A non-powered automatic runoff and sediment monitoring instrument

Abstract

The present invention discloses an unpowered automatic runoff and sediment monitor, comprising a weighing hopper and a weighing sensor. The monitor also includes a housing, one end of the weighing sensor being fixed to one side of the housing, and the weighing hopper being suspended below the other end of the weighing sensor via a hanger. An overflow port is provided on one side of the weighing hopper. A water tank is fixed to the top of the housing, an inlet communicating with the water tank is provided on the upper cover of the housing, and a water outlet is provided on the bottom of the water tank, located above the weighing hopper. A flip bracket and a double-trough hopper are hingedly connected to the housing, a reversing chute is fixed to the upper end of the support arm in the middle of the flip bracket, and a first water trough and a second water trough are fixed to either side of the flip bracket. The double-trough hopper has two triangular water troughs, each of which automatically rotates after receiving a certain amount of runoff, thereby switching to the other water trough to receive the runoff. The monitor can automatically measure sediment volume without the need for external power supply, making it suitable for field environments without a power grid.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to meteorological monitoring equipment, in particular to an unpowered automatic runoff sediment monitoring instrument. Background Art

[0002] Soil erosion is one of the world's most significant ecological and environmental problems, posing a serious threat to regional food production, environmental quality, and ecological security. In areas with high rainfall, particularly on slopes with large elevation fluctuations, rainwater carries sediment from high-altitude areas above and below the slopes, depositing it in lower elevations. Soil nutrients in high-altitude areas are also lost along with the water and soil, posing a serious threat to local crop production and food security. Therefore, measuring local runoff and sediment erosion, collecting runoff and sediment samples for nutrient loss analysis, and implementing appropriate soil and water conservation measures based on the degree of erosion are crucial for preventing and controlling local soil erosion, improving regional ecological and environmental quality, and increasing food production and economic benefits.

[0003] Currently, most runoff and sediment collection and measurement devices used in field experiments are based on the weighing principle. For example, publication number CN114062185A discloses a self-cleaning, single-bucket, tipping-over automatic runoff and sediment measurement device. This device utilizes a weighing sensor and a measuring bucket to measure runoff and sediment samples. This measurement device has the following problems:

[0004] 1. It needs to rely on external power to drive the sampling motor, sample pump, electric push rod and silt removal motor during operation, and cannot adapt to the field environment without power grid;

[0005] 2. The measuring barrel is exposed above the measuring platform, which is easily affected by the external climate and environment during measurement, thereby reducing the measurement accuracy. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide an unpowered automatic runoff sediment monitoring instrument, which can realize automatic measurement of sediment volume without external power supply and is adaptable to field environments without power grid.

[0007] The technical solutions of the present invention are as follows:

[0008] An unpowered automatic runoff and sediment monitor includes a weighing bucket and a weighing sensor. The monitor is characterized in that: a box is provided, one end of the weighing sensor is fixed to one side of the box, the weighing bucket is hinged to the lower end of a hanger and is suspended below the other end of the weighing sensor through the hanger, and is used to hold the runoff to be detected; an overflow port is provided on one side of the weighing bucket for discharging excess runoff;

[0009] A water tank is fixed on the top of the box body, a water inlet connected to the water tank is provided on the upper cover of the box body, and a water outlet is provided on the bottom of the water tank and is located above the weighing hopper, which is used to store the runoff to be tested and can flow into the weighing hopper below;

[0010] A rotatable flip bracket and a double-trough bucket are hingedly connected within the tank body. A reversing chute is fixed to the upper end of the support arm in the middle of the flip bracket. A first water trough and a second water trough are respectively fixed to the outer ends of the support arms on both sides of the flip bracket. The flip bracket has two extreme positions when it is swung. When it is swung to the right extreme position, the upper end of the reversing chute swings below the water outlet, and the lower end is located above the double-trough bucket, which is used to guide the runoff in the water tank into the double-trough bucket.

[0011] The double-trough bucket is located obliquely above the weighing bucket and has two triangular water troughs arranged in a staggered manner. After each water trough contains a certain amount of runoff, it can be driven to automatically swing, thereby switching to the other water trough to receive the runoff; when the double-trough bucket swings to the right to the right extreme position, the runoff in the corresponding side water trough can be dumped into the weighing bucket and the weighing bucket can be pushed to flip, so as to achieve automatic dumping after weighing; when the double-trough bucket swings to the left to the left extreme position, the runoff in the corresponding side water trough can be dumped into the first water trough, thereby driving the flip bracket to swing to the left extreme position, at which time the upper port of the reversing chute is away from below the water outlet;

[0012] When the flip bracket is swung to the left extreme position, the second water tank is located below the overflow port, and is used to receive excess runoff discharged from the overflow port and drive the flip bracket to swing to the right.

[0013] As a further preference, a water supply chute is provided in the box body between the water outlet and the weighing hopper, which is used to guide the runoff in the water tank into the weighing hopper; a rectangular opening is provided at the upper end of the water supply chute corresponding to the side of the reversing chute, so that when the reversing chute swings, the upper port is inserted into the water supply chute and close to the lower end of the water outlet.

[0014] As a further preference, the hinge shafts on both sides of the weighing bucket are located above its center of gravity to achieve automatic resetting of the weighing bucket after it is turned over.

[0015] As a further preference, the middle portion of the bottom surface of the double-trough bucket is hinged to a long column through a long axis and is fixed in the box body through the long column.

[0016] As a further preference, the flip bracket is in the shape of a tree branch, wherein the lower end of the arm in the middle is hinged to a short column through a short axis and is fixed in the box through the short column.

[0017] As a further preference, the lower end of the reversing chute is provided with an L-shaped channel arranged perpendicularly to its main body, and a water hole is provided on the bottom surface of the reversing chute at one end of the L-shaped channel entrance, which is used to guide the runoff entering the reversing chute into the right water trough of the double-trough bucket, thereby delaying the swing time of the double-trough bucket; the lower port of the L-shaped channel corresponds to the left water trough of the double-trough bucket, which is used to ensure the runoff flow rate entering the left water trough and shorten the reset time of the double-trough bucket.

[0018] As a further preference, an overflow nozzle is provided outside the overflow port of the weighing hopper, and an overflow chute is provided in the box body between the overflow nozzle and the second water tank, so as to accurately guide the excess runoff discharged from the overflow port into the second water tank.

[0019] As a further preference, the first water trough and the second water trough are both in the shape of a scoop, so as to drive the flip bracket to swing and quickly discharge the runoff entering the water trough.

[0020] As a further preference, one side of the water chute is fixed in the box by an L-shaped arm and the cross-sectional area of ​​the upper port is much larger than the cross-sectional area of ​​the lower port.

[0021] As a further preference, a water collecting trough is provided at the bottom of the box body. The water collecting trough is in the shape of a quadrangular pyramid and has a drain outlet at the center of its bottom surface for discharging runoff after detection.

[0022] As a further preference, the bottom surface of the water tank is an eccentric quadrangular pyramid and the water outlet is located at the lowest end of the bottom surface. An overflow pipe is provided near one end of the bottom surface of the water tank to discharge excess runoff entering the water tank.

[0023] As a further preference, the upper end of the weighing bucket is wedge-shaped and the top corner protrudes toward one end of the weighing sensor, so that it can automatically flip over under the impact of runoff when the double-trough bucket swings and tilts to the right.

[0024] The beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0025] 1. The weighing hopper is suspended below the weighing sensor by a hanger. Excess runoff is discharged into the second water trough through an overflow port on one side of the weighing hopper, which drives the flip bracket to swing, causing the upper end of the reversing chute to swing below the outlet and intercept the runoff in the water tank and guide it into the double-trough hopper. At this time, the mass of the runoff in the weighing hopper can be weighed by the weighing sensor; the weighing data is uploaded to the controller through the weighing sensor, and the sediment content of the runoff in the weighing hopper can be calculated; after a certain amount of runoff is filled in the water troughs on both sides of the double-trough hopper, it automatically swings and dumps the runoff in the corresponding water trough into the weighing hopper, pushing the weighing hopper to flip, thereby realizing automatic dumping after weighing; the flipping movement of the weighing hopper is completely free from dependence on external energy, and utilizes the potential energy and gravity of the water flow itself to achieve completely unpowered operation, without the need for external power supply, adapting to the off-grid environment, reducing energy dependence and operating costs.

[0026] 2. Through the standardized weighing bucket volume design and high-precision weighing sensor, accurate measurement of sediment content under different flow conditions is ensured. The modular structure reduces the probability of failure and ensures continuous data collection.

[0027] 3. The use of non-powered mechanical structure instead of complex electronic components reduces vulnerable parts and reduces the risk of sediment blockage; at the same time, it is easy to disassemble and clean, convenient for field maintenance, and extends the service life of the equipment. It is suitable for long-term unattended monitoring, which can simplify the equipment structure and reduce maintenance costs.

[0028] 4. Through non-powered design and weather-resistant material selection, the equipment can operate stably in remote mountainous areas, upstream rivers, deserts and other areas without power supply or in harsh climates, covering multiple application scenarios such as soil and water conservation monitoring, river sedimentation analysis, and non-point source pollution assessment. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the three-dimensional structure of the present invention.

[0030] Figure 2 It is the front view of the present invention after removing the door.

[0031] Figure 3 yes Figure 2 rear view.

[0032] Figure 4 yes Figure 2 3D structural diagram.

[0033] Figure 5 yes Figure 2 AA cross-sectional view.

[0034] Figure 6 It is a three-dimensional structural diagram of the present invention without the box body.

[0035] Figure 7 It is a structural diagram of the double-trough bucket when it swings to the right to the right extreme position after weighing.

[0036] In the figure: box body 1, rectangular opening 101, first water trough 2, flip bracket 3, limit frame 4, long axis 5, double trough bucket 6, reversing chute 7, L-shaped channel 701, water hole 702, overflow pipe 8, water tank 9, water outlet 901, water chute 10, L-shaped support arm 11, weighing sensor 12, hanger 13, T-shaped bracket 131, boom beam 132, weighing bucket 14, overflow port 141, limit plate 15, overflow chute 16, second water trough 17, bracket 18, sump 19, drain outlet 191, short column 20, long column 21, box door 22, upper cover 23, water inlet 231, cleaning port 232, proximity switch 24, overflow nozzle 25, hinge shaft 26. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0037] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0038] like Figures 1 to 6 As shown, the present invention relates to an unpowered runoff and sediment automatic monitoring instrument, which includes a box body 1, with openable box doors 22 hinged at the front and rear of the box body 1 respectively, and a weighing bucket 14 and a weighing sensor 12 provided in the box body 1. One end of the weighing sensor 12 is fixed to a frame on one side of the box body 1 by bolts, and the other end of the weighing sensor 12 is fixed to a hanger 13 by screws. The weighing bucket 14 is hinged at the lower end of the hanger 13 and is hung on the other end of the weighing sensor 12 through the hanger 13, and is used to hold the runoff to be detected.

[0039] The hanger 13 consists of a T-shaped bracket 131 at its upper end and boom beams 132 symmetrically bolted to each end of the T-shaped bracket. The weighing bucket 14 is hinged between the two boom beams 132 via short shafts. The upper end of the weighing bucket 14 is wedge-shaped, with its top corners protruding toward the end of the load cell 12, allowing it to automatically flip under the impact of runoff from the rightward swing and tipping of the double-trough bucket 6. An overflow port 141 is provided on one side of the upper end of the weighing bucket 14 to drain excess runoff.

[0040] A water tank 9 is fixed to the top of the box body 1 and is fixed to the bottom of the upper cover plate 23 on the top surface of the box body 1 by screws. The upper cover plate 23 is provided with a water inlet 231 and a cleaning port 232 connected to the water tank 9. A screw plug is installed on the cleaning port 232. A water outlet 901 is provided on the bottom surface of the water tank 9 for storing the runoff to be tested and allowing it to flow into the weighing hopper 14 below. The bottom surface of the water tank 9 is an eccentric quadrangular pyramid with the water outlet 901 located at the bottom end. An overflow pipe 8 is sealed and fixed near one end of the bottom surface of the water tank 9. The overflow pipe 8 is inserted into the upper part of the water tank 9 to discharge excess runoff entering the water tank 9.

[0041] A water chute 10 is located within the tank 1, between the water outlet 901 and the weighing hopper 14, to accurately direct runoff from the water tank 9 into the weighing hopper 14. One side of the water chute 10 is secured within the tank 1 via an L-shaped arm 11, and the cross-sectional area of ​​the upper end is significantly larger than that of the lower end. A rectangular opening 101 is provided at the upper end of the water chute 10, corresponding to the side of the reversing chute. This allows the upper end to be inserted into the water chute 10 and positioned close to the lower end of the water outlet 901 during the reversing chute's swing, thereby intercepting the flow.

[0042] A pivotable flip bracket 3 and a double-trough bucket 6 are hingedly connected within the housing 1. The flip bracket 3 is in the shape of a tree branch, with the lower end of the central arm hinged to a short column 20 via a short shaft and fixed within the housing 1 via the short column 20. The reversing chute 7 is fixed to the upper end of the arm in the middle of the flip bracket 3. The first water trough 2 and the second water trough 17 are respectively fixed to the outer ends of the arms on both sides of the flip bracket 3. Two limit plates 15 are symmetrically fixed to the upper ends of the short columns 20, so that the flip bracket 3 has two extreme positions when it swings. When it swings to the right extreme position, the upper end of the reversing chute 7 is inserted into the opening at the upper end of the water chute 10 and swings to the bottom of the water outlet 901. The lower end is located above the double-trough bucket 6 and is used to guide the runoff in the water tank 9 into the double-trough bucket 6.

[0043] The middle portion of the bottom surface of the double-trough bucket 6 is hinged to the upper end of a long column 21 via a long axis 5, and is fixed to the box body 1 via the long column 21. Two limit frames 4 are fixed to the long column 21 below the double-trough bucket 6. The two limit frames 4 are connected as a whole and are used to achieve left and right limit of the double-trough bucket 6 during its swing, so that the double-trough bucket 6 has two extreme positions during its swing.

[0044] The double-trough bucket 6 is located obliquely above the weighing bucket 14 and has two triangular water troughs arranged in a staggered manner. After each water trough is filled with a certain amount of runoff, it can be driven to swing automatically, thereby switching to another water trough to receive the runoff; when the double-trough bucket 6 swings to the right to the right extreme position, the runoff in the right water trough can be dumped into the weighing bucket 14 and push the weighing bucket 14 to flip over, so as to realize automatic dumping of the weighing bucket 14 after weighing; when the double-trough bucket 6 swings to the left to the left extreme position, the runoff in the left water trough can be dumped into the first water trough 2, thereby driving the flip bracket 3 to swing to the left extreme position. At this time, the upper port of the reversing chute 7 leaves the bottom of the water outlet 901, so that the runoff from the water outlet of the water tank 9 is re-introduced into the weighing bucket 14; at the same time, the second water trough 17 is located below the overflow port 141, for receiving excess runoff discharged from the overflow port and driving the flip bracket 3 to swing to the right.

[0045] The hinge shafts 26 on both sides of the weighing hopper 14 are located above its center of gravity to ensure automatic reset of the weighing hopper 14 after it is turned over. An integral overflow nozzle 25 is provided outside the overflow port of the weighing hopper 14. An overflow chute 16 is provided within the housing 1 between the overflow nozzle 25 and the second water tank 17. The overflow chute 16 is fixed to the housing 1 via a bracket 18 to accurately direct excess runoff from the overflow port into the second water tank 17.

[0046] The lower end of the reversing chute 7 is provided with an L-shaped channel 701 arranged perpendicular to the main body. A water hole 702 is provided on the bottom surface of the reversing chute 7, at the entrance end of the L-shaped channel 701. This hole is used to direct the runoff entering the reversing chute 7 into the right water channel of the dual-channel hopper 6, thereby delaying the swing time of the dual-channel hopper 6 and ensuring stable weighing time for the weighing hopper 14. The lower end of the L-shaped channel 701 corresponds to the left water channel of the dual-channel hopper 6, ensuring the runoff flow entering the left water channel and shortening the reset time of the dual-channel hopper 6.

[0047] The first and second water troughs 2 and 17 are both scoop-shaped, so that runoff entering the troughs can be quickly discharged after the flip bracket 3 is rotated. A water collection trough 19 is provided at the bottom of the box body 1. The water collection trough 19 is an inverted quadrangular pyramid with a drain port 191 at the center of its bottom surface for collecting and discharging runoff after testing.

[0048] Proximity switches 24 are fixed to the upper ends of the short and long columns 20 and 21, respectively. When the tilt bracket 3 and the double-trough bucket 6 swing to their right extreme positions, the corresponding proximity switches 24 are triggered. A programmable controller (not shown) is also housed within the housing 1. The proximity switches 24 and the signal outputs of the weighing sensors 12 are connected to the controller, which initiates timed weighing and simultaneously receives data on the flow rate within the weighing bucket 14 to calculate its sediment content.

[0049] The working principle of the present invention is as follows:

[0050] 1. The runoff to be tested is introduced into the water tank 9 through the external hose connected to the water inlet on the upper cover plate 23. At this time, the flip bracket 3 and the double-slot bucket 6 are in the left extreme position, and the runoff in the water tank 9 enters the weighing bucket 14 through the water outlet 901 and the water chute 10.

[0051] 2. When the runoff entering the weighing hopper 14 reaches the overflow port at the upper end, it flows into the second water tank 17 through the overflow nozzle and the overflow chute. When the runoff in the second water tank 17 accumulates to a certain amount, it can drive the flip bracket 3 to swing to the right extreme position. At this time, the upper end of the reversing chute 7 is inserted into the opening at the upper end of the water chute 10 and the runoff from the water outlet of the water tank 9 is intercepted and introduced into the right water tank of the double-slot hopper 6 through the water hole 702 on the bottom surface of the reversing chute 7. At the same time, after the flip bracket 3 swings, it triggers the corresponding proximity switch and sends a signal to the controller, and the controller starts timing.

[0052] 3. About 10 seconds after the timing starts, the runoff in the weighing hopper 14 gradually stabilizes at the height of the overflow port. The weighing sensor 12 can weigh the mass of the runoff in the weighing hopper 14 and upload the weighing data to the controller. The controller subtracts the reference weight of the weighing hopper 14 when it is filled with clean water from the weighing data to calculate the sediment content of the runoff in the weighing hopper 14.

[0053] 4. If Figure 7 As shown, when the right side of the double-trough bucket 6 is filled with a certain amount of runoff, its center of gravity gradually shifts to the right, which drives it to swing to the right. During the swing, the runoff in the right side of the water tank is dumped into the weighing bucket 14. Since the upper end of the weighing bucket 14 is wedge-shaped and the top angle protrudes toward one end of the weighing sensor 12, the weighing bucket 14 quickly flips over under the impact of the runoff, and pours the runoff in the weighing bucket 14 into the water collection tank 19 below, thereby realizing automatic dumping of the weighing bucket 14 after weighing; at the same time, the double-trough bucket 6 switches to the left side of the water tank to receive the runoff discharged from the reversing chute 7.

[0054] 5. When the weighing bucket 14 flips over and dumps, it automatically returns to its original position by relying on its center of gravity. At the same time, when the left water tank of the double-trough bucket 6 is filled with a certain amount of runoff, it drives it to swing to the left. During the swing, the runoff in the left water tank is dumped into the first water tank 2 and drives the flip bracket 3 to swing back to its initial position.

[0055] 6. Repeat the above steps in sequence to achieve continuous detection of sand content.

[0056] Although the embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed above, they are not limited to the applications listed in the description and implementation methods. They can be fully applied to various fields suitable for the present invention. For those familiar with the art, additional modifications can be easily implemented. Therefore, without departing from the general concept defined by the claims and the scope of equivalents, the present invention is not limited to the specific details and illustrations shown and described herein.

Claims

1. An unpowered automatic runoff sediment monitor, comprising a weighing bucket and a weighing sensor, characterized by: A box body is also provided, one end of the weighing sensor is fixed to one side of the box body, the weighing bucket is hinged to the lower end of a hanger and is hung below the other end of the weighing sensor through the hanger, and is used to hold the runoff to be detected; an overflow port is provided on one side of the weighing bucket for discharging excess runoff; A water tank is fixed on the top of the box body, a water inlet connected to the water tank is provided on the upper cover of the box body, and a water outlet is provided on the bottom of the water tank and is located above the weighing hopper, which is used to store the runoff to be tested and can flow into the weighing hopper below; A rotatable flip bracket and a double-trough bucket are hingedly connected within the tank body. A reversing chute is fixed to the upper end of the support arm in the middle of the flip bracket. A first water trough and a second water trough are respectively fixed to the outer ends of the support arms on both sides of the flip bracket. The flip bracket has two extreme positions when it is swung. When it is swung to the right extreme position, the upper end of the reversing chute swings below the water outlet, and the lower end is located above the double-trough bucket, which is used to guide the runoff in the water tank into the double-trough bucket. The double-trough bucket is located obliquely above the weighing bucket and has two triangular water troughs arranged in a staggered manner. After each water trough contains a certain amount of runoff, it can be driven to automatically swing, thereby switching to the other water trough to receive the runoff; when the double-trough bucket swings to the right to the right extreme position, the runoff in the corresponding side water trough can be dumped into the weighing bucket and the weighing bucket can be pushed to flip, so as to realize automatic dumping after the weighing bucket is weighed; when the double-trough bucket swings to the left to the left extreme position, the runoff in the corresponding side water trough can be dumped into the first water trough, thereby driving the flip bracket to swing to the left extreme position, at which time the upper port of the reversing chute is away from below the water outlet; When the flip bracket is swung to the left extreme position, the second water tank is located below the overflow port, and is used to receive excess runoff discharged from the overflow port and drive the flip bracket to swing to the right.

2. The unpowered runoff and sediment automatic monitoring device according to claim 1 is characterized by: A water supply chute is provided in the box body between the water outlet and the weighing bucket, which is used to guide the runoff in the water tank into the weighing bucket; a rectangular opening is provided on the upper end of the water supply chute corresponding to the side of the reversing chute, so that when the reversing chute swings, the upper port is inserted into the water supply chute and close to the lower end of the water outlet.

3. The unpowered runoff and sediment automatic monitoring device according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The hinge shafts on both sides of the weighing bucket are located above its center of gravity to achieve automatic reset of the weighing bucket after it is turned over.

4. The unpowered runoff and sediment automatic monitoring device according to claim 1 is characterized by: The middle part of the bottom surface of the double-trough bucket is hinged on a long column through a long axis and is fixed in the box body through the long column.

5. The unpowered runoff and sediment automatic monitoring device according to claim 1 is characterized by: The flip bracket is in the shape of a tree branch, wherein the lower end of the support arm in the middle is hinged to a short column through a short shaft and is fixed in the box through the short column.

6. The unpowered runoff and sediment automatic monitoring device according to claim 1, characterized in that: An L-shaped channel is provided at the lower end of the reversing chute and is arranged perpendicular to its main body. A water hole is provided on the bottom surface of the reversing chute at one end of the L-shaped channel entrance, which is used to guide the runoff entering the reversing chute into the right water trough of the double-trough bucket, thereby delaying the swing time of the double-trough bucket; the lower end of the L-shaped channel corresponds to the left water trough of the double-trough bucket, thereby shortening the reset time of the double-trough bucket.

7. The unpowered runoff and sediment automatic monitoring instrument according to claim 1 is characterized in that: An overflow nozzle is provided outside the overflow port of the weighing hopper, and an overflow chute is provided in the box body between the overflow nozzle and the second water tank, so as to accurately guide the excess runoff discharged from the overflow port into the second water tank.

8. The unpowered automatic runoff and sediment monitoring device according to claim 1 or 7, characterized in that: The first water trough and the second water trough are both in the shape of a scoop, so that the runoff entering the water trough can be quickly discharged after the flip bracket is driven to swing.

9. The unpowered automatic runoff and sediment monitoring device according to claim 2, characterized in that: One side of the water chute is fixed in the box body through an L-shaped support arm, and the cross-sectional area of ​​the upper port is much larger than the cross-sectional area of ​​the lower port.

10. The unpowered automatic runoff and sediment monitoring device according to claim 1, characterized in that: A water collecting trough is provided at the bottom of the box. The water collecting trough is in the shape of a quadrangular pyramid and has a drain outlet at the center of its bottom surface for discharging the runoff after detection.

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