Method for constructing thick and fertile plough layer of dry farmland in plain area and improving productivity

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of soil fertilization, in particular to a plain area dry farmland thick and fertile plough layer construction and productivity improvement method which comprises the following steps: in the first year, after corn is harvested, smashing straws, turning and burying the straws and returning the straws to the field, and in the next year, performing soil preparation and sowing by adopting flat-planting wide-narrow-row planting or ridge-planting uniform-row planting; in the second year, after the corn is harvested, the whole straw or smashed straw covers and returns to the field, straw row-collecting no-tillage sowing is carried out in the next year, and flat-cropping wide-narrow row planting is adopted for sowing; in the third year, after the corn is harvested, the whole straw or smashed straw covers and returns to the field, straw row-collecting no-tillage sowing is carried out in the next year, and flat-cropping wide-narrow row planting is adopted for sowing. Through the implementation of the technical method, the thickness of a plough layer of the dry farmland in the plain area is increased by 13-15 cm, the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate is increased by 10%-15%, and the soil fertility level is increased by 0.5-1 grade.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of soil fertility improvement technology, particularly to methods for constructing a thick, fertile topsoil layer and enhancing productivity in dryland areas of plains. Background Technology

[0002] Northeast my country is an important commodity grain production base. Fully utilizing and protecting farmland resources is of great significance for stabilizing and improving the country's grain production capacity and ensuring the sustainable economic and social development of the region. However, for many years, farmland resources have been exploited through predatory development, neglecting their protection. This has led to a sharp decline in soil organic matter, thinning of the topsoil, thickening and shifting of the plow pan, and severe shrinkage of water and fertilizer storage capacity, seriously hindering sustainable agricultural development. Constructing a thick, fertile topsoil layer is key to achieving high crop yields and increased farmland productivity. Summary of the Invention

[0003] To address the aforementioned issues, this invention proposes a method for constructing and enhancing the productivity of a thick fertile topsoil layer in dryland areas of plains. With the goal of constructing a thick fertile topsoil layer and enhancing productivity, this method is based on key technologies such as thickening and expanding the topsoil layer, returning straw to the field for carbon sequestration and fertilization, and efficient fertilization and nutrient management.

[0004] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows:

[0005] Methods for constructing a thick, fertile topsoil layer and improving productivity in dryland areas of plains include the following steps:

[0006] In the first year, after the corn harvest, the straw is crushed and returned to the field. The following year, the land is prepared and sown, and sowing is carried out by either flat planting with wide and narrow rows or ridge planting with uniform rows.

[0007] In the second year, after the corn harvest, the whole or crushed straw is used as mulch and returned to the field. The following year, the straw is collected in rows and no-till planting is carried out. The planting method is flat planting with wide and narrow rows.

[0008] In the third year, after the corn harvest, the whole or crushed straw is used as mulch and returned to the field. The following year, the straw is collected in rows for no-till planting, and the planting method is flat planting with wide and narrow rows.

[0009] As a preferred method, straw crushing and burying for returning to the field includes: operations carried out after the autumn corn harvest and before the soil freezes;

[0010] Straw crushing: During or after corn harvesting, the straw is crushed, and the stubble above the ground is crushed a second time. The length of the crushed straw should be ≤10cm, the qualified rate of the chopped length should be ≥85%, and the average height of the stubble should be ≤8cm. The straw is evenly spread on the ground, with a straw spreading uniformity of >80%, no accumulation, and no missed cutting.

[0011] Turning and burying back to the field: A tractor-pulled hydraulic moldboard reversible plow is used for turning and burying the surface straw into the soil; the turning and burying depth is 30-35cm, there is no exposed straw on the surface, the depth of the front and rear plows is consistent, no clods are left, and the turning is consistent; turning is limited to the effective soil layer or soil with a topsoil layer of ≥25cm.

[0012] As a preferred method, straw crushing and backfilling includes:

[0013] Land preparation: After the straw is turned back into the field, land preparation should be carried out when the soil moisture is suitable, and the following requirements should be met:

[0014] The following year, for plots where flat planting with wide and narrow rows is adopted, when the absolute soil moisture content is 15%-25%, a power disc harrow is used to harrow the land to break up the soil, mix it evenly with the straw, make the surface flat, the soil breaking rate ≥70%, and the harrowing depth is 15-20cm.

[0015] Alternatively, for plots where ridge planting is adopted the following year, if the soil clods are large after plowing, it is advisable to first use a power disc harrow to break up and level the soil, and then use a ridge-fertilizer applicator or combined tillage machine to ridge and compact the soil to make it ready for sowing. If there are fewer large soil clods after plowing, the harrowing step can be omitted, and a combined tillage machine can be used to complete the soil breaking, ridge, and compaction operations in one go.

[0016] As a preferred method, straw mulching and no-till return to the field includes:

[0017] The operation can be carried out after the autumn corn harvest and before the soil freezes; it can also be carried out before spring sowing.

[0018] Straw crushing and mulching: During autumn harvest, the straw is directly crushed, or after harvest, a straw crushing and returning machine is used to crush the straw and then evenly cover the entire surface of the field; or

[0019] Whole stalk mulching: In areas with strong winter winds, whole stalk mulching can be used after corn harvest. When the yield is low, the mulching amount is small, and it does not affect no-till planting, shredding is not necessary. When the mulching amount is large and affects no-till planting, straw shredding and returning to the field should be done with a straw shredder before planting in the spring of the following year.

[0020] As a preferred approach, efficient fertilization and nutrient management during the first to third year of sowing includes:

[0021] Sowing can be carried out during the period from Grain Rain to Grain in Ear when the average soil temperature of the top 10cm layer is consistently above 10-12℃ for 5-7 consecutive days and the soil moisture content is between 10% and 25%.

[0022] For top dressing, use granular diammonium phosphate (N 18%, P2O5 46%) or a special top dressing fertilizer, at a rate of 5-8 kg / mu. For base fertilizer, use compound fertilizer or blended fertilizer with balanced nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients, with a nutrient content of N-P2O5-K2O = 28-8-10, at a rate of 40-50 kg / mu. For fields where straw is returned to the field, it is recommended to postpone the application of 15% nitrogen fertilizer, that is, apply it when returning straw to the field after autumn harvest.

[0023] Preferably, the sap fertilizer and base fertilizer are applied using a slow-release, one-time, double-layer deep fertilization method, specifically:

[0024] When sowing seeds at a depth of 3-5cm and using granular fertilizer with good mobility, the fertilizer required for the entire growth period of corn should be applied to the soil in two layers at once.

[0025] The upper layer is fertilizer, located 3-5cm below the seeds and 6-10cm from the soil surface;

[0026] The lower layer is the base fertilizer, located 7-8cm below and to the side of the seed, 10-13cm from the soil surface. The distance between the seed and fertilizer should be more than 6cm.

[0027] The beneficial effects of using this invention are:

[0028] The technical method developed in this invention has broad market application prospects and will play a crucial role in improving the soil topsoil structure of dryland in plain areas, increasing soil organic matter content, enhancing soil fertility, ensuring the country's comprehensive grain production capacity, and promoting sustainable regional economic development. Through the implementation of this technical method, the topsoil thickness in dryland in plain areas will increase by 13-15 cm, nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate will increase by 10%-15%, and soil fertility level will improve by 0.5-1 grade. Attached Figure Description

[0029] Figure 1 A schematic diagram illustrating the methods for constructing a thick, fertile topsoil layer and enhancing productivity in dryland areas of plains.

[0030] Figure 2 This is a data graph showing the physical properties of soil in the 0-60cm depth under different farming methods.

[0031] Figure 3 A data graph showing the distribution ratio of soluble nitrogen components in the 0-20cm soil layer at harvest time under different straw return methods and nitrogen fertilizer management models.

[0032] Figure 4 Data graphs showing urease activity in soil 0-20cm depth under different straw return methods and nitrogen fertilizer management models.

[0033] Figure 5 A graph showing the activity of nitrate reductase in soil at depths of 0-20 cm under different straw return methods and nitrogen fertilizer management models.

[0034] Figure 6 A data graph showing the yield of spring corn under different straw return methods and nitrogen fertilizer management models. Detailed Implementation

[0035] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this technical solution clearer, the following detailed description, in conjunction with specific embodiments, further illustrates this technical solution. It should be understood that these descriptions are merely exemplary and not intended to limit the scope of this technical solution.

[0036] like Figure 1 As shown, this invention proposes a method for constructing a thick fertile topsoil layer and enhancing agricultural productivity in dryland areas of plains. This method is based on the synergistic approach of thickening the topsoil layer, improving soil fertility, and applying fertilizers scientifically, and is tailored to local agricultural production realities. Specifically, the alternating straw return cycle is scientifically selected according to local conditions, taking into account factors such as soil topsoil thickness, soil fertility, straw return amount, and the occurrence of pests, diseases, and weeds in the field. In principle, straw mulching and no-till straw return are the primary methods, supplemented by straw crushing and burying, with a typical rotation cycle of 3 years. The method for constructing a thick fertile topsoil layer and improving productivity in dryland areas of plains includes the following steps: In the first year, after the corn harvest, the straw is crushed and returned to the field. The following year, the land is prepared and sown (flat planting with wide and narrow rows (wide rows 75-85cm, narrow rows 35-45cm) or ridge planting with uniform rows (55-60cm)); In the second year, after the corn harvest, the whole or crushed straw is used as mulch and returned to the field. The following year, the straw is piled up and no-tilled (flat planting with wide and narrow rows, wide rows 75-85cm, narrow rows 35-45cm); In the third year, after the corn harvest, the whole or crushed straw is used as mulch and returned to the field. The following year, the straw is piled up and no-tilled (flat planting with wide and narrow rows, wide rows 75-85cm, narrow rows 35-45cm).

[0037] The straw crushing, plowing, and returning to the field operation is carried out after the autumn corn harvest and before the soil freezes.

[0038] The work process includes:

[0039] Straw crushing: During or after corn harvesting, use a corn straw crusher to crush the straw (the stubble above the ground is crushed a second time; the straw crushing length should be ≤10cm, the qualified rate of the chopped length should be ≥85%, and the average height of the stubble should be ≤8cm), and evenly spread it on the ground (straw spreading uniformity >80%, no accumulation, and no missed cutting).

[0040] Plowing and burying: A tractor-pulled hydraulic moldboard reversible plow is used for plowing and burying, turning the surface straw into the soil. The burial depth is 30-35cm, with no exposed straw on the surface. The depth of the plowshares is consistent, leaving no uncultivated areas, and the tilling is uniform. Plowing is only applicable to soils with an effective soil layer (cultivated layer) of ≥25cm.

[0041] Land preparation: After the straw is turned back into the field, land preparation should be carried out when the soil moisture is suitable, and the following requirements should be met:

[0042] The following year, for plots planted with wide and narrow rows on flat land, when the absolute soil moisture content is 15%-25%, a power disc harrow is used to harrow the land to break up the soil, mix it evenly with the straw, make the surface flat, with a soil breakage rate of ≥70%, and a harrowing depth of 15-20cm.

[0043] For plots planted in rows on raised beds the following year, if the soil clods are large after plowing, it is advisable to first use a power disc harrow to break up and level the soil, and then use a ridging and fertilizing machine or a combined tillage machine to rid and compact the soil to prepare it for sowing. If there are fewer large clods after plowing, the harrowing step can be omitted, and a combined tillage machine can be used to complete the soil breaking, ridging, and compaction in one go.

[0044] The best time to perform straw mulching and no-tillage return to the field is after the autumn corn harvest and before the soil freezes; it can also be done before spring sowing.

[0045] Operation method: After the autumn corn harvest, the straw mulch can be shredded or mulched in whole, depending on the local climate conditions.

[0046] Straw crushing and mulching: During the autumn harvest, corn combine harvesters with built-in straw crushing devices can be used to directly crush the straw, or after harvest, straw crushing and returning machines can be used to crush the straw and then evenly cover the entire surface of the field.

[0047] Whole stalk mulching: In areas with strong winter winds, whole stalk mulching can be used after corn harvest; when the yield is low, the mulching amount is small, and it does not affect no-till planting, shredding is not necessary; when the mulching amount is large and affects no-till planting, straw shredding and returning to the field should be done with a straw shredder before planting in the spring of the following year.

[0048] In terms of fertilizer application, high-efficiency fertilization and nutrient management technology is adopted; during the period from Grain Rain to Grain in Ear, when the average soil temperature of the top 10cm layer is consistently above 10-12℃ for 5-7 consecutive days and the soil moisture content is between 10% and 25%, sowing can be carried out.

[0049] Fertilization method: For top dressing, use granular diammonium phosphate (N 18%, P2O5 46%) or a special top dressing fertilizer, at a rate of 5-8 kg / mu; for base fertilizer, use a balanced NPK compound fertilizer or blended fertilizer, with a nutrient content generally N-P2O5-K2O = 28-8-10, at a rate of 40-50 kg / mu. For fields where straw is returned to the field, it is recommended to postpone the application of 15% nitrogen fertilizer, that is, apply it when returning straw to the field after autumn harvest.

[0050] Select granular fertilizer with good flowability and apply it to the soil at the time of sowing (seed sowing depth is 3-5cm). Apply the fertilizer required for the entire growth period of corn in one go using the method of applying fertilizer in two layers: the upper layer is the top fertilizer, located 3-5cm below the seed and 6-10cm from the soil surface; the lower layer is the bottom fertilizer, located 7-8cm below and to the side of the seed and 10-13cm from the soil surface. The distance between the seed and fertilizer should be more than 6cm.

[0051] Example 1

[0052] This embodiment sets up a total of 10 treatments (kg·hm). -2 ):

[0053] ① Reference N-P2O5-K2O=0-90-90(N0);

[0054] ② Straw is not returned to the field (conventional), N-P2O5-K2O=210-90-90(N14);

[0055] ③ Straw is returned to the field under no-till mulch, N-P2O5-K2O=210-90-90(NSN14);

[0056] ④ Crush and plow the straw back into the field, N-P2O5-K2O=180-90-90(SN12);

[0057] ⑤ Crush and plow the straw back into the field, N-P2O5-K2O=210-90-90(SN14);

[0058] ⑥ Crush and plow the straw back into the field, N-P2O5-K2O=240-90-90(SN16);

[0059] ⑦ Crush and plow the straw back into the field, N-P2O5-K2O=210-90-90, of which 30kg of nitrogen (SN14HY) is applied when returning straw to the field in autumn;

[0060] ⑧ Straw composting and rotary tillage returning to the field, N-P2O5-K2O=180-90-90(DSN12);

[0061] ⑨ Straw is composted, rotary tilled, and returned to the field; N-P2O5-K2O=210-90-90(DSN14);

[0062] ⑩ Straw is composted, rotary tilled, and returned to the field, N-P2O5-K2O=240-90-90(DSN16).

[0063] Four treatments were selected: treatment 2 (shallow rotary tillage), treatment 3 (straw + no-till + deep loosening), treatment 5 (straw + deep plowing), and treatment 9 (straw + deep rotary tillage) to analyze the study on increasing the thickness of the topsoil layer and expanding the storage capacity.

[0064] Nine treatments (treatment 2, treatment 3, treatment 4, treatment 5, treatment 6, treatment 7, treatment 8, treatment 9, and treatment 10) were selected to analyze the research on straw return to the field for carbon sequestration and fertilization.

[0065] Ten treatments (treatment 1, treatment 2, treatment 3, treatment 4, treatment 5, treatment 6, treatment 7, treatment 8, treatment 9, and treatment 10) were selected to analyze the efficient nutrient management of fertilization.

[0066] Results of the experiment on increasing the thickness of the topsoil layer and expanding the reservoir capacity:

[0067] like Figure 2 As shown, the experimental results clarified the response behavior of soil physical properties (cultivation depth, bulk density, field water holding capacity, porosity) and available nutrient content and reservoir capacity of the 0-60cm soil layer to different tillage methods (no-till, deep plowing, deep rotary tillage, shallow rotary tillage). Based on the perspective of thickening the cultivated layer and improving the hydrological reservoir capacity, the technical parameters of different tillage methods were optimized, and a deep plowing technology for thickening the cultivated layer and expanding reservoir capacity (deep plowing 30-35cm) was proposed.

[0068] Results of the straw return-to-field carbon sequestration and fertilization experiment:

[0069] like Figure 3 , Figure 4 and Figure 5 As shown, the experimental results clarified the content and accumulation of soil mineral nitrogen components in the 0-80cm soil layer, the soluble nitrogen components in the 0-20cm soil layer at the lower harvest period, the urease activity in the 0-20cm soil layer, and the nitrate reductase activity in the 0-20cm soil layer under straw return and nitrogen fertilizer management. The results also analyzed the regulatory behavior and synergistic effects of factors such as straw return, nitrogen fertilizer level, and growth stage on soil mineral nitrogen components and soluble nitrogen components, revealing the biological driving mechanism of soil nitrogen mineralization under straw return. Based on improving soil structure and enhancing soil fertility, the technical parameters such as straw return methods and nitrogen fertilizer regulation were optimized, and a straw crushing and deep plowing carbon sequestration and fertilization technology (direct straw crushing and return + deep plowing to 30-35cm) was proposed.

[0070] Results of the efficient fertilization nutrient management experiment:

[0071] As shown in Table 1 and Figure 6 As shown, the experimental results clarified the nutrient absorption, transport, and distribution patterns of spring maize during the harvest period and the changes in yield characteristics (ear length, ear diameter, row number, and 100-grain weight) under the combined effects of straw return to the field and nitrogen fertilizer management. Based on the perspectives of balanced nutrient structure and efficient nutrient utilization, the technical parameters for the synergistic and efficient utilization of straw return to the field and nitrogen fertilizer were optimized, and a synergistic enhancement technology of organic-inorganic combination was proposed (direct straw crushing and return to the field + slow-release compounding and one-time double-layer fertilization (210 kg N·hm)). -2 (+15% nitrogen fertilizer should be applied after straw is returned to the field).

[0072] Table 1 shows the nutrient content of spring maize plants at harvest time under different straw return methods and nitrogen fertilizer management models.

[0073]

[0074] Overall, the embodiments of this invention demonstrate the following effects: This invention organically integrates multiple individual technologies, such as tillage methods, straw return to the field, and nitrogen fertilizer management, complementing each other's shortcomings and maximizing their advantages. This combination achieves a win-win situation: a tillage depth of 25-30cm, a 6.8% reduction in topsoil bulk density, a 16.6% increase in nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency, a 0.62-level improvement in soil fertility, and a 16.4% increase in yield. Furthermore, this invention is not only convenient for practical field operations but also solves the bottleneck problem of improving fertility in agricultural production; it both enriches soil fertility and protects arable land, while achieving efficient resource utilization and reducing environmental pollution.

[0075] The above content is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, many changes can be made in the specific implementation and application scope based on the ideas of the present invention. As long as these changes do not depart from the concept of the present invention, they all fall within the protection scope of this patent.

Claims

1. A method for constructing a thick fertile topsoil layer and improving productivity in dryland areas of plains, characterized by: Includes the following steps: In the first year, after the corn harvest, the straw is crushed and returned to the field. The following year, the land is prepared and sown, and sowing is carried out by either flat planting with wide and narrow rows or ridge planting with uniform rows. In the second year, after the corn harvest, the whole or crushed straw is used as mulch and returned to the field. The following year, the straw is collected in rows and no-till planting is carried out. The planting method is flat planting with wide and narrow rows. In the third year, after the corn harvest, the whole or crushed straw is used as mulch and returned to the field. The following year, the straw is collected in rows for no-till planting, and the planting method is flat planting with wide and narrow rows.

2. The method for constructing a thick fertile topsoil layer and improving productivity in dryland areas of plains according to claim 1, characterized in that: Straw crushing and backfilling includes operations carried out after the autumn corn harvest and before the soil freezes. Straw crushing: During or after corn harvesting, the straw is crushed. The stubble above the ground is crushed a second time. The length of the crushed straw should be ≤10cm, the qualified rate of the chopped length should be ≥85%, and the average height of the stubble should be ≤8cm. The straw is evenly spread on the ground with a uniformity of >80%, without accumulation or missed cutting. Returning straw to the field by plowing: A tractor-pulled hydraulic moldboard reversible plow is used to plow and bury the surface straw into the soil; the plowing depth is 30-35cm, there is no exposed straw on the surface, the depth of the front and rear plows is consistent, no burial is left, and the plowing is consistent; plowing is limited to the effective soil layer or soil with a topsoil layer of ≥25cm.

3. The method for constructing a thick fertile topsoil layer and improving productivity in dryland areas of plains according to claim 2, characterized in that: Straw crushing, plowing, and returning to the field includes: Land preparation: After the straw is turned back into the field, land preparation should be carried out when the soil moisture is suitable, and the following requirements should be met: The following year, for plots where flat planting with wide and narrow rows is adopted, when the absolute soil moisture content is 15%-25%, a power disc harrow is used to harrow the land to break up the soil, mix it evenly with the straw, make the surface flat, the soil breaking rate ≥70%, and the harrowing depth is 15-20cm. Alternatively, for plots where ridge planting is adopted the following year, if the soil clods are large after plowing, it is advisable to first use a power disc harrow to break up and level the soil, and then use a ridge-fertilizer applicator or combined tillage machine to ridge and compact the soil to make it ready for sowing. If there are fewer large soil clods after plowing, the harrowing step can be omitted, and a combined tillage machine can be used to complete the soil breaking, ridge, and compaction operations in one go.

4. The method for constructing a thick fertile topsoil layer and improving productivity in dryland areas of plains according to claim 1, characterized in that: Straw mulching and no-till farming include: The operation can be carried out after the autumn corn harvest and before the soil freezes; it can also be carried out before spring sowing. Straw crushing and mulching: During autumn harvest, the straw is directly crushed; or after harvest, a straw crushing and returning machine is used to crush the straw and then evenly cover the entire surface of the field; or Whole stalk mulching: In areas with strong winter winds, whole stalk mulching can be used after corn harvest. When the yield is low, the mulching amount is small, and it does not affect no-till planting, shredding is not necessary. When the mulching amount is large and affects no-till planting, straw shredding and returning to the field should be done with a straw shredder before planting in the spring of the following year.

5. The method for constructing a thick fertile topsoil layer and improving productivity in dryland areas of plains according to claim 1, characterized in that: Efficient fertilization and nutrient management are employed during the first to third years of sowing, including... Sowing can be carried out during the period from Grain Rain to Grain in Ear when the average soil temperature of the top 10cm layer is consistently above 10-12℃ for 5-7 consecutive days and the soil moisture content is between 10% and 25%. For top dressing, use granular diammonium phosphate (N 18%, P2O5 46%) or a special top dressing fertilizer, at a rate of 5-8 kg / mu. For base fertilizer, use compound fertilizer or blended fertilizer with balanced nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients, with a nutrient content of N-P2O5-K2O = 28-8-10, at a rate of 40-50 kg / mu. For fields where straw is returned to the field, it is recommended to postpone the application of 15% nitrogen fertilizer, that is, apply it when returning straw to the field after autumn harvest.

6. The method for constructing a thick fertile topsoil layer and improving productivity in dryland areas of plains according to claim 5, characterized in that: The sap fertilizer and base fertilizer are applied using a slow-release, one-time, double-layer deep fertilization method, specifically: When sowing seeds at a depth of 3-5cm and using granular fertilizer with good mobility, the fertilizer required for the entire growth period of corn should be applied to the soil in two layers at once. The upper layer is fertilizer, located 3-5cm below the seeds and 6-10cm from the soil surface; The lower layer is the base fertilizer, located 7-8cm below and to the side of the seed, 10-13cm from the soil surface. The distance between the seed and fertilizer should be more than 6cm.

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