Method for planting drynaria fortunei in southern karst peak clusters

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of traditional Chinese medicinal material cultivation and agriculture, in particular to a method for planting drynaria fortunei in southern karst peak clusters. The method comprises the following steps: (1) preparing a base; selecting southern karst peak clusters; (2) seedling: selecting a quercophyllum fortunei tissue culture nutrition cup seedling; (3) fertilizer: compound solid fertilizer; (4) planting: selecting a rainy season from February to May, and planting quercus dentata tissue culture nutrition cup seedlings in stone seams and stone pits of the southern karst peak clusters; solid fertilizer is put into the stone seams and the stone nests; the solid fertilizer comprises an adhesive; (5) maintenance management; comprising topdressing and harvesting. According to the planting mode disclosed by the invention, the quercophyllum quercophyllum tissue culture seedlings are planted in shaded stone seams and stone nests in Karst peak clumps in the south without depending on soil; the survival rate is up to 95% or above; after the monkshood is planted for one year, the naringin content reaches 1.09% which is improved by 0.59% compared with the requirement of Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (2025 edition).

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of Chinese medicinal herb cultivation and agricultural technology, specifically to a method for cultivating oak fern attached to rocks in karst peak clusters in southern China. Background Technology

[0002] Polypodiaceae plant, fern ( Drynaria fortunei The dried rhizome of *Drynaria fortunei* (Kunze) J.Sm. is included in all editions of the *Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China*. This medicinal material was first recorded in the Tang Dynasty's *Supplement to the Compendium of Materia Medica*, and has a long history of medicinal use. It possesses the effects of healing wounds and relieving pain, tonifying the kidneys and strengthening bones, and dispelling wind and removing blemishes. It is an important raw material for many traditional Chinese medicine preparations and has also been widely used in the cosmetics industry in recent years, with market demand showing a year-on-year increasing trend.

[0003] Oak fern is mainly distributed in Guangxi, Hunan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Jiangxi and other places, and can be harvested all year round. For a long time, its supply has relied entirely on wild resources. Due to over-harvesting and destruction of its growing environment, wild resources have become increasingly scarce, and prices have soared. This has further stimulated the destructive harvesting by the public, ultimately leading to the fact that oak fern in both tree-attached and rock-attached growing environments is difficult to regenerate after harvesting. The shortage of resources has become increasingly prominent, seriously restricting the sustainable development of related industries. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This invention aims to provide a method for cultivating oak fern attached to rocks in karst peak clusters in southern China, in order to solve technical problems such as insufficient seed source, low survival rate and easy nutrient loss in karst habitats.

[0005] The technical solution of the present invention to solve the above-mentioned technical problems is as follows: A method for cultivating oak fern attached to rocks in karst peak clusters in southern China includes the following steps: (1) Site selection: Southern karst peak cluster; (2) Seedlings: Tissue culture nutrient cup seedlings are selected; (3) Fertilizer: Mix binder, water, compound fertilizer and organic fertilizer to make compound solid fertilizer; (4) Planting: Plant the tissue culture seedlings of the Quercus fabri in the crevices and hollows of the Southern Karst Cluster; apply the compound solid fertilizer to the crevices and hollows; (5) Maintenance and management: including topdressing and harvesting.

[0006] Based on the above technical solution, the present invention can be further improved as follows.

[0007] Furthermore, in step (1), a southern karst peak cluster with convenient access, dense growth of trees and shrubs, and a shade coverage of 50% to 70% is selected. For ecological restoration purposes, a base with sparse tree growth and a shade coverage of less than 50% is supplemented with a shade net with a shade coverage of 70%, and plants such as Rhizophora chinensis and Acer palmatum are planted to solve the problem of seedling dehydration caused by sun exposure and subsequent shading.

[0008] Further, in step (3), the adhesive, water, compound fertilizer and organic fertilizer are prepared in a mass ratio of 1:1:4:19; the adhesive is sodium carboxymethyl cellulose; the mass content of the adhesive in the solid fertilizer is 3%~5%.

[0009] Furthermore, in step (4), the planting time for the tissue culture seedlings of the Ficus pumila is during the rainy season from February to May. Before planting, the seedlings in the nutrient cups should be thoroughly watered.

[0010] Furthermore, in step (4), there are stone nests with dead leaves and humus / moss. First, remove the humus and fallen leaves in the stone nests, apply compound solid fertilizer, and then put in the seedlings with the ventral side close to the stone. Then cover the tuber surface with humus and fallen leaves.

[0011] Furthermore, when there is a lack of moss around the crevices and hollows in the rocks, after planting the tissue culture seedlings of *Fragaria spp.* in the crevices and hollows of the southern karst peaks, a mixture of moss spores is sprayed around the tissue culture seedlings of *Fragaria spp.*

[0012] Furthermore, the components of the moss spore mixture include konjac gum, organic liquid fertilizer, and moss spore powder.

[0013] Furthermore, the moss spore mixture is prepared by mixing konjac gum, organic liquid fertilizer, and moss spore powder; The concentration of konjac gum in the moss spore mixture is 2 g / L to 5 g / L; the dilution ratio of organic liquid fertilizer in the moss spore mixture is 800 to 1500; and the concentration of moss spore powder in the moss spore mixture is 5 g / L to 10 g / L.

[0014] Furthermore, the ferns tissue culture nutrient cup seedlings described in step (2) have more than 2 tubers; the length of the tubers is not less than 5 cm, with more than 3 buds, and the root system is well-developed and has nutrient soil.

[0015] Furthermore, the number of topdressing applications and conditions in step (5) are as follows: topdressing should be done no less than twice a year, in March to May and November to December respectively; In step (5), the topdressing method is to spray a mixture of 800-1200 times diluted potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 800-1200 times diluted amino acid water-soluble fertilizer onto the leaves and roots of the tissue culture nutrient cup seedlings.

[0016] This invention includes the following innovative points: (1) The application of tissue culture nutrient cup seedlings breaks through the dual bottlenecks of seed source and survival rate: This invention innovatively utilizes tissue culture nutrient cup seedlings, relying on tissue culture rapid propagation technology to construct a standardized seedling production system. This ensures the genetic consistency of the seed source from the very beginning, maintaining the coefficient of variation of medicinal components such as flavonoids within a stable range of less than 5%, effectively guaranteeing a high degree of uniformity and stability in efficacy and quality. Simultaneously, the seedlings come with their own nutrient substrate, fully protecting the integrity of the root system during transplanting. Combined with thorough watering of the nutrient cup seedlings before planting, the transplant survival rate can be significantly increased to over 95%. Furthermore, the tubers of the tissue culture nutrient cup seedlings used are over 5 cm in length, with well-developed root systems and more than 3 buds, exhibiting strong germination and regeneration capabilities.

[0017] (2) Moss spraying technology to retain moisture, adapted to the microenvironment of karst landforms: This invention addresses the karst habitat of rock crevices and hollows by constructing a tiered moss-moisturizing system: For naturally moss-covered crevices, passive moisturizing is achieved by utilizing the moss's own water-holding capacity (up to six times its dry weight); for areas without moss, an innovative spraying of a moss spore mixture provides germination nutrients through organic liquid fertilizer, combined with the adhesive effect of konjac gum, increasing the moss colonization rate to over 90%. After colonization, the moss reduces surface evaporation, increases water storage, and creates a long-lasting, stable, slightly humid environment, suitable for the epiphytic characteristics of oak ferns, while also reducing the frequency of artificial watering.

[0018] (3) Fertilization technology innovation, adhesive base fertilizer fixation technology: To address the technical challenges of nutrient penetration and easy loss in the karst peak-cluster environment of southern China, this invention develops a topdressing technology featuring a mixture of konjac gum and moss-infused water-soluble fertilizer. Specifically, a solid base fertilizer is prepared by blending the adhesive with compound fertilizer and organic fertilizer, constructing a fertilization system of "fixed-point application of solid base fertilizer + synergistic nutrient solution replenishment." This solid base fertilizer is embedded at the planting point, and the adhesive properties of the adhesive ensure a firm bond between the fertilizer and the rock surface, effectively resisting rain erosion and slowing down the release cycle of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. During the topdressing stage, a mixture of konjac gum, organic liquid fertilizer, and moss spore powder is sprayed, providing not only fast-acting nutrients to the fern seedlings but also promoting the attachment and colonization of moss, thus forming a virtuous cycle of "fertilizer-moss-seedling." This system significantly improves fertilizer utilization while reducing field management costs.

[0019] The beneficial effects of this invention are: (1) In view of the growth characteristics of *Fragaria serrata* and the needs of ecological environment protection, the planting model proposed in this invention involves planting tissue-cultured *Fragaria serrata* seedlings in the shady rock crevices and hollows of the karst peaks in southern China. This method does not depend on soil conditions and only requires the environment to meet about 70% shading conditions; it does not require felling trees or reclaiming land, thus protecting the native vegetation. After transplanting in early spring, natural rainfall can meet its growth needs, and the survival rate of transplanted seedlings is as high as 95%. Tissue-cultured *Fragaria serrata* seedlings have characteristics such as drought resistance, tolerance to poor soil, and frost resistance. They are easy to manage in daily life, and their rhizomes are well-developed, which can adhere tightly to the rock wall and spread outwards, thus rapidly generating yield. Through the "harvest the large and leave the small" harvesting model, the sustainable utilization of medicinal forest resources and the coordinated development of ecological protection can be achieved. According to the testing of a third-party institution, the naringin content of the nutrient cup seedlings is 0.94%, which is 0.44% higher than the standard of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China; after one year of planting attached to rocks, the naringin content further increases to 1.09%, which is 0.59% higher than the standard of the Pharmacopoeia.

[0020] (2) The planting model of this invention also has significant ecological and social benefits: mature plants can effectively cover bare rocks, reduce the thermal effect of solar radiation on karst peaks in the south, and reduce excessive evaporation of surface water, which helps to conserve water resources and alleviate the impact of high temperature and drought. At the same time, plant cover can reduce the direct erosion and splashing of rainwater on the mountain, which plays a positive role in preventing and controlling rocky desertification. In terms of economic benefits, one planting can yield harvests for many years, which can bring stable income to farmers, thereby guiding farmers to stop cutting down forests to plant fruit trees, spontaneously protecting native forests, and forming a positive complement to the work of closing mountains for afforestation in karst mountain areas. Attached Figure Description

[0021] Figure 1 This is a diagram showing the state of a *Fragaria spp.* seedling with multiple buds in a nutrient cup according to the present invention. Figure 2 This is a diagram showing the root system of the *Fragaria spp.* seedlings grown in nutrient cups according to the present invention. Figure 3 This is a diagram showing the state of the fern planted in a rock crevices with moss, dead leaves, and humus. Figure 4 This is a diagram showing the state of workers spraying a mixture of moss spores according to the present invention; Figure 5 This is a diagram showing the state of the fern planted in a moss-covered rock crevice according to the present invention; Figure 6 This is a diagram showing the state of the fern planted in a rock crevices free of moss, dead leaves, and humus, according to the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0022] The principles and features of this invention are described below. The examples given are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Where specific techniques or conditions are not specified in the embodiments, they should be performed according to the techniques or conditions described in the literature in this field, or according to the product instructions. Reagents or instruments whose manufacturers are not specified are all conventional products that can be purchased through legitimate channels.

[0023] Example 1 (1) Site selection: Southern karst peak clusters, where people can freely pass through, trees grow densely, and the shade coverage reaches 50% to 70%, are used as planting bases. Bases with sparse tree growth and less than 50% shade coverage, aimed at ecological restoration, are supplemented with shade nets with a shading effect of up to 70%, and plants such as Rhizophora and Acer palmatum are planted to solve the problem of seedling dehydration caused by excessive sun exposure and subsequent shading issues.

[0024] (2) Seedling selection: The tissue culture seedlings are exclusively cultivated by the inventor (see patent CN 202211010079.7 for details). They have more than two tubers, the length of the tubers is ≥5cm, they have more than three buds, well-developed root system, and are tissue culture seedlings in nutrient cups with nutrient soil.

[0025] (3) Planting: ① Planting time and pre-planting treatment: a. Planting season: Choose the rainy season from February to May. At this time, the climate is humid, natural rainfall is frequent and sufficient, which is conducive to the survival of seedlings.

[0026] b. Seedling pretreatment: Before planting, thoroughly water the seedlings in the nutrient cups to ensure the roots are moist. Figure 1 and 2 ).

[0027] c. Base Fertilizer Preparation: Solid fertilizer is prepared by mixing binder, water, compound fertilizer, and organic fertilizer in a mass ratio of 1:1:4:19. First, the compound fertilizer is crushed and mixed evenly with the organic fertilizer to avoid excessively large particles affecting the binding effect. Then, the binder is premixed with water, and then the mixed fertilizer is slowly added, ensuring uniform dispersion. After thorough mixing, a compound solid fertilizer is prepared. The binder used is sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, the compound fertilizer is potassium sulfate-based compound fertilizer (15:15:15), and the organic fertilizer is a powdered commercial organic fertilizer.

[0028] d. Preparation of moss spore mixture: Mix konjac gum (3 g / L), organic liquid fertilizer (1000x dilution), and moss spore powder (8 g / L) to obtain moss spore mixture.

[0029] ② Planting methods at different planting sites: a. Rock crevices with moss: Stuff the above-mentioned compound solid fertilizer into the upper part of the rock crevices, and stuff the seedlings along with the nutrient substrate into the rock crevices, ensuring that the ventral side of the oak fern is closely close to the stone, and use the moss environment to promote root attachment and growth.

[0030] b. Stone nest with dead leaves and humus: First, remove the humus and fallen leaves in the stone nest, put compound solid fertilizer in the stone nest, and make sure to leave space for planting oak ferns. Then, put in the seedling with nutrient soil, so that the ventral side is close to the stone. Then cover the tuber surface with the removed humus and fallen leaves to keep it moist.

[0031] c. Rock crevices without moss: Stuff the above-mentioned compound solid fertilizer into the upper part of the rock crevices, making sure to leave space for planting oak ferns. Then stuff the seedlings and nutrient substrate into the rock crevices together, ensuring that the ventral side of the oak fern is close to the stone. Finally, spray the above-prepared moss spore mixture around the rock crevices. Figure 4 This allows the stones to grow moss, improving their growing environment.

[0032] (4) Maintenance and management: ① Topdressing management: Apply fertilizer more than twice a year, in April-May and November-December respectively. Topdressing method: Use a mixture of 1000 times diluted potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 1000 times diluted amino acid water-soluble fertilizer, and spray the fertilizer on the leaves and roots of the seedlings.

[0033] ② Harvesting: a. Harvesting period: When the yield of fresh medicinal materials from a single plant reaches 1.6 kg or more, dynamic analysis of the effective components is conducted. If the yield meets the requirements of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (2025 edition), the plant can be harvested.

[0034] b. Harvesting Principles: During harvesting, adhere to the principle of "harvesting large rhizomes and leaving small ones," retaining three sections of rhizomes longer than 5 cm per square meter to continue growing. This ensures a relatively stable cover effect of the fern on exposed rocks, achieving sustainable resource utilization while ensuring the control of rocky desertification. Harvested rhizomes are packaged in woven mesh bags and transported to processing sites promptly.

[0035] Example 2 Compared with Example 1, this example is the same as Example 1 except for the following differences: The binder content in the base fertilizer is 3% by mass. Preparation of moss spore mixture: Mix 2 g / L konjac gum, 800 times diluted organic liquid fertilizer, and 5 g / L moss spore powder to obtain moss spore mixture.

[0036] Example 3 Compared with Example 1, this example is the same as Example 1 except for the following differences: The binder content in the base fertilizer is 5% by mass. Preparation of moss spore mixture: Mix 5 g / L konjac gum, 1500 times diluted organic liquid fertilizer, and 10 g / L moss spore powder to obtain moss spore mixture.

[0037] Comparative Example 1 Compared with Example 1, this example is the same as Example 1 except for the following differences: For stone crevices without moss: Place the above-mentioned compound solid fertilizer into the upper part of the stone crevic, leaving space for planting the oak fern. Then, place the seedling along with the nutrient substrate into the crevic, ensuring the fern's ventral side is close to the stone. Do not spray with the prepared moss spore mixture. Figure 6 ) The survival rates of *Fragaria spp.* tissue culture seedlings in Examples 1-3 and Comparative Example 1 are shown in Table 1: Table 1 In summary, (1) in view of the growth characteristics and resource issues of *Fragaria stenoptera*, the planting method of this invention involves planting tissue-cultured *Fragaria stenoptera* seedlings in the shady crevices and hollows of karst peaks. This method does not depend on soil conditions, only requires the environment to meet about 70% shading conditions; it does not require felling trees or reclaiming land, thus protecting the native vegetation. After transplanting in early spring, natural rainfall can meet its growth needs, and the transplant survival rate is as high as 95% or more. Tissue-cultured *Fragaria stenoptera* seedlings have characteristics such as drought resistance, tolerance to poor soil, and frost resistance. They are easy to manage in daily life, and their rhizomes are well-developed, which can tightly attach to the rock wall and spread outwards, resulting in rapid yield. Through the harvesting mode of "harvesting the large and leaving the small", the sustainable utilization of medicinal forest resources and the coordinated development of ecological protection can be achieved. According to third-party testing, the naringin content of the seedlings grown in nutrient cups was 0.94%, which is 0.44% higher than the standard of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China; after one year of planting with stones, the naringin content further increased to 1.09%, which is 0.59% higher than the standard of the Pharmacopoeia.

[0038] The planting model of this invention also has significant ecological and social benefits: mature plants can effectively cover bare rocks, reducing the thermal effect of solar radiation on karst peak clusters in southern China, reducing excessive transpiration of surface water, and contributing to water conservation and mitigating the effects of high temperatures and drought. Simultaneously, plant cover can reduce the direct erosion and splashing of rainwater on the mountains, playing a positive role in preventing desertification. Economically, a single planting can yield harvests year after year, providing farmers with stable income, thereby encouraging them to stop clearing forests for fruit cultivation, spontaneously protecting native forests, and forming a positive complement to the afforestation and reforestation efforts in karst mountain areas.

[0039] Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it is understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and should not be construed as limiting the present invention. Those skilled in the art can make changes, modifications, substitutions and variations to the above embodiments within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method for planting oak fern attached to rocks in karst peak clusters in southern China, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: (1) Site selection: Southern karst peak cluster; (2) Seedlings: Select tissue culture nutrient cup seedlings of *Fragaria spp.*; (3) Fertilizer: Mix binder, water, compound fertilizer and organic fertilizer to make compound solid fertilizer; (4) Planting: Plant the tissue culture seedlings of the Quercus fabri in the crevices and hollows of the Southern Karst Cluster; apply the compound solid fertilizer to the crevices and hollows; (5) Maintenance and management: including topdressing and harvesting.

2. The method for planting oak fern on rocks in karst peak clusters in southern China according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (1), select the Southern Karst Peak Cluster where it is easy to pass through, with dense growth of trees and shrubs and a shade coverage of 50% to 70%.

3. The method for planting oak fern attached to rocks in karst peak clusters in southern China according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step (3) Mix the adhesive, water, compound fertilizer and organic fertilizer in a mass ratio of 1:1:4:19 to make compound solid fertilizer; The binder is sodium carboxymethyl cellulose; the mass content of the binder in the compound solid fertilizer is 3%~5%.

4. The method for planting oak fern on rocks in karst peak clusters in southern China according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (4), the planting time for the tissue culture seedlings of Ficus pumila is during the rainy season from February to May. Before planting, the seedlings in the nutrient cups should be thoroughly watered.

5. The method for planting oak fern on rocks in karst peak clusters in southern China according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step (4), there are stone nests with dead leaves and humus / moss. Remove the humus and fallen leaves in the stone nests, apply compound solid fertilizer, put in the seedlings, and make the ventral side close to the stone. Then cover the tuber surface with humus and fallen leaves.

6. The method for planting oak fern attached to rocks in karst peak clusters in southern China according to claim 1, characterized in that, When there is a lack of moss around the crevices and hollows in the rocks, after planting the tissue culture seedlings of *Fragaria spp.* in the crevices and hollows of the southern karst peaks, spray a mixture of moss spores around the tissue culture seedlings.

7. The method for planting oak fern on rocks in karst peak clusters in southern China according to claim 6, characterized in that, The components of the moss spore mixture include konjac gum, organic liquid fertilizer, and moss spore powder.

8. The method for planting oak fern attached to rocks in karst peak clusters in southern China according to claim 7, characterized in that, The moss spore mixture was prepared by mixing konjac gum, organic liquid fertilizer and moss spore powder. The concentration of konjac gum in the moss spore mixture is 2 g / L to 5 g / L; the dilution ratio of organic liquid fertilizer in the moss spore mixture is 800 to 1500; and the concentration of moss spore powder in the moss spore mixture is 5 g / L to 10 g / L.

9. A method for planting oak fern on rocks in karst peak clusters in southern China according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that, The *Fragaria* tissue culture seedlings in step (2) have more than two tubers; the tubers are ≥5 cm long, have more than three buds, have well-developed root systems, and are covered with nutrient soil.

10. A method for planting *Adiantum capillus-veneris* on rocks in karst peak clusters in southern China according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that... The number of topdressing applications and conditions in step (5) are: more than 2 topdressing applications per year, in March to May and November to December respectively; In step (5), the topdressing method is to spray a mixture of 800-1200 times diluted potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 800-1200 times diluted amino acid water-soluble fertilizer onto the leaves and roots of the tissue culture nutrient cup seedlings.

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