Tricholoma matsutake cultivation method capable of stably fruiting

Abstract

The invention provides a tricholoma matsutake cultivation method capable of stably fruiting, which comprises furrows and ridges with three-layer structures, and further comprises the following steps: S1, sowing and spawn running period management: arranging a spreading material on a middle fermentation substrate layer of the furrows and ridges, determining the spacing of sowing holes, the depth of the sowing holes and the seed use amount in a plum blossom hill-seeding manner for sowing, and covering soil after sowing, the temperature, the air humidity, the ventilation performance and the shading rate in the spawn running period are determined; s2, environment control in the fruiting period: forming a temperature difference, a humidity step and scattered light by adjusting the temperature, humidity, illumination intensity and ventilation in the fruiting period, and performing cooperative control on the environment in the fruiting period; s3, harvesting, turning to the tide and controlling the tide number: limiting the harvesting standard and method, turning to the tide after harvesting of each tide is finished, and controlling the tide interval; according to the method, the growth environment of the sporocarp can be controlled, the fruiting uniformity is improved, and the harvested commodity rate is stable.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of fungal culture technology, specifically to a method for cultivating matsutake mushrooms that ensures stable fruiting. Background Technology

[0002] Matsutake mushrooms are increasingly in demand due to their delicious taste and high nutritional value. Cultivating matsutake mushrooms under the trees during the fallow period of litchi orchards has become an important development direction for the under-forest economy in recent years. However, the contradiction between pH control and the safety of litchi rhizosphere has not been systematically resolved. It also often lacks coordination with fermentation endpoints, bed structure, and under-forest management systems. In addition, for the specific scenarios of litchi orchards, existing processes often provide temperature and humidity turning and piling systems based on factory or northern open-field experience, which are not fully adapted to the reality of temperature and humidity fluctuations, frequent rain and fog, and limited ventilation in the south from autumn and winter to early spring, resulting in insufficient maturity and stability.

[0003] Existing technologies, such as Chinese Patent Application No. CN202510957747.4, published on September 19, 2025, disclose a cultivation method for *Agaricus bisporus* fruiting bodies without soil covering, including the following steps: 1) preparation of fruiting culture medium; 2) primary composting and fermentation; 3) secondary composting and fermentation; 4) secondary fermentation in a greenhouse; 5) spreading the medium; 6) sowing; 7) mycelial growth; 8) bud induction; 9) mushroom cultivation; 10) harvesting; 11) tide management. By using a fruiting culture medium composed of cotton residue, sawdust, rice husks, corn cobs, rice straw, wheat bran, and lime, combined with a cultivation method without soil covering, the methods reduce the processes of digging, disinfecting, and covering with soil, while improving the quality of the fruiting bodies. The rate of high-quality mushrooms increased from 35.3% in field cultivation to 72.2%, and the cleanliness of the fruiting bodies increased from 20.3% to 92%. It achieves a yield of 0.5%, while effectively utilizing cotton residue and rice straw, resulting in significant economic and ecological benefits. After the first flush of mushrooms is harvested, holes are punched in the bed surface and water is added to effectively replenish the moisture of the culture medium, enabling the year-round production of high-quality fruiting bodies.

[0004] In the above literature, the sowing method was only hole sowing, and the fruiting process was achieved solely by controlling the temperature of the spawn. However, for fruiting, temperature, water, and ventilation are the main factors affecting the stability and time of fruiting. Moreover, the influencing factors vary at different stages. Relying solely on temperature cannot ensure the humidity requirements for fruiting. Furthermore, the transition to moisture was achieved by spraying water through holes, without considering the uniformity of the entire substrate surface or the stability of multiple moisture levels. After the transition to moisture, there was no further effective recycling of the substrate residue, which has a high nutrient content. Directly discarding it on the soil affects the fertility and aeration of the entire soil. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This invention provides a stable matsutake cultivation method that enables more concentrated primordia formation, stronger fruiting body growth, and improved uniformity of fruiting.

[0006] To achieve the above objectives, one aspect of the technical solution provided by the present invention is: a method for stable matsutake mushroom cultivation, wherein cultivation is carried out on a raised bed, the raised bed including an intermediate fermentation substrate layer, and further comprising the following steps: S1. Sowing and mycelium growth period management: Set up the substrate layer in the middle of the furrow, and determine the spacing, depth and seed quantity of the sowing holes by plum blossom sowing. After sowing, cover with soil and determine the temperature, air humidity, ventilation and shading rate during the mycelium growth period. S2. Environmental control during the fruiting period: The fruiting period includes the primordia induction period and the fruiting body growth period. During the primordia induction period, the day-night temperature difference is 10℃-12℃ by uncovering the lid during the day and keeping it warm at night or by reversing the operation. During the primordia induction period, the relative humidity of the air is controlled at about 88%-93%, the light intensity is controlled at 3000-5000 lux, and ventilation is maintained. During the fruiting body growth period, the temperature is controlled at 15℃-18℃, the relative humidity of the air is controlled at 92%-95% by spraying, the shading rate is controlled at 75%-78%, and ventilation is maintained. S3. Harvesting, Tide Change and Tide Control: Before harvesting, spray the soil to ensure the harvesting humidity value. After harvesting, fill the sowing holes with soil and cover them with fruit tree leaves. Then spray with glucose water to adjust the humidity. Stop watering and spray water according to the water content of the bottom layer of the furrow and control the tide interval.

[0007] The above method first establishes a relatively stable water-holding capacity and porosity by setting up a substrate layer. The inter-layer fermentation substrate in the furrows and ridges then uses a staggered sowing method to ensure consistent spacing between adjacent planting holes, resulting in a more even distribution. The spacing, depth, seed quantity, and covering soil of each planting hole are controlled to ensure more uniform mycelial expansion and facilitate bed surface recovery during the subsequent moisture transition process. This prevents situations where excessive spacing, depth, or seed quantity can hinder bed surface recovery and reduces moisture loss and contamination caused by post-harvest dehydration or localized voids. Finally, the diurnal temperature range, relative humidity, light, and ventilation are controlled during the primordia induction period. The wind simulates the natural growing environment, causing mycelial knots to occur in a concentrated manner within a short period of time, thus avoiding inconsistent fruiting times. By controlling temperature, relative humidity, and shading rate during the fruiting body growth period, the mycelium is induced to grow at a uniform rate in the understory environment. Setting the shading rate creates diffused light to promote the morphological development of the fruiting bodies. Ensuring a certain humidity level before harvesting ensures harvesting results and facilitates maintaining overall humidity after harvesting by covering with soil, which is beneficial to the stability of the mushroom bed ecosystem. Furthermore, the management of tide transitions and control of tide intervals maintain the smooth structure of the mushroom bed surface and promotes the transformation of substances in the substrate, which is conducive to the stability of the mushroom bed ecosystem and the normal fruiting of subsequent tides.

[0008] Furthermore, after step S3, it also includes: S4, returning the mushroom residue to the field: after the last tide, mix the mushroom residue with the topsoil to a depth of 10-15cm, expose it to the sun, and then backfill it.

[0009] The above setup, after the mushroom residue is mixed with the topsoil during the moisture conversion treatment, improves the soil organic matter and aggregate structure, enhances water retention, fertilizer retention and aeration, and buffers the acidification of orchard soil.

[0010] Furthermore, the thickness of the spreading material set in step S1 is 20cm, and the plum blossom sowing method includes: setting the spacing between sowing holes to 10cm×10cm, the depth of sowing holes to 8-10cm, the seed quantity to 600g / ㎡, and covering with 3cm of soil after sowing.

[0011] The above settings ensure the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the substrate by limiting the thickness of the substrate, and ensure that the oxygen concentration and humidity of the mycelial growth environment are moderate by limiting the foliage planting, while avoiding the inhibition of mycelial growth by light.

[0012] Furthermore, step S2, which involves uncovering the bed during the day, includes: when the ambient temperature is below 18°C ​​during the day, uncovering the insulation film above the bed, covering an area of ​​60%-80% of the total area of ​​the bed, and uncovering the bed between 9:00 AM and 4:00 PM.

[0013] The nighttime insulation in step S2 includes: when the nighttime ambient temperature is higher than 12℃, uncovering the insulation barriers on both sides of the bed, with the ventilation opening height being 70%-80% of the bed height, and the ventilation time being from 10:00 PM to 6:00 AM the next day; The reverse operation in step S2 includes: when the ambient temperature is higher than 22℃ during the day, add an extra layer of cooling film with 50% light transmittance on the basis of the shade net, covering an area of ​​90%-100% of the total area of ​​the ridge bed, covering time from 10:00 am to 3:00 pm, and extending the daily ventilation time to 2 hours.

[0014] The above setup utilizes diffused light to raise the temperature of the seedbed by removing the insulation film, and controls the temperature of the seedbed by airflow, thus creating a stable temperature difference between day and night.

[0015] Furthermore, the specific operation of spraying in step S2 includes: controlling the single spray volume to 50-80 ml per square meter of operating path / open space; spraying once every 1.5-2 hours on sunny days and once every 3-4 hours on cloudy days; humidity control includes: installing a hygrometer 1 meter above the bed, monitoring the hygrometer once every 2 hours, and immediately spraying again when the humidity is below 90%, with a spray volume of 30-50 ml / square meter; opening the ventilation openings on both sides of the bed when the humidity is above 94%, with a ventilation time of 30-40 minutes.

[0016] The above settings ensure that the spraying frequency matches the relative humidity of the air under the forest, replenishing water in a timely manner or avoiding excessive watering; and control the relative humidity of the growing environment through supplementary spraying and ventilation.

[0017] Furthermore, the material temperature during the mycelium growth period is controlled at 20-25℃, the air humidity is controlled at 80%, the daily ventilation time is 1.5 hours, and the production environment is strictly protected from light or has a light-blocking rate of ≥75%.

[0018] The above settings, by creating a suitable growth environment for the induction system, ensure that the substances in the substrate are efficiently degraded and converted into nutrients required for the growth of the fruiting bodies.

[0019] Furthermore, the appropriate uncovering during the day in step S2 also includes: when the natural temperature rise during the primordia induction period is insufficient, a reflective film is set on the north side of the bed, with a reflective area of ​​50% of the projected area of ​​the bed. During the primordia induction period, ventilation should be controlled for short periods during the day and cold winds should be avoided from blowing directly onto the bed surface.

[0020] The above settings utilize reflective film to raise the temperature of the mycelial growth environment to the standard value, while avoiding excessive cooling that could lead to excessively low bed surface temperature.

[0021] Furthermore, during the fruiting body's growth period, a shade net is installed to control the shading rate at 75%.

[0022] The above settings prevent the caps from turning pale or discolored in a completely dark environment.

[0023] Furthermore, the ventilation in step S2 includes: ventilating for 1 hour each time during the day, and avoiding cold wind blowing directly on the ridge surface.

[0024] The above settings maintain clean air and prevent CO2 accumulation that could lead to primordia deformities.

[0025] Furthermore, the control of the tide interval includes: ensuring 4-5 tide changes, with an interval of 15 days between each tide change; the harvest humidity control in step S3 includes: using 1% glucose water spray to adjust humidity or using clean water spray to adjust humidity to 90%-95%.

[0026] The above settings ensure the moisture interval, guarantee the fruiting cycle, and provide some nutrition through 1% glucose spray to promote rapid mycelial recovery. Attached Figure Description

[0027] Figure 1 This is a graph showing the environmental collaborative control in step S2 of the present invention.

[0028] Figure 2 This is a diagram showing the results of a comparative experiment on the cultivation of matsutake mushrooms using the present invention and other methods.

[0029] Figure 3 This is a diagram illustrating the comprehensive impact of the fungal residue return to the field according to the present invention.

[0030] Figure 4 This is a flowchart of the present invention.

[0031] Figure 5 This is a comparison image of an adult's palm after the matsutake mushroom has opened its cap, according to the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0032] The present invention will now be described in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0033] like Figures 1 to 5 As shown, a method for stably cultivating matsutake mushrooms involves cultivation in raised beds, which include a lower drainage and oxygen supply layer, an intermediate fermentation substrate layer, and an upper moisture-retaining and anti-contamination induction layer. The method includes the following steps: S1. Sowing and mycelium growth period management: Set up the substrate layer in the middle of the furrow, and determine the spacing, depth and seed quantity of the sowing holes by plum blossom sowing. After sowing, cover with soil and determine the temperature, air humidity, ventilation and shading rate during the mycelium growth period. S2. Environmental control during the fruiting period: The fruiting period includes the primordia induction period and the fruiting body growth period. During the primordia induction period, a diurnal temperature difference of 10℃-12℃ is achieved by uncovering the container during the day and keeping it warm at night or vice versa. During the primordia induction period, the relative humidity is controlled at approximately 88%-93%, the light intensity is controlled at 3000-5000 lux, and ventilation is maintained. During the fruiting body growth period, the temperature is controlled at 15℃-18℃, the relative humidity is controlled at 92%-95% through spraying, the shading rate is controlled at 75%-78%, and ventilation is maintained. S3. Harvesting, Tide Change and Tide Control: Before harvesting, spray the soil to ensure the harvesting humidity value. After harvesting, fill the sowing holes with soil and cover them with fruit and forest leaves. Then spray with glucose water to adjust the humidity. Stop watering and spray water according to the water content of the bottom layer of the furrow and control the tide interval. S4. Returning mushroom residue to the field: After the last tide, mix the mushroom residue with the topsoil to a depth of 10-15cm, expose it to the sun, and then backfill.

[0034] The thickness of the mulch layer set in step S1 is 20cm. Under the influence of day and night temperature differences, the fluctuation range of the internal temperature is controlled to be less than that of the surface air and ground temperature. The plum blossom sowing method includes: setting the spacing between sowing holes to 10cm×10cm, the depth of sowing holes to 8-10cm, the seed quantity to 600g / ㎡, and covering with 3cm of soil after sowing. This induces mycelium to grow in a directional manner in the intermediate fermentation substrate layer and controls the density of mycelium to form a dominant microbial community that inhibits the invasion of miscellaneous bacteria.

[0035] The fruiting period in step S2 includes the primordium induction period and the fruiting body growth period. The primordium induction period is achieved by uncovering the lid during the day and keeping it warm at night or vice versa. In one embodiment, a temperature difference of 10°C is formed, with a daytime temperature of 20°C and a nighttime temperature of 10°C, and this is maintained for 5-7 days. During the primordium induction period, the relative humidity of the air is controlled at about 88%, a diffused light environment is maintained, direct sunlight is avoided, and the light intensity is controlled at 3000-5000 lux, so that the primordia formation is more concentrated, the fruiting bodies grow more robustly, the uniformity of fruiting is improved, and ventilation is maintained to keep the air in the mycelial growth environment fresh and to avoid CO2 accumulation that leads to primordium deformity. Ventilation is controlled to be short-term ventilation during the day (e.g., 1 hour), and cold winds are avoided from blowing directly on the top surface of the bed. Daytime uncovering includes: when the daytime forest temperature is below 18℃, uncover the heat-insulating film above the ridges, covering 60%-80% of the total ridge area, between 9:00 AM and 4:00 PM, to use diffused light to raise the ridge surface temperature to 20℃. If natural warming is insufficient (e.g., the ridge surface temperature is less than 20℃), reflective film can be installed on the north side of the ridges, with a reflective area of ​​50% of the ridge projection area, to enhance local light and assist in warming. Nighttime insulation includes: when the nighttime forest temperature is higher than 12℃, uncover the insulation barriers on both sides of the ridges, with the ventilation opening height being 70%-80% of the ridge height, and ventilation time being from 10:00 PM to 6:00 AM the next day, utilizing the nighttime natural cooling to 10℃.

[0036] The reverse operation includes: when the daytime temperature under the forest is higher than 22℃, add an extra layer of cooling film with 50% light transmittance on top of the shade net, covering an area of ​​90%-100% of the total area of ​​the ridges, covering time from 10:00 am to 3:00 pm, and extend the daily ventilation time to 2 hours, so as to control the ridge surface temperature below 20℃ through air circulation; During the fruiting body growth period, the temperature is controlled at 16℃, the relative humidity is controlled at 92% by spraying, the shading rate is controlled at 75%, and the forest is kept naturally ventilated to prevent the long-term dampness of the raised beds from inducing miscellaneous bacteria.

[0037] In this embodiment, the understory is under a lychee forest, but matsutake mushrooms can also be planted under a dried tangerine peel forest.

[0038] In step S2, spraying should be done in small amounts and multiple times, covering both the air and the ground. Avoid direct impact of the spray on the fruiting bodies and avoid excessive moisture. The specific spraying operation includes: controlling the spray volume to 50-80 ml per square meter of operating path / open space, with the standard being that the ground is moist but without obvious water accumulation. Spray once every 1.5-2 hours on sunny days and once every 3-4 hours on cloudy days. The duration of each spray is 1-2 minutes after turning on the spraying equipment, using the atomizing nozzle to evenly diffuse the water mist in the understory space.

[0039] A hygrometer is installed 1 meter above the bed. The hygrometer is monitored every 2 hours. When the humidity is below 90%, it is sprayed again immediately. The amount of spray is 30-50 ml / m². When the humidity is above 94%, the ventilation openings on both sides of the bed are opened and the ventilation time is 30-40 minutes.

[0040] The transition operation in step S3 includes: treating and adjusting the harvesting pits after harvesting, and stopping and re-watering according to the moisture content of the seedbed. The humidity is increased to 92% by spraying the mushrooms the afternoon before harvesting. The optimal harvesting time is determined when the mushroom cap diameter is about 4cm or in the range of 4-6cm and the veil has not yet broken. When harvesting, hold the base of the stem and rotate it left and right to pull it upwards to avoid bringing out a lot of soil. After harvesting, use a knife to cut off the mushroom stem with soil attached. After harvesting, the mushrooms are graded according to the size of the cap, the integrity of the stem, mechanical damage, and insect damage to improve the marketability of matsutake mushrooms. The pit treatment includes: immediately after harvesting, filling the pit with the topsoil (such as the topsoil under the orchard) dug from the seeding hole and lightly pressing it down, then covering it with lychee leaves to restore a uniform surface. At the same time, spraying with 1% glucose solution or clean water to adjust the humidity to 90% promotes rapid mycelial recovery. After adjusting the humidity, depending on the moisture content of the bed surface (if the moisture content of the bed surface reaches 90%), stop watering for about 3 days. After the mycelium recovers, spray with heavy water or re-water, and enter the next flush management. Through the above flush management, the flush interval can be stabilized at 15 days and the flush number is 4-5 times, which makes the mycelial expansion more uniform, the bed surface recovers faster, and reduces the interruption of flush and contamination caused by post-harvest water loss or local voids.

[0041] After the last tide, the mushroom residue is mixed with the topsoil to a depth of 10-15cm, exposed to the sun for a short period of time, and then backfilled to improve the soil organic matter and aggregate structure, enhance water retention, fertilizer retention and aeration, and buffer against soil acidification in the litchi orchard. The conditions requiring short-term sun exposure include scenarios where the mushroom residue has excessively high moisture content, when the mushroom residue carries miscellaneous bacteria or pests, when the orchard soil is severely compacted, and when the mushroom residue is not sufficiently decomposed. The scenario where the mushroom residue has excessively high moisture content is characterized by the fact that when the moisture content of the mushroom residue is >70% after the last harvest, it will drip water when squeezed by hand. Direct plowing will lead to heavy soil and reduced aeration. It is necessary to expose it to the sun for 2-3 days to reduce the moisture content to 50-60%, promote the formation of soil aggregate structure, and avoid waterlogging and hypoxia in the lychee root area. The scenario where the mushroom residue carries miscellaneous bacteria or pests is as follows: if the seedbed is contaminated with miscellaneous bacteria such as green mold and spores in the later stage of fruiting, or if pests such as mushroom gnats and fleas are detected, it is necessary to expose it to the sun for 2-3 days to make the surface temperature reach above 50℃, so as to inactivate harmful microorganisms and insect eggs and prevent pests from spreading to the orchard soil ecosystem with the mushroom residue. The severe soil compaction scenario in the orchard is as follows: when the bulk density of the litchi orchard soil is ≥1.3g / cm³ and the penetration resistance is ≥1.6MPa, sun exposure can accelerate the decomposition of organic matter in the fungal residue, and combined with tillage, it can quickly break up the compacted layer and improve soil aeration and water and fertilizer retention capacity. The scenario of insufficient fermentation of the substrate is as follows: if the fermentation substrate is not mature enough, such as still having a slight ammonia smell and pH > 7.5, short-term exposure to sunlight can promote the volatilization of residual ammonia nitrogen and the deep transformation of organic matter, avoiding the potential risk of root burn or pH disturbance to the litchi roots caused by unfermented substances. The operational guidelines for short-term sun exposure are as follows: On a sunny day (e.g., when there is sunlight), spread the mushroom residue to a thickness of 10-15cm and expose it to the sun for 2-3 days. Turn the pile over once a day. After the mushroom residue is loose and the moisture content drops to 50-60%, mix it with the topsoil of the orchard and backfill it.

[0042] During the mycelium growth period, the material temperature is controlled at 20-25℃, the air humidity is controlled at 80%, the daily ventilation time is 1.5 hours, and the production environment is strictly protected from light or the shading rate is ≥75%. During the fruiting body growth period, shade nets are set to control the shading rate at 75%.

[0043] The working principle of this invention is as follows: First, by setting up a seedbed, the seedbed and the intermediate fermentation substrate layer in the furrows form a relatively stable water retention and porosity. The staggered sowing method ensures consistent spacing between adjacent sowing holes, resulting in a more uniform distribution. Furthermore, the spacing, depth, seed quantity, and covering soil of the sowing holes are controlled. This ensures more uniform mycelial expansion and facilitates bed surface recovery during the subsequent moisture transition process. It prevents situations where excessive spacing, depth, or seed quantity can prevent bed surface recovery and reduces moisture loss and contamination caused by post-harvest dehydration / localized voids. Then, during the primordia induction period, the diurnal temperature difference, relative humidity, and light intensity are controlled. By simulating the natural growth environment through ventilation, the mycelial knots are concentrated in a short period of time, avoiding inconsistent fruiting times. By controlling temperature, relative humidity, and shading rate during the fruiting body growth period, the mycelium is induced to grow at a uniform rate in the understory environment. By setting the shading rate to create diffused light, the morphological development of the fruiting bodies is promoted. By ensuring a certain humidity level before harvesting, the harvesting effect is ensured. It also facilitates maintaining the overall humidity after harvesting by covering with soil, which is beneficial to the stability of the mushroom bed ecosystem. Furthermore, by managing and controlling the tide interval, the surface of the mushroom bed is kept flat and the transformation of substances in the substrate is promoted, which is conducive to the stability of the mushroom bed ecosystem and the normal fruiting of subsequent tides.

[0044] To verify the technical effect of the present invention, an experiment was conducted on litchi forests near the Tropic of Cancer in southern China, spanning from October to April of the following year. The lower drainage and oxygen supply layer consisted of a mixture of 30% or 50% coarse corn cobs, 30% gravel, and 40% coarse sand or 20% pruned litchi tree branches after pretreatment. The mixed material was then laid on the raised beds after adjusting the moisture content, forming a porosity of 70%-80%.

[0045] The intermediate fermentation substrate layer includes: raw material proportioning and processing control. The raw materials, by weight, include the following components: 17% jacaranda wood chips (2–5 mm particle size); 17% crushed branches and leaves (1–3 mm particle size); 10% corn cobs (3–5 mm particle size); 15% silage; 15% wheat bran; 8% soybean meal; 5% peanut cake; 2% calcium sulfate or gypsum; 10% activated humus; 0.3% mycorrhizal fungi inoculant; and 0.7% lime or dolomite powder. After crushing and mixing all raw materials, the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio is adjusted to 35:1, and the initial moisture content is adjusted to 60%.

[0046] After the prepared raw materials undergo three stages of fermentation to form a fermentation substrate layer, the temperature of the fermentation substrate pile is raised to 60°C for high-temperature aerobic composting in the first stage. In the second stage, the pile fermented in the first stage is turned over and the temperature is controlled at 40°C for mesophilic aerobic composting. In the third stage, the pile fermented in the second stage is sealed and the temperature is controlled at 30°C for anaerobic sealed purification.

[0047] The upper moisture-retaining and impurity-preventing induction layer consists of a mixture of 60% litchi forest soil, 20% peat soil, 15% fine sand and 5% litchi fallen leaves after pretreatment. The mixed material is then laid on the middle mycelium production layer after moisture content adjustment, forming a porosity of 50-60%. The pH value of the upper moisture-retaining and impurity-preventing induction layer is weakly alkaline (e.g., pH value of 7.0-7.5).

[0048] The particle size control includes: using 1–3 mm particle size components mainly composed of shredded litchi branches and leaves, accounting for 10–15% of the total raw materials by dry weight and 25–35% of the total particles by volume, with a specific surface area of ​​not less than 150 cm² / g, which allows the mycelium to expand at a rate of ≥0.8 cm / d 3–5 days after planting, providing a uniform attachment interface for the mycelium; using 2–5 mm particle size components made of jacaranda wood chips, accounting for 15–20% by dry weight and 40–50% by volume, with a porosity of ≥65%, a water holding capacity of 40–45%, and an aeration rate of 18–22 cm³ / (cm²·s), ensuring the water retention and air permeability of the substrate; and using 3–5 mm particle size components made of corn cobs, accounting for 5–10% by dry weight and 15–25% by volume, with a compressive strength of ≥120 kPa, and a particle breakage rate of ≤8% after 4 months of rain and self-weight simulation, so that the substrate can maintain a long-term stable pore structure.

[0049] The test results are as follows: like Figure 1 As shown in the figure, the dashed line represents the target value, the gray band represents rainy days, and (A) is the temperature curve, reflecting the phased control of near-bed temperature during the primordia and fruiting body stages. During the primordia induction stage, i.e., days 1-6 after planting, a significant diurnal temperature difference is formed, with approximately 20°C during the day and approximately 10°C at night, to stimulate primordia differentiation. After entering the fruiting body stage, i.e., days 7-14 after planting, the temperature tends to stabilize, maintaining around 16°C with only slight fluctuations to meet the requirements for stable temperature growth. The background color distinguishes the stages, the vertical dashed line is the switching point, and the gray vertical band indicates a slight drop in temperature during rainy days. Figure (B) shows the humidity curve. During the primordia induction period, the humidity was controlled at approximately 88% RH to ensure water supply to the topsoil and substrate surface and promote primordia formation. During the fruiting body period, the humidity was increased to approximately 92% RH to meet the requirements of expansion and reduce water loss. The humidity shifted upward and fluctuated more on rainy days, but it remained close to the target overall, indicating that management was under control. Figure (C) shows the illuminance curve, which shows the change in diffused light illuminance under the litchi forest. The semi-transparent band represents the target range of 3000–5000 lux. The daytime peak mostly falls within / closes to this range, while the nighttime peak is close to 0. The daytime illuminance decreases significantly on rainy days, indicating that under the condition of a fixed shading rate of about 75%, weather is the main cause of effective light fluctuation. Figure (D) shows the CO2 curve. CO2 accumulates at night or when there is no ventilation, and decreases significantly during the ventilation strip period. The CO2 level is about 1.5 hours / day during the basal period and about 2 × 1 hour / day during the fruiting body period. The CO2 level is slightly higher during the fruiting body period than during the basal period, which is consistent with increased respiration. The slight increase during rainy days suggests the need to strengthen ventilation.

[0050] like Figure 2 As shown, the experimental setup includes: LB-0: conventional paddy field planting control; LB-1: orchard resource utilization raw material / branch domestication (e.g., using the scheme disclosed in CN202510596911.3); LB-2: fermentation enhancement (using the scheme disclosed in CN202510600916.9); LB-3: microenvironment protection during the occurrence period (using the scheme disclosed in CN202411484366.0); LB-4 the scheme corresponding to this invention; The figures compare the number of days mycelium is visible, the number of days until the first fruiting flush, the number of flushes, the yield per unit area (catties / mu), and the marketable rate (%). The "number of days mycelium is visible" and "number of days until the first fruiting flush" are displayed using inverted axes to reflect the "the shorter the better" effect. The results show that this invention has significant advantages in mycelium colonization speed and fruiting initiation, with mycelium visible in approximately 20 days and the first flush appearing in approximately 37 days. Simultaneously, the number of flushes in this invention is stable at 4–5 flushes, with a yield of approximately 4400–4600 catties / mu and a marketable rate of approximately 89%–91%, demonstrating superior overall performance compared to other control treatments. LB-2 shows some improvement in earlier fruiting and yield compared to LB-1; LB-3 mainly improves the performance during the occurrence period but has limited effect on early colonization and the number of flushes; LB-0 is the weakest overall.

[0051] like Figure 3 As shown, (A) is a heatmap showing the correlation between key soil and plant indicators, and (B) is a simplified structural path model. The statistical data of the corresponding results are shown in Table 1.

[0052] Table 1. Comparison of Estimated Cost Breakdown for Different Schemes

[0053] Table 2 shows the synergistic effects of mushroom residue return to the field on soil improvement, carbon cycling, and litchi growth.

[0054] Table 2. Synergistic effects of waste return to the field on soil improvement, carbon cycle, and litchi growth.

[0055] Table 2 shows that CK represents soil residue without return to the field, while MR represents soil residue with return to the field. Under the same forest land conditions, compared with CK, MR significantly increased soil organic matter and SOC content, increased the proportion of water-stable aggregates, and decreased bulk density and penetration resistance, indicating improved soil structure and enhanced resistance to compaction. Simultaneously, microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and soil respiration rate increased, reflecting enhanced carbon cycle activity; soil pH slightly increased and acidification disturbance ΔpH significantly decreased, indicating improved acid-base buffering capacity. Correlation analysis showed that organic matter, aggregates, and MBC were significantly positively correlated with the following year's shoot length and fine root activity, while bulk density and ΔpH were negatively correlated with plant growth indicators. The structural pathway model further demonstrates that improved soil structure, organic matter accumulation, and enhanced buffering capacity indirectly and synergistically enhance litchi shoot growth and root activity the following year by promoting carbon cycle activity, revealing the "soil improvement—carbon activation—tree promotion" mechanism of mushroom residue return to the field, providing quantitative support for "using fungi to promote forestry and creating an ecological closed loop in orchards."

Claims

1. A method for stably cultivating matsutake mushrooms, comprising cultivation on raised beds, the raised beds including an intermediate fermentation substrate layer, characterized in that, It also includes the following steps: S1. Sowing and mycelium growth period management: Set up the substrate layer in the middle of the furrow, and determine the spacing, depth and seed quantity of the sowing holes by plum blossom sowing. After sowing, cover with soil and determine the temperature, air humidity, ventilation and shading rate during the mycelium growth period. S2. Environmental control during the fruiting period: The fruiting period includes the primordia induction period and the fruiting body growth period. During the primordia induction period, the day-night temperature difference is 10℃-12℃ by uncovering the lid during the day and keeping it warm at night or by reversing the operation. During the primordia induction period, the relative humidity of the air is controlled at about 88%-93%, the light intensity is controlled at 3000-5000 lux, and ventilation is maintained. During the fruiting body growth period, the temperature is controlled at 15℃-18℃, the relative humidity of the air is controlled at 92%-95% by spraying, the shading rate is controlled at 75%-78%, and ventilation is maintained. S3. Harvesting, Tide Change and Tide Control: Before harvesting, spray the soil to ensure the harvesting humidity value. After harvesting, fill the sowing holes with soil and cover them with fruit tree leaves. Then spray with glucose water to adjust the humidity. Stop watering and spray water according to the water content of the bottom layer of the furrow and control the tide interval.

2. The method for stable matsutake mushroom cultivation according to claim 1, characterized in that: Step S3 is followed by: S4, returning the mushroom residue to the field: after the last tide, mix the mushroom residue with the topsoil to a depth of 10-15cm, expose it to the sun, and then backfill it.

3. The method for stable matsutake mushroom cultivation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The thickness of the mulch material set in step S1 is 20cm. The plum blossom sowing method includes: setting the spacing between sowing holes to 10cm×10cm, the depth of sowing holes to 8-10cm, the seed quantity to 600g / ㎡, and covering the seeds with 3cm of soil after sowing.

4. The method for stable matsutake mushroom cultivation according to claim 1, characterized in that: Step S2, including daytime uncovering, involves uncovering the insulation film above the seedbed when the daytime ambient temperature is below 18℃, covering 60%-80% of the total seedbed area, from 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM. Step S2, including nighttime insulation, involves uncovering the insulation barriers on both sides of the seedbed when the nighttime ambient temperature is above 12℃, opening the ventilation openings to 70%-80% of the seedbed height, and ventilating from 10:00 PM to 6:00 AM the next day. Step S2, including reverse operation, involves adding a 50% light transmittance cooling film on top of the shade net when the daytime ambient temperature is above 22℃, covering 90%-100% of the total seedbed area, from 10:00 AM to 3:00 PM, and extending the daily ventilation time to 2 hours.

5. The method for stable matsutake mushroom cultivation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific operation of the spraying in step S2 includes: controlling the single spray volume to 50-80 ml per square meter of operating path / open space; spraying once every 1.5-2 hours on sunny days and once every 3-4 hours on cloudy days; humidity control includes: installing a hygrometer 1 meter above the bed, monitoring the hygrometer once every 2 hours, and immediately spraying again when the humidity is below 90%, with a spray volume of 30-50 ml / square meter; opening the ventilation openings on both sides of the bed when the humidity is above 94%, with a ventilation time of 30-40 minutes.

6. The method for stable matsutake mushroom cultivation according to claim 1, characterized in that: During the mycelium growth period, the material temperature is controlled at 20-25℃, the air humidity is controlled at 80%, the daily ventilation time is 1.5 hours, and the production environment is strictly protected from light or has a light-blocking rate of ≥75%.

7. The method for stable matsutake mushroom cultivation according to claim 4, characterized in that: The appropriate uncovering during the day in step S2 also includes: when the natural temperature rise during the primordia induction period is insufficient, a reflective film is set on the north side of the bed, with a reflective area of ​​50% of the projected area of ​​the bed. During the primordia induction period, ventilation should be controlled for short periods during the day and cold winds should be avoided from blowing directly onto the bed surface.

8. The method for stable matsutake mushroom cultivation according to claim 1, characterized in that: During the fruiting body's growth period, a shade net is installed to control the shading rate at 75%.

9. The method for stable matsutake mushroom cultivation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The ventilation in step S2 includes: ventilating for 1 hour each time during the day and avoiding cold wind blowing directly on the ridge surface.

10. The method for stable matsutake mushroom cultivation according to claim 1, characterized in that: The controlled tide interval includes: ensuring 4-5 tide changes, with an interval of 15 days between each tide change. The harvest humidity control in step S3 includes: using 1% glucose water spray to adjust humidity or using clean water spray to adjust humidity to 90%-95%.

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