An ecological black pig formula feed based on chicory addition and a preparation method thereof

Abstract

The present application relates to the field of livestock breeding and feed processing technology, and particularly relates to an ecological black pig formula feed based on chicory addition and a preparation method thereof. The feed comprises corn, soybean meal, modified chicory composite particles, bran, barley powder, composite oil, mineral premix and amino acid. The modified chicory composite particles are prepared by citric acid treatment, composite enzymolysis and spray drying embedding. The preparation process adopts low-temperature conditioning and ring die pelleting. The present application degrades macromolecular fibers into high-activity oligosaccharides by specific biological modification of chicory, and realizes intestinal directional release by using microcapsule structure. The present application can effectively regulate the intestinal flora of black pigs, enhance the body immunity, significantly improve the intermuscular fat content and meat flavor, reduce the feed-meat ratio, and provide protection for the large-scale breeding of high-quality ecological black pigs.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of livestock breeding and feed processing technology, specifically an ecological black pig formula feed based on chicory and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] With the improvement of people's living standards and the enhancement of health consumption awareness, organic black pork is increasingly favored by the market due to its delicious taste, rich flavor, and high nutritional content. Feed, as the most important input in black pig farming, directly determines the growth performance, disease resistance, and final meat quality of the pigs through its scientific formulation. Chicory, as a high-quality functional green fodder, is rich in inulin, various vitamins, and trace elements. It has unique value in regulating the balance of intestinal microbiota, improving immunity, and enhancing meat color, and has gradually become one of the important directions in ecological feed research.

[0003] Patent CN104187176A discloses a pig feed whose components include basic raw materials such as corn, wheat bran, and soybean meal, and added with various traditional Chinese herbal medicines including chicory, yam, and isatis root. This technical solution aims to enhance the immune system and improve appetite in pigs through the combination of various traditional Chinese medicinal herbs. However, the proportion of chicory in this solution is low (only 0.1 parts), treating it merely as one of the common traditional Chinese herbal medicine components, failing to fully utilize the regulatory effect of chicory as a major functional fiber on intestinal prebiotics. Furthermore, this formula mainly targets the general growth needs of pigs; for the longer growth cycle and unique fat deposition patterns of ecological black pigs, there is still room for improvement in the targeted proportion of its components, and its effect on deeply optimizing the flavor of black pig meat through plant active ingredients is not significant.

[0004] Patent CN107373022B discloses a pig feed that uses hybrid mulberry ferment, enoki mushroom stem ferment, and mulberry leaf powder as main raw materials, aiming to improve pork quality and feed conversion rate through the synergistic effect of fermentation products. This technical solution has certain advantages in improving the coat color and body shape of fattening pigs using fermented fiber, but its raw material system lacks chicory components with high-efficiency bioactive properties. Under ecological farming models, the digestive physiology of black pigs places high demands on the quality of feed fiber. This solution, lacking the inulin component unique to chicory, has limitations in its ability to specifically regulate the intestinal flora structure of black pigs, reduce fecal odor, and further increase intramuscular fat content. Furthermore, it does not involve specific processing techniques for the targeted absorption of chicory active substances in black pigs.

[0005] The aforementioned problems indicate that existing pig feed formulations for the ecological farming of black pigs suffer from shortcomings such as weak targeting of functional components, insufficient exploration of the unique nutritional value of chicory, and inability to balance long-term growth performance and meat flavor regulation. Therefore, this invention provides an ecological black pig feed formulation based on chicory and its preparation method. The aim is to optimize the intestinal environment of black pigs and improve meat flavor through the synergistic effect of chicory and specific nutritional components, while also optimizing the preparation process to meet the demand for high-quality black pork production under ecological farming models. Summary of the Invention

[0006] This invention provides an eco-friendly black pig formula feed based on chicory and its preparation method. By subjecting chicory to specific biological modification treatment and combining it with synergistic nutrient components, a nutrient supply system suitable for the entire growth cycle of eco-friendly black pigs is constructed.

[0007] In a first aspect, the present invention provides an eco-friendly black pig feed formula based on chicory, the raw materials of which, by weight, comprise:

[0008] Corn: 40-55 servings;

[0009] 12 to 18 parts soybean meal;

[0010] 15 to 25 parts of modified chicory compound granules;

[0011] 5 to 10 parts wheat bran;

[0012] 3 to 8 parts barley flour;

[0013] 2 to 5 parts of compound oil;

[0014] 1 to 2 parts of mineral premix;

[0015] 0.5 to 1.2 parts of amino acid additive.

[0016] In some embodiments, the modified chicory composite particles are prepared by the following steps:

[0017] P1: Wash and slice fresh chicory rhizomes, dry them at 55-65℃ until the moisture content is 8%-10%, and pulverize them through a 60-80 mesh sieve to obtain chicory base powder;

[0018] P2: Mix the chicory base powder with a citric acid solution of 2%~5% by mass at a mass ratio of 1:3~1:5, stir and react at 45~55℃ for 2~4h, and collect the precipitate by centrifugation;

[0019] P3: Add 2% to 4% of the mass of the compound enzyme preparation and 3 to 5 times the mass of the precipitate of water to the precipitate, and enzymatically hydrolyze for 4 to 6 hours under the conditions of pH 4.5 to 5.5 and temperature 45 to 50°C to obtain the enzymatic hydrolysate; the compound enzyme preparation includes cellulase, hemicellulase and pectinase in a mass ratio of 3:2:1.

[0020] P4: The enzymatic hydrolysate and the wall material solution are mixed at a volume ratio of 1:1 to 1:2 and spray-dried to obtain modified chicory composite particles; the wall material solution is a mixed solution of maltodextrin and gum arabic with a mass fraction of 5% to 8%, and the mass ratio of maltodextrin to gum arabic is 2:1.

[0021] By combining citric acid acidification with a complex enzymatic hydrolysis process, the macromolecular cellulose and hemicellulose in chicory are degraded into oligosaccharides and soluble dietary fiber with higher bioactivity, increasing the freeness of inulin. Maltodextrin and gum arabic are then spray-dried and encapsulated to form microcapsules, ensuring the stability of the active ingredients in the acidic environment of black pig stomachs and enabling targeted release within the intestines to regulate the intestinal flora structure.

[0022] In some embodiments, the compound oil is a mixture of flaxseed oil, perilla oil and lard in a mass ratio of 2:1:3.

[0023] In some embodiments, the mineral premix contains 0.02% to 0.05% by mass of organic selenium and 0.1% to 0.3% by mass of chelated zinc.

[0024] In some embodiments, the amino acid additive includes lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan in a mass ratio of 5:2:2:1.

[0025] Secondly, the present invention provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned chicory-based ecological black pig formula feed, comprising the following steps:

[0026] S10: Weigh out corn, soybean meal, wheat bran and barley flour according to the formula, put them into a grinder and grind them through a 1.5~2.5mm sieve to obtain basic grain powder;

[0027] S20: Put the basic grain powder into a mixer, add modified chicory compound granules, mineral premix and amino acid additives, and dry mix at a speed of 30~45 rpm for 5~10 min;

[0028] S30: Turn on the spray device to evenly spray the compound oil onto the surface of the material in the mixer, and continue mixing for 8 to 15 minutes to obtain the material to be conditioned;

[0029] S40: The material to be conditioned is fed into a conditioner, and saturated steam with a pressure of 0.3~0.5MPa and a temperature of 75~85℃ is introduced for conditioning. The conditioning time is 45~90s.

[0030] S50: The conditioned material is fed into a ring die pellet mill for pelleting. The ring die diameter is 3.0~4.5mm. The pellets obtained are cooled, crushed and graded to obtain finished pellet feed.

[0031] In some embodiments, in step S40, the moisture content of the conditioned material is controlled at 15% to 17%.

[0032] In some embodiments, in step S50, the temperature of the cooled particles is no higher than 5°C above the ambient temperature, and the moisture content of the particles is 11%~13%.

[0033] According to the present invention, by controlling the conditioning temperature and steam pressure, the grain starch is moderately gelatinized, while the microencapsulated modified chicory composite particles avoid thermal damage to inulin and enzymatically hydrolyzed active products caused by high-temperature steam.

[0034] In some embodiments, during the preparation of the modified chicory composite particles, the citric acid treatment in step P2 specifically involves: placing chicory base powder in a reaction vessel, adding citric acid solution, and stirring at a speed of 100-150 rpm to utilize the acidic environment to disrupt the dense structure of the chicory cell wall and promote the dissolution of intracellular inulin.

[0035] In some embodiments, in step P3, the cellulase activity is not less than 10,000 units per gram, the hemicellulase activity is not less than 5,000 units per gram, and the pectinase activity is not less than 20,000 units per gram. The enzymatic hydrolysis process is monitored in real-time by an online pH meter, and a 5% sodium hydroxide solution is automatically added to maintain a constant pH.

[0036] In some embodiments, in step P4, the inlet air temperature of the spray dryer is 160~180℃, the outlet air temperature is 75~85℃, and the rotation speed of the centrifugal atomizer is 15000~20000rpm.

[0037] In this invention, taking into account the long growth cycle and high fiber digestibility of ecological black pigs, the traditional method of directly adding chicory powder is abandoned. Instead, acid pretreatment combined with multi-enzyme synergistic degradation is used to convert the functional components in chicory into small molecule metabolites that are more easily utilized by intestinal microorganisms.

[0038] Specifically, the degradation products in the modified chicory compound granules include fructooligosaccharides and acidic xylooligosaccharides. After these components enter the intestines of black pigs, they provide carbon sources for probiotics such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, and reduce the number of Escherichia coli and Salmonella by competitively inhibiting them, thereby reducing the diarrhea rate of black pigs.

[0039] Meanwhile, the compound oils selected in the formula provide a balanced ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which work synergistically with the antioxidant components in the modified chicory to deposit in the intermuscular connective tissue of black pigs, changing the distribution pattern of fatty acids in the black pigs and increasing the content of intramuscular fat.

[0040] Furthermore, this invention utilizes a composite wall material of maltodextrin and gum arabic to form a dense, compact membrane structure during spray drying. This structure remains undissolved in the highly acidic environment of the pig's stomach (pH 2.0-3.0), protecting the internal active oligosaccharides and enzymatic hydrolysates from being destroyed by pepsin, allowing them to directly enter the small and mid-to-hind intestines. Within the intestines, the wall material degrades due to the increased pH of the intestinal fluid and the action of enzymes secreted by intestinal microorganisms, achieving a sustained release of the active substances.

[0041] This targeted release mechanism, combined with the organic selenium and chelated zinc added to the formula, enhances the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the serum of black pigs, reduces the rate of oxidative rancidity of muscle tissue after slaughter, thereby extending the shelf life of black pork and maintaining the bright red color of the meat.

[0042] In terms of feed processing technology, the low-temperature conditioning technology (75~85℃) combined with ring die granulation adopted in this invention not only ensures the hygiene indicators of the material, but also prevents the Maillard reaction between reducing sugars and proteins in the modified chicory components due to excessively high temperatures, thus avoiding the loss of nutrients and the decline in feed palatability.

[0043] Specific experimental data show that black pigs fed with the feed formula of this invention have an average daily weight gain of 8% to 12% higher than those fed with conventional feed, a feed conversion ratio of 0.15 to 0.25 lower, an intramuscular fat content in the muscle that is 15% to 20% higher, and a significant increase in the content of flavor substances such as inosinic acid and glutamic acid in the meat.

[0044] In response to the requirement of not using antibiotics in ecological black pig farming, this invention enhances the non-specific immunity level of black pigs by strengthening the intestinal mucosal immune barrier through the active ingredients of chicory. The levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the serum of black pigs in the experimental group were increased by 12%~18% and 10%~15% respectively compared with the control group.

[0045] In terms of raw material selection, the combination of corn and barley flour provides gradient energy release. The beta-glucan in barley flour and the soluble fiber in modified chicory have a physical cross-linking effect, which slows down the passage of chyme in the digestive tract, allowing nutrients to come into full contact with the intestinal villi and improving absorption efficiency.

[0046] Soybean meal, as the main protein source, combined with a balanced amino acid supplement, meets the essential amino acid requirements for muscle growth in black pigs. The addition of wheat bran provides necessary crude fiber, maintains intestinal peristalsis, and prevents constipation in black pigs during restricted feeding or the later stages of fattening.

[0047] The present invention has a simple preparation process and highly versatile equipment. By making high-value use of chicory, an inexpensive raw material, it significantly reduces the breeding cost of ecological black pigs and enhances the market competitiveness of the end products.

[0048] This invention addresses the technical problems mentioned in the background art, such as low utilization rate of chicory active components, insufficient intestinal regulatory capacity in black pigs, and poor meat quality control. The microencapsulation design of the modified chicory compound granules ensures that the spatiotemporal distribution of functional oligosaccharides in the digestive tract of black pigs conforms to the colonization patterns of probiotics. Citric acid treatment not only promotes fiber degradation but also inhibits the growth of miscellaneous bacteria in the feed through acidification, extending the feed's shelf life. The synergistic effect of the compound oils and modified chicory components, by regulating the expression of lipid metabolism-related genes, achieves a targeted enhancement of the flavor of black pig meat.

[0049] In summary, this invention not only provides a highly efficient and low-cost ecological feed formula, but also achieves in-depth development of natural plant active ingredients through process innovation, providing technical support for the industrial production of high-quality black pork.

[0050] In the feed formulation of this invention, the synergistic effect of each component is further manifested in the following ways: the inulin degradation products in modified chicory can promote the chelation and absorption of trace elements such as zinc and selenium in mineral premixes, and by increasing the expression level of transport proteins in intestinal epithelial cells, the bioavailability of trace elements is increased by more than 20% compared with ordinary feed. This deposition of trace elements directly participates in the synthesis and stabilization of myoglobin, making the meat color score (L, a, b values) of black pork more stable after slaughter, and reducing the proportion of PSE meat (pink-white meat).

[0051] During the conditioning stage of the preparation process, controlling the steam pressure at 0.3~0.5MPa generates fine, moist, and hot steam. This steam penetrates the interior of the material particles, causing the starch crystal structure in corn and barley to break down, forming an amorphous structure that is easily acted upon by amylases. Simultaneously, this moist and hot environment also kills pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, ensuring biosafety in the ecological farming environment.

[0052] The pressure during ring die pelleting is controlled at 15~25MPa, ensuring the pellet hardness is 5.0~7.0kgf, which facilitates chewing by black pigs and reduces feed powdering loss during transportation and feeding. A counter-flow cooler is used in the cooling stage, and airflow adjustment ensures uniform heat dissipation and dehydration from the inside out of the pellets, preventing surface cracking and maintaining the structural integrity of the microencapsulated modified chicory pellets.

[0053] The present invention provides an eco-friendly black pig feed formulation based on chicory and its preparation method. This formulation not only considers the ratio of nutritional components but also addresses the bottleneck of low conversion rate of plant fiber in monogastric animals from the perspectives of biochemical modification and feed processing technology. Through a combination of citric acid acidification, compound enzymatic hydrolysis, spray drying and encapsulation, and low-temperature conditioning and granulation, a complete and feasible technical solution is constructed, achieving a balance between weight gain rate and meat quality in eco-friendly black pig farming.

[0054] In practical applications, the amount of modified chicory compound granules added can be adjusted to suit the developmental stage of the digestive system of black pigs of different ages. For example, in the early fattening stage (30-60kg), the amount of modified chicory compound granules added can be taken at the lower limit of the range (15 parts), focusing on the growth of the skeletal and muscular framework; in the late fattening stage (90kg to slaughter), the amount added can be taken at the upper limit of the range (25 parts), utilizing the high content of active oligosaccharides and antioxidants to promote intramuscular fat deposition and flavor compound formation.

[0055] The technical solution of this invention is in full compliance with the industry trend of green and antibiotic-free farming, and has extremely high practical value and economic benefits.

[0056] The composition ratio of the compound enzyme preparation used in modified chicory compound granules is determined based on the chemical composition of the chicory cell wall. Chicory roots and stems contain a large amount of pectin, which surrounds the cellulose skeleton and hinders enzymatic degradation of cellulose. By compounding cellulase, hemicellulase, and pectinase in a 3:2:1 mass ratio, pectinase first degrades pectin in the intercellular matrix, exposing cellulose and hemicellulose. Subsequently, cellulase and hemicellulase work synergistically to cleave long-chain polysaccharides into oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization of 2-10. These oligosaccharides have a strong prebiotic effect in the intestine, and their proliferative effect on Bifidobacteria is 3-5 times that of ordinary inulin.

[0057] Furthermore, during the spray drying step, maltodextrin provides excellent film-forming properties, while gum arabic offers superior emulsifying and antioxidant properties. The combination of these two components forms a dense protective layer with a thickness of 5–15 μm on the surface of the modified chicory component. This protective layer not only isolates the easily oxidized components from external oxygen but also achieves differentiated disintegration in different intestinal segments by controlling the degree of cross-linking of the wall material.

[0058] In the preparation method of the present invention, the composite oil spraying process in step S30 adopts a variable frequency high-pressure spray system, and the diameter of the atomized particles is controlled at 50~100μm to ensure that the oil forms a uniform film on the surface of the powder. This not only improves the energy density of the feed, but also plays a lubricating role, reduces the wear of the ring die during the later granulation, and reduces power consumption.

[0059] In the selection of mineral premixes, the introduction of organic selenium and chelated zinc aims to improve meat quality through biochemical pathways. Organic selenium exists in the form of selenomethionine, which can directly participate in the synthesis of muscle protein in black pigs, improve muscle water-holding capacity, and reduce drip loss. Chelated zinc can promote the repair and growth of skin and mucous membranes, making the black pigs' skin rosy and their coat shiny, meeting the sensory evaluation standards for ecological black pigs.

[0060] Through the above-mentioned series of specific technical means and parameter control, this invention has achieved full-chain optimization from raw material modification to finished product processing, significantly improving the application value of chicory in black pig feed.

[0061] The feed formulation and preparation method of this invention not only solve the nutritional balance problem in black pig farming, but also tap into the huge potential of chicory, a specific plant resource, in improving meat flavor through in-depth chemical and biological treatment, demonstrating significant technological leadership and market application prospects.

[0062] To address the slow metabolism of black pigs during their growth cycle, this invention constructs a "slow-release energy pool" by adjusting the ratio of barley flour to modified chicory in the formula. The resistant starch in the barley flour and the soluble fiber in the modified chicory are fermented by microorganisms in the terminal ileum and cecum to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), such as acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. These provide direct energy to the colonic epithelial cells, enhancing the intestinal absorptive surface area and barrier function.

[0063] In the formulation of amino acid additives, the ratio of lysine to tryptophan was specially increased (5:1). Tryptophan, as a precursor to 5-hydroxytryptamine, can alleviate the stress response of black pigs in ecological farming environments (such as group farming and regrouping), maintain the emotional stability of black pigs, and reduce the decline in meat quality caused by stress.

[0064] In the conditioning unit of the preparation process, a dual-shaft differential speed conditioning method is adopted to increase the contact area and friction between the material and steam, thereby further improving the maturity of the material. The moisture content of the conditioned material is controlled at 15%~17%, which ensures lubrication during pelleting while preventing excessive moisture from causing mold growth in the pellets.

[0065] Through the aforementioned multi-dimensional technical means, this invention constructs a complete system from microscopic molecular structure modification to macroscopic feed processing technology control, ensuring that every grain of feed can accurately deliver nutrients and functional components, providing a solid material foundation for the high-quality breeding of ecological black pigs.

[0066] Finally, the feed of the present invention does not generate harmful wastewater and waste residue during the preparation process, and the citric acid treatment solution can be recycled or added as an acid regulator to the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysate, which meets the requirements of green chemical industry and circular economy.

[0067] Through this systematic optimization, the present invention not only improves the growth performance of black pigs, but more importantly, it significantly improves the nutritional value and sensory quality of black pork through natural means, meeting consumers' demand for high-end ecological livestock products. Detailed Implementation

[0068] The present invention will be further described below, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited to the following description.

[0069] An eco-friendly black pig feed formula based on chicory, the raw materials of which by weight include: 40-55 parts corn; 12-18 parts soybean meal; 15-25 parts modified chicory compound pellets; 5-10 parts wheat bran; 3-8 parts barley flour; 2-5 parts compound oil; 1-2 parts mineral premix; and 0.5-1.2 parts amino acid additives.

[0070] In some embodiments, the modified chicory composite particles are prepared by the following steps:

[0071] P1: Wash and slice fresh chicory rhizomes, dry them at 55-65℃ until the moisture content is 8%-10%, and then pulverize them through a 60-80 mesh sieve to obtain chicory base powder.

[0072] P2: Mix chicory base powder with a 2%–5% citric acid solution at a mass ratio of 1:3 to 1:5, and stir at 100–150 rpm for 2–4 hours at 45–55°C. Collect the precipitate by centrifugation. In this step, the acidic environment disrupts the physical structure of the chicory cell wall, promoting the dissolution of intracellular components.

[0073] P3: Add 2%–4% (by weight) of the compound enzyme preparation and 3–5 times the weight of the precipitate in water to the precipitate. Enzymatically hydrolyze for 4–6 hours at a pH of 4.5–5.5 and a temperature of 45–50°C to obtain the enzymatic hydrolysate. The compound enzyme preparation includes cellulase, hemicellulase, and pectinase in a mass ratio of 3:2:1. The cellulase activity should be no less than 10,000 units per gram, the hemicellulase activity no less than 5,000 units per gram, and the pectinase activity no less than 20,000 units per gram. During the enzymatic hydrolysis process, the pH should be maintained by monitoring with an online pH meter and adding a 5% (by weight) sodium hydroxide solution.

[0074] P4: The enzymatic hydrolysate and the wall material solution are mixed at a volume ratio of 1:1 to 1:2 and spray-dried to obtain modified chicory composite particles. The wall material solution is a mixture of 5% to 8% by mass of maltodextrin and gum arabic, with a mass ratio of 2:1. The inlet air temperature for spray drying is 160 to 180°C, the outlet air temperature is 75 to 85°C, and the speed of the centrifugal atomizer is 15,000 to 20,000 rpm.

[0075] According to the present invention, the fiber components in chicory are degraded into oligosaccharides through a tandem process of citric acid treatment and complex enzymatic hydrolysis. Microcapsules are formed by encapsulation with maltodextrin and gum arabic, which maintain physical integrity at pH 2.0–3.0 and are released in the intestinal environment.

[0076] In some embodiments, the compound oil is made by mixing flaxseed oil, perilla oil and lard in a mass ratio of 2:1:3.

[0077] In some embodiments, the mineral premix contains 0.02% to 0.05% by mass of organic selenium and 0.1% to 0.3% by mass of chelated zinc.

[0078] In some embodiments, the amino acid additives include lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan in a mass ratio of 5:2:2:1.

[0079] Secondly, the present invention provides a method for preparing the above-mentioned chicory-based ecological black pig formula feed, comprising the following steps:

[0080] S10: Weigh out corn, soybean meal, wheat bran and barley flour according to the formula, put them into a grinder and grind them through a 1.5~2.5mm sieve to obtain basic grain powder.

[0081] S20: Put the basic grain powder into the mixer, add the modified chicory compound granules, mineral premix and amino acid additives, and dry mix at 30~45 rpm for 5~10 minutes.

[0082] S30: Turn on the spray device to evenly spray the compound grease onto the surface of the material in the mixer, and continue mixing for 8 to 15 minutes to obtain the material to be conditioned.

[0083] S40: The material to be conditioned is fed into the conditioner, and saturated steam at a pressure of 0.3~0.5MPa and a temperature of 75~85℃ is introduced for conditioning. The conditioning time is 45~90s. The moisture content of the conditioned material is controlled at 15%~17%.

[0084] S50: The conditioned material is fed into a ring die pellet mill for pelleting. The ring die aperture is 3.0~4.5mm. The resulting pellets are cooled, crushed, and graded to obtain finished pellet feed. The temperature of the cooled pellets is no higher than 5℃ above the ambient temperature, and the moisture content of the pellets is 11%~13%.

[0085] In the feed processing technology of this invention, the physical state of grain components is altered by controlling the conditioning temperature and steam pressure. Microencapsulated modified chicory compound granules reduce thermal damage to the internal active products caused by high-temperature steam.

[0086] In practice, the degradation products in the modified chicory compound granules include fructooligosaccharides and acidic xylo-oligosaccharides. The compound oils selected in the formulation provide omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

[0087] Furthermore, this invention utilizes a composite wall material of maltodextrin and gum arabic to form a dense membrane structure during spray drying. This structure does not dissolve in the stomach environment of black pigs, protecting the internal active ingredients and allowing them to directly enter the small and mid-to-hind intestines. Within the intestines, the wall material degrades due to pH changes and the action of microbial enzymes.

[0088] In terms of feed processing technology, this invention employs low-temperature conditioning technology combined with ring die pelleting, controlling the steam pressure at 0.3~0.5MPa to generate humid hot steam that penetrates the material. The pressure during the ring die pelleting process is controlled at 15~25MPa, and the pellet hardness is 5.0~7.0kgf.

[0089] In terms of raw material selection, the combination of corn and barley flour provides a gradient release of carbon sources. Soybean meal serves as the main protein source, complemented by a balanced amino acid additive. The addition of wheat bran provides crude fiber.

[0090] The following describes embodiments of the present invention. Where specific techniques or conditions are not specified in the embodiments, they are performed in accordance with the techniques or conditions described in the literature in the art or in the product manual.

[0091] Example 1

[0092] An eco-friendly black pig feed formula based on chicory has the following ingredient ratio: 45 kg corn, 15 kg soybean meal, 20 kg modified chicory compound pellets, 8 kg wheat bran, 5 kg barley flour, 3 kg compound oil, 1.5 kg mineral premix, and 0.8 kg amino acid additive.

[0093] Preparation of modified chicory compound granules:

[0094] Wash the fresh chicory rhizomes, dry them at 60℃ until the moisture content is 9%, and then pulverize them through a 70-mesh sieve to obtain chicory base powder.

[0095] Chicory base powder and 4% citric acid solution were mixed at a mass ratio of 1:4, and stirred at 120 rpm for 3 hours at 50°C. The precipitate was then collected by centrifugation.

[0096] Add 3% by weight of a compound enzyme preparation (cellulase, hemicellulase and pectinase in a mass ratio of 3:2:1) and 4 times the mass of water to the precipitate, and enzymatically hydrolyze for 5 hours at pH 5.0 and temperature 48℃.

[0097] The enzymatic hydrolysate was mixed with a 7% (w / w) wall material solution (maltodextrin to gum arabic mass ratio 2:1) at a volume ratio of 1:1.5 and then spray-dried. The inlet air temperature was 170℃, the outlet air temperature was 80℃, and the centrifugal atomizer speed was 18000 rpm.

[0098] Preparation method:

[0099] The corn, soybean meal, wheat bran, and barley flour are crushed and passed through a 2.0 mm sieve.

[0100] Add the powder to the mixer, along with the modified chicory compound granules, premix, and amino acids, and dry mix at 40 rpm for 8 minutes.

[0101] Spray the compound grease and continue mixing for 12 minutes.

[0102] The material was conditioned with 0.4 MPa, 80°C steam for 60 seconds, resulting in a moisture content of 16%.

[0103] Ring die granulation, pore size 3.5mm, cooled to 12.5% ​​moisture content.

[0104] Example 2

[0105] An eco-friendly black pig feed formula based on chicory has the following ingredient ratio: 52 kg corn, 13 kg soybean meal, 18 kg modified chicory compound pellets, 7 kg wheat bran, 6 kg barley flour, 2.5 kg compound oil, 1.2 kg mineral premix, and 0.6 kg amino acid additive.

[0106] Preparation of modified chicory compound granules:

[0107] Chicory base powder is passed through an 80-mesh sieve.

[0108] A 3% citric acid solution was used, and the mixture was stirred at 55°C for 2.5 hours with a solid-liquid ratio of 1:3.

[0109] Add 4% of the compound enzyme preparation and enzymatically hydrolyze for 6 hours at pH 4.8 and temperature 45℃.

[0110] The wall material solution concentration is 6%, the spray drying inlet air temperature is 165℃, and the outlet air temperature is 78℃.

[0111] Preparation method:

[0112] The raw materials are crushed and passed through a 1.8mm sieve.

[0113] Dry mix for 6 minutes, then mix for 10 minutes after spraying with oil.

[0114] Steam conditioning pressure 0.35MPa, temperature 78℃, time 80s.

[0115] The ring die granulation pore size is 4.0 mm, and the moisture content after cooling is 12.2%.

[0116] Example 3

[0117] An eco-friendly black pig feed formula based on chicory has the following ingredient ratio: 50 kg corn, 16 kg soybean meal, 22 kg modified chicory compound pellets, 6 kg wheat bran, 4 kg barley flour, 2 kg compound oil, 1.5 kg mineral premix, and 0.8 kg amino acid additive.

[0118] Preparation of modified chicory compound granules:

[0119] Chicory base powder is passed through a 60-mesh sieve.

[0120] A 5% citric acid solution was used, and the mixture was treated at 48°C for 4 hours with a solid-liquid ratio of 1:5.

[0121] Add 5 times the amount of water to the precipitate, adjust the pH to 5.2, add 2.5% compound enzyme, and enzymatically hydrolyze at 50℃ for 4.5 hours.

[0122] Add 8% by mass of wall material solution (maltodextrin and gum arabic 2.5:1), mix at a volume ratio of 1:2, spray dry at 180°C for inlet air and 82°C for outlet air.

[0123] Preparation method:

[0124] The raw materials were crushed and passed through a 2.5mm sieve.

[0125] Dry mix for 10 minutes, then mix for 15 minutes after spraying with oil.

[0126] Steam conditioning pressure 0.5MPa, temperature 85℃, time 45s.

[0127] Ring die granulation, followed by cooling and drying.

[0128] Comparative Example 1

[0129] A black pig feed, with the same raw material composition as Example 1, except that the modified chicory compound granules are replaced with an equal mass of conventional dried chicory powder (directly pulverized to ~70 mesh). The preparation process is the same as in Example 1.

[0130] Comparative Example 2

[0131] A black pig feed has the same raw material composition as in Example 1, except that in the preparation process of modified chicory compound granules, the citric acid treatment in step P2 and the enzymatic hydrolysis in step P3 are omitted, and the chicory base powder is directly mixed with the wall material and then spray-dried.

[0132] Comparative Example 3

[0133] A black pig feed has the same raw material composition as in Example 1, except that the conditioning temperature in step S40 of the feed preparation method is set to 100°C.

[0134] Experimental test:

[0135] Three hundred ecological black pigs with similar initial weights (approximately 30 kg) were selected and randomly divided into six groups (Examples 1-3, Comparative Examples 1-3), with 50 pigs in each group. The experimental period was 150 days. The growth performance, meat quality indicators, and intestinal microbial indicators of the black pigs in each group were measured.

[0136] The test results are shown in Table 1 below:

[0137] project Average daily weight gain (g / d) Meat-to-fat ratio Intramuscular fat content (%) Muscle fluid loss (24h, %) Count of cecal lactobacilli (log10 CFU / g) Cecal Escherichia coli count (log10 CFU / g) Example 1 612 3.15 4.25 2.12 8.85 5.12 Example 2 598 3.21 4.10 2.25 8.62 5.34 Example 3 625 3.08 4.42 2.05 9.02 4.95 Comparative Example 1 542 3.48 3.52 3.15 7.12 6.85 Comparative Example 2 565 3.35 3.78 2.85 7.55 6.42 Comparative Example 3 558 3.42 3.65 3.02 7.32 6.68

[0138] Based on the data analysis in Table 1:

[0139] The average daily weight gain in Examples 1-3 was significantly higher than that in Comparative Example 1, and the feed conversion ratio was significantly lower. This indicates that the bioavailability of the nutrients in chicory compound granules modified with citric acid and enzymatic hydrolysis is higher than that in conventional dried chicory powder.

[0140] The intramuscular fat content in Examples 1-3 was significantly higher than that in the comparative examples, and the muscle drip loss was lower. This reflects the synergistic effect of the compound oil and modified chicory components in the formulation of this invention, which has a physicochemical impact on the fat deposition pattern and water-holding capacity of black pigs.

[0141] Intestinal microbiome analysis showed that the Example group had a higher number of Lactobacillus and a lower number of Escherichia coli. Comparative Example 2, lacking acid and enzymatic degradation, had inulin primarily in a macromolecular form, resulting in weaker support for the proliferation of beneficial intestinal bacteria compared to the Example group.

[0142] Comparative Example 3 showed a decrease in growth performance and meat quality indicators due to increased conditioning temperature (100℃). This is because high temperature destroys the active oligosaccharides and microcapsule structure in the modified chicory pellets and may induce Maillard reactions, reducing the nutritional value of the feed.

[0143] Further analysis of the meat flavor compounds in Example 3 revealed that the inosinic acid content in the muscle was 2.45 mg / g and the glutamic acid content was 15.8 mg / g, which were significantly higher than those in Comparative Example 1 (1.82 mg / g inosinic acid and 12.1 mg / g glutamic acid).

[0144] In addition, non-specific immune index detection for ecological farming showed that the level of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the serum of black pigs in Example 1 group was 12.45 g / L and the level of immunoglobulin A (IgA) was 2.85 g / L; while the level of IgG in Comparative Example 1 group was 10.52 g / L and the level of IgA was 2.48 g / L.

[0145] Regarding the physical properties of the preparation process, the pelleted feed obtained in Example 1 had a pulverization rate of 1.2% and a pellet hardness of 6.2 kgf, which meets the feeding requirements of black pigs. The modified chicory compound pellets retained more than 92% of their active ingredients after being treated in simulated gastric juice (pH 2.5) for 2 hours, while the release rate was more than 85% after being treated in simulated intestinal juice (pH 7.2) for 1 hour.

[0146] This invention modifies chicory, utilizing citric acid to disrupt the dense cell wall structure. Combined with the synergistic shearing action of cellulase, hemicellulase, and pectinase, macromolecular polysaccharides are converted into bioactive oligosaccharides. Spray drying encapsulation with maltodextrin and gum arabic enables the targeted release of the active components within the digestive tract. Furthermore, the combination of complex oils, organic selenium, chelated zinc, and a low-temperature conditioning and granulation process achieves a balance between the growth performance and meat quality of ecological black pigs.

[0147] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. An eco-friendly black pig feed formula based on chicory, characterized in that, Its raw materials, by weight, include: Corn: 40-55 servings; 12 to 18 parts soybean meal; 15 to 25 parts of modified chicory compound granules; 5 to 10 parts wheat bran; 3 to 8 parts barley flour; 2 to 5 parts of compound oil; 1 to 2 parts of mineral premix; 0.5 to 1.2 parts of amino acid additive.

2. The eco-friendly black pig formula feed based on chicory as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The modified chicory composite granules were prepared through the following steps: P1: Wash and slice fresh chicory rhizomes, dry them at 55-65℃ until the moisture content is 8%-10%, and pulverize them through a 60-80 mesh sieve to obtain chicory base powder; P2: Mix the chicory base powder with a citric acid solution of 2%~5% by mass at a mass ratio of 1:3~1:5, stir and react at 45~55℃ for 2~4h, and collect the precipitate by centrifugation; P3: Add 2% to 4% of the mass of the compound enzyme preparation and 3 to 5 times the mass of the precipitate of water to the precipitate, and enzymatically hydrolyze for 4 to 6 hours under the conditions of pH 4.5 to 5.5 and temperature 45 to 50°C to obtain the enzymatic hydrolysate; the compound enzyme preparation includes cellulase, hemicellulase and pectinase in a mass ratio of 3:2:

1. P4: The enzymatic hydrolysate and the wall material solution are mixed at a volume ratio of 1:1 to 1:2 and spray-dried to obtain modified chicory composite particles; the wall material solution is a mixed solution of maltodextrin and gum arabic with a mass fraction of 5% to 8%, and the mass ratio of maltodextrin to gum arabic is 2:

1.

3. The eco-friendly black pig formula feed based on chicory as described in claim 2, characterized in that, In step P3, the cellulase activity is not less than 10,000 units per gram, the hemicellulase activity is not less than 5,000 units per gram, and the pectinase activity is not less than 20,000 units per gram.

4. The eco-friendly black pig formula feed based on chicory additive according to claim 2, characterized in that, In step P4, the inlet air temperature of the spray dryer is 160~180℃, the outlet air temperature is 75~85℃, and the rotation speed of the centrifugal atomizer is 15000~20000rpm.

5. The eco-friendly black pig formula feed based on chicory as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The compound oil is made by mixing flaxseed oil, perilla oil and lard in a mass ratio of 2:1:

3.

6. The eco-friendly black pig formula feed based on chicory as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The mineral premix contains 0.02% to 0.05% organic selenium and 0.1% to 0.3% chelated zinc by mass; the amino acid additives include lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan in a mass ratio of 5:2:2:

1.

7. A method for preparing an eco-friendly black pig formula feed based on chicory as described in any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: S10: Weigh out corn, soybean meal, wheat bran and barley flour according to the formula, put them into a grinder and grind them through a 1.5~2.5mm sieve to obtain basic grain powder; S20: Put the basic grain powder into a mixer, add modified chicory compound granules, mineral premix and amino acid additives, and dry mix at a speed of 30~45 rpm for 5~10 min; S30: Turn on the spray device to evenly spray the compound oil onto the surface of the material in the mixer, and continue mixing for 8 to 15 minutes to obtain the material to be conditioned; S40: The material to be conditioned is fed into a conditioner, and saturated steam with a pressure of 0.3~0.5MPa and a temperature of 75~85℃ is introduced for conditioning. The conditioning time is 45~90s. S50: The conditioned material is fed into a ring die pellet mill for pelleting. The ring die diameter is 3.0~4.5mm. The pellets obtained are cooled, crushed and graded to obtain finished pellet feed.

8. The method for preparing an eco-friendly black pig formula feed based on chicory additive according to claim 7, characterized in that, In step S40, the moisture content of the conditioned material is controlled at 15%~17%.

9. The method for preparing an eco-friendly black pig formula feed based on chicory additive according to claim 7, characterized in that, In step S50, the temperature of the cooled particles is no higher than 5°C above the ambient temperature, and the moisture content of the particles is 11%~13%.

10. The method for preparing an eco-friendly black pig formula feed based on chicory additive according to claim 7, characterized in that, In step S30, the diameter of the atomized particles of the spraying device is controlled to be 50~100μm.