Method for preventing and removing eleusine indica in cynodon dactylon lawn

Abstract

The invention discloses an eleusine indica control method for a cynodon dactylon lawn, which comprises the following steps: 1) in a 3-5 leaf period of eleusine indica, 2, 4-D isooctyl ester is sprayed, and the effective content of the 2, 4-D isooctyl ester is 1800g a.i. Ha <-1 >; 2, grass cutting treatment is conducted for the first time after spraying is conducted for one week, the stubble height is 5 cm, then grass cutting treatment is conducted every two weeks, and grass cutting treatment is conducted for four times in total. The goosegrass prevention and removal method for the cynodon dactylon lawn can well prevent and remove goosegrass under the condition that the influence on the attractiveness of the cynodon dactylon lawn is small.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of weed control technology, specifically relating to a method for controlling goosegrass in bermudagrass lawns. Background Technology

[0002] Lawns play an important role in the construction of urban public green spaces, but the presence of weeds on lawns not only damages the landscape effect of lawns, but also reduces the quality and lifespan of lawns.

[0003] Bermuda grass lawns are often infested with goosegrass, and herbicides are commonly used to control it. However, long-term exposure to herbicides can easily lead to herbicide resistance in goosegrass, resulting in resistant populations. Currently, goosegrass populations resistant to various herbicides have been reported in 37 regions worldwide, including those resistant to acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors (such as haloxyfop-R-methyl, quizalofop-P-ethyl, and clethodim), organophosphate herbicides (such as glyphosate and glufosinate), bipyridine herbicides (such as paraquat), acetyllactic acid synthase inhibitors, and dinitroaniline herbicides.

[0004] In traditional post-emergence control of goosegrass in bermudagrass lawns, a combination of metsulfuron-methyl and metsulfuron-methyl (MSMA) is often used for foliar spraying in batches. Studies have shown that this combination achieves high weed control through a dual mechanism of action (metazin inhibits carotenoid synthesis, and MSMA interferes with photosynthesis), but it can cause reversible phytotoxicity to bermudagrass. In recent years, benzoxazine herbicides have seen significant development. Benzoxazine is a herbicide that can control goosegrass. In cool-season lawns, benzoxazine can effectively control goosegrass. However, when used alone to control bermudagrass in cool-season lawns, benzoxazine can cause some damage to bermudagrass lawns.

[0005] Goosegrass is one of the more difficult weeds to control in lawns, especially in warm-season lawns. Because its ecological niche largely overlaps with that of turfgrass, it competes for resources during its growth, affecting the lawn's aesthetics and usability. Since most post-emergence herbicides that are highly effective against goosegrass also cause varying degrees of damage to bermudagrass, the available chemical herbicides for its control are limited. Currently, there is no effective method to control goosegrass with minimal impact on the aesthetics of bermudagrass lawns.

[0006] Therefore, there is an urgent need in the existing technology for a method to control goosegrass on bermudagrass lawns. Summary of the Invention

[0007] The purpose of this invention is to overcome the shortcomings of the existing technology and provide a method for controlling goosegrass on bermudagrass lawns, so as to effectively control goosegrass while minimizing its impact on the aesthetics of bermudagrass lawns.

[0008] The objective of this invention is achieved through the following technical solution: a method for controlling goosegrass on Bermuda grass lawns, characterized by comprising the following components: 1) Spray 2,4-D isooctyl ester at the 3-5 leaf stage of *Eleusine indica*. The effective content of 2,4-D isooctyl ester is 1800 g a.i. ha. -1 ; 2) One week after spraying, perform the first mowing treatment, leaving a stubble height of 5cm. Then, perform mowing treatment every two weeks for a total of four times.

[0009] Preferably, 2,4-D isooctyl ester is applied the day before irrigation, when the soil surface is moist and there is no stagnant water.

[0010] The beneficial effects of this invention are: This invention is a method for controlling goosegrass on bermudagrass lawns, which can effectively control goosegrass while minimizing its impact on the aesthetics of bermudagrass lawns. Attached Figure Description

[0011] Figure 1 The effects of different treatments on the plant height of *Eleusine indica* and *Bermudagrass* are shown in Figure 1 (A shows the effect of different treatments on the plant height of *Eleusine indica*; B shows the effect of different treatments on the plant height of *Bermudagrass*). Figure 2 The effects of 2,4-D isooctyl ester and mowing on the fresh weight of goosegrass in bermudagrass lawn; Figure 3 The effects of different treatments on the growth of goosegrass are as follows: (A) Effect of different treatments on the number of spikelets per seed head of goosegrass; (B) Effect of different treatments on the length of spikelets of goosegrass; (C) Effect of different treatments on the number of tillers of goosegrass; (D) Effect of different treatments on the number of spikelets per plant of goosegrass. Detailed Implementation

[0012] The present invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0013] This invention provides a method for controlling goosegrass on bermudagrass lawns, which was obtained through the following three experimental examples.

[0014] Experimental Example 1: Effect of different effective contents of 2,4-D isooctyl ester on the control effect of goosegrass. The dosage form of 2,4-D isooctyl ester is 50% 2,4-D isooctyl ester emulsion (produced by Shandong Zhongshi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.).

[0015] 1. The test method is as follows: The seed coat of *Eleusine indica* was rubbed with sandpaper to remove it. Seeds of uniform plumpness were selected, soaked in water for 24 hours, and then sown in seedling trays (10×10cm). The seedling soil in the trays was a mixture of equal volumes of nutrient soil and sand. After germination, the trays were placed in an artificial climate chamber (Shanghai, China, Haixiang Artificial Climate Incubator (PQX-450)). Cultivation conditions included: day / night temperature of 30 / 25℃, alternating day and night light for 12 hours, light intensity of 11000 lx, and relative humidity of 50%. Watering was done every other day to keep the soil moist. When the seedlings reached the 2-3 leaf stage, thinning was performed, selecting uniformly growing and vigorous plants, with 10 plants per tray for subsequent experiments. When the *Eleusine indica* reached the 4-5 leaf stage, a foliar spray (2,4-D isooctyl ester) was applied. Thirty days after application, the fresh weight of the above-ground parts of the *Eleusine indica* was weighed, and the fresh weight efficacy was calculated.

[0016] The effective contents of 2,4-D isooctyl ester were 900, 1800, 3600, 7200, 14400, and 28800 g aiha, respectively. -1 (The unit g ai / ha is a "converted concentration" or "equivalent concentration" under laboratory conditions. It is not the actual spraying amount. The purpose of using this unit is to build a bridge between laboratory results and real field applications, and to ensure the comparability and predictability of the data.)

[0017] 2. Data Processing and Analysis: Fresh weight efficacy (%) = (fresh weight of control area - fresh weight of applied area) / fresh weight of control area × 100.

[0018] The data were analyzed for significance using SPSS statistical software, and the results are shown in Table 1.

[0019] Table 1

[0020] In Table 1, letters a, b, and c are P-values, i.e., Sig values. Sig = significance, which is automatically generated by SPSS statistical software when performing significance analysis.

[0021] As shown in Table 1, the fresh weight efficacy of *Eleusine indica* increased with the increase of the effective content of 2,4-D isooctyl ester.

[0022] This experiment demonstrates that 2,4-D isooctyl ester alone can produce a control effect on goosegrass.

[0023] Experimental Example 2: Validation Experiment of the Combined Use of Cyclobutrazol and 2,4-D Isooctyl Ester 1. Experimental Method: When the *Eleusine indica* seedlings reached the 4-5 leaf stage, a mixture of oxychlorpyrifos and 2,4-D isooctyl ester was applied as a foliar spray. Thirty days after application, the fresh weight of the above-ground portion of the *Eleusine indica* was weighed, and the fresh weight control efficacy was calculated.

[0024] The experiment consisted of 25 treatments, with 30g of aiha oxadiazon used. -1 The dosage was twice that of oxychloride, and 2,4-D isooctyl ester 900 g.i.ha -1 The two herbicides were mixed at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 times the dosage, respectively, as shown in Table 2.

[0025]

[0026] 2. Data Processing and Analysis: The experimental data were statistically analyzed using Excel 2010, and the calculation formula is as follows: Fresh weight efficacy (%) = (fresh weight of control group - fresh weight of treated group) / fresh weight of control group × 100; The Gowing method is used to test the mixed herbicides; the formula is as follows: E0 = X + Y(100 - X) / 100; In the formula: X represents the control effect when the herbicide dosage is P; Y represents the control effect when the herbicide dosage is Q; E0 represents the theoretical control effect when the herbicide mixture dosage is (P+Q).

[0027] 3. Evaluation criteria: E represents the actual control effect (fresh weight control effect) of each treatment. E-E0<-10% indicates that the individual agents that make up the mixture have antagonistic effects; E-E0 = -10% to 10% indicates that the individual agents that make up the mixture have an addition effect; E-E0>10% indicates that the individual agents in the mixture have a synergistic effect.

[0028] 4. Evaluation of Results: The control effects of azoxystrobin and 2,4-D isooctyl ester on goosegrass and bermudagrass are shown in Tables 3 and 4.

[0029]

[0030]

[0031] The results showed that the combined effects of different combinations of acetamiprid and 2,4-D isooctyl ester on *Eleusine indica* were all additive, as were the combined effects of different combinations of acetamiprid and 2,4-D isooctyl ester on *Cynodon dactylon*. Table 3 shows that acetamiprid alone was ineffective against *Eleusine indica*, but the control effect of acetamiprid and 2,4-D isooctyl ester in different dosage combinations was significantly enhanced compared to acetamiprid alone. Table 4 shows that when acetamiprid and 2,4-D isooctyl ester were combined in different dosage combinations, the inhibitory effect on both *Cynodon dactylon* and *Eleusine indica* increased with increasing pesticide concentration, but the inhibitory effect on *Eleusine indica* was greater than that on *Cynodon dactylon*.

[0032] Depend on Figure 1 It was found that different treatments had varying inhibitory effects on the plant height of *Goosegrass*. At the same dosage of 2,4-D isooctyl ester, the plant height of *Goosegrass* initially increased and then decreased with increasing dosage of oxychloride, exhibiting a relatively regular fluctuation. The impact on plant height of *Goosegrass* became increasingly significant with increasing dosages of both oxychloride and 2,4-D isooctyl ester. Four weeks after spraying *Goosegrass*, at four times the dosage of both oxychloride and 2,4-D isooctyl ester, the plant height of *Bermudagrass* showed a significant difference compared to the control, while the other treatments showed no significant difference from the control.

[0033] The above indoor experiments showed that the combined application of oxychloride and 2,4-D isooctyl ester had a greater inhibitory effect on *Eleusine indica* than on *Bermudagrass*, while oxychloride alone had no significant inhibitory effect on *Eleusine indica*. Experiment 1 demonstrated the control effect of 2,4-D isooctyl ester on *Eleusine indica*, but no experiment was conducted on *Bermudagrass*. Experiment 2 supplemented the study by demonstrating the effect of both agents on *Bermudagrass*, showing that it effectively inhibited *Eleusine indica* growth under safe conditions for *Bermudagrass* lawns, confirming that this method can be used on *Bermudagrass* lawns. Oxychloride showed an additive effect on the inhibitory effect in indoor experiments; further confirmation is needed in field trials to ensure the applicability of this invention in production practice.

[0034] Experimental Example 3: Verification Experiment of Combined Application of Acetaminophen and 2,4-D Isooctyl Ester 1. Test treatment: Control: Water treatment; Treatment 1: Double dose of 2,4-D isooctyl ester (1800g aiha) -1 ), single application; Treatment 2: Double the dose of azoxystrobin (60g aiha) -1 ), single application; Treatment 3: Single dose of 2,4-D isooctyl ester (900g aiha) -1 ) and a single dose of azoxystrobin (30g aiha) -1(Combination, single application;) Treatment 4: Double dose of 2,4-D isooctyl ester (1800g aiha) -1 ) and twice the dose of azoxystrobin (60g aiha) -1 (Combination, single application;) Treatment 5: Single dose of 2,4-D isooctyl ester (900g aiha) -1 ) and a single dose of azoxystrobin (30g aiha) -1 Combine and spray repeatedly.

[0035] 2. Test methods: The experiment employed a randomized block design, using the six different herbicide combinations mentioned above. Each treatment was replicated in triplicate, resulting in a total of 18 plots, each with an area of ​​4 m². 2 (2m×2m). Goosegrass and Bermuda grass were sown on April 22, 2024, with Bermuda grass sown at a rate of 10g / m². 2 2g / m 2 Herbicide was applied to the 1-meter-spaced plots of *Eleusine indica* at its 5-7 leaf stage. One week after treatment, half of the lawn (1 m × 2 m) in each plot was mowed to simulate lawn management, leaving a stubble height of 5 cm. Mowing was repeated every two weeks. The number of *Eleusine indica* plants in each plot was counted on days 15, 30, 45, and 60 after treatment. Fresh weight efficacy was assessed 60 days after application.

[0036] 3. Data Processing and Analysis: Microsoft Excel 2010 was used for statistical analysis of the experimental data, and SPSS 24.0 was used for analysis of the processed data. The statistical analysis of the experimental data and the calculation method for lawn weed control efficacy are as follows: Control efficacy (%) = (Number of plants in control area - Number of plants in treatment area) / Number of plants in control area × 100; Fresh weight efficacy (%) = (fresh weight of control area - fresh weight of treatment area) / fresh weight of control area × 100.

[0037] from Figure 2 As shown in Table 5, the control effects of different treatments on goosegrass varied significantly.

[0038] The field treatment efficacy of different treatments on fresh weight of goosegrass is shown in Table 5. In Table 5, the data of treatments 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the unpruned treatment group were obtained by comparing them with the control group of the unpruned treatment group; in Table 5, the data of treatments 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of the pruned treatment group were obtained by comparing them with the control group of the pruned treatment group.

[0039] In the unpruned treatment group, the superior efficacy of 2,4-D isooctyl ester at twice the dose alone was significant, achieving a fresh weight control efficacy of 69.25% (see Table 5). There was no significant difference in aboveground biomass between the control and treatment two (see Table 5). Figure 2 This indicates that application of oxychloride alone has no significant control effect on goosegrass. (See also...) Figure 2 Treatment 5, a single-dose combination of two herbicides, showed similar efficacy to Treatment 4, a double-dose combination of two herbicides; see also Figure 2 Compared to treatment four, treatment four included the addition of oxychlorpyrifos, but it did not significantly improve the inhibitory effect on *Eleusine indica*. (See also...) Figure 2 In the unpruned treatment group, the effect of applying 2,4-D isooctyl ester at twice the dose alone was the most prominent, and it was the optimal treatment under unpruned conditions.

[0040] Pruning treatment group: The effects of different treatments were clearly differentiated, and the control efficacy varied significantly. As shown in Table 5, the fresh weight control efficacy of treatment one reached 90.49%. Unlike the unpruned group, there were significant differences in fresh weight control efficacy among the treatments in the pruning treatment group, providing a clear basis for subsequent screening of more precise control combinations.

[0041]

[0042] The control efficacy of unpruned *Eleusine indica* in the field is shown in Table 6, and the control efficacy of pruned *Eleusine indica* in the field is shown in Table 7. The data for treatments 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 in Table 6, and the control, treatments 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 in Table 7, were all obtained with the control group in Table 6 as a reference. The data analysis demonstrates the influence of the pesticide on the plant's control efficacy and the effect of combining pesticide and pruning treatments on the plant's control efficacy.

[0043] As can be seen from the data in Table 7, among the pruning treatment groups, treatment one not only had a higher initial efficacy after application, but also a very small decrease in efficacy in the later stage. Treatment four also showed the characteristics of "high initial efficacy + low decrease in efficacy in the later stage". The long-term weed control ability of both groups far exceeded that of the unpruned group.

[0044] As shown in Table 7, pruning alone also has a positive effect on weed control. The control efficacy of the pruning group increased from 6.99% at 15 days to 13.27% at 60 days. However, the control efficacy of treatment two not only fluctuated, but the overall control effect was not significantly different from the control, and it did not show effective control ability.

[0045] like Figure 3 As shown, a comparison of pruned and unpruned treatments at the overall level reveals that pruning has a significant regulatory effect on some core phenotypic indicators of *Eleusine indica*. A comprehensive comparison of pruned and unpruned *Eleusine indica* shows that pruning significantly affects the number of spikelets per seed head (…). Figure 3 A) and spikelet length ( Figure 3B), such as Figure 3 As shown in Figure B, the length of the pruned spikelets in the control group and each treatment group was significantly different from that of the unpruned spikelets. The length of the spikelets in the pruned group also showed a significant difference from that in the unpruned group. However, the number of tillers (…) Figure 3 C) and the number of spikelets per plant ( Figure 3 D) No significant effect. (e.g.) Figure 3 As shown in C, pruning increased the number of tillers in *Eleusine indica*, although there was no significant difference between pruned and unpruned varieties. Figure 3 As shown in D, before pruning, there was no significant difference in the number of spikes per plant between treatment 2 and the control. However, after pruning, there was a significant difference between the treatment group and the control.

[0046] In the study on the effects of different herbicide applications on the phenotype of Goosegrass, in addition to the effect of the herbicide itself, the combination of pruning and a specific herbicide (especially treatment one) had the most significant inhibitory effect on the key phenotype indicators of Goosegrass, comprehensively inhibiting the growth and reproduction of Goosegrass. The specific advantages can be clearly seen from the data in Tables 5 and 7 (the data in Tables 6 and 7 are analyzed and compared with the unpruned treatment group in Table 6, and the data in both tables are analyzed in a unified manner).

[0047] The effects of different herbicides on the plant control efficacy of *Eleusine indica* are shown in Table 6. In the unpruned treatment group, 15 days after application, treatments one and four (both containing twice the dose of 2,4-D isooctyl ester) achieved control efficacies of 74.83% and 75.52%, respectively. However, these efficacies decreased to 57.65% and 56.12% at 60 days, with an overall decrease exceeding 15%. In contrast, in the pruned treatment group (Table 7), 15 days after application, treatments one and four achieved control efficacies of 83.92% and 74.13%, respectively, and at 60 days, the efficacies were 79.59% and 72.96%, respectively, with a decrease of less than 5%. Compared to the unpruned treatment group, the pruned group showed an overall improvement in control efficacy.

[0048]

[0049]

[0050] The phenotypes of unpruned goosegrass in the field are shown in Table 8. In Table 8, the data for treatments 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were obtained by comparing them with the control group in the same table. The phenotypes of pruned goosegrass in the field are shown in Table 9. In Table 9, the data for treatments 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 were obtained by comparing them with the control group in the same table.

[0051] This study investigated the effects of different herbicide applications on the phenotype of *Eleusine indica*. The results showed that, in addition to the effects of herbicides, pruning also had a significant impact on phenotype. Tables 8 and 9 show that, within both the pruning and unpruned treatment groups, the length from the stem to the last leaf in treatment 1 was significantly different from the control group. Table 8 shows that, in the unpruned condition, the inhibition rate of spikelet number per seed head in treatment 1 was 44.44%, significantly suppressed. The number of tillers and spikelets per plant differed significantly from the control, with an inhibition rate of 92.59% for tillers and 55.1% for spikelets per plant. In the pruning group, the inhibition rate from the stem base to the terminal spikelet in treatment 1 was 23.91%, higher than other treatments and significantly different from the pruning control group. Table 9 shows that the inhibition rate of tiller number per plant in pruning treatment 1 was 100%, and the inhibition rate of spike number per plant was 75.61%. The combination of treatment 1 and pruning significantly inhibited tillering and spike formation in *Eleusine indica*. Compared with treatment 1 (both containing twice the dose of 2,4-D isooctyl ester), treatment 4 in the pruning treatment group showed a significant difference only in the number of tillers per plant; other than that, there were no significant differences. This indicates that the additional addition of oxychloride did not improve the control effect of *Eleusine indica*. Therefore, the combination of treatment 1 and pruning is preferred.

[0052]

[0053]

[0054] In conclusion, a single application of 2,4-D isooctyl ester at a 2:1 ratio, combined with mowing, can improve the control effect of goosegrass. Mowing is an important part of lawn management. Field experiments have demonstrated that a single application of 2,4-D isooctyl ester can inhibit goosegrass growth, controlling it while simultaneously managing bermudagrass growth. This approach can be applied in practical production.

[0055] This invention controls goosegrass while simultaneously considering the growth and management of Bermuda grass lawns, without affecting the aesthetics of the lawn. A single application of 2,4-dip isooctyl ester (1800g aiha) -1 Spraying, combined with lawn mowing, can produce a relatively ideal control effect on goosegrass.

[0056] Finally, it should be noted that the above content is only used to illustrate the technical solution of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. Simple modifications or equivalent substitutions made by those skilled in the art to the technical solution of the present invention do not depart from the essence and scope of the technical solution of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for controlling goosegrass on Bermuda grass lawns, characterized in that... Includes the following: 1) Spray 2,4-D isooctyl ester at the 3-5 leaf stage of *Eleusine indica*. The effective content of 2,4-D isooctyl ester is 1800g aiha. -1 ; 2) One week after spraying, perform the first mowing treatment, leaving a stubble height of 5cm. Then, perform mowing treatment every two weeks for a total of four times.

2. The method for controlling goosegrass on Bermuda grass lawns according to claim 1, characterized in that: Before spraying 2,4-D isooctyl ester, irrigate the soil the day before, ensuring the surface is moist but without stagnant water.

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