Near-nature restoration method for degraded grassland for grass group transplantation and application of near-nature restoration method

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of ecological restoration of degraded grassland, and discloses a grass transplanting degraded grassland near-natural restoration method and application thereof, and the method comprises the following steps: investigating and diagnosing a receptor grassland in a to-be-restored area; selecting a donor grassland; cutting, and then transferring to a degraded grassland to be repaired; a heavy harrow is used for harrowing in the to-be-restored area to improve the grassland habitat of the receptor; determining the application amount of green grass; the cut green grass sections are evenly scattered on the degraded grassland area to be repaired, and then whole plants of green grass are laid on the repairing area and pressed; and starting from the reviving period of the next year, monitoring ecological restoration conditions of vegetation and soil regularly. The ecological risk possibly caused by introduction of alien species in a traditional improvement method is avoided, and the multi-nutritional-level biodiversity and the grassland ecological function of the degraded grassland are restored. The method has the advantages of low cost, quick effect and stable effect, follows the grassland ecological restoration rule, and provides an efficient, stable and sustainable near-natural solution for grassland ecological restoration.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The application belongs to the technical field of degraded grassland ecological restoration, and particularly relates to a degraded grassland near-natural restoration method through grass group transplantation and application. BACKGROUND

[0002] Grassland is an important ecological system and natural resource in China. The total area of natural grassland in China is 39.12 million mu, accounting for 27.16% of the land area. The grassland ecological system not only plays an irreplaceable ecological function in maintaining primary productivity, carbon sink storage, climate regulation, water conservation, wind and sand prevention, nutrient cycling and biodiversity conservation, but also plays a fundamental and strategic role in maintaining national ecological security, border stability, national unity, promoting sustainable economic and social development, and increasing the income of farmers and herdsmen. However, in the past few decades, due to the superimposed effects of climate change and human activities, natural grasslands have been degraded to varying degrees, which not only weakens their ecological functions, but also seriously affects biodiversity and productivity. At present, China's natural grasslands are facing a serious degradation crisis, and 70% of the available grasslands have been degraded to varying degrees, with overgrazing being the main driving factor. Continuous overloading of livestock feeding behavior not only directly reduces the number and quality of dominant grass populations, but also changes the soil physical structure through trampling, leading to increased surface hardening, decreased water infiltration rate, reduced biodiversity, and degraded ecological function.

[0003] In view of the problem of grassland degradation, the currently widely used restoration technology system mainly includes grazing prohibition and enclosure, no-tillage and reseeding, soil loosening and fertilization, control of alien invasive organisms and rodent and insect pests, and artificial grassland reconstruction, etc. However, these methods have their own shortcomings: the survival rate of seeds in no-tillage and reseeding is low and the effect is slow; artificial grassland construction has high cost and single ecological structure, and may also lead to ecological overflow and species invasion; enclosure recovery period is long and affects grazing utilization; plowing destroys soil structure and increases the risk of water and soil loss; and fertilization may cause soil acidification and hardening, and has high economic cost. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a near-natural ecological restoration method for degraded grassland to overcome the limitations of existing technologies and achieve combined ecological restoration of plant diversity-grassland productivity-soil nutrients-soil biodiversity, so as to achieve the purpose of rapidly and sustainably restoring degraded grassland. SUMMARY

[0004] The purpose of the present application is to overcome the deficiencies in the prior art and provide a method and application for near-natural restoration of degraded grassland through healthy grassland grass group transplantation.

[0005] The technical solution adopted by the present application to solve its technical problems is as follows: A near-natural restoration method for degraded grassland through grass group transplantation, comprising the following steps: (1) Investigation and diagnosis of the receptor grassland in the area to be repaired, construction of a fence for enclosure and reduction of livestock, and investigation of the habitat; (2) Selecting a healthy grassland that is not degraded and has no invasion of external organisms within a range of 10 km around the degraded grassland to be repaired as the donor grassland, and selecting a healthy grassland with a grassland health comprehensive index ≥ 3.5 according to the grassland health evaluation index of GB / T 21439-2008; (3) During the seed maturation period of the main dominant plants in the healthy grassland, using a mower to cut as close to the ground as possible, and then transporting to the degraded grassland to be repaired; (4) Dividing the cut grass into two parts, one half of which is cut into plant segments of 3-5 cm, and the other half of which is kept in the form of whole plants; (5) Improving the habitat of the receptor grassland in the area to be repaired by using a heavy harrow to harrow the land; (6) Determining the amount of grass to be applied according to the degree of grassland degradation; (7) Uniformly scattering the cut grass segments in the degraded grassland to be repaired, and then laying and pressing the other half of the whole grass plants on the repair area; (8) Starting from the next year's regreening period, regularly monitoring the recovery of the grassland vegetation.

[0006] Further, the specific steps of step (1) are: S1: comprehensively analyzing the state before the damaged grassland is repaired, the reasons for the damage, and the degree of human disturbance during the recovery process, and clearly defining the range of the ecological restoration area; S2: conducting a habitat investigation, including a comprehensive investigation of the climate conditions, soil conditions, water resources, vegetation, and animal and plant resources of the degraded grassland to be repaired; S3: diagnosing and classifying the degraded grassland to be repaired according to GB 19377-2003, and determining whether it is lightly degraded, moderately degraded, or severely degraded.

[0007] Further, the cut grass in step (3) is transported to the degraded grassland to be repaired on the same day.

[0008] Further, in step (5), the uniform slow speed of the heavy harrow is 4-6 km / h, and the harrowing depth is 15-20 cm.

[0009] Further, in steps (6) and (7), the amount of grass segments and whole plants to be applied is determined according to the degree of grassland degradation, i.e., for lightly degraded grassland, the ratio of healthy grassland area is 1:2, for moderately degraded grassland, the ratio of healthy grassland area is 1:3, and for severely degraded grassland, the ratio of healthy grassland area is 1:4.

[0010] Further, in step (8), the results of regular vegetation monitoring are used to adjust the management measures.

[0011] Further, the management measures include fertilization and grazing utilization.

[0012] Application of the method as described above in grassland natural restoration.

[0013] Advantages and positive effects obtained by the present application are as follows: 1. The method of the present application is used for ecological restoration of damaged grassland by transplanting the whole healthy grassland vegetation, which can avoid the ecological risks possibly caused by introduction of foreign species in traditional improvement methods, restore the multi-trophic biodiversity and ecological function of degraded grassland. The present application has the advantages of low cost, quick effect and stable effect, follows the rules of grassland ecological restoration, and provides an efficient, stable and sustainable near-natural solution for grassland ecological restoration.

[0014] 2. The method of the present application is a simple and efficient near-natural ecological restoration method for degraded grassland. The method breaks through the problems of traditional restoration techniques such as low efficiency, high cost, great ecological risk and unstable restoration effect by transplanting the grass population from the nearby healthy grassland. The grass population transplantation transfers the fresh cut "green grass" (rich in plant seeds, invertebrates, microorganisms and non-vascular plants) from the species-rich healthy donor grassland to the species-poor degraded recipient grassland to achieve the purpose of rapidly restoring the vegetation-soil-microorganism of degraded grassland using local healthy grassland.

[0015] 3. The method of the present application has the advantages of fast and stable ecological restoration speed, specifically: The method of the present application applies a near-natural solution to apply plant segments rich in plant seeds, microorganisms, invertebrates and other normal healthy grassland plants to the degraded recipient grassland to be restored, which rapidly restores the plant-soil-soil biodiversity of degraded grassland and restores the ecological function of grassland. Firstly, it avoids the ecological risks possibly caused by introduction of foreign species. Secondly, it utilizes local native biodiversity, has good adaptability and stress resistance, and can quickly and effectively restore the degraded grassland ecosystem.

[0016] 4. The method of the present application has the advantage of efficient restoration, specifically: After the green grass section enters the soil, it can quickly pass through the organic matter decomposition, break the hard soil block, and can improve the soil porosity by 15%~20%, promote the soil compacted by livestock to regain the ability of water and nutrient conservation, effectively solve the problems of soil hardening, poor air permeability, insufficient water conservation capacity and difficult vegetation restoration caused by overgrazing. At the same time, the seeds of local dominant plant species and other beneficial organisms carried by plants are in full contact with the soil, and the grassland biodiversity is rapidly restored. In the second year of green grass transfer, the vegetation coverage increases by 45%, the plant diversity increases by more than 30%, and the grassland productivity increases by more than 40%. The soil microbial Shannon diversity index increases by more than 6%, and the functional gene abundance increases, and the microbial network complexity improves.

[0017] 5、The method has the advantages of economic feasibility, specifically: The application does not depend on a specific area of seed mixture, reduces the cost of seed procurement and transportation, reduces the dependence on special mechanical equipment and complex technical operation, is simple to operate and easy to learn, and can be widely applied.

[0018] 6、The method has the advantage of effective protection, specifically: The whole green grass laid on the ground not only forms a barrier for water conservation and wind prevention, but also inhibits the spread of toxic grass, providing effective protection for rapid vegetation recovery. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0019] Fig. 1 It is a schematic diagram of a grass group transplanting near-natural restoration technology for degraded grassland in the application. Fig. 2 It is a comparison photograph before and after the restoration of the degraded grassland in the application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] The application will be further described below in conjunction with examples, which are descriptive and not limiting, and cannot limit the protection scope of the application.

[0021] The various experimental operations involved in the specific examples are all conventional techniques in the art, and the parts not specifically noted in this paper can be implemented by referring to various commonly used tool books, scientific and technical literature or related instructions, manuals, etc. before the application date of the application. The following examples are used to illustrate the application, but not to limit the scope of the application. If not specifically indicated, the technical means used in the examples is the conventional means known to those skilled in the art, and the raw materials used are commercially available.

[0022] A grass group transplanting near-natural restoration method for degraded grassland, comprising the following steps: (1) Investigation and diagnosis of the recipient grassland in the area to be restored, construction of a fence for livestock reduction and habitat investigation; (2) Select healthy grassland without degradation and alien biological invasion within 10 km range of the degraded grassland to be restored as donor grassland, and select healthy grassland with a grassland health comprehensive index ≥ 3.5 according to the grassland health status evaluation index of GB / T 21439-2008; (3) During the seed maturation period of the main dominant plants in the healthy grassland, use a mower to cut as close to the ground as possible, and then transport to the degraded grassland to be restored; (4) Divide the cut grass into two parts, one half of which is cut into plant segments of 3-5 cm, and the other half is kept in its original plant form; (5) Use a heavy harrow to harrow the recipient grassland area to improve the recipient grassland habitat; (6) Determine the amount of grass to be applied according to the degree of grassland degradation; (7) Uniformly scatter the cut grass segments in the degraded grassland to be restored, and then lay and press the other half of the whole grass plants on the restoration area; (8) Start regular monitoring of the restoration of grassland vegetation from the next year's regrowth period.

[0023] Preferably, the specific steps of step (1) are: S1: Conduct a comprehensive analysis of the state of the grassland to be restored before damage, the cause of the damage, and the degree of human disturbance during the restoration process, and determine the scope of the ecological restoration area; S2: Conduct habitat investigation, including comprehensive investigation of the climate conditions, soil conditions, water resources, vegetation and animal and plant resources of the grassland to be restored; S3: Diagnose and classify the degraded grassland to be restored according to GB 19377-2003, and determine whether it is lightly degraded, moderately degraded, or severely degraded.

[0024] Preferably, the cut grass obtained in step (3) is transported to the degraded grassland to be restored on the same day.

[0025] Preferably, the uniform slow speed of the heavy harrow in step (5) is 4-6 km / h, and the harrowing depth is 15-20 cm.

[0026] Preferably, the amount of grass segments and whole grass plants applied in steps (6) and (7) is determined according to the degree of grassland degradation, i.e. for light degradation, the ratio of healthy grassland area is 1:2, for moderate degradation, the ratio of healthy grassland area is 1:3, and for severe degradation, the ratio of healthy grassland area is 1:4.

[0027] Preferably, the results of regular vegetation monitoring in step (8) are used to adjust the management measures.

[0028] Preferably, the management measures include fertilization and grazing utilization.

[0029] The application of the methods described above in grassland natural restoration.

[0030] Specifically, the relevant preparation and testing methods are as follows: Example 1: The experiment was conducted in the Xinihe East Sumu grassland of Ewenki Banner, Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia, with the native vegetation type being *Stipa Baikalica* + *Leymus chinensis* grassland. For a long time, due to intensive grazing, mowing, and other unreasonable utilization practices, the vegetation has degraded to varying degrees, with the vegetation being covered by *Moss hygrophora* (…). Carex stenophylla ), Herba Undaria pinnatifida ( Cleistogenes serotina ), and grass ( Koeleria cristata Grassland twisted head ( Serratula yamatsutana ), White-headed Old Man ( Pulsatilla chinensis Kentucky bluegrass ( ) Poa annua ), Niyin Suga ( Carex pediformis Artemisia argyi ( ) Artemisia frigida Replaced by inferior forage grasses such as _____. Fig. 1 As shown.

[0031] (1) Investigation and diagnosis of the recipient grassland in the restoration area, construction of fences to reduce livestock, and habitat investigation; refer to the grassland degradation grade classification index of GB19377-2003, and determine the grassland degradation grade based on the total coverage of plant community, the dominance of dominant forage species, the proportion of reduction in total grass yield, and the proportion of increase in grassland degradation indicator plants. First, a comprehensive analysis is conducted on the condition of the grassland before it was damaged, the cause of the damage, and the degree of human interference during the restoration process. Through a questionnaire survey of the surrounding herders, their grazing habits and grazing pressure are analyzed to select the area that needs ecological restoration. The second is to conduct a habitat survey, including a comprehensive survey of the climate conditions, soil conditions, water resources, vegetation and flora and fauna resources of the grassland to be restored. Third, the grasslands to be restored were diagnosed as moderately degraded. (2) Within a 10km radius of the degraded grassland to be restored, select healthy grasslands that are not degraded and free from invasive alien species (the evaluation index system for healthy grasslands refers to GB / T 21439-2008) as donor grasslands; (3) During the seed maturity period of the main dominant plants in healthy grassland, use a mower to cut the grass as close to the ground as possible, and then transfer it to the degraded grassland to be restored. The cutting in step (3) should be carried out in a sunny and breezy weather, and the grass should be transferred to the grassland to be restored immediately after cutting.

[0032] (4) Divide the harvested grass into two parts. Cut one half of the grass into 3-5cm plant segments, and keep the other half intact. (5) In the degraded prairie area to be repaired, heavy harrowing is used to improve the prairie habitat of the receptor; the speed of the heavy harrowing is 4-6 km / h, and the harrowing depth is 15-20 cm.

[0033] (6) According to the moderately degraded prairie, the amount of green grass to be applied is determined, that is, the moderately degraded prairie: the area ratio of healthy prairie is 1:3; (7) The cut green grass segments are uniformly scattered in the degraded prairie area to be repaired, and the other half of the whole green grass is laid on the repair area and is pressed; The application amount of the green grass segments and the whole green grass in steps (6) and (7) is determined according to the degradation degree of the prairie, that is, the lightly degraded prairie: the area ratio of healthy prairie is 1:2, the moderately degraded prairie: the area ratio of healthy prairie is 1:3, and the severely degraded prairie: the area ratio of healthy prairie is 1:4. The cut green grass segments are uniformly scattered in the degraded prairie area to be repaired, and the other half of the whole green grass is laid on the repair area and is pressed.

[0034] (8) Recovery effect monitoring and evaluation. From the next year's greening period, the recovery of the prairie vegetation is regularly monitored, and the prairie health comprehensive index is considered to have been restored to a healthy prairie (referring to GB / T 21439-2008) when the index is greater than or equal to 3.5. The results of the regular monitoring of the vegetation in step (8) are used to adjust the management measures, such as the prairie being restored to a healthy prairie state, which can be normally grazed and utilized.

[0035] The repair effect after the repair according to the present embodiment 1 is as follows: The cost (72.93 yuan / mu) of the degraded prairie near-natural repair method using grass group transplantation is 36% of the cost (200 yuan / mu) of the traditional no-tillage supplemental seeding + fertilization improvement method. In the second year of recovery, the soil bulk density is reduced by 4.9%, the porosity is increased by 12.2%, and the content of soil water stable large aggregates is increased by 18.1%. The soil microbial Shannon diversity index is increased by 8.3%, and the functional gene abundance is more abundant. The diversity of pathogenic fungi (such as Fusarium) is decreased by 36%, and the diversity of beneficial bacteria (such as phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria and rhizobium) is increased by 40%, and the complexity of the microbial network is increased. The soil organic matter is increased by 18%, the contents of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are increased by 25%, 16% and 42% respectively, the soil enzyme activity (such as urease and phosphatase) is increased by 20%-35%, the plant diversity is increased by 32%, and the prairie productivity is increased by 47%. The comparison photos of the degraded prairie before and after the repair are shown in Fig. 2 .

[0036] Although the embodiments of the present application are disclosed for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art can understand that various alternatives, changes and modifications are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present application and the appended claims, and therefore, the scope of the present application is not limited to the disclosed content of the embodiments.

Claims

1. A near-natural restoration method for degraded grasslands using grass transplantation, characterized in that: Includes the following steps: (1) Investigation and diagnosis of the recipient grassland in the area to be restored, construction of fences for enclosure and livestock reduction, and habitat survey; (2) Within 10km of the degraded grassland to be restored, select healthy grasslands that are not degraded and have no invasive alien species as donor grasslands. Refer to the grassland health status evaluation index of GB / T 21439-2008 and select healthy grasslands with a comprehensive grassland health index ≥3.

5. (3) During the seed maturity period of the main dominant plants in healthy grassland, use a mower to cut the grass close to the ground and then transport it to the degraded grassland to be restored. (4) Divide the harvested grass into two parts. Cut one half of the grass into 3-5cm plant segments, and keep the other half intact. (5) Use heavy harrowing to improve the habitat of the recipient grassland in the area to be restored; (6) Determine the amount of green grass to be applied according to the degree of grassland degradation; (7) Spread the chopped grass evenly on the degraded grassland area to be restored; then lay the other half of the whole grass on the restoration area and compact it. (8) Starting from the greening period of the following year, regularly monitor the recovery of grassland vegetation.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific steps of step (1) are as follows: S1: Conduct a comprehensive analysis of the condition of the grassland before it was damaged, the cause of the damage, and the degree of human interference during the restoration process, and clarify the scope of the ecological restoration area; S2: Conduct a habitat survey, including a comprehensive survey of the climate conditions, soil conditions, water resources, vegetation and flora and fauna resources of the grassland to be restored. S3: Degraded grasslands to be restored shall be diagnosed and graded according to GB 19377-2003 to determine whether they are mild, moderate or severe degradation.

3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The grass harvested in step (3) was transferred to the degraded grassland to be restored on the same day.

4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step (5), the speed of the harrow is 4~6 km / h and the harrowing depth is 15~20 cm.

5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that: In steps (6) and (7), the application rate of grass segments and whole grass plants is determined according to the degree of grassland degradation. That is, mild degradation: healthy grassland area ratio 1:2, moderate degradation: healthy grassland area ratio 1:3, severe degradation: healthy grassland area ratio 1:

4.

6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: In step (8), management measures are adjusted based on the results of regular vegetation monitoring.

7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that: The management measures include fertilization and grazing.

8. The application of the method according to any one of claims 1 to 7 in grassland natural restoration.

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