Partial discharge detection system based on Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect

Abstract

The invention provides a partial discharge detection system based on a Rydberg atom quantum coherence effect, and the system comprises an optical excitation module which is used for transmitting two-photon laser to excite hot atoms to enter a Rydberg state; the atomic gas chamber is used for accommodating hot atoms and is coupled with an electromagnetic field generated by the partial discharge signal, so that the hot atoms generate energy level response change under the action of the electromagnetic field; the detection light path module is used for detecting a change signal of light signal intensity in the atomic gas chamber and converting the change signal into an electromagnetic response characteristic of an electromagnetic field; the signal acquisition and processing module is used for receiving the electromagnetic response characteristics, demodulating and analyzing the electromagnetic response characteristics and extracting characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signals; and the control and calibration module is used for receiving the characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal, performing calibration based on an energy level frequency shift rule of Rydberg atoms, and outputting electric field intensity subjected to quantization calibration. The system can realize high-sensitivity, anti-interference and traceable detection of weak partial discharge signals.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the fields of electrical equipment condition monitoring and quantum sensing technology, and in particular to a partial discharge detection system based on the Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect. Background Technology

[0002] With the increasing voltage levels and complex structures of power systems, the operational safety of insulation systems is receiving growing attention. Partial discharge, a non-continuous discharge phenomenon occurring in a localized area of ​​the insulating medium, is an early sign of insulation aging and faults. Accurate detection and analysis of partial discharge signals not only helps determine the insulation health status of equipment but also provides a basis for equipment maintenance and fault early warning. Therefore, highly sensitive and traceable partial discharge detection technology has become an important research direction for power equipment monitoring.

[0003] Currently, commonly used partial discharge detection methods mainly include the pulsed current method, the ultrasonic method, and the ultra-high frequency (UHF) detection method. The pulsed current method detects partial discharge by measuring the discharge pulse current, but it is easily affected by strong electromagnetic interference. The ultrasonic method depends on the sound wave propagation path and medium characteristics, and is greatly limited by environmental and installation conditions. While the UHF detection method has strong anti-interference capabilities, its response to weak discharge signals is not obvious, and it lacks a traceable calibration mechanism. Overall, existing technologies suffer from insufficient detection sensitivity, limited anti-interference performance, and a lack of unified calibration standards. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this application is to at least address one of the aforementioned technical deficiencies, particularly the problems of insufficient detection sensitivity, limited anti-interference performance, and lack of unified calibration standards in existing technologies.

[0005] In a first aspect, this application provides a partial discharge detection system based on the Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect, the system comprising:

[0006] An optical excitation module is used to emit two-photon lasers to excite thermal atoms into the Rydberg state;

[0007] The atomic gas chamber is used to contain thermal atoms and couple them with the electromagnetic field generated by the partial discharge signal, so that the thermal atoms produce energy level response changes under the action of the electromagnetic field;

[0008] The detection optical path module is used to detect changes in the intensity of the optical signal in the atomic gas cell and convert the changes into electromagnetic response characteristics of the electromagnetic field.

[0009] The signal acquisition and processing module is used to receive electromagnetic response characteristics, perform demodulation analysis, and extract characteristic parameters of partial discharge signals.

[0010] The control and calibration module receives the characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal, performs calibration based on the energy level frequency shift law of Rydberg atoms, and outputs the quantum-calibrated electric field strength.

[0011] In one embodiment, the thermal atom is a cesium atom, which is prepared by excitation with a two-photon laser up to 60 s. 1 / 2 The Rydberg level is used to achieve a highly sensitive response to electromagnetic fields of different frequency bands.

[0012] In one embodiment, the atomic gas cell is made of glass and has a diameter of 2.75 mm to 25 mm to reduce the impact of standing wave effect on electric field measurement results and ensure energy level response stability.

[0013] In one embodiment, the signal acquisition and processing module includes a signal analysis unit, which is used to filter, extract the envelope, perform spectrum analysis and phase calculation on the partial discharge signal to generate characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal.

[0014] In one embodiment, the control and calibration module includes a frequency shift calculation unit and an error correction unit. The error correction unit is used to perform quantization calibration of the characteristic parameters based on the AC Stark effect model, and the frequency shift calculation unit is used to calculate the electric field strength based on the calibrated characteristic parameters and energy level response curves.

[0015] In one embodiment, the detection optical path module and the atomic gas chamber are integrated into a fiber-optic integrated Rydberg atomic electromagnetic wave sensor probe, and the probe is made of non-metallic materials.

[0016] In one embodiment, the optical excitation module and the detection optical path module are connected via optical fiber transmission.

[0017] In one embodiment, the system further includes a discharge type identification module for identifying the type of partial discharge based on the characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal.

[0018] In one embodiment, the system further includes an early warning module for generating early warning information based on the quantized calibrated electric field strength.

[0019] Secondly, this application provides a partial discharge detection method based on the Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect, applied to the partial discharge detection system based on the Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect in any of the above embodiments, the method comprising:

[0020] The optically excited mode emits a two-photon laser to excite thermal atoms into the Rydberg state;

[0021] The atomic gas chamber contains thermal atoms and couples with the electromagnetic field generated by the partial discharge signal, causing the thermal atoms to undergo energy level response changes under the influence of the electromagnetic field;

[0022] The detection optical path module detects the change in the intensity of the optical signal in the atomic gas cell and converts the change signal into the electromagnetic response characteristics of the electromagnetic field;

[0023] The signal acquisition and processing module receives electromagnetic response characteristics and performs demodulation analysis to extract characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal.

[0024] The control and calibration module receives the characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal and performs calibration based on the energy level frequency shift law of Rydberg atoms, outputting the quantized calibrated electric field strength.

[0025] As can be seen from the above technical solutions, the embodiments of this application have the following advantages:

[0026] The partial discharge detection system based on the Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect provided in this application excites thermal atoms to the Rydberg state through an optical excitation module, placing the atoms in a high-energy state that is extremely sensitive to external electromagnetic fields. Relying on the quantum coherence effect between atoms, even weak partial discharge signals can induce observable changes in atomic energy levels, thus significantly improving detection sensitivity. The electromagnetic coupling between the atomic gas chamber and the discharge signal, as well as the detection of changes in the optical signal by the probe optical path, give the system a natural resistance to electromagnetic interference, while avoiding the sensitivity of traditional pulse current methods to strong interference. The signal acquisition and processing module, combined with demodulation analysis, can accurately extract the characteristic parameters of partial discharge, providing a traceable data foundation for the discharge signal. The control and calibration module achieves quantum calibration based on the frequency shift law of Rydberg atomic energy levels, thereby establishing a unified standard and making the measurement results comparable and reproducible. In summary, this system can achieve highly sensitive, interference-resistant, and traceable detection of weak partial discharge signals, providing a reliable basis for the insulation status assessment and fault early warning of power equipment, and solving the problems of insufficient sensitivity, limited anti-interference capability, and lack of standardized calibration in existing technologies. Attached Figure Description

[0027] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0028] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the partial discharge detection system based on the Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect provided in this application embodiment;

[0029] Figure 2 This is a schematic flowchart of a partial discharge detection method based on the Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect provided in an embodiment of this application. Detailed Implementation

[0030] The technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this application, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0031] like Figure 1 As shown, this application provides a partial discharge detection system based on the Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect. The system includes:

[0032] The optical excitation module 101 is used to emit a two-photon laser to excite thermal atoms into the Rydberg state.

[0033] The optical excitation module controls the output power, wavelength, and spatial mode of the light source to induce specific energy level transitions in atoms. The optical excitation module may include a light source system and optical transmission components for generating, modulating, and guiding the laser beam. Two-photon laser refers to the excitation method that uses the combined action of two laser photons of different frequencies to induce a thermal atom to transition from its ground state to a higher principal quantum number energy level. A thermal atom refers to a neutral atom under specific temperature conditions whose energy level distribution follows a Boltzmann distribution and has the characteristic of being exciteable by optical means. A Rydberg state refers to a quantum state in which an atom is in a high-energy level, at which point the outer electron orbital radius is large, making it extremely sensitive to external electromagnetic fields.

[0034] In practical implementation, the optical excitation module may include a first laser and a second laser, each emitting a laser frequency that matches the energy difference between the atomic levels. The two laser beams are converged in space by an optical lens and then enter the atomic gas cell, causing the hot atoms to sequentially absorb the energy of two photons, achieving a two-photon resonance excitation process. To ensure excitation efficiency, the laser frequency and power can be precisely adjusted via a frequency-locking and amplitude-stabilizing control module, thereby maintaining the stability and repeatability of the excitation process. Furthermore, the laser polarization direction and incident angle can also be adjusted via an optical collimation structure to optimize the light field distribution, ensure volume matching between the excitation region and the atomic gas cell, and improve excitation uniformity.

[0035] When a hot atom absorbs two-photon energy, its electrons transition to the high-energy Rydberg state. Atoms in this state exhibit extremely high responsiveness to external electromagnetic fields; therefore, subsequent electric field interactions can induce energy level changes that can be detected by the optical detection module. Through this optical excitation method, the system can generate stable Rydberg atom groups in a controlled optical environment, laying the foundation for the subsequent quantum detection of partial discharge signals.

[0036] By employing two-photon excitation, atoms can directly transition from their ground state to the higher-energy Rydberg state. This significantly improves excitation accuracy and energy level selectivity while avoiding the energy loss and noise interference associated with single-photon high-energy excitation. Simultaneously, the two-photon resonance mechanism enhances the atoms' sensitivity to changes in the electric field, resulting in a Rydberg atom group with stronger quantum coherence properties, ensuring the stability and accuracy of subsequent signal detection. Therefore, this method not only improves the efficiency and controllability of hot atom excitation but also effectively enhances the detection system's response to weak electric fields, thereby achieving high-sensitivity, low-noise quantum signal detection.

[0037] The atomic gas chamber 102 is used to contain thermal atoms and couple them with the electromagnetic field generated by the partial discharge signal, so that the thermal atoms produce energy level response changes under the action of the electromagnetic field.

[0038] The atomic gas chamber is a sealed cavity that encapsulates and stably maintains an atomic gas environment. Its internal temperature, pressure, and atomic density are controllable to ensure the optical and electromagnetic response characteristics of atoms in specific quantum states. Partial discharge signals refer to transient high-frequency electromagnetic pulses generated in electrical equipment due to insulation defects, which contain electric field components detectable by the atomic gas chamber. Electromagnetic field coupling refers to the interaction between the electric field signal generated by the discharge and the atomic groups inside the atomic gas chamber, causing measurable changes in the atomic energy levels due to external field disturbances.

[0039] In practical implementation, the atomic gas chamber can be made of highly transparent and chemically stable glass or similar dielectric materials to ensure that the excitation and detection beams can efficiently penetrate the chamber, achieving a coaxial layout for optical excitation and detection. The chamber is filled with a hot atomic gas of a specific element. These atoms possess excellent optical transition characteristics and tunable energy level responses, enabling them to stably enter the Rydberg state under laser excitation and to respond sensitively to external electromagnetic disturbances. An electromagnetic shielding layer can be installed outside the chamber to effectively suppress environmental noise and non-target electromagnetic interference. A specific window is also provided in the direction of partial discharge to allow the electromagnetic field generated by the discharge to couple into the chamber. To ensure the consistency of the atomic energy level response, the internal temperature can be precisely adjusted, and a constant atomic density can be maintained through gas pressure control, thereby stabilizing the atomic collision frequency and energy level distribution, ensuring the repeatability and reliability of the quantum response of each partial discharge signal. After the light beam enters the chamber through a collimator and lens system, the uniformly distributed excitation light inside efficiently excites the atoms, ensuring that the Rydberg state atom group produces a consistent energy level response throughout the chamber.

[0040] When the electromagnetic field generated by the partial discharge signal enters the atomic gas chamber, the hot atoms interact with this electromagnetic field, causing a slight shift in the energy levels of the atoms in the Rydberg state. This shift manifests as a change in the intensity of the absorbed or emitted light signal. After the probe light passes through the gas chamber, the optical detection module can highly sensitively capture this change in light intensity and convert it into a quantizable signal, thus achieving a quantum response to the partial discharge electric field. Through this coupling mechanism, the atomic gas chamber acts as an intermediary between the partial discharge electromagnetic signal and the optical signal, allowing the change in electric field to be directly mapped to a change in optical signal without direct contact with the measured electric field source, achieving non-destructive and non-invasive detection. Because hot atoms are extremely sensitive to the quantum response of electromagnetic fields, even weak partial discharge signals can be accurately captured. At the same time, the stable gas chamber environment reduces the influence of external disturbances on the energy level shift, ensuring high consistency of detection results in repeated measurements. In summary, this design not only improves the detection sensitivity and resolution of partial discharge signals but also enhances the system's anti-interference capability and environmental adaptability, thereby significantly improving the overall measurement accuracy and reliability, providing a solid technical guarantee for high-precision partial discharge detection.

[0041] By coupling an atomic gas chamber with the partial discharge electromagnetic field, non-destructive testing can be achieved without contacting the measured electric field source, avoiding the additional interference introduced by traditional probe-type sensors. Simultaneously, the energy level response changes of thermal atoms under the influence of the electromagnetic field enable the detection process to achieve extremely high sensitivity based on the quantum properties of atoms. By maintaining a stable gas chamber environment, the influence of external disturbances on energy level changes can be effectively reduced, improving the repeatability and accuracy of the detection results. Therefore, this method not only achieves highly sensitive quantum response detection of partial discharge signals but also possesses good anti-interference and environmental stability, thus significantly improving the overall measurement accuracy and reliability of the system.

[0042] The detection optical path module 103 is used to detect the change in the intensity of the optical signal in the atomic gas cell and convert the change signal into the electromagnetic response characteristics of the electromagnetic field.

[0043] The detection optical path module can be composed of optical detection elements, optical coupling structures, and signal conversion devices, used to receive and analyze the intensity changes of the optical signal after passing through the atomic gas cell. The change in optical signal intensity refers to the optical power fluctuation caused by changes in the absorptivity or transmittance of the atomic energy levels due to disturbances from external electromagnetic fields. Electromagnetic response characteristics refer to photoelectric signal parameters that reflect the intensity and variation of the electromagnetic field, including frequency shift, amplitude, or phase changes.

[0044] In practical implementation, the detection optical path module may include a high-sensitivity photodetector, a precision optical lens and focusing system, a filter element, and a signal conversion and processing circuit. After the excitation light passes through the atomic gas cell, its intensity is modulated by minute changes in the Rydberg atomic energy levels. This modulation is reflected in changes in the absorptivity or scattering rate of the transmitted light. The modulated light signal is first focused onto the surface of the photodetector by the lens system to maximize the capture of light energy changes while ensuring the spatial uniformity and repeatability of the signal. The filter element is used to effectively filter out background light, stray light, and non-target wavelength light signals, ensuring that the output photodetector signal corresponds only to the atomic energy level response to the partial discharge electromagnetic field. The photodetector may be a high-response photodiode or an avalanche photodiode to enhance the capture capability of weak light intensity changes and maintain high linearity under low noise conditions, thereby ensuring a reliable mapping relationship between the signal amplitude and the electromagnetic field strength. The converted electrical signal then enters the signal processing circuit, where response characteristic parameters related to the partial discharge electromagnetic field are extracted through amplification, filtering, and digitization, such as optical frequency shift, amplitude change, and phase shift.

[0045] When hot atoms within an atomic chamber are subjected to a partial discharge electromagnetic field, the minute shifts in atomic energy levels cause dynamic changes in the intensity of transmitted or scattered light signals. The detection optical path module continuously and rapidly converts these minute light intensity changes into electrical signals in real time through photoelectric conversion, and then uses signal processing circuitry for feature extraction and time-series analysis. This process achieves continuous transmission from electromagnetic disturbance to optical response and then to electrical signal, ensuring that the weak electromagnetic field of partial discharge can be accurately identified and quantized. In this way, the system can monitor minute electromagnetic field changes in a non-contact, high-sensitivity manner, avoiding the additional interference that may be introduced by traditional probe-based measurements, and improving the stability and accuracy of detection results through the high signal-to-noise ratio of optical signals. Furthermore, the electromagnetic response characteristic parameters extracted by the module can be directly used for quantum calibration, type identification, and early warning judgment, realizing closed-loop measurement and control from atomic energy level response to electric field quantization output, providing high-precision, traceable, and repeatable technical assurance for partial discharge detection.

[0046] By detecting changes in the intensity of light signals within the atomic gas cell and converting them into electromagnetic response characteristics, highly sensitive non-contact detection of electromagnetic field disturbances can be achieved. This method avoids the susceptibility to interference associated with probe-based detection in traditional electric field measurements. Furthermore, the high signal-to-noise ratio of optical detection ensures more stable and accurate measurement results. Through photoelectric conversion and signal extraction, the atomic energy level response can be converted into a quantifiable electrical signal, enabling real-time reflection of electromagnetic field changes. Therefore, this implementation not only improves the detection sensitivity and accuracy of weak electric field signals but also effectively enhances the system's anti-interference capability and traceability, thereby significantly improving overall detection performance.

[0047] The signal acquisition and processing module 104 is used to receive electromagnetic response characteristics and perform demodulation analysis to extract characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal.

[0048] The signal acquisition and processing module can acquire, digitize, filter, and demodulate the electrical signal after photoelectric conversion to restore and identify the electromagnetic information generated by partial discharge. Demodulation analysis refers to the process of separating useful information from the mixed signal using mathematical algorithms to extract the signal components related to partial discharge. Characteristic parameters are key indicators that characterize the properties of partial discharge signals, such as pulse amplitude, frequency distribution, time-domain waveform, and energy spectrum.

[0049] In practical implementation, the signal acquisition and processing module can be composed of an analog-to-digital converter circuit, a digital filtering unit, a signal demodulation unit, and an adaptive analysis unit. First, the analog signal output from the photoelectric detection module is sampled by a high-speed analog-to-digital converter (ADC), converting the continuously changing photoelectric signal into a high-resolution digital signal to ensure the capture of transient characteristics of partial discharge. The digital signal then undergoes multi-stage filtering, including high-pass filtering to eliminate low-frequency drift and environmental interference, low-pass filtering to suppress high-frequency noise, and adjustable band-pass filtering to extract effective signals in the characteristic frequency bands of partial discharge. The filtered signal is input to the signal demodulation unit, which analyzes the time-domain fluctuations and frequency-domain energy distribution of the signal using methods such as phase-locked detection, envelope analysis, and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), thereby extracting key features of the partial discharge signal such as amplitude, duration, frequency spectrum, and instantaneous energy distribution. To cope with partial discharge events of different intensities, frequencies, and pulse patterns, the module can employ an adaptive signal processing algorithm to automatically adjust the filter bandwidth, threshold, and demodulation parameters based on real-time characteristics, achieving layered identification and refined parameter extraction, ensuring high accuracy in signal reconstruction and classification.

[0050] During the detection process, when the electromagnetic response signal output by the detection optical path module is transmitted to the signal acquisition and processing module, the module can synchronously capture the transient electromagnetic wave changes generated by partial discharge through high-speed continuous sampling and real-time analysis. This processing transforms the minute light intensity fluctuations of the optical detection signal into quantifiable digital electrical signals and accurately extracts signal features in both time and frequency dimensions, enabling dynamic tracking and comprehensive analysis of partial discharge events. The signal acquisition and processing module and the front-end optical detection module form a tight closed-loop collaboration. The module can dynamically adjust the sampling strategy or filtering parameters based on the characteristic parameter output results, ensuring the stability and accuracy of the entire detection link from quantum response to feature recognition. In addition, the module's high-resolution acquisition and multi-dimensional feature extraction capabilities can effectively distinguish between real discharge signals and background noise in complex electromagnetic environments, enhancing the system's anti-interference and repeatability, and providing a reliable data foundation for subsequent quantum calibration, discharge type identification, and early warning analysis.

[0051] By receiving and demodulating the electromagnetic response characteristics, high-precision extraction of characteristic parameters of partial discharge signals can be achieved. This method not only effectively distinguishes real discharge signals from background noise but also maintains the stability of signal recognition in complex electromagnetic environments. The combination of digital acquisition and algorithmic analysis enables the detection results to possess quantifiable and repeatable characteristics, thereby significantly improving the accuracy of partial discharge signal analysis and the overall reliability of the system. Therefore, this implementation method achieves high-resolution identification and accurate feature extraction of partial discharge signals, providing a reliable data foundation for subsequent equipment condition diagnosis and fault early warning.

[0052] The control and calibration module 105 is used to receive the characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal, perform calibration based on the energy level frequency shift law of Rydberg atoms, and output the quantized calibrated electric field strength.

[0053] The control and calibration module can calculate, control, and standardize the data output by the signal acquisition and processing module, achieving quantitative calibration of the detection signal and stable control of system parameters. The energy level frequency shift law refers to the predictable frequency shift relationship of the energy level position of a Rydberg atom under the action of an applied electric field, which is the foundation for realizing quantum electric field measurement. The electric field strength for quantum calibration refers to the electric field strength value obtained after calculation and calibration using the aforementioned energy level frequency shift law; this strength possesses a traceable and repeatable physical standard.

[0054] In the specific implementation process, the control and calibration module first receives the characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal from the signal acquisition and processing module. Based on the energy level frequency shift law of Rydberg atoms, it calculates the energy level shift generated by the thermal atom under the action of an external electric field and establishes a quantitative mapping relationship between the electric field strength and the energy level change. To ensure calibration accuracy, the module can preset the reference excitation frequency and dynamically adjust the laser frequency, gas chamber temperature, or other control parameters through an internal feedback loop to ensure that the atomic system remains within a stable quantum response range, thereby reducing energy level response deviations caused by light source drift or environmental changes. In addition, the module can compare the real-time measured energy level frequency shift with the theoretical or experimental standard model, eliminate system errors through a deviation correction algorithm, and achieve precise quantum calibration of the electric field strength. The calibrated electric field strength data is transmitted to the host computer through a digital signal interface for visualization output, storage, and further analysis.

[0055] The control and calibration module, through real-time correction and closed-loop feedback, ensures that the output electric field strength value strictly corresponds to the quantum properties of Rydberg atoms, guaranteeing the repeatability and physical traceability of the measurement results. Quantum calibration based on energy level frequency shift laws not only eliminates measurement errors introduced by external electromagnetic interference, detector nonlinearity, and light source drift, but also enables standardized processing for different devices or measurement environments, maintaining high consistency in partial discharge electric field measurement results across multiple devices, time periods, and environmental conditions. Through real-time control and dynamic correction, this module significantly improves the overall stability and reliability of the system's measurements and provides the output data with absolute physical scaling, thus providing a high-precision, traceable physical basis for quantitative analysis of partial discharge signals, insulation status assessment, and safe monitoring of power equipment operation.

[0056] By calibrating based on the frequency shift law of Rydberg atomic energy levels, the measurement results of partial discharge signals can be linked to quantum physical constants, achieving absolute calibration of the electric field strength. This method avoids the accuracy deviations caused by relying on empirical coefficients or manual calibration in traditional electric field measurements, ensuring the uniformity and repeatability of the detection results. Through real-time control and dynamic correction, not only is the stability and reliability of the system measurement effectively improved, but the traceability and standardization of the results are also enhanced. Therefore, this implementation method achieves high-precision calibration output based on quantum properties, providing physical standard support for the quantitative measurement of partial discharge signals.

[0057] In the above embodiments, thermal atoms are excited to the Rydberg state through an optical excitation module, placing the atoms in a high-energy state that is extremely sensitive to external electromagnetic fields. Relying on the quantum coherence effect between atoms, even weak partial discharge signals can cause observable changes in atomic energy levels, thus significantly improving detection sensitivity. The electromagnetic coupling between the atomic gas chamber and the discharge signal, along with the detection of changes in the optical signal by the probe optical path, gives the system a natural resistance to electromagnetic interference, while avoiding the sensitivity of traditional pulse current methods to strong interference. The signal acquisition and processing module, combined with demodulation analysis, can accurately extract the characteristic parameters of partial discharge, providing a traceable data foundation for the discharge signal. The control and calibration module achieves quantum calibration based on the frequency shift law of Rydberg atomic energy levels, thereby establishing a unified standard and making the measurement results comparable and reproducible. In summary, this system can achieve highly sensitive, interference-resistant, and traceable detection of weak partial discharge signals, providing a reliable basis for the insulation status assessment and fault early warning of power equipment, and solving the problems of insufficient sensitivity, limited anti-interference capability, and lack of standardized calibration in existing technologies.

[0058] In one embodiment, the thermal atom is a cesium atom, which is prepared by excitation with a two-photon laser up to 60 s. 1 / 2 The Rydberg level is used to achieve a highly sensitive response to electromagnetic fields of different frequency bands.

[0059] Cesium is an alkali metal atom with a clear and controllable energy level distribution and a large Rydberg level spacing, making it suitable for high-energy level excitation through optical two-photon processes.

[0060] In the specific implementation process, the optical excitation module emits two laser beams with specific wavelengths and frequencies, forming a two-photon excitation path, causing cesium atoms to absorb the energy of the two photons sequentially from the ground state, and finally transition to the 60s state. 1 / 2 The Rydberg level is the target energy level. This excitation process achieves stable resonant excitation by precisely controlling the frequency detuning and power of the laser, ensuring a sufficient proportion of atoms in the hot atom population are prepared to the target energy level. In practical applications, the excitation light can be split and a mirror system used to create a counter-propagating light field distribution in the atomic gas cell, thereby suppressing momentum transfer effects, ensuring uniform atomic state distribution within the excitation region, and improving signal stability and repeatability.

[0061] Cesium atoms were prepared to 60 s⁻¹ using two-photon excitation. 1 / 2 This approach allows for efficient transitions to higher energy levels without introducing excessively high laser power. This method avoids the deep ultraviolet light source required for direct single-photon excitation of high-energy levels, thus simplifying the system structure and reducing optical losses. Due to the 60S... 1 / 2 The Rydberg atoms in the cesium state possess large electric dipole moments, and their energy levels undergo significant perturbations when interacting with external electromagnetic fields. Therefore, atoms in this state exhibit high sensitivity to electromagnetic field signals of different frequency bands. Cesium atom populations prepared in this manner can serve as sensitive detection media for capturing and characterizing electromagnetic field changes caused by partial discharge signals, thereby achieving high-precision electromagnetic field detection.

[0062] In summary, thermal atoms can be excited to the 60 s² range using two-photon excitation. 1 / 2 This approach not only improves the energy level selectivity and stability of the excitation process, but also leverages the high polarizability of this energy level to achieve sensitive detection of electromagnetic field signals in different frequency bands. This scheme enables the system to maintain a high signal-to-noise ratio response even in complex electromagnetic environments, providing higher sensitivity and accuracy for partial discharge detection.

[0063] In one embodiment, the atomic gas cell is made of glass and has a diameter of 2.75 mm to 25 mm to reduce the impact of standing wave effect on electric field measurement results and ensure energy level response stability.

[0064] Glass, a transparent and chemically stable material, possesses excellent optical transmittance and low dielectric loss, effectively preventing interference from stray electromagnetic signals and mechanical vibrations to the atomic system. The diameter of the atomic gas cell is set within the range of 2.75 mm to 25 mm, ensuring a uniform light field distribution while maintaining good gas density and optical path matching, thus providing a structural basis for subsequent excitation and measurement.

[0065] In practical applications, atomic gas cells are typically fabricated using high-precision encapsulation processes to ensure stable and reliable internal structural geometry and optical properties. Transparent optical windows are positioned at both ends of the gas cell, allowing the excitation and probe beams to pass along coaxial paths, thus ensuring the accuracy of optical excitation and signal acquisition. After the injection of hot atomic gas, the internal temperature of the gas cell is strictly regulated by a temperature control component to maintain a constant temperature and stable atomic density, thereby ensuring that the collision frequency and energy level distribution are within a controllable range. The selection of the gas cell diameter has been experimentally calibrated: when the diameter is less than 2.75 mm, due to the reduced gas cell volume, the standing wave effect caused by multiple reflections of the beam inside the cell is significantly enhanced, leading to non-uniform electric field distribution and thus causing local deviations in the atomic energy level response, increasing the uncertainty of the measurement signal; when the diameter exceeds 25 mm, the uniformity of the light field in the lateral direction decreases, and local light intensity fluctuations lead to inconsistent atomic excitation probabilities, reducing the repeatability and reliability of the measurement. By limiting the cell diameter to between 2.75 mm and 25 mm, not only can the uniformity of the optical field and the atomic density be balanced, but the optical path length and the spot size of the detection system can also be effectively matched, thereby maximizing the efficiency of optical excitation and detection. Furthermore, the low dielectric constant of the glass material helps reduce the influence of external electromagnetic disturbances on the internal electric field of the cell, while the high optical transmittance ensures minimal energy loss of the excitation and detection light as they pass through the cell, further improving the signal-to-noise ratio. In summary, this optimized design of size and materials enables the atomic cell to maintain high stability during optical excitation, electromagnetic response, and signal acquisition, providing a reliable measurement basis for the partial discharge detection system and significantly improving measurement accuracy and repeatability.

[0066] By designing the atomic gas cell as a glass material and limiting its diameter to between 2.75 mm and 25 mm, the influence of standing wave effects on electric field measurement results can be effectively reduced. This design ensures a more uniform spatial distribution of the electromagnetic field inside the gas cell, resulting in stable atomic level responses and improved measurement signal consistency. Furthermore, the low dielectric constant and high optical transmittance of the glass material minimize energy loss during excitation light propagation within the gas cell, thereby improving the overall system's signal-to-noise ratio and measurement accuracy. Therefore, this structural design enables the atomic gas cell to achieve higher stability and reliability in optical excitation and electromagnetic response, further optimizing the measurement performance of the partial discharge detection system.

[0067] In one embodiment, the signal acquisition and processing module includes a signal analysis unit, which is used to filter, extract the envelope, perform spectrum analysis and phase calculation on the partial discharge signal to generate characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal.

[0068] The signal acquisition and processing module includes a signal analysis unit. This unit is a functional component used for digital processing and feature extraction of the electromagnetic response signal output from the detection optical path module. Its core function is to extract physical features related to partial discharge events from the raw photoelectric signal. Partial discharge signals are transient electromagnetic disturbances caused by insulation defects inside the device under test. These signals have small amplitudes, wide frequencies, and are mixed with noise components, thus requiring precise signal processing for feature identification and parameter extraction.

[0069] In practical implementation, the signal analysis unit's processing flow for partial discharge signals is hierarchical and refined. First, filtering effectively suppresses high-frequency noise, low-frequency drift, and external interference by designing appropriate bandpass or adaptive filters, ensuring that the extracted signal primarily contains frequency components relevant to the partial discharge event, thereby improving the signal-to-noise ratio for subsequent feature analysis. Next, envelope extraction calculates the instantaneous signal amplitude variation trend, transforming the rapidly oscillating transient signal into a smooth energy curve. This makes the temporal location, peak amplitude, and duration of the partial discharge event more intuitive and clear, facilitating the assessment of discharge intensity and pulse distribution characteristics. In the spectrum analysis stage, the signal is converted from the time domain to the frequency domain, revealing the energy distribution across different frequency bands. This helps distinguish various types of partial discharge, such as tip discharge, air gap discharge, or surface discharge, while quantifying the signal's frequency characteristics, providing a basis for subsequent classification and modeling. Further phase calculation, by comparing the phase relationships of multiple detection channels or signals from different frequency bands, obtains the spatial distribution information of the partial discharge source and the electromagnetic wave propagation path, thus assisting in locating discharge defects and analyzing the discharge mechanism. The entire process is automated by the signal analysis unit, which generates a dataset in real time containing multi-dimensional characteristic parameters such as amplitude, frequency, phase, and energy distribution. This enables the system to accurately identify weak partial discharge signals in complex electromagnetic environments and provides a reliable basis for subsequent quantification calibration, electric field assessment, and insulation condition diagnosis. Through refined processing, the signal analysis unit not only improves the detection sensitivity and resolution of partial discharge signals but also enhances data consistency and repeatability, laying the foundation for the high-precision operation of the entire detection system.

[0070] By performing filtering, envelope extraction, spectrum analysis, and phase calculation on partial discharge signals, the target signal can be effectively distinguished from background noise, improving the accuracy of feature extraction. Filtering reduces environmental and system noise interference, resulting in a purer extracted signal; envelope extraction makes the signal energy change trend more intuitive, facilitating the capture of transient discharge characteristics; spectrum analysis reveals the energy distribution patterns of the signal in different frequency bands, aiding in determining the discharge type; and phase calculation provides signal coherence information, improving the accuracy of discharge location and identification. By comprehensively executing these processing steps, high-sensitivity, high-resolution analysis of partial discharge signals can be achieved, significantly improving the detection system's ability to identify partial discharge features and the reliability of the data.

[0071] In one embodiment, the control and calibration module includes a frequency shift calculation unit and an error correction unit. The error correction unit is used to perform quantization calibration of the characteristic parameters based on the AC Stark effect model, and the frequency shift calculation unit is used to calculate the electric field strength based on the calibrated characteristic parameters and energy level response curves.

[0072] The control and calibration module includes a frequency shift calculation unit and an error correction unit. The frequency shift calculation unit establishes a quantitative correspondence between the energy level response of a Rydberg atom and the electric field strength, based on the physical law that atomic energy levels undergo frequency shift under the influence of an applied electric field. The error correction unit precisely calibrates the characteristic parameters output by the signal acquisition and processing module, compensating for quantization deviations in system measurements. The AC Stark effect model is a physical model of the frequency shift of atomic energy levels due to dipole interactions under an alternating electric field. This model accurately reflects the quantitative relationship between the electric field and the energy level frequency shift, and is therefore used to achieve the quantum calibration process of atomic energy level response.

[0073] In practical implementation, the control and calibration module exhibits a multi-layered, closed-loop workflow. First, the characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal output from the signal acquisition and processing module are input to the error correction unit. The error correction unit uses an AC Stark effect model to finely correct the characteristic parameters, compensating for potential non-ideal factors in the system, such as excitation light intensity fluctuations, detector sensitivity differences, optical path drift, and external electromagnetic disturbances. This ensures that the calibrated data accurately reflects the energy level response characteristics of the Rydberg atom. The corrected data is then transmitted to the frequency shift calculation unit. Based on a pre-established energy level response curve, this unit converts the frequency shift of the atomic energy levels under an applied electric field into corresponding electric field intensity values. Frequency shift calculation not only considers the nonlinear response characteristics between different atomic energy levels but also combines time series analysis to dynamically quantify the electric field intensity changes of transient partial discharge events, thereby achieving accurate measurement of the partial discharge electric field. The entire process forms a closed-loop working mechanism from signal acquisition, feature extraction, quantum calibration to electric field calculation. While ensuring the physical traceability of measurement results, it also significantly improves the repeatability and reliability of measurements. Through the combined effect of error correction and frequency shift calculation, the control and calibration module can transform complex atomic response signals into high-precision, quantifiable electric field strength data. This provides a solid technical foundation for quantitative analysis of partial discharge, assessment of electric field distribution, and monitoring of insulation status, while significantly enhancing the system's adaptability and anti-interference capability in complex electromagnetic environments.

[0074] By incorporating an error correction unit and a frequency shift calculation unit into the control and calibration module, and employing an AC Stark effect model for quantum calibration, the impact of external disturbances and system noise on measurement accuracy can be significantly reduced. Error correction ensures the linearity and stability of the mapping relationship between the atomic energy level response and the applied electric field, preventing the accumulation of measurement errors. Frequency shift calculation, based on a quantum physics model, directly calculates the electric field strength, making the detection results physically traceable and comparable. This approach enables higher-precision electric field measurement results and enhances the system's quantitative analysis capabilities and reliability in partial discharge detection.

[0075] In one embodiment, the detection optical path module and the atomic gas chamber are integrated into a fiber-optic integrated Rydberg atomic electromagnetic wave sensor probe, and the probe is made of non-metallic materials.

[0076] The detection optical path module and the atomic gas cell are integrated into a single package, forming a fiber-optic integrated Rydberg atomic electromagnetic wave sensor probe. This fiber-optic integrated Rydberg atomic electromagnetic wave sensor probe tightly encapsulates the optical excitation and detection paths, the atomic gas cell, and necessary optical coupling elements within the same structural unit. It transmits laser input and detection signal output via optical fiber, thus forming a highly integrated quantum electromagnetic sensor. Non-metallic materials refer to structural materials that do not contain conductive metallic elements. These materials possess stable electromagnetic properties, low dielectric constants, and no shielding effect on the measured electric field, ensuring high sensitivity of the sensor in electromagnetic environments.

[0077] In practical implementation, the fiber-optic integrated sensor probe combines the atomic gas chamber and the detection optical path module into one unit through precision packaging technology. The internal optical fiber directly couples the laser source and photodetector, achieving efficient transmission of optical signals. The atomic gas chamber is filled with thermal atoms of a predetermined type and density. The fiber ends undergo collimation and focusing to create a stable optical field distribution within the chamber, ensuring that the Rydberg atoms can fully absorb the excitation light and generate a measurable energy level response. The probe housing is made of non-metallic materials to avoid interference from metal shielding in electromagnetic field measurements, while also improving the system's electromagnetic compatibility and environmental adaptability.

[0078] By integrating the detection optical path module with the atomic gas cell to form an integrated fiber optic probe, refraction, scattering, and loss in the optical transmission path can be significantly reduced, improving the efficiency and signal stability of excitation and detection light. The use of non-metallic materials ensures that the external electromagnetic field can fully act inside the atomic gas cell, maintaining the Rydberg atoms' high sensitivity to changes in the electric field, thereby enhancing the detection capability of weak partial discharge signals. This implementation, through integrated packaging and material selection, achieves a compact, short optical path, and highly interference-resistant quantum electromagnetic sensor probe, providing a reliable and stable physical platform for high-precision electromagnetic field measurement, while also facilitating system miniaturization and field applications.

[0079] In one embodiment, the optical excitation module and the detection optical path module are connected via optical fiber transmission.

[0080] The optical excitation module and the detection optical path module are connected via optical fiber. Optical fiber transmission refers to the efficient and low-loss transmission of optical signals between the laser source and the detection module using optical fibers, achieving spatial isolation and flexible arrangement of optical signals.

[0081] In practical implementation, fiber optic transmission not only efficiently transmits excitation and detection light but also plays multiple roles in system design. After the excitation light is introduced into the detection area from the optical excitation module via fiber optic cable, it is shaped into high-quality collimated light by a collimator at the fiber end. Then, it is precisely focused or expanded by a lens system, ensuring uniform energy distribution within the atomic chamber. This guarantees that hot atoms can be fully excited to the target Rydberg level and reduces uneven energy level response caused by excessively high or low local light intensity. Simultaneously, the detection optical path module uses another fiber to collect transmitted or scattered atomic light signals. Through low-loss transmission within the fiber, the light signal is stably delivered to the photodetector, avoiding optical path drift, environmental vibration, and air turbulence interference introduced by free-space transmission. Fiber optic connections can be precisely positioned using fiber couplers, flanges, or fiber end-face fixing structures to further reduce reflection and coupling losses, while ensuring the repeatable assembly, disassembly, and adjustment accuracy of the optical module. In this way, fiber optic transmission not only achieves physical isolation between optical modules, avoiding cross-interference between excitation and detection light, but also optimizes the transmission efficiency and stability of optical signals. This allows the system to maintain high optical throughput and signal consistency even over long distances or in complex configurations, thereby improving the capture sensitivity and measurement accuracy of partial discharge signals. In summary, fiber optic transmission in this embodiment satisfies the high efficiency requirements of optical excitation and detection, while also providing technical support for modular system design, ease of on-site installation, and long-term stable operation, contributing to improved reliability and repeatability of the entire partial discharge detection system.

[0082] By employing fiber optic transmission to connect the optical excitation module and the probe optical path module, flexible arrangement of the optical path and physical isolation between modules can be achieved, thereby reducing the impact of environmental vibration and electromagnetic interference on the optical signal. Fiber optic transmission features low attenuation, high stability, and good directionality, ensuring efficient transmission of excitation and probe light over long distances or in complex layouts, improving atomic excitation efficiency and signal acquisition accuracy. This implementation not only simplifies the system structure and facilitates modular design and on-site installation, but also enhances the detection system's response sensitivity and overall stability to weak partial discharge signals, thus improving the reliability and repeatability of partial discharge detection.

[0083] In one embodiment, the system further includes a discharge type identification module for identifying the type of partial discharge based on the characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal.

[0084] The discharge type identification module analyzes and classifies partial discharge signals. Its main function is to determine the specific type of discharge, such as tip discharge, surface discharge, or air gap discharge, based on the characteristic parameters of the acquired partial discharge signals. The characteristic parameters of partial discharge signals include amplitude, frequency distribution, phase information, and energy envelope. These parameters can reflect the electromagnetic characteristics and temporal structure of different discharge types.

[0085] In its implementation, the discharge type identification module employs a multi-layered feature extraction and decision-making mechanism. First, the module receives partial discharge signal characteristic parameters from the signal acquisition and processing unit, including amplitude, frequency distribution, phase information, and energy envelope. These parameters are then standardized and normalized to eliminate biases caused by differences in measurement channels, detector sensitivity, and environmental factors, ensuring a unified analytical basis for the input data. Subsequently, the module compares the standardized feature parameters with pre-established typical parameter models for different discharge types, including amplitude characteristics, spectral characteristics, and phase distribution patterns for tip discharge, surface discharge, and air gap discharge. The matching process can be implemented using pattern recognition algorithms, such as machine learning-based classifiers, support vector machines, neural networks, or multi-dimensional feature distance determination methods. This is combined with statistical analysis, spectral comparison, and phase consistency judgment to improve the accuracy and robustness of type identification. Finally, the module outputs the type determination result for each partial discharge event and can combine the event occurrence time and intensity information to form a complete discharge event record, which is provided to the control interface or data storage system for real-time monitoring, historical analysis, and operational decision-making. Through this refined processing, the discharge type identification module can convert the original electromagnetic response signal into understandable discharge type information, enabling maintenance personnel or automated systems to quickly determine the nature, location, and development trend of insulation defects. This significantly improves the diagnostic accuracy, response speed, and decision reliability of the partial discharge detection system, and enhances the system's intelligence level and application value in long-term operation in complex power environments.

[0086] By incorporating a discharge type identification module into the system and classifying it based on partial discharge signal characteristic parameters, the intelligence level of the partial discharge monitoring system can be effectively improved. Characteristic parameter analysis and type identification can transform the raw electromagnetic response signal into understandable discharge type information, enabling maintenance personnel to quickly determine the nature and development trend of insulation defects. This approach helps improve the diagnostic accuracy and response efficiency of the detection system, providing a reliable basis for equipment health assessment and fault early warning, while enhancing the application value and practicality of the partial discharge detection system in complex power environments.

[0087] In one embodiment, the system further includes an early warning module for generating early warning information based on the quantized calibrated electric field strength.

[0088] The early warning module performs risk assessment and generates early warning information based on quantized electric field strength data. Its core function is to convert real-time electric field strength measurements into identifiable alarm signals or status indicators to alert users to potential partial discharge risks. The quantum-calibrated electric field strength refers to the electric field strength value obtained after quantizing the characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal through the control and calibration module. This value has traceability and physical standardization characteristics, accurately reflecting the actual electric field strength level of the discharge event.

[0089] In practical implementation, the early warning module's function extends beyond simple threshold comparison, forming a complete processing chain from data acquisition and risk assessment to information output. The module first receives quantum-calibrated electric field strength data from the control and calibration module and performs real-time monitoring and trend analysis. For each measurement point, the module simultaneously evaluates the absolute value, rate of change, and duration of the electric field strength, dynamically comparing it with historical monitoring data to identify electric field fluctuation patterns and potential anomalies, thereby determining the severity of partial discharge events. For example, when the electric field strength exceeds the high-risk threshold and persists for a long time, the module generates a high-level alarm; when the electric field strength approaches the warning value and changes rapidly, a medium-level warning is generated, indicating a potential development into a severe discharge event. The early warning module can also utilize statistical analysis, time series forecasting, or machine learning algorithms to predict electric field change trends in advance, thus achieving early warning of partial discharge. The generated early warning information can be output in various ways, including graphical interface display, audible and visual alerts, remote communication notifications, or data recording and storage, ensuring that maintenance personnel can promptly obtain risk information and take appropriate protective measures. Through this refined processing, the early warning module can transform high-precision, quantum-calibrated electric field measurement data into actionable risk alerts. This not only improves the early detection capability of partial discharge but also significantly enhances the reliability of equipment insulation status monitoring and the overall safety of system operation, providing a scientific, traceable, and quantifiable basis for decision-making in the operation and maintenance of power equipment.

[0090] By incorporating an early warning module into the system and generating warning information based on quantum-calibrated electric field strength, high-precision electric field signals measured by atomic quantum sensors can be transformed into actionable risk alerts. This approach enables early detection and timely response to partial discharges, reducing the probability of equipment insulation failures and improving the safety and reliability of power system operation. Quantum calibration ensures the accuracy of electric field strength data, making the warning information physically traceable and repeatable, thereby enhancing the system's practical value in on-site monitoring and fault prevention.

[0091] In one embodiment, such as Figure 2As shown, this application provides a partial discharge detection method based on the Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect, applied to the partial discharge detection system based on the Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect in any of the above embodiments. The method includes:

[0092] S201: The optically excited mode emits a two-photon laser to excite thermal atoms into the Rydberg state;

[0093] S202: The atomic gas chamber contains thermal atoms and couples with the electromagnetic field generated by the partial discharge signal, causing the thermal atoms to undergo energy level response changes under the action of the electromagnetic field;

[0094] S203: The detection optical path module detects the change in the intensity of the optical signal in the atomic gas cell and converts the change signal into the electromagnetic response characteristics of the electromagnetic field;

[0095] S204: The signal acquisition and processing module receives electromagnetic response characteristics and performs demodulation analysis to extract characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal;

[0096] S205: The control and calibration module receives the characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal, performs calibration based on the energy level frequency shift law of Rydberg atoms, and outputs the quantized calibrated electric field strength.

[0097] It should be noted that the partial discharge detection method based on the quantum coherence effect of Rydberg atoms provided in this application aims to utilize the high-sensitivity quantum properties of Rydberg atoms to achieve accurate measurement and analysis of partial discharge signals from electrical equipment. This method is applicable to any of the partial discharge detection systems based on the quantum coherence effect of Rydberg atoms in the foregoing embodiments, and completes the entire measurement process from excitation and detection to quantization output through the collaborative work of various modules within the system.

[0098] In practice, a two-photon laser is first emitted via an optical excitation module to excite the thermal atoms in the system to the Rydberg state. The thermal atoms are in a state of controlled thermal motion within the atomic gas chamber. Optical excitation ensures a sufficient number of atoms transition to higher energy levels, making them highly sensitive to the applied electromagnetic field, thus providing a basis for the subsequent quantized detection of partial discharge signals. Subsequently, the atomic gas chamber contains the thermal atoms and couples them with the electromagnetic field generated by the partial discharge signal, causing a change in the atomic energy levels. During this process, the energy level perturbations caused by the electromagnetic field manifest as detectable frequency and amplitude changes in the Rydberg atoms, providing a physical basis for precise measurement.

[0099] Next, the optical detection module detects changes in the optical signal within the atomic gas chamber, converting the light intensity changes caused by the atomic energy level response into electromagnetic response characteristics of the electromagnetic field. Through optical detection and signal transmission, the sensitive response of the atoms to the electromagnetic field is effectively captured and converted into an analyzable electrical signal. The signal acquisition and processing module then receives the electromagnetic response characteristics and performs demodulation analysis. Through methods such as filtering, envelope extraction, and spectral analysis, it extracts characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal, including amplitude, frequency, phase, and energy distribution information, providing a data foundation for subsequent calibration and quantization processing.

[0100] Finally, the control and calibration module performs calibration based on the extracted partial discharge signal characteristic parameters and the energy level frequency shift characteristics of Rydberg atoms, converting the characteristic parameters into quantized electric field strength values. This quantization calibration process utilizes the predictable frequency response of Rydberg atoms to external electric fields to achieve high-precision measurement of the partial discharge electric field strength. Through the above methods, the modules work together to form a closed-loop detection process, enabling highly sensitive and traceable detection and quantification of partial discharge signals, providing reliable data support for electrical equipment insulation status assessment, fault early warning, and operation and maintenance decisions.

[0101] Finally, it should be noted that in this document, relational terms such as "first" and "second" are used only to distinguish one entity or operation from another, and do not necessarily require or imply any such actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. Furthermore, the terms "comprising," "including," or any other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements includes not only those elements but also other elements not expressly listed, or elements inherent to such a process, method, article, or apparatus. Unless otherwise specified, an element defined by the phrase "comprising one..." does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes said element. In this document, "a," "an," "the," "the," and "its" may also include plural forms unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. "Multiple" refers to at least two, such as 2, 3, 5, or 8, etc. "And / or" includes any and all combinations of the related listed items.

[0102] The various embodiments in this specification are described in a progressive manner. Each embodiment focuses on the differences from other embodiments. The various embodiments can be combined as needed, and the same or similar parts can be referred to each other.

[0103] The above description of the disclosed embodiments enables those skilled in the art to make or use this application. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of this application. Therefore, this application is not to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A partial discharge detection system based on the Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect, characterized in that, The system includes: An optical excitation module is used to emit two-photon lasers to excite thermal atoms into the Rydberg state; An atomic gas chamber is used to contain the thermal atoms and couple them with the electromagnetic field generated by the partial discharge signal, so that the thermal atoms produce energy level response changes under the action of the electromagnetic field. The detection optical path module is used to detect the change signal of the light signal intensity in the atomic gas cell and convert the change signal into the electromagnetic response characteristics of the electromagnetic field; The signal acquisition and processing module is used to receive the electromagnetic response characteristics and perform demodulation analysis to extract the characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal. The control and calibration module is used to receive the characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal, perform calibration based on the energy level frequency shift law of Rydberg atoms, and output the quantum-calibrated electric field strength.

2. The partial discharge detection system based on the Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect according to claim 1, characterized in that, The thermal atoms are cesium atoms, which are prepared by excitation using the two-photon laser up to 60 s. 1 / 2 The Rydberg level is used to achieve a highly sensitive response to electromagnetic fields of different frequency bands.

3. The partial discharge detection system based on the Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect according to claim 1, characterized in that, The atomic gas cell is made of glass and has a diameter of 2.75 mm to 25 mm to reduce the impact of standing wave effect on electric field measurement results and ensure energy level response stability.

4. The partial discharge detection system based on the Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect according to claim 1, characterized in that, The signal acquisition and processing module includes a signal analysis unit, which is used to filter, extract the envelope, perform spectrum analysis and phase calculation on the partial discharge signal to generate characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal.

5. The partial discharge detection system based on the Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect according to claim 1, characterized in that, The control and calibration module includes a frequency shift calculation unit and an error correction unit. The error correction unit is used to perform quantization calibration on the characteristic parameters based on the AC Stark effect model. The frequency shift calculation unit is used to calculate the electric field strength based on the calibrated characteristic parameters and energy level response curves.

6. The partial discharge detection system based on the Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect according to claim 1, characterized in that, The detection optical path module and the atomic gas chamber are integrated into a fiber-optic integrated Rydberg atomic electromagnetic wave sensor probe, which is made of non-metallic materials.

7. The partial discharge detection system based on the Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect according to claim 1, characterized in that, The optical excitation module and the detection optical path module are connected via optical fiber.

8. The partial discharge detection system based on the Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that, The system also includes a discharge type identification module, used to identify the type of partial discharge based on the characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal.

9. The partial discharge detection system based on the Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that, The system also includes an early warning module for generating early warning information based on the quantum-calibrated electric field strength.

10. A method for detecting partial discharge based on the Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect, characterized in that, The method applied to the partial discharge detection system based on the Rydberg atomic quantum coherence effect according to any one of claims 1 to 9, the method comprising: The optically excited mode emits a two-photon laser to excite thermal atoms into the Rydberg state; The atomic gas chamber contains the thermal atoms and couples with the electromagnetic field generated by the partial discharge signal, causing the thermal atoms to undergo energy level response changes under the action of the electromagnetic field. The detection optical path module detects the change in the intensity of the optical signal in the atomic gas cell and converts the change signal into the electromagnetic response characteristics of the electromagnetic field; The signal acquisition and processing module receives the electromagnetic response characteristics and performs demodulation analysis to extract the characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal. The control and calibration module receives the characteristic parameters of the partial discharge signal, performs calibration based on the energy level frequency shift law of Rydberg atoms, and outputs the quantized calibrated electric field strength.

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