Exploration method for physical structure and function of light quantum chip based on e-p-n quantum entangled state elementary particle model

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of quantum, and particularly discloses a physical structure and function exploration method of a light quantum chip based on an e-p-n quantum entangled state basic particle model. Related quantum characteristics are brand-new interpreted based on the e-p-n quantum entangled state basic particle model, and the physical structure and function exploration method of the light quantum chip based on the e-p-n quantum entangled state basic particle model is established based on the e-p-n quantum entangled state basic particle model. The method comprises the following steps: researching basic modules of a light quantum chip, including generation of light quantum, formation of light quantum bits, a light quantum storage and reading scheme, linear optical quantum calculation, a light quantum chip control module, a substrate material of the light quantum chip and the like, and carrying out deep analysis on a light quantum chip technology; and the color, the luminous intensity, the spatial relative position and the like of an object can be judged due to the capability, and the method can be applied to the fields of visual automatic driving and the like.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of quantum technology, and in particular to a method for exploring the physical structure and function of a photon chip based on an EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model. Background Art

[0002] Photonics Integrated Circuits (PIC) technology integrates multiple optical functions onto a tiny chip, achieving high-density, miniaturized, and low-power optical signal processing. It not only demonstrates tremendous potential in cutting-edge quantum computing and quantum communications, but has also achieved remarkable results in practical applications such as high-speed data center interconnection, biosensing, and medical diagnostics. Leveraging its ability to integrate with established semiconductor manufacturing processes, PIC technology significantly reduces production costs and meets diverse market demands through its multifunctional integration and high stability.

[0003] The development of integrated photonic quantum chips dates back to the 1970s. With the advancement of optical communications technology, researchers began exploring the possibility of integrating optical components into miniaturized chips to achieve more efficient optical signal processing. The concept of integrated optics gradually took shape in the 1970s. Researchers used semiconductor materials (such as silicon and gallium arsenide) to create optical waveguides, the essential components for transmitting light signals within chips.

[0004] In the 21st century, with the development of micro-nanofabrication technology, integrated photonic quantum chip technology has made significant progress. In 2004, a research team at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) developed a silicon-based optical waveguide, demonstrating the possibility of integrating multiple optical components on a single piece of silicon.

[0005] In May 2023, scientists at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich created the heaviest "Schrödinger's cat" yet. This research is expected to lead to the development of larger and more robust quantum bits. In 2023, Aaron Smino's team at the University of Maryland demonstrated that a superconducting quantum bit, known as a flux qubit, maintained its quantum properties for approximately 1.48 milliseconds, making it the longest-lived quantum bit to date and promising to make future quantum computers more practical.

[0006] In 2024, John J. Hopfield and Geoffrey E. Hinton were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their groundbreaking work in neural networks and machine learning. In fact, numerous research methods and theoretical tools in physics, such as statistical mechanics and quantum mechanics, have found unique applications in AI. Diffusion models, which have garnered considerable attention in recent years, are another excellent example. These models draw on the physical processes of Langevin dynamics, generating data by simulating the principles of molecular diffusion. By gradually adding noise to the data and then reconstructing it through a denoising process, diffusion models have achieved remarkable results in fields such as image generation, speech synthesis, and protein design. This invention, based on the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model, uses antennas to emit and detect light to observe, identify, and control target substances.

[0007] The research and development of photonic quantum chips has a broad background and promising applications. Because traditional chip manufacturing processes are limited in their application to quantum computing, the development of photonic quantum chips has become a new breakthrough. Without the need for traditional chip manufacturing equipment like lithography machines, production costs and manufacturing complexity are significantly reduced. With computing power 1.5 times that of NVIDIA's A100, these chips are suitable for applications in fields such as cryptography, artificial intelligence, and materials science.

[0008] Existing photonic quantum chip technology uses traditional semiconductor micro-nano processing technology to integrate a large number of photonic quantum devices on a single chip to realize quantum information processing applications. It has the advantages of high integration, high precision, and high stability. Silicon-based photonic quantum chips based on silicon-based integrated optical technology, thanks to their CMOS compatibility, strong nonlinear effects, and ultra-high integration, show great potential in realizing practical large-scale photonic quantum computing and information processing applications in the future. Therefore, in-depth analysis of photonic quantum chip technology, understanding its physical laws and applying them to computing and information processing applications will be of great significance to the development of practical applications such as quantum computing, quantum communication, high-speed interconnection of data centers, biosensors, and medical diagnosis. However, there is currently no complete research method that can achieve in-depth analysis and research on the physical structure and functions of photonic quantum chips. Therefore, it is of great significance to propose a scientifically based research method for the physical structure and functions of photonic quantum chips. Summary of the Invention

[0009] This invention conducts an in-depth analysis of photon chip technology, including silicon-based integrated optical basic devices, and technologies for the generation, manipulation, and detection of photons on silicon-based photon chips. It aims to design a photon chip that relies on antenna electromagnetic waves for control, and hopes that it will be able to judge the color, luminous intensity, and relative position of objects in space, and can be applied to fields such as visual autonomous driving.

[0010] This paper provides a new interpretation of relevant quantum properties based on the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model. Based on this model, the basic modules of the optical quantum chip are studied, including the generation of photons, the formation of photon quantum bits, photon storage and reading schemes, linear optical quantum computing, photon quantum chip control modules, and the substrate materials of the photon quantum chip. The specific scheme is as follows: A method for exploring the physical structure and function of a photonic quantum chip based on an EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model includes the following steps: Step 1: Deducing the mechanism of action of the 100% N attention mechanism.

[0011] Based on the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model, electrons in atoms undergo Larmor precession around protons. During this process, the spin magnetic fields of electrons and protons are relative at the resonance point, resulting in resonant entanglement. That is, in standard EPN elementary particles, electrons and protons are one-to-one corresponding.

[0012] Based on the N attention mechanism of the epn quantum entangled state elementary particle model, the magnetic field generated by the electron and proton spins and the displacement current generated by the electron Larmor precession follow the right-hand rule. For epn quantum entangled state elementary particles that are not single protons, if the N magnetic field direction is taken as upward, there is a 100% N upward attention mechanism.

[0013] like Figure 1 As shown, (1) for any two proton-electron pairs (ep), in order to maintain the system equilibrium in the atom, the spin magnetic moments of these particles are always connected with the N and N poles. This means that if the N pole of an electron points outward, the N pole of the electron symmetrical to it is always inward.

[0014] (2) Electrons are fermions. According to the Fermi-Dirac statistical principle and the Pauli exclusion principle, fermions cannot be in the same energy state. For electrons, they cannot be in the same energy level in the same atom. Even if they are in the same energy layer, they have different energy levels such as s, p, and d.

[0015] (3) For electrons with the N pole pointing outward, they tend to move outward, and their movement trend takes precedence over that of electrons with the N pole pointing inward, that is, their kinetic energy is greater than that of the latter.

[0016] Based on the above inferences, according to the kinetic energy theorem: That is, v1>v2. n1≠n2, and E1>E2, according to the energy level theorem: E1=n1hν>E2=n2hν That is, n1>n2.

[0017] Importantly, E1-E2>0 means there's always kinetic energy and momentum in the N direction. In the absence of external forces, the system will always move in that direction. When all atoms align in the N direction, the N-attention mechanism is 100%, generating a strong magnetic field. When the Pauli pairs' N directions are opposite, the N-attention mechanism is 50%, resulting in a state of non-magnetism or magnetic neutrality.

[0018] Step 2: Deducing the photon generation and preparation methods based on the EPN quantum entanglement characteristic model.

[0019] Step 2-1, deduce the source of light quantum generation based on the EPN quantum entanglement characteristic model.

[0020] Photons, also known as photons, are generated by light sources (lasers, light-emitting diodes, etc.). They are a radiation effect produced by energy excitation. Under external influences, atoms or molecules spontaneously emit photons due to unstable energy levels. When an atom's outer electrons absorb energy and are in an excited state at a high energy level, these electrons become unstable and spontaneously transition to a lower energy level, emitting a photon.

[0021] For example, the operating principle of lasers is based on the process of stimulated emission of radiation, which relates to the theory of stimulated emission proposed by Albert Einstein in 1917. Lasers use external energy (such as light or electricity) to excite atoms or molecules in the laser medium, causing them to enter an excited state. When these particles transition from a high energy level to a lower energy level, they release a photon with the exact same frequency, phase, and direction as the incident photon, thereby achieving light amplification. like Figure 2 As shown, a laser usually consists of the following main parts: Laser working medium: This is the source of laser generation, which can be solid, liquid, gas or semiconductor. The excitation medium contains a large number of atoms or molecules, usually in the ground state (low energy state).

[0022] Energy input: Energy is provided through light, electricity or chemical reactions to excite atoms or molecules to an excited state (high energy state).

[0023] Stimulated radiation: Atoms or molecules in an excited state will return to a low energy level due to the principle of minimum energy, at which time they release a light quantum that is completely identical to the incident light quantum, realizing light amplification.

[0024] Reflection and Gain: A laser typically contains two mirrors: a fully reflective mirror and a partially transparent output mirror, forming an optical resonant cavity. Light quanta reflect within this cavity, continuously passing through the excitation medium, generating more stimulated radiation and forming a coherent laser beam.

[0025] Laser output: A partially transparent output mirror allows a small portion of the laser to pass through, forming the output of the laser, which is a laser beam with strong directivity and good coherence.

[0026] Step 2-2: Deduce the preparation method of quantum dots based on the e-p-n quantum entanglement state elementary particle model.

[0027] Quantum dots can generate deterministic single photons. Quantum dots are nanocrystals prepared by molecular beam epitaxy, with the characteristics of "artificial atoms", and can provide an ideal single photon source for quantum secure communication and optical quantum computing. The way quantum dots generate single photons is through nano self-assembly, and the process includes the formation of self-assembled quantum dots and the generation mechanism of single photons.

[0028] Molecular beam epitaxy is to place the required crystalline material in a sputtering furnace in an ultra-high vacuum system and heat the sputtering furnace. The crystalline material forms a molecular beam, which is ejected from the furnace and deposited on a single crystal substrate maintained at several hundred degrees Celsius. If several sputtering furnaces are set up, multi-element semiconductor mixed crystals can be prepared, and doping can be carried out simultaneously. Since a quadrupole mass spectrometer monitors the intensity and relative ratio of the molecular beam and feeds the measured information back to each sputtering furnace, the crystal growth can be precisely controlled.

[0029] Through molecular beam epitaxy technology, crystal materials can be sprayed on the substrate wafer to form the prototype of a quantum well, and the growth of the quantum well can be controlled by MEB equipment, and finally quantum dots are formed. As Figure 3 shown, it is the MEB equipment.

[0030] Step 2-3: Deduce the luminescence principle of quantum dots based on the e-p-n quantum entanglement state model.

[0031] The luminescence principle of quantum dots mainly includes two mechanisms: exciton luminescence and band luminescence. As Figure 4 shown, exciton luminescence: In quantum dots, the combination of electrons and holes forms excitons. When the quantum dots are excited by an external energy source, the excitons will be catalyzed by the energy until the process of photoluminescence is reached. The photon energy emitted by the exciton is equivalent to the energy released when the exciton transitions from a higher state to a lower state, thus forming luminescence in the visible light band. This luminescence mechanism is called exciton luminescence.

[0032] Based on the red shift theory of light absorption of the e-p-n quantum entanglement state elementary particle model, the exciton luminescence of quantum dots has the characteristic of red shift. The energy absorbed by the photon chip is greater than the energy emitted by the quantum dots. Denote the energy value of the emission point of the quantum dots as E1, and the energy value absorbed by the photon chip as E2, then E1 < E2. According to the energy theorem: E = hν It can be seen that ν1<ν2, and λ1>λ2, that is, the spectrum of the light emitted by the quantum dots relative to the photons absorbed by the photon chip is shifted toward red light, that is, the photon chip that uses quantum dots to emit light has a higher energy absorption efficiency than other forms of light emission.

[0033] like Figure 5 As shown, bandgap luminescence: When quantum dots are excited, electrons transition from their free states to the valence band, causing recombination of charge carriers (electrons and holes), releasing energy and emitting photons. Because the band structure of quantum dots differs from that of larger materials, they have a narrower band gap, and the carrier transition energy is within the visible light range. This bandgap luminescence mechanism is one of the key properties of quantum dots.

[0034] Quantum dots possess remarkably stable optical properties. A single quantum dot contains tens of millions of atoms, yet its size is only tens of nanometers. They exhibit highly localized electron wave functions and significant quantum confinement. This ensures the emergence of quantum effects and the formation of distinct energy levels. Under certain conditions, they can deterministically generate single photons or entangled photon pairs.

[0035] Step 2-4: deduce and analyze the rotation direction of the photons generated by the quantum dots.

[0036] Based on the quantum theory of electromagnetic waves, the spin components of a light quantum can be three types: Sz=1 for left-hand rotation, Sz=0 for stationary, and Sz=-1 for right-hand rotation. Since the spin of a particle is an intrinsic property of the particle itself, the spin component of a light quantum cannot be zero and can only be left-hand rotation or right-hand rotation. This conclusion can be confirmed by Maxwell's equations.

[0037] Based on the N-attention mechanism of the elementary particles in the epn quantum entangled state and the law of conservation of angular momentum, the circularly polarized single photon (pump photon) emitted by the quantum dot will split into two simplest linearly polarized photons, namely the signal photon and the idle photon. The spin directions of the two depend on the injection direction of the pump photon. In the nanostructure, the light field will produce an electric field component along the propagation direction due to the strong confinement, thus showing a localized chiral circular polarization state distribution. Figure 6 As shown in the figure, when photons are incident in the positive direction, the evanescent field outside the microring resonator is nearly perfect left-handed circularly polarized light; when photons are incident in the negative direction, the evanescent field at the same location is nearly perfect right-handed circularly polarized light. Therefore, when a quantum dot is placed at a location outside the cavity wall where the chiral evanescent field is strong, the polarization direction of the photons it emits depends on the polarization direction of the excitation light.

[0038] Forward injection: At this time, the single photon injected into the quantum dot is a left-handed photon, which depends on the angle of injection. When the angle is large, both the signal photon and the idle photon are left-handed. When the angle is small, one is left-handed and the other is right-handed.

[0039] Negative injection: At this time, the single photon injected into the quantum dot is a right-handed photon, which depends on the angle of injection. When the angle is large, the signal photon and the idle photon are both right-handed. When the angle is small, one is left-handed and the other is right-handed.

[0040] According to quantum mechanics theory, the spin angular momentum of a photon is an observable quantity, and its value is: u k is the unit vector in the propagation direction, and are the creation and annihilation operators for momentum k and polarization π.

[0041] The specific curl can be obtained from the resonance curl formula of the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model: Based on the above theory, the spin of photons in optical quantum chips is artificially controlled and observed.

[0042] Step 2-5: deduce how light quanta are transmitted in the chip.

[0043] Quantum walks are an extension of classical random walks in quantum mechanics. Leveraging the properties of quantum superposition, the movement of particles within a lattice is explained using the statistical laws of quantum mechanical wave functions. Unlike classical random walks, particles in quantum walks can move in multiple directions simultaneously, forming multiple "clones" through beam splitters. These "clones" can interfere with or superimpose on each other, resulting in more complex behavior and the ability to carry a greater amount of information.

[0044] Random walks and Markov chains are often used to describe the random transitions of particles from one state to another in state space. In a classical random walk, a particle can only choose a single path for each state change. Quantum walks, their quantum counterpart, benefit from the quantum superposition effect, allowing particles to appear in different states with a certain probability, exhibiting the property of outward-diffusion ballistic transport. This property enables quantum walks to exhibit ultra-fast computational times in areas such as universal quantum computing, quantum random numbers, and graph connectivity problems.

[0045] like Figure 7 As shown, quantum walks can be represented as complex graphs, where the complexity of the graph depends on the number of nodes and edges in the graph. Complex graphs with high connectivity offer potential applications in areas such as graph isomorphism and multi-body quantum communication.

[0046] If a quantum bit wants to change from a pure state to a superposition state, it must use the Hadamard gate. The matrix symbol is H, and the matrix form is the square root of the Pauli X gate. The H gate can transform |0> into Convert |1> to Although the matrix form of the H gate is the square root of the Pauli-X gate, H 2 But it is not the Pauli X gate, but the unit matrix I, that is, H 2 =H'H=I. The representation of some single-qubit gates in quantum circuits is shown in the figure.

[0047] There are many ways to control the movement of light quanta in a chip.

[0048] Photonic quantum logic gate: The movement of photons can be controlled through photonic quantum logic gates, allowing photons to move in a specific direction and accurately complete information transmission.

[0049] Electromagnetic confinement: By establishing an external magnetic field and an external electric field, electromagnetic force confinement can be implemented on light quanta, promoting the speed and direction of movement of light quanta in the form of electromagnetic force.

[0050] Carrier lattice modification: By modifying the lattice of the chip's basic carrier material, photons can be moved along a designed route. Step 3: Deducing the formation of optical quantum bits and quantum codes based on the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model.

[0051] In optical quantum chips, the unit of quantum information is the qubit. Qubits are similar to classical bits, but incorporate the quantum properties of physical atoms. Due to the quantum superposition effect, qubits are no longer restricted to 0 and 1, but can superimpose multiple energy levels. A qubit with a superposition state of more than two energy levels is called a quantum code, and it can exist in multiple states, including 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on.

[0052] The physical realization of quantum bits (qubits) is key to the manufacture of optical quantum chips. Physical realization methods of qubits include superconducting circuits, trapped ions, silicon quantum dots, and diamond vacancies.

[0053] ① Based on the superconducting properties of EPN quantum entangled particles, the state of quantum bits can be manipulated by controlling the current and voltage in circuits made of superconducting materials. Superconducting circuit quantum bits have the advantages of being easy to integrate and expand. Since individual EPN quantum entangled particles are inherently superconducting, even the most basic EPN quantum entangled particles can be made into quantum bits.

[0054] ② Based on Ampere's circuit theorem and the Biot-Savart law, ions can be trapped in specific spatial locations using electromagnetic fields, and the ions' energy level structure can be used to realize quantum bits. Trapped ion quantum bits have long coherence times and high control precision.

[0055] ③ Based on the properties of the EPN elementary particles in semiconductor materials, quantum dot structures in semiconductor materials are used to realize quantum bits. Silicon quantum dot qubits are highly compatible with existing semiconductor technology and are expected to achieve the fusion of quantum computing and classical computing.

[0056] ④ By utilizing the unique crystal structure of carbon (C), vacancies can be created in diamond crystals and used as quantum bits. Diamond vacancy quantum bits have stable physical properties and long coherence times.

[0057] ⑤ Photons can be used as quantum bits. The polarization and phase encoding information of photons make optical quantum communication very stable and can be used for long-distance information transmission.

[0058] Nonlinear optical crystals (such as lithium triborate crystals) can be used to split a photon into a photon pair. The original photon is called a "pump photon" (a photon radiated in the process of raising (or "pumping") an electron from a lower energy level in an atom or molecule to a higher energy level and then returning to the ground state). The two photons in the photon pair are arbitrarily called "signal photons" and "idle photons" respectively. The pump photons used in the field of photon chips are circularly polarized. Circularly polarized light can be used in photon chips to reduce the loss and interference of optical signals during transmission, thereby improving the stability and reliability of communications. Due to the conservation of angular momentum, this beam of circularly polarized light is split into two beams of linearly polarized light with opposite spin directions, namely, the signal photon and the idle photon, one is left-handed and the other is right-handed. The signal photon and the idle photon can be entangled with each other to form a photon bit.

[0059] According to the law of conservation of energy and momentum, the total energy and total momentum of the photon pair are equal to the energy and momentum of the pump photon. According to the law of conservation of angular momentum, we can get: ω p =ω s +ω i ω p 、ωs 、ω i is the angular frequency of the pump photon, signal photon, and idle photon.

[0060] According to the law of conservation of momentum, we can get: k p =k s +k i k p 、k s 、k i are the momenta of the pump photon, signal photon, and idle photon, respectively.

[0061] When the light quanta split by nonlinear optical crystals meet the above two conditions at the same time, they can be entangled with each other to form an entangled state, realizing the physical properties of light quantum bits.

[0062] Photonic qubits can be made by spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC), which is stimulated by random vacuum fluctuations, so that photon pairs are generated at random times. The conversion efficiency is very low, about one per 10 12 An incident light quantum will generate an entangled pair of light quanta.

[0063] Step 4: Deduce how optical quantum chips store and read information.

[0064] Step 4-1, coherence and decoherence effects based on the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model.

[0065] Coherence refers to the existence of a phase relationship between light waves, which can be observed through interference and diffraction. Coherence allows the interference properties of light to be used for precise measurement and control. In quantum optics, light exists in the form of photons, which can have a phase relationship with each other. This phase relationship can be achieved using coherent light sources. The coherence of light quanta refers to the ability to maintain and manipulate quantum states. In quantum optics, coherence refers to the ability of quantum states to maintain their phase relationship during their evolution. Maintaining coherence is crucial for achieving high-precision quantum measurement, quantum computing, and quantum communication.

[0066] In the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model, the coherence between photons is actually the mutual entanglement effect between photons. Controlling the light source, that is, the light waves emitted by the antenna, to ensure the intensity of the photon entanglement effect can ensure the stability and accuracy of the quantum state of the photons during storage and retrieval. This ensures the accuracy and stability of information during photon transmission, and the photon entanglement effect is an ideal intrinsic property of photon chips.

[0067] Quantum decoherence is a consequence of quantum entanglement between a quantum system and its environment. When light quanta interact with the external environment, the differences in their phase, wavelength, and frequency gradually increase, causing the mutual interference between the light quanta to disappear. This is the decoherence effect. In the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model, decoherence refers to the destruction of the entanglement of light quanta under external influences. Based on this principle, quantum barriers can be artificially created to block the mutual entanglement of light quanta, causing them to exit the quantum bit state, freezing and storing the light quantum information at a specific moment. When needed, the light quantum barrier can be released, restoring quantum entanglement and returning it to the light quantum bit. This process can complete the storage and reading of light quantum information and can be used to manufacture optical quantum memory. Optical quantum memory is a device that coherently stores and instantly recovers optical quantum states. Using this process, flying optical qubits can be stored in a localized storage medium and read back when needed, preserving their nonclassical properties.

[0068] Step 5: deduce the operational logic of the photon quantum gate circuit.

[0069] In optical quantum chips, especially in quantum circuit computing models, a quantum logic gate (quantum gate) is a fundamental quantum circuit that operates on a small number of qubits. It is the foundation of quantum circuits and is reversible. Traditional computations can be represented using only reversible gates. A reversible Toffoli gate can implement all Boolean functions. This gate has a directly equivalent quantum gate, demonstrating that quantum circuits can simulate all the operations of traditional circuits.

[0070] Step 5-1: Deducing the implementation method of parallel computing based on the application of quantum logic gates in optical quantum chips.

[0071] Quantum logic gates are composed of quantum bit matrices. According to the Pauli exclusion principle, quantum logic gates can be divided into three types: Pauli X-gate, Pauli Y-gate, and Pauli Z-gate.

[0072] The Pauli-X gate operates on a single qubit. This gate is equivalent to a classical logical NOT gate. It replaces |0> with |1> and |1> with |0>. This gate can be represented by a Pauli X matrix: The Pauli-Y gate operates on a single qubit. This gate can be represented by a Pauli Y matrix: The Pauli-Z gate operates on a single qubit. This gate leaves the base state |0> unchanged and replaces |1> with |-1>. This gate can be represented by a Pauli Z matrix: Logic gates based on combinations of photonic qubits are called optical quantum logic gates. The principle of parallel operation of photonic qubits is primarily based on the superposition and entanglement of photons. Optical quantum logic gates can achieve parallel computing by manipulating the states and interactions of photonic qubits.

[0073] (Superposition) In classical computers, bits can only exist in two states: 0 or 1. In optical quantum computing, however, a photonic quantum bit (poqubit) can exist in a superposition of 0 and 1, and this superposition can occur multiple times. This means that a single photonic quantum bit can simultaneously represent multiple possible states. Combining multiple photonic quantum bits can produce an exponential number of possible states, which is the theoretical basis for parallel computing.

[0074] Quantum entanglement of photons is another practical basis for parallel computing. No matter how far apart, the states of two entangled photons remain correlated. An operation on one photon instantly affects the state of the other, a property that can be exploited for rapid information processing and transmission.

[0075] That is, photonic quantum chips can utilize the entanglement and superposition of photons to realize quantum parallel computing through the control of photonic quantum logic gates.

[0076] Step 5-2, deduce the transmission form of light quanta in the chip.

[0077] Quantum photonic chips operate without an electric current. They utilize quantum states of light to transmit and process information. Based on the fundamental properties of quantum mechanics, these chips can process information at extremely high speeds with minimal energy consumption. Their core operating principle is to confine photons within nanostructures, creating controllable quantum states that can be used as information units for rapid and efficient information transmission. Quantum photonic chips use photons for computation, rather than electrons, and therefore do not require an electric current. A photon, also known as a light quanta, is an electromagnetic wave that can be generated and controlled using antennas.

[0078] Step 5-2-1, deduce the electromagnetic wave radio frequency input method.

[0079] The RFID system transmits a radio frequency signal of a certain frequency through a transmitting antenna. When an RFID card enters the transmitting antenna's operating area, the coil inside the card generates an induced current, which is then activated by energy. Electromagnetic waves of the corresponding frequency are then emitted based on the information being transmitted and sent out through the built-in transmitting antenna. The receiving system's receiving antenna receives these signals and uses an optical quantum chip to analyze and calculate the corresponding results.

[0080] Step 5-2-2, deduce the transmission form of electromagnetic waves in the chip.

[0081] The principle of photon transmission within a chip is total internal reflection. During the optical transmission phase, light signals are transmitted through a waveguide structure. The waveguide design enables efficient transmission of light signals within the chip while avoiding scattering and loss. A photon waveguide structure, i.e., a lightguide structure that completely reflects photons, confining them to propagate within the structure. The waveguide's operating principle is to restrict the propagation direction of electromagnetic waves through its internal total internal reflection, forcing them to propagate along a specific path.

[0082] like Figure 8 As shown in Figure 1, a waveguide is a structure used to confine or guide the propagation of electromagnetic waves. It is usually made of metal and has a hollow interior. The internal space of the waveguide can restrict the propagation of electromagnetic waves along a specific direction. This structure prevents electromagnetic waves from radiating throughout space like an antenna, but instead confines them to the interior of the waveguide.

[0083] Step 5-2-3, deduce the method for detecting and determining the output results of optical quantum information.

[0084] During the light detection phase, the detector chip converts the received light signal back into an electrical signal. This process is achieved through the photoelectric effect. When exposed to light, electrons in a material absorb the energy of a photon. If the absorbed energy exceeds the material's work function, the electron escapes the material as a photoelectron, simultaneously creating a positively charged hole. Detector chips typically use phototransistors (PDs) to accomplish this conversion process.

[0085] Step 5-3: Analyze several CMOS chip logic circuits in detail and deduce their inspiration for optical quantum logic gates.

[0086] The basic logic gates that form the foundation of the chip use CMOS circuits. Its logic circuit structures include the following: AND Gate: When all input terminals are + (high level), the output is + (high level), otherwise the output is - (low level).

[0087] Y=AB The AND gate logic circuit in the chip exists in the form of MOS, and its circuit operation diagram is as follows Figure 9 shown.

[0088] OR Gate: As long as one of the input terminals is + (high level), the output is + (high level), and only when all the input terminals are - (low level), the output is - (low level).

[0089] Y=A+B.

[0090] The circuit operation diagram is as follows Figure 10 shown.

[0091] NOT Gate: When the input is +, the output is -; when the input is -, the output is +.

[0092]

[0093] The circuit operation diagram is as follows Figure 11 shown.

[0094] NAND Gate: The result of the AND gate is then processed by the NOT gate. When the AND gate output is +, the output is -;

[0095] The circuit operation diagram is as follows Figure 12 shown.

[0096] When the result of the AND gate is +, the output is -, and when the result of the AND gate is -, the output is +.

[0097] NOR Gate: The result of the OR gate is then processed by the NOT gate.

[0098]

[0099] The circuit operation diagram is as follows Figure 13 shown.

[0100] XOR Gate: When the two inputs are the same, the output is -, and when they are different, the output is +.

[0101]

[0102] The circuit operation diagram is as follows Figure 14 shown.

[0103] XNOR Gate: The opposite of XNOR Gate, the same input is +, and different input is -.

[0104]

[0105] The circuit operation diagram is as follows Figure 15 shown.

[0106] Transmission Gate: A controllable switch that can transmit both digital and analog signals. Composed of a pair of complementary MOSFETs (NMOS and PMOS), a transmission gate can transmit signals bidirectionally and has low on-resistance and high off-resistance.

[0107] A transmission gate is typically constructed by connecting an NMOS and a PMOS transistor in parallel: NMOS: It has good effect in transmitting low level, but there is threshold loss when transmitting high level.

[0108] PMOS: It is effective in transmitting high voltage levels, but has threshold loss when transmitting low voltage levels. The two can complement each other and achieve signal transmission across the entire voltage range.

[0109] like Figure 16 As shown, the transmission gate has two control signals: C and (Complementary signal): When C=1 and When , the transmission gate is turned on and the signal can be transmitted from the input to the output.

[0110] When C=0 and When , the transmission gate is closed, blocking signal transmission.

[0111] These basic logic gate circuits can be arranged and combined in different ways to form more complex logic circuits and devices, such as latches, triggers, timers, registers, counters, etc., and then form integrated chip circuits such as programmable logic devices (PLDs), single-chip microcomputers (MCUs), microprocessors (MPUs), and digital signal processors (DSPs).

[0112] like Figure 17 As shown in the figure, the combination and superposition of multiple logic gates can achieve the effect of basic calculation. Adders and subtractors are the products of the superposition of multiple logic circuits.

[0113] Step 5-4, deduce and analyze the connection and differences between classical logic gates and quantum logic gates.

[0114] Quantum logic gates are fundamentally different from classical logic gates, but they also share similarities in terms of functionality. Quantum logic gates can also perform the functions of classical logic gates, and the circuit logic of the two is roughly the same.

[0115] Despite their conceptual similarities, quantum logic gates and classical logic gates obey completely different physical laws.

[0116] Although quantum logic gates and classical logic gates operate on similar logic, their underlying algorithms are completely different. Classical logic gates use Boolean functions as their underlying code, while quantum logic gates use unitary matrices.

[0117] Reversibility: Classical logic gates are irreversible, while the unitary matrix used in quantum logic gates is a non-singular matrix and is reversible.

[0118] The biggest difference between classical logic gates and quantum logic gates lies in the difference in the basic units. The basic units of classical logic gates are electronic bits, while quantum logic gates use quantum bits.

[0119] Step 6: Deducing the linear optical quantum computing (LOQC) of the photonic quantum chip.

[0120] Linear optical quantum computing is a method for achieving efficient quantum computation using linear optical devices and photon sources. A qubit (a quantum bit) is defined as an optical port state containing a photon, also known as a bosonic qubit. An optical port is a physical system consisting of a state space containing a superposition of all possible states |n>, where n∈{0,1,2,...} is the number of possible photons at the port.

[0121] Step 6-1, deduce the conditions for realizing linear optical quantum computing (LOQC).

[0122] The qubit |0> represents an empty state (i.e., no photons are present at the port), and can be converted to the optical quantum state |1> by adding a photon to the port. The ground states of a bosonic qubit encoded at two ports m1 and m2 can be represented as |1,0> and |0,1>, while |ψ> = |1,0,0,1> represents a four-port, two-photon optical quantum state, with photons located at the first and fourth ports.

[0123] A viable linear optical quantum computer requires the preparation of quantum states, the ability to execute efficient and robust quantum gates, and a method to read out the final quantum state.

[0124] Step 6-1-1, deduce the method of preparing quantum state.

[0125] The initial state |0> (no photon in the port) can be prepared by using a single photon source, that is, a quantum dot to introduce photons to form a photon state |1>.

[0126] Step 6-1-2, deduce the conditions for the optical quantum chip to realize the ability to execute quantum gates.

[0127] Quantum gates in universal quantum computing can be implemented using optical devices. Phase shifters and beam splitters can be considered the simplest optical devices. The network formed by placing these two optical devices in a certain form is a linear optical network. The transformations of these two optical devices are both unitary, and the linear optical network formed is also a unitary matrix. The unitary matrix of a phase shifter is expressed as It only acts on one port. The unitary matrix of a beam splitter is expressed as Acting on two adjacent ports, where θ gives the offset of the beamsplitter, Indicates the phase relationship.

[0128] Step 6-1-3, deduce the method of observing quantum states.

[0129] To measure optical quantum states passing through a linear optical network, a photon detector can be used to detect whether a port contains a photon. For situations where a port contains multiple photons, a photon counting detector or a photon number resolution detector can be used. A photon counting detector requires a series of beam splitters and photon detectors. The beam splitters evenly distribute the multiple photons across each port, and a photon detector is used at each port to detect the presence of a photon. For n photons, the maximum probability of incomplete detection is n(n-1) / 2m, where m is the number of ports.

[0130] Step 6-2, deduce the implementation method of the optical quantum beam splitter.

[0131] like Figure 18 As shown in the figure, a beam splitter, also known as a light beam splitter, operates based on the physical phenomena of light refraction, reflection, transmission, and diffraction. When light enters a beam splitter, it is split into multiple rays due to the refraction, reflection, transmission, and diffraction effects of the material, and then refocused at different output ports. Beam splitters are typically designed based on various optical elements, such as prisms, mirrors, and diffraction gratings. Through reasonable combination and configuration, they can separate and recombine the incident light to meet the required spectral output and control requirements.

[0132] Beam splitters can be used as interferometers for photons. By layering the two-photon interference method to generate entanglement and extending it to more photons, more photons can be entangled. For quantum information processing, especially optical quantum computing, the greater the number of entangled photons, the better. However, as the number of entangled photons increases, the interference and measurement systems become more complex, and the experimental difficulty increases. The quantum state collapse of photons greatly increases the difficulty of observation. Photon counting detectors or photon number resolution detectors can address this problem to some extent. Step 6-3, deduce the implementation method of the optical quantum phase shifter.

[0133] Optical phase shifters operate by changing the refractive index of an optical material by applying external conditions (such as mechanical movement, stretching, or an electric field), thereby controlling the phase of the light signal transmitted through it. Specifically, optical phase shifters achieve functions such as focusing and eliminating aberrations in optical systems by changing the phase of light.

[0134] Optical path adjustment: This is achieved by changing the path of light through a device. Common methods include moving parallel plates or lenses. When light passes through a phase shifter, the moving device alters the light's path, thereby changing its phase. By controlling the position of the moving device, the focal plane can be moved, achieving focus.

[0135] Phase adjustment: By changing the phase of light, optical systems achieve functions such as focusing and eliminating aberrations. Common phase adjustment methods include using optical materials with different phase delays and electro-optic modulators. When light passes through optical materials with different phase delays, light of different wavelengths experiences different phase delays, thereby achieving functions such as focusing and eliminating aberrations in the optical system. Electro-optic modulators achieve these functions by controlling the electric field to change the phase of light.

[0136] The phase shifter is also a complex circuit element composed of multiple logic circuits. Its circuit diagram is as follows Figure 19 shown.

[0137] Step 7: Derive the chip control module of photonic quantum.

[0138] Step 7-1, deduce magneto-optical modulation based on Larmor precession electromagnetic relationship.

[0139] Faraday rotation magneto-optical effect When linearly polarized light passes through a material placed in a magnetic field and propagates along the direction of the magnetic field, the polarization plane of the light rotates. This is also called Faraday rotation or magnetic circular birefringence effect, abbreviated as MCB. In general materials, Faraday rotation (expressed by the rotation angle The relationship between the sample length d and the magnetic induction intensity B is as follows υ is a constant related to the properties of matter and the frequency of light, called the Verdet constant.

[0140] like Figure 20 As shown in the figure, when a photon passes through a magnetic field, the magnetic field changes the direction and waveform of the photon, causing the photon to rotate and change its energy to a certain extent.

[0141] Based on the electron Larmor precession of the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model, the movement of electrons under a magnetic field is always accompanied by right-handed Larmor precession. When the propagation direction of light is opposite, the direction of the polarization plane rotation angle does not reverse, which means that the photons in the optical quantum chip have different properties in different directions, that is, the photons in the optical quantum chip can superimpose multiple state information at the same time, which shows that the magneto-optical effect in the optical quantum chip is non-reciprocal.

[0142] Magneto-optical modulation The basic structure of a magneto-optical modulator consists of a magneto-optical medium, a magnetic field generator, and a photodetector. The magneto-optical modulator uses the Faraday effect to control the light beam and modulates the light quantum signal by changing the magnetic field strength.

[0143] The Faraday effect is used to control the light beam, and the modulation of other signals is indirectly completed by controlling the light signal instead of other signals. Figure 21 As shown, when no external magnetic field is applied, the output light intensity I varies with the angle α. When a magnetic modulation signal is applied, the generated external magnetic field causes the output polarized light to rotate by an angle φ, and the intensity of the output light also varies with the change in φ. In other words, changes in the output light intensity carry changes in the modulation signal. In optical quantum computers, conversion between light signals and sound signals, electrical signals, and other signals can be achieved.

[0144] Step 7-2, deduce the implementation method of the optical waveguide network of the optical quantum chip.

[0145] The mathematical properties of the waveguide network based on the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model are similar to those of the displacement current and both follow Maxwell's equations.

[0146] Step 7-2-1, determine the guided mode and transmission characteristics.

[0147] Assume that the distribution form of the electromagnetic field is E(x, y), where the wave number of the moving light quantum is λ, the refractive index distribution during the light quantum transmission process is n(x, y), and the intrinsic propagation constant of the light quantum during the transmission process is set to β.

[0148] According to the parameters set above, the decoupling of Maxwell's equations can be obtained: in is the free wave number in space. By solving the eigenmode of this equation, the guided modes supported by the waveguide and their transmission characteristics can be determined.

[0149] Step 7-2-2, deduce the transmission mode of light quantum in the optical waveguide.

[0150] Based on the optical theory of the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model, when a photon propagates in an optical waveguide, it should produce refraction propagation when it touches the boundary. By adding the z-axis to the optical waveguide transmission characteristic equation and taking the partial derivative integral, we can obtain: Where n0 is the reference refractive index and Δn is the refractive index perturbation. The above equations allow for the iterative calculation of the lateral field distribution of optical waveguide networks, which can be used to model and simulate complex waveguide transmission.

[0151] Step 7-2-3, deduce the optical quantum displacement current phase adjustment method of the optical waveguide network.

[0152] According to the displacement current theory, combined with the Mach-Zehnder interference theorem, the waveguide length L of the waveguide network and the refractive index n of the optical waveguide network are dynamically modulated, and the phase of the displacement current can be modulated. To complete the deduction, the following assumptions can be made: Assume that the displacement current before adjustment is I1 and its phase is The displacement current after adjustment is I2, and its phase is The phase difference is The refractive index of the optical waveguide network before adjustment is n1, and the refractive index after adjustment is n2. The refractive index interpolation is Δn. The waveguide length of the waveguide network before adjustment is L1, and after adjustment is L2. The waveguide length change is ΔL. Then: According to the waveform phase you want to adjust, perform cosine correction on the input displacement current I1 to obtain I2:

[0153] Step 7-2-4, deduce the interaction between different waveguide networks.

[0154] According to the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model, a quantum entangled state can be formed between two optical quantum waveguide networks. Assume that the amplitudes of the two optical quantum waveguide networks are A and B, the distance between them is z, the amplitude coefficient of A is β1, the amplitude coefficient of B is β2, and the quantum entanglement strength between the two is k 12 The interaction between the two produces magnetic resonance, which will change the amplitude of both at the same time, as follows: Step 8: Predict the base material of the photonic quantum chip.

[0155] Step 8-1, predict the silicon-based materials of photonic quantum chips.

[0156] Silicon-based photonic quantum chips are manufactured using silicon-based semiconductor materials (such as silicon and silicon dioxide). They utilize micro-nanofabrication techniques to generate, manipulate, and detect photons, enabling quantum information processing. Their core principle is based on the superposition, interference, and entanglement effects of photons in the EPN quantum entangled state model of elementary particles.

[0157] Photon generation: Silicon-based photonic quantum chips generate single photons through specific light sources, which serve as carriers of quantum information.

[0158] Manipulation of photons: Optical devices such as waveguides, couplers, and modulators manufactured using micro-nanofabrication technology are used to manipulate photons to achieve quantum state encoding, transmission, and processing.

[0159] Photon detection: The state of photons is detected by photodetectors to enable the reading of quantum information.

[0160] Advantages of silicon-based photonic quantum chips: High integration: Silicon-based materials have a high refractive index difference, which makes optical devices small in size and suitable for large-scale integration.

[0161] CMOS compatibility: The manufacturing process of silicon-based photonic quantum chips is compatible with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, which is conducive to reducing costs and achieving large-scale production.

[0162] Step 8-2, predict the carbon-based materials of photonic quantum chips.

[0163] A carbon-based chip refers to a chip made primarily of carbon. Carbon is a polymorphic element that can form materials with diverse structures and forms, such as diamond, graphite, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. Graphene, a two-dimensional material composed of a single layer of carbon atoms, exhibits excellent electrical, optical, mechanical, and thermal properties. Carbon-based chips utilize carbon nanomaterials such as graphene to create transistors and wires, enabling higher levels of integration and faster computing speeds than silicon-based chips. The advantages of carbon-based chips are that they can operate at room temperature, are unaffected by quantum effects, and have lower energy consumption and heat dissipation. However, carbon-based chips also have disadvantages such as difficulty in production, high cost, and poor stability.

[0164] Step 9: deduce the topological quantum realization based on displacement current.

[0165] Step 9-1, explain the direction-invariant property of displacement current.

[0166] like Figure 22 As shown in the figure, the displacement current based on the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model follows Ampere's circuit theorem and the right-hand rule. That is, the displacement current is always perpendicular to the system's own magnetic field N direction and exhibits a counterclockwise motion when viewed from the N direction. The electron's movement is opposite to the current's direction.

[0167] Step 9-2: Verify that the direction of electron motion and the direction of spin are locked to each other.

[0168] Quantum spin Hall materials exhibit an insulating state in the bulk but a topologically protected conducting state at their edges. This separation arises from band flipping caused by strong spin-orbit coupling, such as in germanene, where the buckling of the atomic structure enhances spin-orbit coupling.

[0169] When edge state electrons move in a specific direction, their spin directions are strictly restricted (for example, left-handed electrons move to the left and right-handed electrons move to the right). This locked relationship is protected by time reversal symmetry to avoid backscattering.

[0170] The quantum spin Hall effect's locking relationship between the spin direction and the direction of motion of edge-state electrons is the result of the combined effects of strong spin-orbit coupling and topological nontriviality. In topological materials, strong spin-orbit coupling leads to a strict correlation between the electron's momentum and its spin direction.

[0171] Strong spin-orbit coupling (SSC) is a strong interaction between the spin and orbital degrees of freedom in quantum materials. Its core feature is that it can significantly change the band structure of the material and induce unique topological effects.

[0172] The electron spin generates a magnetic moment, which interacts with the magnetic field generated by the atomic orbital (i.e., the energy of the magnetic moment in the electromagnetic field - μ·B), causing a correction ΔH to the Hamiltonian L·B. μ corresponds to the magnetic moment generated by the electron spin. Assuming that the electric field E in a coordinate system is transformed by Lorentz, there will be a magnetic field in the electronic coordinate system. p is the electron momentum. We get the spin-orbit coupling term: It can be seen that the electron spin and the orbital momentum vector have become a unified term. That is, the electron spin and the direction of motion have formed a fixed relationship.

[0173] Electrons moving in the electric field of an atomic nucleus will feel an equivalent magnetic field (generated by the relative motion of nuclear charges), and their spin magnetic moment will couple with the orbital magnetic moment, resulting in energy level splitting (such as the fine structure in the atomic spectrum).

[0174] The material's energy bands flip due to spin-orbit coupling, resulting in a separation of spin-up and spin-down energy bands. The spin direction of edge-state electrons is determined by the band structure in momentum space, forming a helical spin texture.

[0175] The quantum spin Hall effect exists in systems where time reversal symmetry is intact. In this case, electrons moving in opposite directions have opposite spins (e.g., left-handed electrons spin leftward, right-handed electrons spin rightward). Any scattering from localized impurities or defects requires a simultaneous flip in both momentum and spin direction, but time reversal symmetry prohibits such scattering, thus maintaining the locked spin-motion relationship.

[0176] The two spiral edge states are mirror images of each other under time reversal symmetry, and their coupling cannot open an energy gap, ensuring the stability of dissipative transport.

[0177] Step 9-3, deduce the quantum topological non-trivial properties of displacement current.

[0178] Topological nontrivial properties describe topological features of a material or geometric structure that cannot be eliminated under continuous deformation. These features are quantified by topological invariants (such as the Chern number and the Z² index) and have important applications in materials science and quantum physics. Topological nontrivial properties manifest themselves when a system has topological structures that cannot be eliminated by continuous deformation, such as the hole structure in a torus (a doughnut), whose topological invariants (such as the genus) remain unchanged during deformation.

[0179] For a topological insulator, Z2 = 1 indicates nontriviality, while Z2 = 0 indicates a trivial state. Clearly, the direction of electron movement and spin in the displacement current in this model are invariant relative to the system, making the electron's spin vector μ and momentum vector p quantum topological invariants. This means that the displacement current in the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model exhibits quantum topological nontrivial properties.

[0180] In summary, this application has the following beneficial effects: 1. Based on the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model, the electron spin magnetic field drives the 100% N attention mechanism of atoms, which provides a scientific theoretical basis for the scientific research of optical quantum chips.

[0181] 2. Based on the light absorption theory in the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model, a method for generating light quanta is derived, which enables light quanta to achieve wider and more universal applications.

[0182] 3. Based on the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model, the principle of quantum dot luminescence, namely exciton luminescence and band luminescence, is derived, and it is concluded that the spin state of light quanta depends on its N attention mechanism, which enables a more in-depth analysis of light quantum chip technology.

[0183] 4. Based on the quantum entanglement effect and disentanglement of the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model, combined with the quantum coherence and decoherence effects, a method for storing and reading quantum information is derived, which enables the application of optical quanta in the field of information technology.

[0184] 5. Through the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model, linear optical quantum computing can be realized, making the research on light quanta more in-depth.

[0185] 6. Based on the linear optical quantum calculation of the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model, optical quantum beam splitters and optical quantum phase shifters can be realized, which is conducive to further expanding the application scope of optical quantum.

[0186] 7. Through the electron Larmor precession of the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model, the magneto-optical effect is explained, and the realization method of the optical quantum magneto-optical modulator is derived, which is conducive to further expanding the application scope of optical quanta. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0187] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of proton-electron pairs maintaining system equilibrium in an atom; Figure 2 This is the working principle diagram of the laser; Figure 3 This is the principle diagram of molecular beam epitaxy technology; Figure 4 Schematic diagram of the principle of exciton luminescence; Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the principle of light emission; Figure 6 Schematic diagram of left-hand and right-hand rotation; Figure 7 Schematic representation of building complex graphs for multi-photon quantum walks; Figure 8 Schematic diagram of the working principle of optical waveguide; Figure 9 It is a schematic diagram of an AND gate CMOS circuit; Figure 10 Schematic diagram of an OR gate CMOS circuit; Figure 11 It is a schematic diagram of a NOT gate CMOS circuit; Figure 12 It is a schematic diagram of a NAND gate CMOS circuit; Figure 13 Schematic diagram of NOR gate CMOS circuit; Figure 14 Schematic diagram of XOR gate CMOS circuit; Figure 15 It is a schematic diagram of an XNOR gate CMOS circuit; Figure 16 Schematic diagram of two control signals of the transmission gate; Figure 17 Schematic diagram of the adder CMOS circuit; Figure 18 Schematic diagram of a thousand-nanometer-scale polarization beam splitter (combiner); Figure 19 is a schematic diagram of a phase shifter circuit; Figure 20 Schematic diagram of magneto-optical effect; Figure 21 Schematic diagram of the principle of magneto-optical modulator; Figure 22 is a schematic diagram showing the direction of displacement current; Figure 23 Schematic diagram of the superposition state quantum error correction mechanism in Example 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0188] The present application is further described in detail below with reference to the embodiments.

[0189] Example 1 A quantum bit error analysis and error correction method based on the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model is as follows: The main causes of qubit errors include environmental noise, coupling effects, and measurement errors. Qubits are highly susceptible to environmental influences. Even slight changes in temperature, pressure, or magnetic field can alter their quantum properties, disrupting the computational foundation. Furthermore, coupling between qubits can introduce errors, as their states influence each other and may become entangled. During the measurement process, qubit measurements often contain certain errors, which can also affect the final computational result.

[0190] Noise influence: The so-called noise refers to the interference in the environment, including sound waves, electromagnetic waves, etc. The influence of these external environments may cause decoherence effects in quantum bits.

[0191] Quantum decoherence refers to the process by which an open quantum system interacts with its external environment, causing the system's internal quantum state to degenerate, leading to the loss of superposition and entanglement. When a quantum system interacts with its external environment, it loses its coherence, manifested as the disappearance of quantum interference. This leads to energy dissipation or relative phase changes in quantum bits, ultimately causing the qubits to degenerate from a coherent superposition state to a mixed or single state.

[0192] There are two solutions to the above problem: ① Majorana fermion self-topological protection (topological code error correction) Majorana fermions are a very special type of particle in quantum mechanics, predicted by Italian physicist Ettore Majorana in 1937. Unlike Dirac fermions (such as electrons), Majorana fermions have their own antiparticles. This "identical" nature gives Majorana fermions their unique physical properties.

[0193] The primary mechanism by which Majorana particles achieve self-protection in topological superconductors is through their unique "half-quantum" spin excitation mode. This mode, located halfway between the superconducting energy gap, is a key characteristic of Majorana fermions. Specifically, Majorana fermions are essentially their own antiparticles. This "identical" nature protects them from external interference and damage within topological superconductors.

[0194] ②Superposition state quantum error correction mechanism (surface code error correction) like Figure 23As shown, by adding multiple qubits carrying the same information and superimposing them, information redundancy can be increased to reduce the error rate. For example, if a single 0 bit flips to 1 with probability p, two superposition states of 0 can be added to it, resulting in 000. As long as two or more of the three bits are not simultaneously erroneous, the information can be correctly corrected. When the single-bit error rate p is less than a certain value, a lower logical error rate can always be achieved. The more qubits are superimposed, the more powerful this error correction mechanism becomes; in other words, the more qubits, the lower the error rate.

[0195] Example 2 A method for predicting a solution to the high power demand of AI based on the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model is as follows: An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) requires thousands of logic gates. A 1MB cache requires millions of logic gates. And a floating-point unit (FLU) requires tens of millions of logic gates.

[0196] Roughly speaking, a traditional chip requires billions or even tens of billions of logic gate circuits, and the logic gate circuits are used repeatedly in some programs. This makes the power consumption of the chip very large. The power consumption of the logic gate circuit is at the nW level, which is 10 -8 ~9.9×10 -8 W, assuming the average power consumption of a logic gate is 5×10 -8 W, an A100 GPU chip has 1.2×10 10 logic gate circuits, then the power consumption of this GPU chip is: 5×10 -8 ×1.2×10 10 =600W Taking GPT-3 as an example, GPT-3 requires 1024 A100 GPU chips. Now only the chip energy consumption is calculated, so the power consumption of GPT-3 is: 600×1024=614400W The amount of electricity consumed by GPT in one day is as high as: 614400×24×60×60≈5.3×10 10 J According to 2021 data, the average monthly electricity consumption per person in China is 69.3 kWh. One day's GPT electricity consumption is enough to power one person for 213 months, or nearly 20 years.

[0197] Photonic quantum chips use quantum entanglement to transmit information, and information transmission can be completed by simply constraining and observing. Moreover, due to the superposition of photons, quantum entangled state superposition and parallel computing can be realized, which can process multiple computing tasks at the same time, significantly reducing the use of computing resources and greatly reducing energy consumption.

[0198] Quantum chips use qubits as the basic unit of computation, performing calculations through quantum superposition and entanglement, which significantly reduces their energy consumption. Specifically, quantum chips consume only one ninety thousandth of the energy of traditional electronic chips.

[0199] This specific embodiment is merely an explanation of the present application and is not a limitation of the present application. After reading this specification, those skilled in the art may make non-creative modifications to the present embodiment as needed, but as long as they are within the scope of the claims of the present application, they are protected by the patent law.

Claims

1. A method for exploring the physical structure and function of a photonic quantum chip based on an EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model, characterized by: The following steps are involved: Step 1: deduce the mechanism of action of 100% N attention mechanism; Step 2: Deducing the light quantum generation and preparation method based on the EPN quantum entanglement characteristic model; Step 2-1, deduce the source of light quantum generation based on the EPN quantum entanglement characteristic model; Step 2-2, deduce the preparation method of quantum dots based on the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model; Step 2-3, deduce the luminescence principle of quantum dots based on the EPN quantum entangled state model; Step 2-4: deduce and analyze the handedness of the photons generated by the quantum dots; Steps 2-5: Deducing how light quanta are transmitted in the chip; Step 3: Deducing the formation of optical quantum bits and quantum codes based on the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model; Step 4: Deducing how the photonic quantum chip stores and reads information; Step 4-1, coherence and decoherence effects based on the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model; Step 5: deduce the operational logic of the photon gate circuit; Step 5-1: Deducing the implementation of parallel computing based on the application of quantum logic gates in optical quantum chips; Step 5-2, deduce the transmission form of light quantum in the chip; Step 5-3: Analyze several CMOS chip logic circuits in detail and deduce their inspiration for optical quantum logic gates; Step 5-4: deduce and analyze the connections and differences between classical logic gates and quantum logic gates; Step 6: Deducing the linear optical quantum computing (LOQC) of the optical quantum chip; Step 6-1, deduce the conditions for achieving linear optical quantum computing (LOQC); Step 6-2, deduce the implementation method of the optical quantum beam splitter; Step 6-3, deduce the implementation method of the optical quantum phase shifter; Step 7: deduce the chip control module of the photon; Step 7-1, deduce magneto-optical modulation based on Larmor precession electromagnetic relationship; Step 7-2, deduce the implementation method of the optical waveguide network of the optical quantum chip; Step 8: predict the substrate material of the photonic quantum chip; Step 8-1, predict the silicon-based material of the photonic quantum chip; Step 8-2, predict the carbon-based materials of the photonic quantum chip; Step 9: deduce the topological quantum realization based on displacement current; Step 9-1, clarify the direction-invariant property of displacement current; Step 9-2, verify that the electron motion direction and spin direction are locked to each other; Step 9-3, deduce the quantum topological non-trivial properties of displacement current.

2. The method for exploring the physical structure and function of a photon chip based on an EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model according to claim 1 is characterized by: The step 5-2 further includes the following steps: Step 5-2-1, deduce the electromagnetic wave radio frequency input method; Step 5-2-2, deduce the transmission form of electromagnetic waves in the chip; Step 5-2-3, deduce the method for detecting and determining the output results of optical quantum information.

3. The method for exploring the physical structure and function of a photon chip based on an EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model according to claim 1 is characterized by: The step 6-1 further includes the following steps: Step 6-1-1, deduce the quantum state preparation method; Step 6-1-2: deduce the conditions for the optical quantum chip to realize the ability to execute quantum gates; Step 6-1-3, deduce the method of observing quantum states.

4. The method for exploring the physical structure and function of a photon chip based on an EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model according to claim 1 is characterized by: The step 7-2 further includes the following steps: Step 7-2-1, determine the guided mode and transmission characteristics; Step 7-2-2, deduce the transmission mode of light quantum in the optical waveguide; Step 7-2-3, deduce the optical quantum displacement current phase adjustment method of the optical waveguide network; Step 7-2-4, deduce the interaction between different waveguide networks.

5. A method for exploring the physical structure and function of a photon chip based on an EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: The steps 2-4 are as follows: Based on the quantum theory of electromagnetic waves, there are three types of spin components of light quanta: Sz = 1 for left-handed rotation, Sz = 0 for static rotation, and Sz = -1 for right-handed rotation. Since the spin of a particle is an intrinsic property of the particle itself, the spin component of a light quantum cannot be zero and can only be left-handed or right-handed. This conclusion can be confirmed by Maxwell's equations. Based on the N-attention mechanism of the elementary particles in the epn quantum entangled state and the law of conservation of angular momentum, the circularly polarized single photon (pump photon) emitted by the quantum dot will split into two simplest linearly polarized photons, namely the signal photon and the idle photon, and the spin directions of the two photons depend on the injection direction of the pump photon. In the nanostructure, the light field will produce an electric field component along the propagation direction due to the strong confinement, thus showing a localized chiral circular polarization state distribution. When the photon is incident in the positive direction, the evanescent field outside the microring resonator is nearly perfect left-handed circularly polarized light; and when the photon is incident in the negative direction, the evanescent field at the same position is nearly perfect right-handed circularly polarized light. Therefore, when the quantum dot is placed at a position outside the cavity wall where the chiral evanescent field is very strong, the polarization direction of the photon it emits depends on the polarization direction of the excitation light. Forward injection: At this time, the single photon injected into the quantum dot is a left-handed photon, which depends on the angle of injection. When the angle is large, the signal photon and the idle photon are both left-handed. When the angle is small, one is left-handed and the other is right-handed. Negative injection: At this time, the single photon injected into the quantum dot is a right-handed photon, which depends on the angle of injection. When the angle is large, the signal photon and the idle photon are both right-handed. When the angle is small, one is left-handed and the other is right-handed. According to quantum mechanics theory, the spin angular momentum of a photon is an observable quantity, and its value is: u k is the unit vector in the propagation direction, and are the creation and annihilation operators of momentum k and polarization π; The specific curl can be obtained from the resonance curl formula of the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model:

6. The method for exploring the physical structure and function of a photon chip based on an EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model according to claim 4 is characterized by: The step 7-2-2 is specifically as follows: Based on the optical theory of the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model, when a photon propagates in an optical waveguide, it should produce refraction propagation when it touches the boundary. By adding the z-axis to the optical waveguide transmission characteristic equation and taking the partial derivative integral, we can obtain: Where n0 is the reference refractive index; Δn is the refractive index perturbation; The above equations can be used to iteratively calculate the lateral field distribution of the optical waveguide network step by step, which can be used to model and simulate complex waveguide transmission.

7. The method for exploring the physical structure and function of a photon chip based on an EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model according to claim 4 is characterized by: The steps 7-2-3 are as follows: According to the displacement current theory, combined with the Mach-Zehnder interference theorem, the waveguide length L of the waveguide network and the refractive index n of the optical waveguide network are dynamically modulated, and the phase of the displacement current can be modulated. The following assumptions are made to complete the deduction: Assume that the displacement current before adjustment is I1 and its phase is The displacement current after adjustment is I2, and its phase is The phase difference is The refractive index of the optical waveguide network before adjustment is n1, and the refractive index after adjustment is n2. The refractive index interpolation is Δn. The waveguide length of the waveguide network before adjustment is L1, and after adjustment is L2. The waveguide length change is ΔL. Then: According to the waveform phase you want to adjust, perform cosine correction on the input displacement current I1 to obtain I2:

8. The method for exploring the physical structure and function of a photon chip based on an EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model according to claim 4 is characterized by: The steps 7-2-4 are as follows: According to the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model, a quantum entangled state can be formed between two optical quantum waveguide networks; assuming that the amplitudes of the two optical quantum waveguide networks are A and B, the distance between them is z, the amplitude coefficient of A is β1, the amplitude coefficient of B is β2, and the quantum entanglement strength between the two is k 12 ; The interaction magnetic resonance between the two will change the amplitude shape of both at the same time, as follows:

9. A method for exploring the physical structure and function of a photon chip based on an EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: The step 9-2 is specifically as follows: Quantum spin Hall materials exhibit an insulating state in the bulk but a topologically protected conducting state at the edges; this separation arises from band flipping caused by strong spin-orbit coupling.

10. When edge state electrons move in a specific direction, their spin directions are strictly restricted (e.g., left-handed electrons move to the left, right-handed electrons move to the right). This locking relationship is protected by time reversal symmetry, preventing backscattering. The locked relationship between the spin direction and motion direction of edge-state electrons in the quantum spin Hall effect is the result of the combined effects of strong spin-orbit coupling and topological nontriviality. In topological materials, strong spin-orbit coupling leads to a strict correlation between the electron momentum direction and the spin direction. Strong spin-orbit coupling is the strong interaction between the spin and orbital degrees of freedom in quantum materials. Its core feature is that it can significantly change the band structure of the material and induce unique topological effects. The electron spin generates a magnetic moment, which interacts with the magnetic field generated by the atomic orbital (i.e., the energy of the magnetic moment in the electromagnetic field - μ·B), causing a correction ΔH to the Hamiltonian L·B. μ corresponds to the magnetic moment generated by the electron spin. Assuming that the electric field E in a coordinate system is transformed by Lorentz, there will be a magnetic field in the electronic coordinate system. p is the electron momentum; the spin-orbit coupling term is obtained: The electron spin and the orbital momentum vector have become a unified term, that is, the electron spin and the direction of motion form a fixed relationship; Electrons moving in the electric field of the nucleus experience an equivalent magnetic field (generated by the relative motion of the nuclear charges), and their spin magnetic moment couples with the orbital magnetic moment, leading to energy level splitting (such as the fine structure in the atomic spectrum). The energy bands of the material flip due to spin-orbit coupling, forming spin-up and spin-down energy band separation; the spin direction of the edge state electrons is determined by the energy band structure in momentum space, forming a spiral spin texture; The quantum spin Hall effect exists in systems where time reversal symmetry is intact. In this case, electrons moving in opposite directions have opposite spins (e.g., left-handed electrons spin leftward, right-handed electrons spin rightward). Any scattering from localized impurities or defects requires a simultaneous flip of both momentum and spin direction, but time reversal symmetry prohibits such scattering, thus maintaining the locked spin-motion relationship. The two spiral edge states are mirror images of each other under time reversal symmetry, and their coupling cannot open an energy gap, ensuring the stability of dissipative transport.

11. A method for exploring the physical structure and function of a photon chip based on an EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: The step 9-3 is specifically as follows: Topological nontrivial properties describe topological features of matter or geometric structures that cannot be eliminated under continuous deformation. These features are quantified by topological invariants (such as the Chern number and the Z² index) and have important applications in materials science and quantum physics. Topological nontrivial properties manifest themselves as the presence of topological structures in a system that cannot be eliminated by continuous deformation, such as the hole structure in a torus (a doughnut), whose topological invariants (such as the genus) remain unchanged during deformation. For a topological insulator, Z2=1 indicates non-triviality, while Z2=0 indicates a trivial state. Obviously, the electron movement direction and electron spin direction of the displacement current in this model are invariant relative to the system, which makes the electron spin vector μ and momentum vector p become quantum topological invariants, that is, the displacement current in the EPN quantum entangled state elementary particle model has quantum topological non-trivial properties.

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