steel groove (22), inserting the transverse rib of the inverted T-shaped steel beam (08) at the bottom of the well-shaped steel frame (21) into the sliding steel groove (22), hoisting the pipe segment onto the well-shaped steel frame (21), and moving the pipe segment to a specified horizontal position through the sliding steel groove (22); opening the sliding steel groove (22), waiting for the transverse rib of the inverted T-shaped steel beam (08) at the side of the well-shaped steel frame (21) to insert into the sliding steel groove (22), closing the sliding steel groove (22), fixing the well-shaped steel frame (21) with a mechanical gripper (24), starting the electric hoist (23), and lifting the pipe segment to a specified height; S3, assembling the support system, inserting the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam (08) at the bottom of the support system into the sliding steel groove (22), closing the sliding steel groove (22), moving the support system to the specified position, opening the sliding steel groove (22), opening the positioning steel groove (55) at the top of the support platform (52), inserting the transverse ribs of the inverted T-shaped steel beam (08) at the bottom of the bearing steel plate (53) into the positioning steel groove (55), closing the positioning steel groove (55), installing the support system on the bearing steel plate (53), and inserting the brake pin (02) at the hinge support (54); S4. Install monitoring system; S5, open the top plate (462) of the pipe segment clamp (46), and roughly adjust the position of the pipe segment clamp (46) by using the positioning jack (51) and the positioning steel groove (55) to get close to the pipe segment. After the preliminary position adjustment is completed, tighten the fixing bolts (03) between the top plate (462) and the bottom plate (463) of the pipe segment clamp (46) to clamp the pipe segment, remove the well-shaped steel frame (21), start the horizontal loading system, and after loading to a specified horizontal load, rotate the reaction bottom beam (14) to make the top push loading device (32) perpendicular to the pipe segment, and finely adjust the position of the pipe segment by using the positioning jack (51) and the positioning steel groove (55) to keep the pipe segment horizontal and symmetrical, and the bottom of the pipe segment just contacts the top push loading device (32); S6, pulling out the brake pins (02) located at the downward pressure loading device (31) and the upward push loading device (32), pulling out the brake pins (02) at the support, and starting the vertical loading system and the tunnel section scanning detector (63); S7. Implement dynamic loading strategy optimization, deploy high-frequency pressure sensors and laser displacement meters to collect the stress distribution and displacement changes of the segment annular seams in real time, and use industrial-grade RS485 bus to transmit data to ensure that the transmission delay is less than 50ms; S8, based on cloud algorithm model analysis of real-time data, automatically adjust the jack pressure or resistance spring parameters, simulate the impact of different formation conditions on the segments, and realize intelligent switching of test conditions, including: Input parameters include formation type code, real-time load deviation rate and segment displacement rate; The data sources for model training include historical test databases and real-time monitoring data streams; The hydraulic system is equipped with dual redundant control channels, and the switching time between the main and standby systems is less than 300ms; The formation simulation algorithm implementation includes: For soft soil layers, the sinusoidal wave loading mode is used to simulate the rheological characteristics of the soil, and the phase difference control accuracy is ≤1; For sandy and gravel formations, pulse impact loading is implemented, and the pressure rise time is ≤50ms; For composite formations, the reinforcement learning algorithm is used to dynamically generate loading curves. Through the Q-learning optimization strategy, the working condition switching time is less than 10s. The machine learning model iteration mechanism automatically updates the model parameters after completing 10 sets of tests, and uses transfer learning technology to transfer the weights of new working condition data to the basic model; S9. The triggering conditions for the intelligent working condition switching process include sudden changes in formation parameters, excessive local strain in the segment, and load deviation lasting for more than 30 seconds.

8. A shield tunnel segment annular joint force loading test method based on the Internet of Things according to claim 7, characterized in that: During the process of hoisting and moving the pipe segment in step S5, the hoisting and positioning of the pipe segment are achieved through the cooperation of the sliding steel trough (22) and the mechanical gripper (24).

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