Reconfigurable transreflective unit, reconfigurable transreflective array antenna and vehicle

Abstract

The application discloses a reconfigurable transreflective unit, a reconfigurable transreflective array antenna and a vehicle, and relates to the technical field of antennas. The second dielectric substrate in the unit is oppositely arranged with the first dielectric substrate along the X direction. The side, away from the first dielectric substrate, of the second dielectric substrate is provided with a transmissive patch. The side, away from the second dielectric substrate, of the first dielectric substrate is provided with a reflective patch electrically connected with the transmissive patch. Two diodes are arranged on the reflective patch. By controlling the conduction and the cut-off of the two diodes, the reconfigurable transreflective unit can be switched between the reflection mode and the transmission mode. In the reflection mode, the reflective patch is used for reflecting the incident X-polarized electromagnetic wave to the space where the feed source is located. In the transmission mode, the transmissive patch is used for converting the incident X-polarized electromagnetic wave into Y-polarized electromagnetic wave and transmitting the Y-polarized electromagnetic wave to the space opposite to the feed source. The application can solve the problem of high isolation and large-angle low-loss scanning under the severe vehicle environment.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of antenna technology, and in particular to a reconfigurable transflective element, a reconfigurable transflective array antenna, and a vehicle. Background Technology

[0002] As intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) and autonomous driving technologies advance to higher levels, vehicles are placing unprecedented demands on the integration, high performance, and miniaturization of communication (V2X) and environmental perception (such as radar) capabilities. An ideal intelligent vehicle needs an integrated radio frequency system capable of simultaneously performing 360-degree environmental detection and high-speed data communication, replacing the currently prevalent "multi-sensor stacking" approach (i.e., separately deploying communication antennas, millimeter-wave radar, lidar, etc.). This would address issues such as system complexity, high cost, significant electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) challenges, and limitations on vehicle exterior design.

[0003] Reconfigurable transmissive and reflective array antennas offer advantages such as wide coverage, high gain, and dynamic beamforming. They can achieve multi-region, long-distance coverage and adjust beam shape according to scenario requirements, enhancing connection flexibility and reducing path interference. They have the potential to meet the demanding and urgent needs of non-line-of-sight microwave propagation communication systems, thus possessing high research and application value. Applying reconfigurable metasurfaces to automotive scenarios aims to solve the aforementioned system challenges, but it also faces significant challenges. One key challenge is achieving high-performance transmission and reflection dual-mode operation within a single shared aperture under harsh automotive conditions (such as vibration and extreme temperatures). This requires achieving large-angle, low-loss beam scanning within an extremely thin total thickness using a limited number of active devices (such as one or two PIN diodes), while strictly ensuring high isolation between the two modes to avoid self-interference. Furthermore, the complex three-dimensional multilayer structure and the precision manufacturing and high reliability requirements of the active DC bias network significantly increase the difficulty and cost of its engineering implementation. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The main objective of this invention is to propose a reconfigurable transflective element, a reconfigurable transflective array antenna, and a vehicle, aiming to solve the challenges of dual-mode high isolation and large-angle low-loss scanning in harsh vehicle environments.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention proposes a reconfigurable transmission and reflection unit, comprising:

[0006] First dielectric substrate;

[0007] A second dielectric substrate is disposed opposite to the first dielectric substrate along the Z-direction. A transmissive patch is provided on the side of the second dielectric substrate facing away from the first dielectric substrate, and a reflective patch electrically connected to the transmissive patch is provided on the side of the first dielectric substrate facing away from the second dielectric substrate. Two diodes are provided on the reflective patch. By controlling the conduction and cutoff of the two diodes, the reconfigurable transmissive-reflective unit can switch between a reflection mode and a transmission mode. In the reflection mode, the reflective patch is used to reflect the incident X-polarized electromagnetic wave to the space where the feed source is located. In the transmission mode, the transmissive patch is used to convert the incident X-polarized electromagnetic wave into a Y-polarized electromagnetic wave and transmit it to the space opposite to the feed source.

[0008] In one embodiment, the two diodes are a first diode and a second diode, respectively;

[0009] The reflective patch includes two first X-polarized radiation patches, which are positioned opposite each other along the X direction and spaced apart from the first diode and the second diode;

[0010] When both the first diode and the second diode are turned on, or when both the first diode and the second diode are turned off, the reconfigurable transmissive-reflective unit is in reflection mode.

[0011] The reconfigurable transmissive / reflective unit is in transmission mode when the first diode is on and the second diode is off, or when the first diode is off and the second diode is on.

[0012] In one embodiment, the reflective patch further includes two second X-polarized radiation patches, which are disposed opposite each other along the X direction and spaced apart from two first X-polarized radiation patches.

[0013] In one embodiment, two first X-polarized radiating patches are symmetrically arranged along the X direction about the central axis of the first dielectric substrate; two second X-polarized radiating patches are symmetrically arranged along the X direction about the central axis of the first dielectric substrate.

[0014] In one embodiment, the first X-polarized radiation patch is an E-shaped patch, and the second X-polarized radiation patch is a rectangular patch.

[0015] In one embodiment, the transmissive patch includes a first rectangular patch, a second rectangular patch, a first stepped patch, and a second stepped patch. The first rectangular patch and the second rectangular patch extend along the Y direction, and the first stepped patch and the second stepped patch extend along the X direction. The first rectangular patch, the first stepped patch, the second rectangular patch, and the second stepped patch are sequentially connected to form a transmissive cavity and an opening communicating with the transmissive cavity.

[0016] In one embodiment, the reconfigurable transflective unit further includes an adhesive layer, a metal ground layer, and a bias line layer. The first dielectric substrate and the second dielectric substrate are bonded together through the adhesive layer. The bias line layer has metal vias and three bias lines. Two of the bias lines are connected to the two diodes through the metal vias and a bend, respectively, and the other bias line is connected to the metal ground layer.

[0017] In one embodiment, the reconfigurable transmissive and reflective unit further includes a metal pillar that penetrates the first dielectric substrate and the second dielectric substrate to electrically connect the reflective patch and the transmissive patch.

[0018] The present invention also proposes a reconfigurable transflective array antenna, including a feed source and an M×N transflective array composed of a plurality of reconfigurable transflective elements as described above, wherein the M×N transflective array is disposed on one side of the feed source.

[0019] The present invention also proposes a vehicle comprising:

[0020] The control board integrates an M×N control array composed of multiple control units and an M×N key array composed of multiple key units; the control units are used to generate control signals based on the input DC voltage signal and output them to the control board; the control board is used to generate a preset bias combination through the M×N control array and the M×N key array.

[0021] And the reconfigurable transflective array antenna as described above, wherein the M×N transflective array in the reconfigurable transflective array antenna is connected to the M×N control array to receive the preset bias combination and control the diode state of each reconfigurable transflective unit.

[0022] The technical solution of this invention constructs a dual-mode operating platform by arranging a first dielectric substrate and a second dielectric substrate opposite to each other along the X-direction. A transmissive patch disposed on the side of the second dielectric substrate away from the first dielectric substrate and a reflective patch disposed on the side of the first dielectric substrate away from the second dielectric substrate are electrically connected to form the core path for electromagnetic wave transmission and radiation. The reflective patch integrates two diodes as key control nodes, which determine the operating mode by switching them on and off. When the reconfigurable transmissive / reflective unit is in reflective mode, the reflective patch reflects the incident X-polarized electromagnetic wave to the space where the feed source is located, completing the environmental detection function. When the reconfigurable transmissive / reflective unit is in transmissive mode, the transmissive patch converts the incident X-polarized electromagnetic wave into Y-polarized electromagnetic wave and transmits it to the space opposite to the feed source, realizing high-speed communication. The above-mentioned dual-mode switching mechanism based on a single shared aperture utilizes the reconstruction of the current path by two diodes to achieve polarization conversion and beam control without the need for an additional polarization conversion layer, effectively addressing the technical requirements for high isolation and large-angle low-loss scanning in harsh automotive environments. Attached Figure Description

[0023] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on the structures shown in these drawings without creative effort.

[0024] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an embodiment of the reconfigurable transmissive and reflective unit provided by the present invention;

[0025] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of another embodiment of the reconfigurable transmissive and reflective unit provided by the present invention;

[0026] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an embodiment of the reflective patch provided by the present invention;

[0027] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an embodiment of the transmissive patch provided by the present invention;

[0028] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of a reconfigurable transflective array antenna according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0029] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of an embodiment of the M×N transmissive and reflective array provided by the present invention;

[0030] Figure 7 Phase distribution diagrams of the M×N transmissive and reflective array provided by the present invention at scanning angles of 0 degrees, 15 degrees, 30 degrees, 45 degrees and 60 degrees;

[0031] Figure 8 and Figure 9 Amplitude and phase characteristic diagram of the M×N transmission and reflection array in transmission mode provided by the present invention;

[0032] Figure 10 and Figure 11 The reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient diagram of the M×N transmissive and reflective array provided by the present invention in the reflection mode;

[0033] Figure 12 The diagram shows the ability of the M×N transmissive and reflective array provided by this invention to control the direction and performance of the forward transmitted beam in transmission mode.

[0034] Figure 13 The gain versus aperture efficiency curves of the M×N transmissive and reflective array provided by this invention in transmission mode;

[0035] Figure 14 and Figure 15 Normalized beam scanning radiation patterns of the XOZ and YOZ planes of the M×N transmissive and reflective array provided by the present invention in transmission mode.

[0036] Figure 16 The radiation patterns of the XOZ and YOZ planes of the M×N transmissive and reflective array provided by the present invention in reflection mode;

[0037] Figure 17 The radiation gain versus aperture efficiency curves of the M×N transmissive-reflective array provided by this invention in reflection mode;

[0038] Figure 18 and Figure 19 Normalized beam scanning radiation pattern of the XOZ and YOZ planes of the M×N transmissive and reflective array provided by the present invention in reflection mode;

[0039] Figure 20 This is a structural schematic diagram of an embodiment of the vehicle provided by the present invention.

[0040] Explanation of icon numbers:

[0041] 100. Reconfigurable transmissive / reflective array antenna; 10. M×N transmissive / reflective array; 11. Reconfigurable transmissive / reflective element; 1. First dielectric substrate; 2. Second dielectric substrate; 3. Transmissive patch; 31. First rectangular patch; 32. Second rectangular patch; 33. First stepped patch; 34. Second stepped patch; 301. Transmissive cavity; 302. Opening; 4. Reflective patch; 41. First X-polarized radiating patch; 42. Second X-polarized radiating patch; 5. Diode; 51. First diode; 52. Second diode; 6. Adhesive layer; 7. Metal ground layer; 8. Bias line layer; 81. Bias line; 801. Metal via; 9. Metal pillar; 20. Feed source; 200. Control board; 300. M×N control array; 400. M×N button array.

[0042] The realization of the objective, functional features and advantages of the present invention will be further explained in conjunction with the embodiments and with reference to the accompanying drawings. Detailed Implementation

[0043] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0044] As intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) and autonomous driving technologies advance to higher levels, vehicles are placing unprecedented demands on the integration, high performance, and miniaturization of communication (V2X) and environmental perception (such as radar) capabilities. An ideal intelligent vehicle needs an integrated radio frequency system capable of simultaneously performing 360-degree environmental detection and high-speed data communication, replacing the currently prevalent "multi-sensor stacking" approach (i.e., separately deploying communication antennas, millimeter-wave radar, lidar, etc.). This would address issues such as system complexity, high cost, significant electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) challenges, and limitations on vehicle exterior design.

[0045] Reconfigurable transmissive and reflective array antennas offer advantages such as wide coverage, high gain, and dynamic beamforming. They can achieve multi-region, long-distance coverage and adjust beam shape according to scenario requirements, enhancing connection flexibility and reducing path interference. They have the potential to meet the demanding and urgent needs of non-line-of-sight microwave propagation communication systems, thus possessing high research and application value. Applying reconfigurable metasurfaces to automotive scenarios aims to solve the aforementioned system challenges, but it also faces significant challenges. One key challenge is achieving high-performance transmission and reflection dual-mode operation within a single shared aperture under harsh automotive conditions (such as vibration and extreme temperatures). This requires achieving large-angle, low-loss beam scanning within an extremely thin total thickness using a limited number of active devices (such as one or two PIN diodes), while strictly ensuring high isolation between the two modes to avoid self-interference. Furthermore, the complex three-dimensional multilayer structure and the precision manufacturing and high reliability requirements of the active DC bias network significantly increase the difficulty and cost of its engineering implementation.

[0046] To address this, the present invention proposes a reconfigurable transflective unit 11, which aims to solve the challenges of dual-mode high isolation and large-angle low-loss scanning in harsh automotive environments.

[0047] Please see Figures 1 to 4 In one embodiment of the present invention, the reconfigurable transmissive and reflective unit 11 includes:

[0048] First dielectric substrate 1;

[0049] The second dielectric substrate 2 is disposed opposite to the first dielectric substrate 1 along the Z direction. A transmissive patch 3 is provided on the side of the second dielectric substrate 2 away from the first dielectric substrate 1, and a reflective patch 4 electrically connected to the transmissive patch 3 is provided on the side of the first dielectric substrate 1 away from the second dielectric substrate 2. Two diodes 5 are provided on the reflective patch 4. By controlling the two diodes 5 to be turned on and off, the reconfigurable transmissive-reflective unit 11 can switch between reflection mode and transmission mode. In reflection mode, the reflective patch 4 is used to reflect the incident X-polarized electromagnetic wave to the space where the feed source 20 is located. In transmission mode, the transmissive patch 3 is used to convert the incident X-polarized electromagnetic wave into a Y-polarized electromagnetic wave and transmit it to the space opposite to the feed source 20.

[0050] In this embodiment, the reconfigurable transmissive / reflective unit 11 may include a first dielectric substrate 1 and a second dielectric substrate 2. The first dielectric substrate 1 and the second dielectric substrate 2 serve as the supporting carriers of the reconfigurable transmissive / reflective unit 11, constructing a physical architecture for dual-mode control of electromagnetic wave transmission and reflection, and supporting the transmission patch 3, the reflection patch 4, and the diode 5. In one embodiment, the first dielectric substrate 1 and the second dielectric substrate 2 may be made of F4B material with a thickness of 1.2 mm, a dielectric constant of 2.65, and a loss tangent of 0.002. By adopting the first dielectric substrate 1 and the second dielectric substrate 2 designed above, compared with other high-frequency board designs, material costs can be effectively saved and processing difficulty reduced while meeting automotive-grade electrical performance requirements. The first dielectric substrate 1 and the second dielectric substrate 2 are arranged opposite each other along the Z direction, and the reflection patch 4 is provided on the side of the first dielectric substrate 1 facing away from the second dielectric substrate 2. The reconfigurable transmissive / reflective unit 11 has a reflection mode. In the reflection mode, the reflection patch 4 is used to receive the X-polarized electromagnetic wave emitted by the feed source 20 and reflect it back to the space where the feed source 20 is located. The feed 20 is the energy radiating component of the reconfigurable transflective array antenna 100, and is generally located on the side of the first dielectric substrate 1 facing away from the second dielectric substrate 2, i.e., facing the reflective patch 4. A transmission patch 3 is provided on the side of the second dielectric substrate 2 facing away from the first dielectric substrate 1, and the transmission patch 3 is electrically connected to the reflective patch 4. The reconfigurable transflective unit 11 has a transmission mode. In the transmission mode, the transmission patch 3 receives the X-polarized electromagnetic wave output from the reflective patch 4, converts the received X-polarized electromagnetic wave into a Y-polarized electromagnetic wave, and transmits it to the space opposite the feed 20.

[0051] To enable the reconfigurable transflective unit 11 to switch between reflection and transmission modes, two diodes 5 are provided on the reflective patch 4. By controlling the conduction and cutoff of the two diodes 5, the reconfigurable transflective unit 11 can switch between reflection and transmission modes. The two diodes 5 are integrated into the reflective patch 4 as controllable switching elements, and their conduction or cutoff states can directly change the current distribution path and equivalent impedance characteristics on the surface of the reflective patch 4. When the two diodes 5 are in the first combination of conduction and cutoff states, the electrical connection path between the reflective patch 4 and the transmission patch 3 exhibits high impedance or open-circuit characteristics. At this time, the incident X-polarized electromagnetic wave is mainly confined to one side of the first dielectric substrate 1, and resonant reflection is formed by the reflective patch 4, so that the reconfigurable transflective unit 11 operates in reflection mode, reflecting the X-polarized electromagnetic wave back to the space where the source 20 is located. When the two diodes 5 switch to the second combination of on and off states, a low-impedance conduction path is formed between the reflective patch 4 and the transmission patch 3. The incident X-polarized electromagnetic wave can pass through the reflective patch 4 and couple to the transmission patch 3. During transmission, the polarization direction is converted from X-polarization to Y-polarization using the transmission patch 3, and then radiated into the space opposite to the feed source 20, thus enabling the reconfigurable transflective unit 11 to operate in transmission mode. By controlling the on and off states of the two diodes 5 to reconstruct the surface electromagnetic response, the reconfigurable transflective unit 11 can switch between reflection mode and transmission mode. Its core is to enable vehicles to flexibly allocate functions as needed using the same hardware platform: in transmission mode, it acts as a high-speed communication antenna to establish links with base stations or other vehicles; in reflection mode, it acts as a radar antenna to perform beam scanning and target detection of the surrounding environment, thereby meeting the different needs of intelligent connected vehicles for environmental perception and communication links in different scenarios.

[0052] Furthermore, the reconfigurable transflection / reflection unit 11 of this invention can achieve X-polarization to Y-polarization without an additional polarization conversion layer. Moreover, by separately placing the reflective patch 4 and the transmission patch 3, the amplitude and phase of the corresponding modes can be independently controlled, greatly reducing structural complexity while ensuring functionality. Expanding the reconfigurable transflection / reflection unit 11 into a large-scale M×N array, such as a 12×12 transflection / reflection array, the principle is that each reconfigurable transflection / reflection unit 11 can be precisely controlled through a bias network, enabling in-phase beamforming across the entire aperture. Ultimately, this design achieves high gain and high aperture efficiency: a maximum gain of 21.16 dBi and an aperture efficiency of 26.16% in the reflection mode, and a maximum gain of 20.35 dBi and an aperture efficiency of 21.76% in the transmission mode, demonstrating its extremely high energy radiation efficiency within a finite aperture.

[0053] In summary, the reconfigurable transflective unit 11 is constructed as a basic carrier for dual-mode operation by having the first dielectric substrate 1 and the second dielectric substrate 2 positioned opposite each other along the X-direction. A transmissive patch 3 on the side of the second dielectric substrate 2 facing away from the first dielectric substrate 1 is electrically connected to a reflective patch 4 on the side of the first dielectric substrate 1 facing away from the second dielectric substrate 2, forming the core path for electromagnetic wave transmission and radiation. The reflective patch 4 integrates two diodes 5 as key control nodes, which determine the operating mode by switching them on and off. When the reconfigurable transflective unit 11 is in reflection mode, the reflective patch 4 reflects the incident X-polarized electromagnetic waves to the space where the feed source 20 is located, completing the environmental detection function. When the reconfigurable transflective unit 11 is in transmission mode, the transmission patch 3 converts the incident X-polarized electromagnetic waves into Y-polarized electromagnetic waves and transmits them to the space opposite the feed source 20, realizing high-speed communication. The aforementioned dual-mode switching mechanism based on a single shared aperture utilizes the reconstruction of the current path by two diodes to achieve polarization conversion and beam control without the need for an additional polarization conversion layer, effectively addressing the technical requirements for high isolation and large-angle low-loss scanning in harsh automotive environments.

[0054] like Figures 1 to 4 As shown, in one embodiment, the two diodes 5 are a first diode 51 and a second diode 52, respectively;

[0055] The reflective patch 4 includes two first X-polarized radiation patches 41, which are positioned opposite each other along the X direction and spaced apart by a first diode 51 and a second diode 52.

[0056] When both the first diode 51 and the second diode 52 are turned on, or when both the first diode 51 and the second diode 52 are turned off, the reconfigurable transmissive-reflective unit 11 is in reflection mode.

[0057] When the first diode 51 is turned on and the second diode 52 is turned off, or when the first diode 51 is turned off and the second diode 52 is turned on, the reconfigurable transmissive and reflective unit 11 is in transmission mode.

[0058] In this embodiment, by controlling the on / off state of the first diode 51 and the second diode 52, four state combinations of 00, 01, 10, and 11 can be achieved. In the 01 state (when the first diode 51 is on and the second diode 52 is off) and the 10 state (when the first diode 51 is off and the second diode 52 is on), the transmission amplitude Tyx of the reconfigurable transflective unit 11 is greater than -2.5dB in the 10.2GHz to 11GHz frequency band, and there is a 180-degree phase difference between the 01 state and the 10 state. In the 00 state (when both the first diode 51 and the second diode 52 are off) and the 11 state (when both the first diode 51 and the second diode 52 are on), the reflection amplitude Rxx of the reconfigurable transflective unit 11 is basically 0dB, which is in a total reflection state, and there is a 180-degree phase difference between the 00 state and the 11 state, and the transmission coefficient is below -30dB. That is, the reconfigurable transmissive and reflective unit 11 uses only two PIN diodes 5 to realize four states: 00, 01, 10, and 11. At the same time, it has good transmission or reflection amplitude characteristics in both transmission and reflection modes, realizes 1-bit phase change, and achieves high isolation performance.

[0059] To clarify the physical principle of beamforming, the modulation effect of the reconfigurable transmissive and reflective element 11 on the incident wave is described by the Jones matrix T.

[0060] When the incident wave is an X-polarized electromagnetic wave, its incident electric field It can be represented as:

[0061] ;

[0062] Therefore, the electric field of the transmitted wave Based on the above, we can conclude that...

[0063] ;

[0064] in, The transmission coefficient from X polarization to X polarization is... The transmission coefficient for X-polarization to Y-polarization conversion.

[0065] And because

[0066] ;

[0067] Since the design goal of the reconfigurable transmissive and reflective element 11 is to achieve polarization conversion, when When the polarization is zero, the ideal state is reached, and the X-polarized wave is completely converted into the Y-polarized wave, from which the output Y-polarized electric field can be obtained. for:

[0068] ;

[0069] The phase delay is:

[0070] .

[0071] Based on the phase modulation characteristics of the reconfigurable transflective element 11, for a large-scale array fed by a horn, phase compensation is required for each reconfigurable transflective element 11 to achieve beam scanning in a specific direction. The corresponding phase compensation is as follows:

[0072] ;

[0073] in and This indicates the elevation and azimuth angles of the reconfigurable transflective array antenna 100; The propagation constant; The unit period; It is the phase shift from feed 20 to the (m, n) element.

[0074] The phase shift caused by feed 20 It can be represented as:

[0075] ;

[0076] in, The position vector of the (m,n)th unit. This is the unit vector pointing in the beam direction.

[0077] After calculating the continuous compensation phase required for each reconfigurable transflective unit 11 in the array, given that the reconfigurable transflective unit 11 only has 1-bit phase adjustment capability, the continuous phase needs to be quantized into two discrete values: 0 degrees or 180 degrees. That is, when the calculated phase falls within the range of 0 degrees to 180 degrees, it is quantized as 0 degrees, and when it falls within the range of 180 degrees to 360 degrees, it is quantized as 180 degrees.

[0078] That is, the phase compensation required for each reconfigurable transmissive / reflective element is:

[0079] .

[0080] Based on the quantization results and the phase correspondence of the four states mentioned above, for a reflection mode beam pointing to the upper hemisphere, when the required compensation phase is quantized to 0 degrees, the corresponding reconfigurable transmissive and reflective unit 11 is encoded as state 00. When the required compensation phase is quantized to 180 degrees, it is encoded as state 11. The 180-degree phase difference between states 00 and 11 is used to achieve reflection beamforming.

[0081] That is, for the beam (reflection mode) of the upper hemisphere, the encoding can be obtained as follows:

[0082] .

[0083] For a transmission mode beam pointing to the lower hemisphere, when the required compensation phase quantization is 0 degrees, the corresponding reconfigurable transmission and reflection unit 11 is encoded as state 01. When the required compensation phase quantization is 180 degrees, the encoding is set to state 10. The 180-degree phase difference between states 01 and 10 is used to achieve transmission beamforming, thereby precisely controlling the electromagnetic radiation direction of the entire array through digital encoding sequence.

[0084] That is, for the beam (transmission mode) of the lower hemisphere, the encoding can be obtained as follows:

[0085] .

[0086] like Figures 1 to 4 As shown, in one embodiment, the reflective patch 4 further includes two second X-polarized radiation patches 42, which are disposed opposite each other along the X direction and spaced apart from two first X-polarized radiation patches 41.

[0087] In this embodiment, two second X-polarized radiating patches 42, together with the two first X-polarized radiating patches 41 arranged opposite each other along the X direction, constitute the complete radiating structure of the reflective patch 4. This structure is disposed on the side of the first dielectric substrate 1 facing away from the second dielectric substrate 2, and is electrically connected to the transmissive patch 3 on the side of the second dielectric substrate 2 facing away from the first dielectric substrate 1. By introducing the second X-polarized radiating patches 42 also arranged along the X direction, the reconfigurable transmissive-reflective unit 11 optimizes the current distribution path on the surface of the reflective patch 4, so that when the first diode 51 and the second diode 52 switch between the on and off states, the equivalent impedance characteristics of the entire reflective patch 4, including the first X-polarized radiating patches 41 and the second X-polarized radiating patches 42, can be more effectively controlled. This layout helps enhance the reflection amplitude of the reconfigurable transflector unit 11 for incident X-polarized electromagnetic waves in reflection mode, when both the first diode 51 and the second diode 52 are on or off, ensuring that the electromagnetic waves are efficiently reflected to the space where the feed source 20 is located. Simultaneously, in transmission mode, when the first diode 51 is on and the second diode 52 is off, or vice versa, the transmission patch 3, in conjunction with the first diode 51 being on and the second diode 52 being off, enables the conversion of X-polarized electromagnetic waves to Y-polarized electromagnetic waves, and transmits the converted electromagnetic waves to the space opposite to the feed source 20. The addition of the second X-polarized radiating patch 42 enriches the geometric dimensions of the reconfigurable transflector unit 11, providing more flexible control nodes for the two diodes 5. This further improves the amplitude stability and phase control accuracy of the reconfigurable transflector unit 11 during dual-mode switching, while meeting the stringent requirements of automotive-grade environments, supporting stable implementation of the aforementioned four states (00, 01, 10, and 11) and high isolation performance.

[0088] like Figures 1 to 4As shown, in one embodiment, two first X-polarized radiation patches 41 are symmetrically arranged along the X direction about the central axis of the first dielectric substrate 1; two second X-polarized radiation patches 42 are symmetrically arranged along the X direction about the central axis of the first dielectric substrate 1.

[0089] In this embodiment, the two first X-polarized radiation patches 41 and the two second X-polarized radiation patches 42 are symmetrically distributed along the X direction about the central axis of the first dielectric substrate 1, so that the reflective patch 4 disposed on the side of the first dielectric substrate 1 away from the second dielectric substrate 2 has excellent geometric symmetry. When the reconfigurable transflective unit 11 operates in reflection mode, that is, when both the first diode 51 and the second diode 52 are turned on or both are turned off, this symmetrical structure can effectively optimize the current distribution on the surface of the reflective patch 4, thereby increasing the reflection amplitude of the incident X-polarized electromagnetic wave by the reconfigurable transflective unit 11 and improving the symmetry of the reflected wave field. This enhanced reflection amplitude and symmetry characteristic can significantly improve the radiation pattern quality of the array and reduce the sidelobe level when multiple reconfigurable transflective elements 11 are expanded into a large-scale array for beam scanning. This greatly improves the beam scanning performance of the reconfigurable transflective elements 11 in both transmission and reflection modes, ensuring that electromagnetic waves are efficiently reflected to the space where the feed source 20 is located in reflection mode, or converted into Y-polarized electromagnetic waves by the transmission patch 3 in transmission mode and transmitted with high quality to the space opposite to the feed source 20.

[0090] like Figures 1 to 4 As shown, in one embodiment, the first X-polarized radiation patch 41 is an E-shaped patch, and the second X-polarized radiation patch 42 is a rectangular patch.

[0091] In this embodiment, the reflective patch 4 is composed of a pair of E-shaped patches (i.e., two first X-polarized radiation patches 41) symmetrically arranged along the X-direction about the central axis of the first dielectric substrate 1, and two pairs of rectangular patches (i.e., two second X-polarized radiation patches 42) also symmetrically arranged. A first diode 51 and a second diode 52 are loaded in the middle of a pair of E-shaped patches. Since the first diode 51 and the second diode 52 are arranged along the X-direction, their on / off states mainly regulate the reflection effect of the X-polarized electromagnetic waves. By adjusting the length of the E-shaped patch in the X-direction, the reconstructed transmissive-reflective unit 11 can achieve a higher reflection amplitude and optimize energy radiation efficiency; while the 1-bit phase change required in the reflection mode is mainly controlled by the on / off combination of the first diode 51 and the second diode 52. When both the first diode 51 and the second diode 52 are either on or off, the reconfigurable transflector / reflector unit 11 is in reflection mode. Utilizing the synergistic effect of the E-shaped patch and the rectangular patch, it efficiently reflects the incident X-polarized electromagnetic wave to the space where the feed source 20 is located, and achieves a 180-degree phase difference between states 00 and 11 through the switching of diode 5's state. When one diode 51 and the other diode 52 are in an on-off state, the reconfigurable transflector / reflector unit 11 is in transmission mode. In conjunction with the transmission patch 3 on the side of the second dielectric substrate 2 facing away from the first dielectric substrate 1, it converts the incident X-polarized electromagnetic wave into a Y-polarized electromagnetic wave and transmits it to the space opposite to the feed source 20. This design, employing a combination of E-shaped and rectangular patches, effectively balances the high reflection amplitude requirement with flexible phase adjustment capability while meeting the stringent requirements of automotive-grade environments, thus improving the overall performance of the reconfigurable transflector / reflector unit 11 in dual-mode operation.

[0092] like Figures 1 to 4 As shown, in one embodiment, the transmissive patch 3 includes a first rectangular patch 31, a second rectangular patch 32, a first stepped patch 33, and a second stepped patch 34. The first rectangular patch 31 and the second rectangular patch 32 extend along the Y direction, and the first stepped patch 33 and the second stepped patch 34 extend along the X direction. The first rectangular patch 31, the first stepped patch 33, the second rectangular patch 32, and the second stepped patch 34 are sequentially connected to form a transmissive cavity 301 and an opening 302 communicating with the transmissive cavity 301.

[0093] In this embodiment, both the first rectangular patch 31 and the second rectangular patch 32 extend along the Y direction, which helps to enhance the conversion efficiency of the reconfigurable transmissive unit 11 in converting incident X-polarized electromagnetic waves into Y-polarized electromagnetic waves in transmission mode. The first trapezoidal patch 33 and the second trapezoidal patch 34 extend along the X direction and cooperate with the second rectangular patch 32, so that the overall structure presents a trapezoidal shape extending along the Y direction, which can effectively extend the current flow path on the surface of the transmissive patch 3, thereby optimizing the phase delay characteristics required for polarization conversion. The first rectangular patch 31, the first stepped patch 33, the second rectangular patch 32, and the second stepped patch 34 are sequentially connected to form a transmission cavity 301 and its connected opening 302. This indicates that the end of the second stepped patch 34 away from the first stepped patch 33 does not directly abut against the first rectangular patch 31, but leaves a specific gap to form the opening 302. This allows for adjustment of the electromagnetic field distribution mode inside the transmission patch 3. Combined with the on / off state of the two diodes 5 on the reflective patch 4, the energy transmission of electromagnetic waves through the first dielectric substrate 1 and the second dielectric substrate 2 can be more precisely controlled in the transmission mode. This achieves efficient conversion from X polarization to Y polarization and transmits electromagnetic waves to the space opposite to the feed source 20. At the same time, in the reflection mode, effective isolation of the incident wave is maintained.

[0094] like Figures 1 to 4 As shown, in one embodiment, the reconfigurable transflective unit 11 further includes an adhesive layer 6, a metal ground layer 7, and a bias line layer 8. The first dielectric substrate 1 and the second dielectric substrate 2 are bonded together by the adhesive layer 6. The bias line layer 8 is provided with a metal through-hole 801 and three bias lines 81. Two bias lines 81 are connected to two diodes 5 through the metal through-hole 801 and a bend line, respectively, and the other bias line 81 is connected to the metal ground layer 7.

[0095] In this embodiment, the adhesive layer 6 can be made of Rogers 4350F adhesive material, which has a dielectric constant of 3.5, a loss tangent of 0.004, and a thickness of 0.2 mm. This parameter configuration ensures the stable bonding and electrical performance of the first dielectric substrate 1 and the second dielectric substrate 2 under automotive-grade vibration and high and low temperature environments.

[0096] To achieve independent and precise control of the two diodes 5 on the reflective patch 4, the bias line layer 8 is designed with three DC bias lines 81. Two of the bias lines 81 are electrically connected to the two diodes 5 via metal vias 801 and bends, respectively, to transmit the vehicle control signal to the diodes 5 to switch their on or off states. The other bias line 81 is directly connected to the metal ground layer 7 to provide a common reference potential.

[0097] In one embodiment, the selected diode 5 can be a MADP00907. This device is equivalent to a series of resistors and inductors in the on state and a series of lumped capacitors and inductors in the off state. Its specific equivalent circuit parameters include a resistance of 0.85 ohms, an inductance of 30 picohens, and a capacitance of 0.025 picofarads.

[0098] Through the cooperation of the aforementioned bias line layer 8 and the specific type of diode 5, the reconfigurable transmission and reflection unit 11 can flexibly adjust the equivalent impedance characteristics of the diode 5 according to the control signal, thereby achieving efficient switching between reflection mode and transmission mode, ensuring that the incident X-polarized electromagnetic wave is reflected to the space where the feed source 20 is located in the reflection mode, or converted into Y-polarized electromagnetic wave and transmitted to the space opposite to the feed source 20 in the transmission mode.

[0099] like Figures 1 to 4 As shown, in one embodiment, the reconfigurable transmissive and reflective unit 11 further includes a metal pillar 9 that penetrates through the first dielectric substrate 1 and the second dielectric substrate 2 to electrically connect the reflective patch 4 and the transmissive patch 3.

[0100] In this embodiment, a direct electrical connection is established between a metal pillar 9 that penetrates the first dielectric substrate 1 and the second dielectric substrate 2 by loading a reflective patch 4 disposed on the side of the first dielectric substrate 1 facing away from the second dielectric substrate 2 and a transmissive patch 3 disposed on the side of the second dielectric substrate 2 facing away from the first dielectric substrate 1. When the reconfigurable transmissive-reflective unit 11 is in transmissive mode, the metal pillar 9 guides the X-polarized electromagnetic wave originating from the reflective patch 4 through the first dielectric substrate 1 and the second dielectric substrate 2 to the transmissive patch 3. The transmissive patch 3 then converts the incoming X-polarized wave into a Y-polarized wave, achieving the conversion effect from X-polarization to Y-polarization, and transmits the converted electromagnetic wave to the space opposite to the feed source 20. In reflective mode, in conjunction with the cut-off or conduction state control of the two diodes 5, the presence of the metal pillar 9 also helps to maintain the integrity of the current distribution on the surface of the reflective patch 4, ensuring that the incident X-polarized electromagnetic wave is effectively reflected to the space where the feed source 20 is located, thereby supporting the reconfigurable transmissive-reflective unit 11 to flexibly switch between dual-mode operation within a single shared aperture.

[0101] The present invention also proposes a reconfigurable transflective array antenna 100, such as... Figure 5 As shown, the reconfigurable transflective array antenna 100 includes a feed source 20 and a plurality of reconfigurable transflective elements 11. The specific structure of the reconfigurable transflective element 11 is as described in the above embodiments. Since the reconfigurable transflective array antenna 100 adopts all the technical solutions of all the above embodiments, it has at least all the beneficial effects brought about by the technical solutions of the above embodiments, which will not be described in detail here.

[0102] Among them, multiple reconfigurable transmissive and reflective elements 11 form an M×N transmissive and reflective array 10, which is located on one side of the feed source 20.

[0103] In this reconfigurable transflective array antenna 100, each reconfigurable transflective element 11 includes a first dielectric substrate 1 and a second dielectric substrate 2 arranged opposite to each other along the X direction. A reflective patch 4 is provided on the side of the first dielectric substrate 1 facing away from the second dielectric substrate 2, and a transmission patch 3 electrically connected to the reflective patch 4 is provided on the side of the second dielectric substrate 2 facing away from the first dielectric substrate 1. Two diodes 5 are integrated on the reflective patch 4. By controlling the conduction and cutoff states of the two diodes 5, each reconfigurable transflective element 11 can flexibly switch between reflection mode and transmission mode: in reflection mode, the reflective patch 4 reflects the X-polarized electromagnetic wave emitted by the feed 20 back to the space where the feed 20 is located to complete environmental detection; in transmission mode, the transmission patch 3 converts the incident X-polarized electromagnetic wave into a Y-polarized electromagnetic wave and transmits it to the space opposite to the feed 20 to establish a communication link.

[0104] Two diodes 5 serve as the first diode 51 and the second diode 52, respectively. The reflective patch 4 includes a first X-polarized radiation patch 41 and a second X-polarized radiation patch 42 arranged opposite to each other along the X direction. When both the first diode 51 and the second diode 52 are turned on or both are turned off, the reconfigurable transmissive-reflective unit 11 is in reflection mode, presenting a 00 or 11 state, achieving total reflection and providing a 180-degree phase difference. When the first diode 51 and the second diode 52 are in a state where one is turned on and the other is turned off, the reconfigurable transmissive-reflective unit 11 is in transmission mode, presenting a 01 or 10 state, achieving efficient X-polarization to Y-polarization conversion and providing a 180-degree phase difference, while maintaining high isolation.

[0105] Based on Jones matrix theory, the reconfigurable transflective array antenna 100 applies specific phase compensation to each reconfigurable transflective element 11, quantizing the continuous phase into 0 degrees or 180 degrees, and encodes it using the phase characteristics corresponding to the four states: for the reflection mode beam pointing to the upper hemisphere, the 00 state corresponds to 0 degrees of phase, and the 11 state corresponds to 180 degrees of phase for shaping; for the transmission mode beam pointing to the lower hemisphere, the 01 state corresponds to 0 degrees of phase, and the 10 state corresponds to 180 degrees of phase for shaping. Furthermore, the symmetrical layout of the E-shaped and rectangular patches in the reflective patch 4, the transmission cavity 301 formed by the stepped structure in the transmission patch 3, and the metal pillar 9 penetrating the medium and the multi-layer bias network design together ensure that the reconfigurable transflective array antenna 100 has high gain, high aperture efficiency, and low loss beam scanning capability in automotive-grade environments, enabling vehicles to independently complete radar detection and V2X communication functions in different scenarios using the same hardware platform.

[0106] like Figure 6As shown, Figure 6 A 12×12 transmission-reflection array consisting of 144 reconfigurable transmission-reflection elements 11 is demonstrated, with an overall size of 180mm×180mm. This array uses a standard rectangular horn as a feed source 20 and, through a bias line 81, cooperates with a field-programmable gate array in the vehicle to achieve independent control of 288 PIN diodes 5 within the array. The feed horn is positioned above the array, which has a focal diameter ratio of 0.61 and a focal length of 110mm, to generate X-polarized incident electromagnetic waves.

[0107] like Figure 7 As shown, Figure 7 The diagram illustrates the phase distribution of the 12×12 transmissive and reflective array at scanning angles of 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°. Since the phase distribution pattern used in the reflection mode is consistent with that in the transmission mode, the operating mode is switched only by changing the on / off state of diode 5. Therefore, the diagram specifically shows the phase distribution from 0° to 60° in the reflection mode, where the red area corresponds to the 0° phase and the blue area corresponds to the 180° phase.

[0108] like Figure 8 and Figure 9 As shown, Figure 8 and Figure 9 The amplitude and phase characteristics under states 01 and 10 are shown. In most operating frequency bands, the transmission coefficient in these two states is higher than -3dB, while the reflection coefficient of X-polarization is lower than -20dB at the center frequency of 10.5GHz, indicating good transmission efficiency within the frequency band. At the same time, in the frequency band from 9.5GHz to 11.5GHz, the transmission phase difference from X-polarization to Y-polarization meets the requirement of 180 degrees plus or minus 10 degrees, proving that the reconfigurable transmission and reflection unit 11 achieves 1-bit phase modulation in transmission mode.

[0109] like Figure 10 and Figure 11 As shown, Figure 10 and Figure 11 The reflection and transmission coefficients under states 00 and 11 are shown. In the frequency band from 9.5 GHz to 11.5 GHz, the reflection coefficient is higher than -1 dB, while the transmission coefficient of X-polarization is lower than -30 dB, indicating that the incident wave is almost completely reflected and there is no significant transmission. In addition, the phase difference between states 00 and 11 is also maintained within the range of 180 degrees plus or minus 10 degrees, showing a good 1-bit reflection phase effect, indicating that PIN diode 5 achieves independent 1-bit phase control in reflection mode.

[0110] like Figure 12 As shown, Figure 12The experiment demonstrates the ability of the metasurface array to control the direction and performance of the forward transmission beam when the reconfigurable transmissive unit 11 operates in states 01 and 10, i.e., transmission mode. At a frequency of 10.5 GHz, the sidelobe levels of the XOZ and YOZ surfaces are -13.59 dB and -13.46 dB, respectively, and the cross-polarization level is maintained at around -25 dB. This indicates that the main polarized wave, i.e., the Y polarized wave converted from X polarization, can be effectively transmitted without significant cross-polarization components, verifying the excellent polarization conversion capability of the metasurface in transmission mode.

[0111] like Figure 13 As shown, Figure 13 The gain and aperture efficiency curves in transmission mode are shown. At a center frequency of 10.5 GHz, the transmission gain reaches 20.35 dBi and the aperture efficiency is 21.76%. The 3 dB gain bandwidth covers 10.3 GHz to 11.5 GHz, with a relative bandwidth of approximately 12.49%. The results indicate that the metasurface has good operating bandwidth and stable gain performance in transmission mode.

[0112] like Figure 14 and Figure 15 As shown, Figure 14 and Figure 15 The normalized beam scanning radiation patterns of the XOZ and YOZ planes in transmission mode are shown. It can be seen that the array has a beam scanning capability of ±45 degrees in both planes. The calculated beam pointing is consistent with the target angle. As the scanning angle increases, the main lobe beam width gradually widens, the side lobe level increases slightly, and the gain decreases accordingly.

[0113] like Figure 16 As shown, Figure 16 The simulated reflection mode radiation patterns of the E-plane and H-plane, i.e., the XOZ and YOZ planes, are shown. The sidelobe levels of the E-plane and H-plane are -12dB and -14.2dB, respectively. This result is mainly affected by the blocking effect of the feed 20 located directly above the metasurface in the reflection mode. The cross-polarization level remains below -35dB, which further verifies that the main polarized wave, i.e. the X-polarized wave, can be effectively reflected without significant cross-polarization interference.

[0114] like Figure 17 As shown, Figure 17 The simulated radiation gain versus aperture efficiency curves in the reflection mode are shown. At a center frequency of 10.5 GHz, the gain reaches 21.16 dBi, the aperture efficiency is 26.16%, and the 3 dB gain bandwidth relative value reaches 19.05%, indicating that the metasurface has a wide operating bandwidth and can maintain excellent reflection gain performance over a large frequency range.

[0115] like Figure 18 and Figure 19 As shown, Figure 18 and Figure 19 The beam scanning of the metasurface in the XOZ and YOZ planes in reflection mode is demonstrated. The experimental results show that the metasurface can achieve beam scanning of ±60 degrees in the E and H planes, indicating that it has excellent beam control capability and flexible angle control range in reflection mode.

[0116] The present invention also proposes a vehicle, such as Figure 20 As shown, the vehicle includes a control board 200 and a reconfigurable transflective array antenna 100. The specific structure of the reconfigurable transflective array antenna 100 is as described in the above embodiments. Since this vehicle adopts all the technical solutions of all the above embodiments, it has at least all the beneficial effects brought about by the technical solutions of the above embodiments, which will not be described in detail here.

[0117] The control board 200 integrates an M×N control array 300 composed of multiple control units and an M×N button array 400 composed of multiple button units. The control units provide positive and negative DC power and select different bias states through switching circuits to generate control signals output to the control board 200. The control board 200 uses the M×N control array 300 and the M×N button array 400 to generate preset bias combinations. The M×N transflective array 10 in the reconfigurable transflective array antenna 100 is electrically connected to the M×N control array 300 to receive preset bias combinations, thereby precisely controlling the conduction or cutoff state of the two diodes 5 in each reconfigurable transflective element 11. In this way, the vehicle can flexibly switch the operating mode of the reconfigurable transflective array antenna 100 according to the actual driving scenario requirements: when environmental perception is required, the control board 200 generates a corresponding bias combination to put all reconfigurable transflective elements 11 into reflection mode, reflecting the X-polarized electromagnetic waves emitted by the feed 20 back to the space where the feed 20 is located to complete radar detection; when high-speed communication is required, the control board 200 generates another bias combination to put all reconfigurable transflective elements 11 into transmission mode, converting the incident X-polarized electromagnetic waves into Y-polarized electromagnetic waves and transmitting them to the space opposite the feed 20 to establish a V2X communication link. This design enables the vehicle to dynamically reconfigure radar detection and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication functions on a single hardware platform, effectively solving the problems of bulky size, high cost, and poor electromagnetic compatibility of traditional discrete RF systems, and meeting the urgent needs of intelligent connected vehicles for high-performance, miniaturized, and integrated RF systems.

[0118] The above description is merely an exemplary embodiment of the present invention and does not limit the patent scope of the present invention. Any equivalent structural transformations made using the contents of the present invention specification and drawings under the technical concept of the present invention, or direct / indirect applications in other related technical fields, are included within the patent protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A reconfigurable transmissive and reflective unit, characterized in that, In the XYZ coordinate system, the reconfigurable transmission and reflection unit includes: First dielectric substrate; A second dielectric substrate is disposed opposite to the first dielectric substrate along the Z-direction. A transmissive patch is provided on the side of the second dielectric substrate facing away from the first dielectric substrate. The transmissive patch includes a first rectangular patch, a second rectangular patch, a first stepped patch, and a second stepped patch. The first rectangular patch and the second rectangular patch extend along the Y-direction, and the first stepped patch and the second stepped patch extend along the X-direction. The first rectangular patch, the first stepped patch, the second rectangular patch, and the second stepped patch are sequentially connected to form a transmissive cavity and an opening communicating with the transmissive cavity. A reflective patch electrically connected to the transmissive patch is provided on the side of the first dielectric substrate facing away from the second dielectric substrate. Two diodes are provided on the reflective patch. By controlling the conduction and cutoff of the two diodes, the reconfigurable transmissive / reflective unit can reflect light within the 9.5GHz to 11.5GHz frequency band. The system switches between reflection and transmission modes. In reflection mode, the reflective patch reflects the incident X-polarized electromagnetic wave to the space where the feed source is located. By setting the code to state 00 or state 11, which correspond to 0 degrees and 180 degrees after phase quantization compensation for each of the reconfigurable reflective and transmission elements, the 180-degree phase difference between state 00 and state 11 is used to achieve beamforming of the reflected wave pointing towards the space where the feed source is located. In transmission mode, the transmission patch converts the incident X-polarized electromagnetic wave into Y-polarized electromagnetic wave and transmits it to the space opposite to the feed source. By setting the code to state 01 or state 10, which correspond to 0 degrees and 180 degrees after phase quantization compensation for each of the reconfigurable reflective and transmission elements, the 180-degree phase difference between state 01 and state 10 is used to achieve beamforming of the transmitted wave pointing towards the space opposite to the feed source. Thus, the electromagnetic wave radiation direction of the reflective and transmission array composed of M×N reconfigurable reflective and transmission elements is controlled by a digital coding sequence.

2. The reconfigurable transmissive and reflective unit as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The two diodes are a first diode and a second diode, respectively; The reflective patch includes two first X-polarized radiation patches, which are positioned opposite each other along the X direction and spaced apart from the first diode and the second diode; When both the first diode and the second diode are turned on, or when both the first diode and the second diode are turned off, the reconfigurable transmissive-reflective unit is in reflection mode. The reconfigurable transmissive and reflective unit is in transmission mode when the first diode is on and the second diode is off, or when the first diode is off and the second diode is on.

3. The reconfigurable transmissive and reflective unit as described in claim 2, characterized in that, The reflective patch further includes two second X-polarized radiation patches, which are arranged opposite each other along the X direction and spaced apart from two first X-polarized radiation patches.

4. The reconfigurable transmissive and reflective unit as described in claim 3, characterized in that, Two first X-polarized radiation patches are symmetrically arranged along the X direction about the central axis of the first dielectric substrate; two second X-polarized radiation patches are symmetrically arranged along the X direction about the central axis of the first dielectric substrate.

5. The reconfigurable transmissive and reflective unit as described in claim 4, characterized in that, The first X-polarized radiation patch is an E-shaped patch, and the second X-polarized radiation patch is a rectangular patch.

6. The reconfigurable transmissive and reflective unit as described in any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, The reconfigurable transflective unit further includes an adhesive layer, a metal ground layer, and a bias line layer. The first dielectric substrate and the second dielectric substrate are bonded together through the adhesive layer. The bias line layer has metal vias and three bias lines. Two of the bias lines are connected to the two diodes through the metal vias and the bent lines, respectively, and the other bias line is connected to the metal ground layer.

7. The reconfigurable transmissive and reflective unit as described in any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that, The reconfigurable transmissive and reflective unit further includes a metal pillar that penetrates the first dielectric substrate and the second dielectric substrate to electrically connect the reflective patch and the transmissive patch.

8. A reconfigurable transflective array antenna, characterized in that, It includes a feed source and an M×N transmission-reflection array composed of a plurality of reconfigurable transmission-reflection elements as described in any one of claims 1-7, wherein the M×N transmission-reflection array is disposed on one side of the feed source.

9. A vehicle, characterized in that, include: The control board integrates an M×N control array composed of multiple control units and an M×N button array composed of multiple button units; The control unit is used to generate a control signal based on the input DC voltage signal and output it to the control board; the control board is used to generate a preset bias combination through the M×N control array and the M×N key array; And the reconfigurable transflective array antenna as described in claim 8, wherein the M×N transflective array in the reconfigurable transflective array antenna is connected to the M×N control array to receive the preset bias combination and control the diode state of each reconfigurable transflective unit.

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