Ecological restoration method for high and steep rock slope

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of slope treatment and ecological restoration, and discloses a high and steep rock slope ecological restoration method which comprises the following steps: removing impurities and loose rock soil on the surface of a slope; a plant climbing net is hung, and the slope surface is reinforced; prefabricated bearing frames are transversely arranged along the slope surface at intervals of 1 meter, each prefabricated bearing frame is formed by welding two L-shaped main anchor rods and two U-shaped steel bar auxiliary supports with upward openings, and the supporting and protecting effects are achieved; ecological bags filled with composite matrix soil are laid on the upper portion of the prefabricated bearing frame; planting suitable shrub, grass and vine mixed plant seeds to form an ecological system taking vine plants as main plants and shrub herbs as auxiliary plants; and installing a drip irrigation system for vegetation maintenance. The ecological bags are fixed in a stepped mode through the prefabricated bearing frame, and the problem of abrupt slope base material sliding is solved; a vine-shrub-grass composite vegetation system is constructed, and the regreening effect is enhanced; a drip irrigation maintenance system is matched, and the vegetation survival rate is increased.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of slope management and ecological restoration technology, and in particular to a method for ecological restoration of steep rock slopes. Background Technology

[0002] Many exposed, steep rock slopes have formed due to natural factors such as soil erosion, rock weathering, and human construction processes. These problems severely impact the local ecological environment, and natural restoration to the original state often takes a long time. According to industry research data, ecological restoration of steep rock slopes in my country still faces severe challenges. Among them, slopes with a gradient greater than 60° are significantly more difficult to restore vegetation than ordinary slopes due to exposed rock, infertile soil, and poor water retention. Traditional slope management methods mainly include: 1) Hydroseeding: A mixture of planting soil, binder, and seeds is sprayed onto the slope surface. However, this method is prone to substrate slippage and detachment due to gravity on steep rock slopes, and soil erosion is severe, making it difficult to achieve the expected vegetation survival rate. 2) Vegetation trough or planting bag technology: Prefabricated planting containers are installed on the slope and filled with soil. However, construction requires large machinery, has poor safety in steep terrain, and has high maintenance costs, making large-scale application difficult. 3) Netting and planting technology: The surface soil is fixed by metal netting, but rock slopes lack soil attachment foundation, have poor long-term stability, and are prone to overall collapse when encountering heavy rainfall.

[0003] Existing technologies suffer from the following common problems: 1) Insufficient structural stability: the planting substrate has weak adhesion to the rock surface, making it prone to sliding along steep slopes; 2) Difficulty in soil and water conservation: rainfall erosion leads to soil and nutrient loss, hindering the sustainable growth of vegetation; 3) High maintenance costs: frequent artificial watering and replanting are required, resulting in poor economic efficiency. Therefore, there is an urgent need for an ecological restoration method for steep rock slopes that can achieve low-cost, high-survival-rate vegetation restoration while ensuring structural safety. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the technical challenges of ecological restoration of steep rock slopes, this invention provides a method for ecological restoration of steep rock slopes, effectively solving the problems of high construction difficulty, easy soil and water loss, high maintenance costs, and low vegetation survival rate in traditional restoration techniques.

[0005] This invention provides a method for ecological restoration of steep rock slopes, comprising: S1. Slope treatment: Remove loose soil and debris from the surface of the rock slope to ensure slope stability. Install protective netting on slopes that are difficult to clean or may pose a risk. S2. Reinforcement with netting: Plant climbing netting is laid on the cleaned slope surface and fixed with anchors or U-shaped nails; S3. Precast load-bearing frame layout: Precast load-bearing frames are laid out at predetermined intervals along the slope. The long arms of the precast load-bearing frames are vertically embedded into the rock mass by drilling and grouting on the slope surface, while the short arms extend horizontally along the slope to support the ecological bags. The precast load-bearing frame is vertically welded together from two L-shaped main anchor rods and two U-shaped steel auxiliary supports with upward openings. The L-shaped main anchor rods include short arms and long arms. The short arms are in the same direction as the openings of the U-shaped steel auxiliary supports, and the long arms are used for vertical embedding into the rock mass. S4. Laying of ecological bags: Ecological bags are laid in the prefabricated load-bearing frame, and the ecological bags are filled with artificially prepared composite matrix soil. S5. Planting vegetation: Seeds of a mixture of suitable shrubs, grasses and vines are planted in the composite substrate soil to form an ecological restoration system with vines as the main component and shrubs and herbaceous plants as the auxiliary components. S6. Vegetation maintenance: Install drip irrigation facilities on the slope to regularly irrigate and replenish the vegetation to ensure the survival rate of the vegetation; the maintenance period shall not be less than 3 months, during which the irrigation frequency and fertilizer amount shall be adjusted according to the plant growth.

[0006] Furthermore, in S2, the mesh size of the plant climbing net is 5cm×5cm~10cm×10cm, and the material is corrosion-resistant polyethylene or steel wire mesh.

[0007] Furthermore, in S3, the U-shaped steel bar auxiliary support includes two side arms and a bottom arm, and the bottom wall is vertically welded to the end of the long arm near the short arm to support the ecological bag; Two L-shaped main anchor rods are set in parallel, and two U-shaped steel reinforcement auxiliary supports are set in parallel. The prefabricated load-bearing frame formed by them has a length of 30-50cm, a width of 20-30cm, and a height of 10-15cm.

[0008] Furthermore, in step S3, the long arm is vertically embedded into the rock mass by drilling and grouting, with M30 cement mortar as the grouting material and an anchoring depth of ≥40cm.

[0009] Furthermore, in step S4, the ecological bag is made of biodegradable non-woven fabric or polypropylene material, with a single bag volume of 10-15L, and the bag body is provided with breathable micropores to promote plant root growth.

[0010] Furthermore, in S4, the composite matrix soil is prepared from plain soil, organic fertilizer, natural fiber and slow-release fertilizer according to the vegetation growth requirements and slope conditions.

[0011] Furthermore, in S5, the vines are Virginia creeper, creeping fig, or kudzu vine; the shrubs are schefflera, tea vine, or pigeon pea; and the herbaceous plants are foxtail grass, tall fescue, or sedum.

[0012] Furthermore, in step S5, the seeds are planted by spraying or manual sowing, with the following sowing rates: 5-10 g / m² for vines, 3-5 g / m² for shrubs, and 10-15 g / m² for herbs.

[0013] Furthermore, in S6, the drip irrigation facility irrigates 2 to 3 times per week, increasing to once a day during the dry season, to ensure that the moisture content of the composite substrate soil is maintained at 25% to 35%.

[0014] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: This invention offers significant ecological, economic, and safety benefits. It utilizes a prefabricated load-bearing frame for stepped fixation of ecological bags, effectively overcoming the technical challenges of limited construction space and operational difficulties on steep rock slopes. This significantly improves construction convenience and efficiency. Furthermore, the composite structure formed by the prefabricated load-bearing frame and ecological bags strongly constrains substrate displacement, fundamentally preventing substrate slippage and significantly enhancing slope structural stability, ensuring long-term safety and reliability of the restoration project. Simultaneously, the use of a mixed vine-shrub-grass vegetation system rapidly establishes a stable vegetation community, achieving a high-efficiency revegetation effect with ≥90% vegetation coverage within one year, accelerating the restoration of slope ecological functions. In addition, the accompanying drip irrigation system replaces traditional manual maintenance, not only significantly reducing workload and costs but also precisely ensuring the water needs for vegetation growth, resulting in a stable vegetation survival rate of ≥95%. This truly achieves the goals of "high efficiency, stability, low cost, and high survival" for the ecological restoration of steep rock slopes, possessing broad application value. Attached Figure Description

[0015] Figure 1 This is a flowchart illustrating the ecological restoration method for steep rock slopes in this invention.

[0016] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the rock slope repair structure of the present invention.

[0017] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the rock slope surface according to the present invention.

[0018] Figure 4 This is a magnified three-dimensional schematic diagram of a portion of the slope restoration process in this invention.

[0019] In the attached diagram, 1 is the slope, 2 is the prefabricated load-bearing frame, 3 is the eco-bag, 4 is the vegetation, 5 is the climbing net, 6 is the drip irrigation system, and 7 is the composite substrate soil.

[0020] The realization of the objective, functional features and advantages of the present invention will be further explained in conjunction with the embodiments and with reference to the accompanying drawings. Detailed Implementation

[0021] It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.

[0022] Steep rock slopes have the following characteristics: 1) Geological characteristics: Steep rock slopes are typically composed of hard rocks such as granite, limestone, and sandstone. The rock mass has well-developed joints and fissures, and the surface is severely weathered. Many structural planes exist within the slope's rock and soil, cutting the rock mass into discontinuous blocks, making it prone to collapse. The slope angle of steep rock slopes is generally between 60° and 90°, with some areas even exhibiting negative angles. The permeability of the rock mass varies greatly, and some areas experience seepage of fissure water.

[0023] 2) Climate Characteristics: Significantly influenced by regional climate, the area south of the Qinling-Huaihe line is a humid region, while the area north is a semi-humid region. The humid southern region has a concentrated rainy season, with annual rainfall exceeding 800 mm. Southwest of the Great Khingan Mountains-Great Wall line, extending through the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the Gangdise Mountains, there is a semi-humid and semi-arid region, with the semi-humid region receiving 400-800 mm of annual rainfall. The area between central Inner Mongolia, the Helan Mountains, the Qilian Mountains, and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau forms a semi-arid and arid region, with the semi-arid region receiving 200-400 mm of annual rainfall and the arid region receiving less than 200 mm. Temperature variations are significant, and freeze-thaw cycles exist in some high-altitude areas.

[0024] 3) Ecological and environmental characteristics: The original vegetation on the steep rocky slopes is severely damaged; the topsoil is scarce, the soil fertility is poor, the organic matter content is low, the water and fertilizer retention capacity is poor, and it is difficult to support vegetation growth; the biodiversity index is low, the ecosystem is fragile, and the natural recovery capacity is poor.

[0025] 4) Slope stability characteristics: The rock mass has well-developed structural planes, exhibiting potential instability modes such as planar sliding and wedge-shaped failure. The surface rock mass is significantly weakened by weathering. Rainwater infiltration can easily trigger localized collapses. Furthermore, earthquakes, blasting, artificial excavation of slope soil and rock, and even ground vibrations caused by vehicle traffic can all increase the instability of the slope or slope rock and soil blocks, leading to landslides.

[0026] Based on this, the present invention provides a technical method for ecological restoration of steep rock slopes. It employs a prefabricated load-bearing frame 2 to achieve stepped fixation of ecological bags 3, solving the problem of substrate slippage on steep slopes; constructs a vine-shrub-grass composite vegetation system to enhance the revegetation effect; and includes a drip irrigation maintenance system to improve vegetation survival rate. Ultimately, this invention solves the technical problems of traditional restoration techniques, such as high construction difficulty, easy soil erosion, high maintenance costs, and low vegetation survival rate.

[0027] like Figure 1-4 As shown, this invention provides an ecological restoration method for steep rock slopes, applicable to the ecological restoration of steep rock slopes with a slope of ≥60°. The method specifically includes: S1. Slope treatment: Use manual labor and small machinery to remove loose soil, debris and loose rocks from the surface of the rock slope 1. If necessary, use high-pressure water guns to wash the slope surface to ensure the stability of the slope anchor points. Install protective nets on slopes that are difficult to clean or may be risky.

[0028] S2. Reinforcement with netting: Lay high-strength plant climbing netting 5 on the cleaned slope 1 surface, and fix it with expansion bolts, anchors or U-shaped nails. The overlap width between netting panels is ≥10cm to enhance slope stability and provide support for plant climbing.

[0029] The plant climbing net 5 has a mesh size of 5cm×5cm~10cm×10cm and is made of corrosion-resistant polyethylene or steel wire mesh.

[0030] S3. Layout of prefabricated load-bearing frame 2: The prefabricated load-bearing frame 2 is laid out at a set interval (1 meter, which can be adjusted according to actual needs and is not limited here) along the slope. The prefabricated load-bearing frame 2 is made of two L-shaped main anchor rods and two U-shaped steel auxiliary supports with upward openings, which are vertically welded together to provide support and protection. The L-shaped main anchor rods include short arms and long arms. The short arms are in the same direction as the openings of the U-shaped steel auxiliary supports, and the long arms are used to be vertically embedded into the rock mass. Specifically, the U-shaped steel bar auxiliary support includes two side arms and a bottom arm. The bottom wall is vertically welded to the end of the long arm near the short arm to support the ecological bag 3. Two L-shaped main anchor rods are arranged in parallel, and two U-shaped steel bar auxiliary supports are arranged in parallel. The final prefabricated load-bearing frame 2 has a length of 30-50cm, a width of 20-30cm, and a height of 10-15cm.

[0031] Finally, the long arm is vertically embedded into the rock mass by drilling and grouting, with an anchoring depth of ≥40cm. The short arm extends horizontally along the slope to support the ecological bag 3. The grouting material is M30 cement mortar, with an anchoring depth of ≥40cm.

[0032] S4. Laying of ecological bags 3: Ecological bags 3 are laid in the prefabricated load-bearing frame 2. The ecological bags 3 are made of biodegradable non-woven fabric or polypropylene material. The volume of a single bag is 10-15L. The ecological bags 3 are stacked in staggered layers. The bag body is provided with breathable micropores to promote the growth of plant roots.

[0033] The ecological bag 3 is filled with artificially prepared composite substrate soil 7; the composite substrate soil 7 is prepared by using plain soil, organic fertilizer, natural fiber and slow-release fertilizer according to the growth requirements of vegetation 4 and the conditions of slope 1.

[0034] S5. Planting of vegetation 4: Seeds of a mixture of suitable shrubs, grasses, and vines are planted in the composite substrate soil 7 using hydroseeding or manual sowing methods to form an ecological restoration system dominated by vines and supplemented by shrubs and herbaceous plants; specifically including: The main plants are climbing plants (Parthenocissus tricuspidata, creeping fig, and kudzu, 5-10 g / m²), which can quickly cover the slope and enhance the revegetation effect. Shrubs (Schefflera heptaphylla, Chaenomeles speciosa, and Birch chinensis, 3-5 g / m²) enhance the soil-fixing capacity of the vegetation's four root systems; Herbs (foxtail grass, sedum, tall fescue, 10-15g / m²) assist in initial soil stabilization and prevent rainwater from eroding the soil layer.

[0035] S6. Vegetation 4 Maintenance: Install drip irrigation facilities 6 (irrigation volume 15-20L / m²•time) on the slope along the laid ecological bags 3, with a drip spacing of 30cm, to regularly irrigate and replenish nutrients for the vegetation 4 to ensure the survival rate of the vegetation 4; the maintenance period shall not be less than 3 months, during which the irrigation frequency and fertilization amount shall be adjusted according to the plant growth. That is, if the vegetation 4 grows well after 3 months, the maintenance frequency can be gradually reduced. If the plant community still grows stably after 6 months, it shall be switched to natural maintenance; regularly check the stability of the prefabricated load-bearing frame 2 and replenish any slipping ecological bags 3.

[0036] The drip irrigation system 6 is irrigated 2-3 times per week, increasing to once a day during the dry season, to ensure that the moisture content of the composite substrate soil 7 is maintained at 25%-35%. During the vegetation maintenance stage, the stability of the load-bearing frame is checked regularly, and any slipping or loosened ecological bags 3 are reinforced.

[0037] This invention offers significant ecological, economic, and safety benefits. It utilizes a prefabricated load-bearing frame for stepped fixation of ecological bags, effectively overcoming the technical challenges of limited construction space and operational difficulties on steep rock slopes. This significantly improves construction convenience and efficiency. Furthermore, the composite structure formed by the prefabricated load-bearing frame and ecological bags strongly constrains substrate displacement, fundamentally preventing substrate slippage and significantly enhancing slope structural stability, ensuring long-term safety and reliability of the restoration project. Simultaneously, the use of a mixed vine-shrub-grass vegetation system rapidly establishes a stable vegetation community, achieving a high-efficiency revegetation effect with ≥90% vegetation coverage within one year, accelerating the restoration of slope ecological functions. In addition, the accompanying drip irrigation system replaces traditional manual maintenance, not only significantly reducing workload and costs but also precisely ensuring the water needs for vegetation growth, resulting in a stable vegetation survival rate of ≥95%. This truly achieves the goals of "high efficiency, stability, low cost, and high survival" for the ecological restoration of steep rock slopes, possessing broad application value.

[0038] It should be noted that, in this document, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, apparatus, article, or method that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such process, apparatus, article, or method. Unless otherwise specified, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one..." does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, apparatus, article, or method that includes that element.

[0039] The above description is merely a preferred embodiment of the present invention and does not limit the patent scope of the present invention. Any equivalent structural or procedural transformations made based on the content of the present invention's specification and drawings, or direct or indirect applications in other related technical fields, are similarly included within the patent protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for ecological restoration of steep rock slopes, characterized in that, include: S1. Slope treatment: Remove loose soil and debris from the surface of the rock slope to ensure slope stability. Install protective netting on slopes that are difficult to clean or may pose a risk. S2. Reinforcement with netting: Plant climbing netting is laid on the cleaned slope surface and fixed with anchors or U-shaped nails; S3. Precast load-bearing frame layout: Precast load-bearing frames are laid out at predetermined intervals along the slope. The long arms of the precast load-bearing frames are vertically embedded into the rock mass by drilling and grouting on the slope surface, while the short arms extend horizontally along the slope to support the ecological bags. The precast load-bearing frame is vertically welded together from two L-shaped main anchor rods and two U-shaped steel auxiliary supports with upward openings. The L-shaped main anchor rods include short arms and long arms. The short arms are in the same direction as the openings of the U-shaped steel auxiliary supports, and the long arms are used for vertical embedding into the rock mass. S4. Laying of ecological bags: Ecological bags are laid in the prefabricated load-bearing frame, and the ecological bags are filled with artificially prepared composite matrix soil. S5. Planting vegetation: Seeds of a mixture of suitable shrubs, grasses and vines are planted in the composite substrate soil to form an ecological restoration system with vines as the main component and shrubs and herbaceous plants as the auxiliary components. S6. Vegetation maintenance: Install drip irrigation facilities on the slope to regularly irrigate and replenish the vegetation to ensure the survival rate of the vegetation; the maintenance period shall not be less than 3 months, during which the irrigation frequency and fertilizer amount shall be adjusted according to the plant growth.

2. The method for ecological restoration of steep rock slopes according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S2, the mesh size of the plant climbing net is 5cm×5cm~10cm×10cm, and the material is corrosion-resistant polyethylene or steel wire mesh.

3. The ecological restoration method for steep rock slopes according to claim 1, characterized in that, In S3, the U-shaped steel bar auxiliary support includes two side arms and a bottom arm, and the bottom wall is vertically welded to the end of the long arm near the short arm to support the ecological bag; Two L-shaped main anchor rods are set in parallel, and two U-shaped steel reinforcement auxiliary supports are set in parallel. The prefabricated load-bearing frame formed by them has a length of 30-50cm, a width of 20-30cm, and a height of 10-15cm.

4. The ecological restoration method for steep rock slopes according to claim 3, characterized in that, In step S3, the long arm is vertically embedded into the rock mass by drilling and grouting. The grouting material is M30 cement mortar, and the anchoring depth is ≥40cm.

5. The ecological restoration method for steep rock slopes according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S4, the ecological bag is made of biodegradable non-woven fabric or polypropylene material, with a single bag volume of 10-15L, and the bag body is provided with breathable micropores to promote plant root growth.

6. The method for ecological restoration of steep rock slopes according to claim 1, characterized in that, In S4, the composite substrate soil is prepared by using plain soil, organic fertilizer, natural fiber and slow-release fertilizer according to the requirements of vegetation growth and slope conditions.

7. The method for ecological restoration of steep rock slopes according to claim 1, characterized in that, In S5, the vines are Virginia creeper, creeping fig, or kudzu vine; the shrubs are schefflera, tea vine, or pigeon pea; and the herbaceous plants are foxtail grass, tall fescue, or sedum.

8. The method for ecological restoration of steep rock slopes according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S5, the seeds are planted by spraying or manual sowing, with the following sowing rates: 5-10 g / m² for vines, 3-5 g / m² for shrubs, and 10-15 g / m² for herbs.

9. The method for ecological restoration of steep rock slopes according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step S6, the drip irrigation facility irrigates 2 to 3 times per week, increasing to once a day during the dry season, to ensure that the moisture content of the composite substrate soil is maintained at 25% to 35%.

Images