A special cable for space environments

Abstract

This invention discloses a special cable for use in space environments, comprising, from the inside out: an inner conductor assembly, including multiple signal conductor cores, a first shielding and protective layer covering the periphery of the multiple signal conductor cores, and a first filler material filling the spaces between the multiple signal conductor cores; the multiple signal conductor cores are stranded into a cable, each signal conductor core including a double-strand signal conductor and a second shielding and protective layer covering the periphery of the double-strand signal conductor; an outer conductor assembly, surrounding the inner conductor assembly, including multiple outer conductor cores and a second filler material filling the spaces between the multiple outer conductor cores and the inner conductor assembly; a double-layer heterogeneous electromagnetic shielding layer covering the periphery of the outer conductor assembly; and a gradient functional thermal control sheath layer covering the periphery of the double-layer heterogeneous electromagnetic shielding layer. This invention is applicable to ultra-long-duration on-orbit missions of 10–15 years, such as deep space exploration, high-orbit satellites, and manned space stations, and has significant engineering application value and technological advancement.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of cable technology, and more specifically, to a special cable for use in space environments. Background Technology

[0002] In the field of aerospace engineering, cables serve as key interconnecting components for spaceborne electronic systems, undertaking core functions such as power transmission, signal communication, and data exchange. With missions such as deep space exploration, high-orbit communication satellites, manned space stations, and on-orbit servicing robots placing higher demands on system reliability, service life, and environmental adaptability, traditional aerospace cables are no longer sufficient to meet the long-term stable operation requirements of extreme space environments.

[0003] The space environment has multiple harsh characteristics: low Earth orbit has a high flux of atomic oxygen, which can corrode organic polymer materials; Earth's radiation belts and solar particle events bring high-energy proton, electron and heavy ion radiation, which leads to the degradation of the electrical properties of materials and even single-event effects; the thermal cycling range can reach -150°C to +125°C or even wider, causing thermal mismatch stress and fretting wear in materials; in addition, under high vacuum conditions, materials are prone to gas leakage, which contaminates optical or sensitive devices, while the strong vibrations and shocks during the launch phase pose a challenge to the integrity of mechanical structures.

[0004] Existing aerospace cables generally adopt a discrete design approach: the conductor is mostly silver-plated copper stranded wire, the insulation layer is usually made of polyimide (PI) or fluoroplastics (such as FEP, PTFE), the shielding layer relies on copper braid or aluminum foil, and the outer sheath often needs to be wrapped with multiple layers of heat insulation material to achieve thermal control, and lacks online health monitoring capabilities.

[0005] Currently, there is a lack of a comprehensive technical solution that can achieve integrated environmental protection, electrical performance, mechanical stability, and state awareness through functional coupling and synergy between multi-layered structures. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a special cable for space environments that can not only maintain high reliability in extreme space environments but also overcome existing technological bottlenecks through deep synergy between materials, structure, and function, supporting the stringent requirements of on-orbit missions for the next decade or more. Summary of the Invention

[0006] The purpose of this invention is to provide a special cable for use in space environments, overcoming the aforementioned deficiencies in the prior art.

[0007] A special cable for use in space environments, comprising, from the inside out: The inner conductor assembly includes multiple signal conductor cores, a first shielding and protective layer covering the periphery of the multiple signal conductor cores, and a first filler material filling the spaces between the multiple signal conductor cores; the multiple signal conductor cores are stranded into a cable, and each of the signal conductor cores includes a double-strand signal conductor and a second shielding and protective layer covering the periphery of the double-strand signal conductor; An outer conductor assembly, arranged around the inner conductor assembly, includes a plurality of outer conductor cores and a second filler material filling the space between the plurality of outer conductor cores and the inner conductor assembly; A double-layer heterogeneous electromagnetic shielding layer is used to cover the outer periphery of the outer conductor assembly; A gradient functional thermal control sheath layer is wrapped around the outer periphery of the double-layer heterogeneous electromagnetic shielding layer.

[0008] Furthermore, the signal conductor includes a signal wire and a signal insulation layer covering the outer periphery of the signal wire.

[0009] Furthermore, the signal conductor is made of seven ultra-fine high-purity silver-coated copper monofilaments with a diameter of 0.05 mm twisted together; The signal insulation layer includes an inner signal insulation layer and an outer signal insulation layer. The inner signal insulation layer is a porous film of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, and the outer signal insulation layer is a polyimide-nano alumina composite material.

[0010] Furthermore, the multiple outer conductors are evenly distributed along the circumference, and from the inside out, they successively include an outer conductor and an outer conductor insulation layer covering the outer circumference of the outer conductor.

[0011] Furthermore, the outer conductor is formed by stranding seven primary strands at a specific pitch; each primary strand is formed by stranding seven ultra-fine high-purity silver-coated copper monofilaments with a diameter of 0.05 mm in reverse; during the stranding process, the surface of the stranded wire bundle is coated with a lubricating dispersion containing nano-molybdenum disulfide.

[0012] Furthermore, the outer conductor core insulation layer comprises, from the inside out, an inner outer conductor core insulation layer, an intermediate outer conductor core insulation layer, and an outer outer conductor core insulation layer; the inner outer conductor core insulation layer is an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene porous film; the intermediate outer conductor core insulation layer is a polyimide-nano alumina composite material; and the outer outer conductor core insulation layer is an amorphous silicon dioxide film formed by vapor deposition.

[0013] Furthermore, both the first and second shielding and protective layers are spirally wrapped 0.1 mm thick tantalum foils; both the first and second filler materials are polypropylene.

[0014] Furthermore, the dual-layer heterogeneous electromagnetic shielding layer comprises an inner shielding layer and an outer shielding layer from the inside out; the inner shielding layer is made of gold-plated aluminum foil wrapped around it; and the outer shielding layer is made of silver-plated Invar alloy filaments woven together.

[0015] Furthermore, the gradient functional thermal control sheath layer comprises, from the inside out, a structural layer, a buffer layer, a protective base layer, and a protective surface layer; the structural layer is a carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone woven mesh; the buffer layer is an open-cell silicone foam rubber with 10% hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets added; the protective base layer is a polyimide film coated with magnesium fluoride; and the protective surface layer is a silver-indium tin oxide composite coating formed by vapor deposition.

[0016] Furthermore, the buffer layer is provided with an optical fiber monitoring sensor along the cable axis. The optical fiber monitoring sensor is a zirconium fluoride optical fiber and integrates an optical fiber Bragg grating array for synchronous real-time monitoring of local temperature changes, mechanical strain and radiation-induced thermal effects to invert the cumulative radiation dose.

[0017] By adopting the above technical solution, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: (1) This invention breaks through the technical bottlenecks of traditional aerospace cables in terms of long life, high reliability, lightweight and intelligence through deep synergy of materials, structure, function and intelligence. It is suitable for ultra-long on-orbit missions of 10-15 years such as deep space exploration, high-orbit satellites and manned space stations, and has significant engineering application value and technological advancement.

[0018] (2) By adopting a double-stranded structure for the signal core in the inner conductor assembly and setting multi-layer composite insulation and local tantalum foil shielding on the outer periphery, the present invention significantly improves the anti-electromagnetic interference capability and anti-single-event effect capability of key signal transmission, effectively ensuring the integrity and stability of high-precision measurement and control, star sensitivity and other sensitive signals in strong radiation and high vacuum space environment.

[0019] (3) The signal conductor of the present invention is made of seven 0.05 mm ultra-fine high-purity silver-coated copper monofilaments twisted together, combined with a porous inner insulation layer of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and a composite outer insulation layer of polyimide-nano alumina. This not only reduces the dielectric constant and signal loss, but also captures space charge through nano alumina particles, suppresses radiation-induced electric field distortion, and greatly improves the radiation resistance and long-term electrical reliability of the insulation system.

[0020] (4) The outer conductor assembly of the present invention adopts a 7×7 two-stage twisted structure and is coated with a lubricating dispersion containing nano molybdenum disulfide during the twisting process. A solid lubricating film is formed at the conductor contact interface, which effectively suppresses the fretting wear caused by material thermal expansion mismatch under the severe thermal cycle from -200℃ to +150℃, reduces the contact resistance drift rate by more than 50%, and significantly extends the on-rail service life of the cable.

[0021] (5) The outer conductor core insulation layer of the present invention adopts a three-layer gradient design: the inner layer expanded polytetrafluoroethylene provides thermal stress buffer, the middle layer polyimide-nano alumina enhances dielectric strength and anti-corona ability, and the outer layer vapor-deposited amorphous silica dense film effectively blocks atomic oxygen erosion and seals the micropores of the inner layer. The three work together to achieve long-term insulation protection under the multi-field coupling environment of "electric-thermal-chemical".

[0022] (6) The first shielding and protection layer and the second shielding and protection layer of the present invention are both spirally wrapped with 0.1 mm tantalum foil. Local high-energy particle protection is implemented for the central signal core. Without significantly increasing the overall cable weight, the probability of proton and heavy ion penetration is effectively reduced, and the risk of single-event upset (SEU) is reduced. This reflects the lightweight design concept of "protection on demand and precise reinforcement".

[0023] (7) The present invention combines the low-frequency continuous shielding of gold-plated aluminum foil with the high-frequency shielding and extremely low thermal expansion characteristics of silver-plated Invar alloy braided layer, which solves the problem of shielding effectiveness decay caused by thermal mismatch cracking of traditional copper braided shielding under extreme temperature changes. It ensures that the shielding effectiveness is stably maintained above 60 dB in the 10 MHz–10 GHz frequency band, and the fluctuation after thousands of thermal cycles does not exceed ±3 dB.

[0024] (8) The gradient functional thermal control sheath layer of this invention integrates structural support, thermal management, atomic oxygen protection and static dissipation: carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone woven mesh provides a high-strength, low-exhaust mechanical skeleton; hexagonal boron nitride modified silicone foam achieves efficient in-plane thermal diffusion; magnesium fluoride coated polyimide and silver-indium tin oxide composite coating constitute a secondary surface mirror, achieving low solar absorptivity (α) S < 0.15) and high infrared emissivity (ε h > 0.80), eliminating the need for additional multi-layer insulation materials, reducing system weight by more than 15%. Attached Figure Description

[0025] To make the content of this invention easier to understand, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments and accompanying drawings, wherein... Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the special cable of the present invention.

[0026] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the signal conductor of the present invention.

[0027] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the outer guide core of the present invention.

[0028] The labels in the attached diagram are: 1. Inner conductor assembly; 11. Signal core; 111. Signal conductor; 1111. Signal wire; 1112. Signal insulation layer; 11121. Inner signal insulation layer; 11122. Outer signal insulation layer; 112. Second shielding and protection layer; 12. First shielding and protection layer; 13. First filler material; 2. Outer conductor assembly; 21. Outer conductor core; 211. Outer conductor; 212. Outer conductor core insulation layer; 2121. Outer conductor core insulation inner layer; 2122. Outer conductor core insulation intermediate layer; 2123. Outer conductor core insulation outer layer; 22. Second filler material; 3. Double-layer heterogeneous electromagnetic shielding layer; 31. Inner shielding layer; 32. Outer shielding layer; 4. Gradient functional thermal control sheath layer; 41. Structural layer; 42. Buffer layer; 43. Protective base layer; 44. Protective surface layer; 5. Fiber optic monitoring sensor. Detailed Implementation

[0029] To better understand the above technical solutions, the following will provide a detailed explanation of the technical solutions in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific implementation methods.

[0030] For experiments not specifically described in the examples, the procedures or conditions should be followed according to the conventional experimental procedures described in the literature in this field. Reagents or instruments whose manufacturers are not specified are all commercially available conventional reagent products.

[0031] Example 1: A special cable for use in space environments, suitable for geostationary orbit communication satellites.

[0032] The cable adopts a composite multi-core structure, which, from the inside out, includes an inner conductor assembly 1, an outer conductor assembly 2, a double-layer heterogeneous electromagnetic shielding layer 3, and a gradient functional thermal control sheath layer 4. The overall structure achieves multiple environmental adaptability and long-term reliability through material selection, geometric arrangement, and functional integration.

[0033] The inner conductor assembly 1 is located at the center of the cable and includes four signal conductor cores 11. Each signal conductor core 11 includes a double-strand signal conductor 111 and a second shielding and protective layer 112 covering the outer periphery of the double-strand signal conductor 111; the signal conductor 111 includes a signal wire 1111 and a signal insulation layer 1112 covering the outer periphery of the signal wire 1111.

[0034] The signal cable 1111 is made of seven 0.05mm ultra-fine high-purity silver-clad copper wires twisted together; The signal insulation layer 1112 includes an inner signal insulation layer 11121 and an outer signal insulation layer 11122. The inner signal insulation layer 11121 is a 30μm thick expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) porous film, and the outer signal insulation layer 11122 is a 25μm thick polyimide matrix composite of 15 wt% nano-alumina particles. This significantly improves radiation resistance and suppresses space charge accumulation. The outermost layer is a spirally wound 0.1 mm tantalum foil, serving as the second shielding and protection layer 112, providing targeted protection against localized high-energy particles for critical signal lines. Four signal conductors 11 are twisted together with a small pitch, their gaps filled with a first filler material 13 (polypropylene), and the entire bundle completely covers the first shielding and protection layer 12—also a 0.1 mm tantalum foil—forming a double radiation barrier.

[0035] The outer conductor assembly 2 surrounds the inner conductor assembly 1 and includes seven outer conductor cores 21 evenly distributed along the circumference. Each outer conductor core 21 employs a 7×7 two-stage stranded structure: seven groups of primary stranded wires (each group consisting of seven 0.05 mm high-purity silver-clad copper monofilaments twisted in reverse) are then stranded together at a 12 mm pitch to form the outer conductor 211. During the stranding process, the surface of the wire bundle is coated with a lubricating dispersion containing 50 nm particle size molybdenum disulfide nanoparticles and a solid content of 1.0 wt%. After drying, a solid lubricating film is formed at the monofilament contact interface, significantly reducing fretting wear and contact resistance drift under thermal cycling from -180℃ to +150℃. The outer conductor core 21 is surrounded by an outer conductor core insulation layer 212, which adopts a three-layer gradient design: the inner layer is a 40μm ePTFE porous film (outer conductor core insulation inner layer 2121), the middle layer is a 30μm polyimide-nano alumina composite material (outer conductor core insulation middle layer 2122), and the outer layer is a 1.2μm amorphous silica dense film formed by vapor deposition (outer conductor core insulation outer layer 2123). This structure not only provides excellent electrical insulation performance, but also transforms the porous structure, which is originally susceptible to atomic oxygen corrosion, into a thermal stress buffer cavity by sealing the micropores of the inner layer with the outer layer, thus achieving a synergistic effect of "defect transformation and functional enhancement".

[0036] The annular gap between the outer conductor core 21 and the inner conductor assembly 1 is filled with a second filler material 22 (polypropylene) to fix the relative position of the cable cores and prevent conductor displacement caused by emission vibration and on-track micro-motion.

[0037] A double-layer heterogeneous electromagnetic shielding layer 3 covers the outer periphery of the outer conductor assembly 2. The inner shielding layer 31 is made of 15μm thick aluminum foil plated with 0.3μm gold on one side, longitudinally wrapped with a 35% overlap rate. The gold plating layer effectively prevents oxidation of the aluminum surface under high vacuum conditions, ensuring the continuity of interface conductivity. The outer shielding layer 32 is made of 0.12 mm diameter Invar alloy (Fe-36Ni, coefficient of thermal expansion 1.2×10⁻⁶). -6The filaments ( / K) are plated with 2μm of silver and woven at a 45° angle. The extremely low coefficient of thermal expansion of the Invar alloy is highly compatible with the inner polymer layer, avoiding shielding failure caused by thermal mismatch cracking under extreme temperature changes, as is common with traditional copper braids. This dual-layer heterogeneous electromagnetic shielding layer 3 provides 60-80 dB of shielding effectiveness in the 10 MHz-10 GHz frequency band, and after 1000 thermal cycles from –180°C to +150°C, the effectiveness fluctuation does not exceed ±2.5 dB.

[0038] The gradient functional thermal control jacket layer 4 comprises four layers from the inside out: The structural layer 41 is a carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone (CF / PEEK) woven mesh with a tensile strength exceeding 520 MPa and volatile condensable matter (CVCM) below 0.01%, meeting NASA outgassing standards; the buffer layer 42 is an open-cell silicone foam rubber with 10% hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets, achieving an in-plane thermal conductivity of 5.8 W / (m·K), providing both vibration damping and lateral heat dissipation; the protective base layer 43 is a polyimide film coated with magnesium fluoride to enhance ultraviolet reflectivity; and the protective surface layer 44 is a silver-indium tin oxide (ITO) composite coating formed by vapor deposition, with a solar absorptivity α... S =0.12, infrared emissivity ε h =0.83, surface resistivity approximately 5×10 5 Ω / sq, forming a highly efficient secondary surface mirror and achieving electrostatic dissipation. This integrated sheath replaces traditional multilayer insulation (MLI) materials, reducing the overall cable weight by 18%, while providing integrated functions of structural support, thermal control, protection, and electrostatic management.

[0039] An optical fiber monitoring sensor 5 is embedded along the cable axis in the buffer layer 42. This sensor uses zirconium fluoride (ZBLAN) optical fiber and integrates a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) array, with a spatial resolution of one sensing point per meter. It can monitor local temperature (accuracy ±0.1℃), mechanical strain (resolution ±1 µε), and radiation-induced thermal effects in real time, and is used to invert the cumulative radiation dose. At the same time, a manganese copper alloy resistance strain gauge segment (not separately labeled, as part of the conductor) is embedded every 10 m in the double-strand signal conductor 111 of the inner conductor assembly 1. When a microcrack appears in the conductor, the resistance value produces a detectable step change, forming an optical-electric dual-redundancy diagnostic mechanism with the signal from the optical fiber monitoring sensor 5, realizing early fault warning and life prediction.

[0040] In this embodiment, the insulation structure of both the signal conductor 11 and the outer conductor 21 adopts a three-layer gradient design of "expanded polytetrafluoroethylene porous film + polyimide-nano alumina composite material + vapor-deposited amorphous silica film". Traditionally, it is believed that the microporous structure of ePTFE is easily corroded in the near-Earth orbit atomic oxygen environment, making it unsuitable as a long-term insulating material. However, this invention, by setting a dense a-SiO2 film on the outer layer, not only completely blocks atomic oxygen penetration but also seals the micropores, which were originally considered defects, into stable elastic buffer cavities. This structure effectively absorbs intermaterial thermal stress during 2000 thermal cycles from -180℃ to +150℃, preventing insulation cracking; simultaneously, the nano-Al2O3 particles in the middle layer act as deep trap centers, significantly suppressing the accumulation of space charge at a 100 krad radiation dose, resulting in a breakdown field strength retention rate exceeding 85%. This synergistic mechanism of "defect transformation and functional enhancement" significantly increases the lifespan of the insulation system from the traditional 5-8 years to more than 12 years, far exceeding the performance summation when each layer of material is used alone.

[0041] In summary, this embodiment achieves deep synergy of six major performance characteristics—radiation resistance, antigenic oxygenation, wide-temperature stability, electromagnetic compatibility, lightweight design, and self-sensing—through functional partitioning of the inner conductor assembly 1 and outer conductor assembly 2, multi-layer insulation gradient protection, thermal matching design of the double-layer heterogeneous electromagnetic shielding layer 3, integrated gradient functional thermal control sheath layer 4, and embedded sensing of the fiber optic monitoring sensor 5. Ground simulation tests have verified that, under a total dose radiation of 100 krad and 1×10⁻⁶ kPa, the performance is satisfactory. 20 atoms / cm 2 Under conditions of atomic oxygen exposure, 2000 thermal cycles, and strong vibration, the cable signal attenuation is less than 0.5 dB / km, with no insulation breakdown or shielding failure, fully meeting the high reliability requirements of geostationary orbit missions for 10-15 years.

[0042] The specific embodiments described above further illustrate the purpose, technical solution, and beneficial effects of the present invention. It should be understood that the above descriptions are merely specific embodiments of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, improvements, etc., made within the spirit and principles of the present invention should be included within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A special cable for use in space environments, characterized in that, From the inside out, the following are included: The inner conductor assembly (1) includes multiple signal conductor cores (11), a first shielding and protective layer (12) covering the periphery of the multiple signal conductor cores (11), and a first filler material (13) filling the spaces between the multiple signal conductor cores (11); the multiple signal conductor cores (11) are twisted into a cable, and each of the signal conductor cores (11) includes a double-strand signal conductor (111) and a second shielding and protective layer (112) covering the periphery of the double-strand signal conductor (111). An outer conductor assembly (2) is disposed around the inner conductor assembly (1) and includes a plurality of outer conductor cores (21) and a second filler material (22) filled between the plurality of outer conductor cores (21) and the inner conductor assembly (1). A double-layer heterogeneous electromagnetic shielding layer (3) is wrapped around the outer periphery of the outer conductor assembly (2); A gradient functional thermal control sheath layer (4) is wrapped around the outer periphery of the double-layer heterogeneous electromagnetic shielding layer (3).

2. The special cable for space environment according to claim 1, characterized in that, The signal conductor (111) includes a signal wire (1111) and a signal insulation layer (1112) covering the outer periphery of the signal wire (1111).

3. The special cable for space environment according to claim 2, characterized in that, The signal conductor (1111) is made of seven 0.05mm ultra-fine high-purity silver-coated copper wires twisted together; The signal insulation layer (1112) includes an inner signal insulation layer (11121) and an outer signal insulation layer (11122). The inner signal insulation layer (11121) is an expanded polytetrafluoroethylene porous film, and the outer signal insulation layer (11122) is a polyimide-nano alumina composite material.

4. The special cable for space environment according to claim 1, characterized in that, The seven outer conductor cores (21) are evenly distributed along the circumference, and from the inside out, they include an outer conductor (211) and an outer conductor core insulation layer (212) covering the outer circumference of the outer conductor (211).

5. The special cable for space environment according to claim 4, characterized in that, The outer conductor (211) is formed by stranding seven primary strands; the primary strands are formed by stranding seven 0.05mm ultrafine high-purity silver-coated copper wires in reverse; during stranding, the surface of the stranded wire bundle is coated with a lubricating dispersion containing nano-molybdenum disulfide.

6. The special cable for space environment according to claim 4, characterized in that, The outer conductor insulation layer (212) consists of an inner outer conductor insulation layer (2121), an intermediate outer conductor insulation layer (2122), and an outer outer conductor insulation layer (2123) from the inside out. The inner outer conductor insulation layer (2121) is a porous expanded polytetrafluoroethylene film. The intermediate outer conductor insulation layer (2122) is a polyimide-nano alumina composite material. The outer outer conductor insulation layer (2123) is a vapor-deposited amorphous silicon dioxide film.

7. The special cable for space environment according to claim 1, characterized in that, The first shielding and protection layer (12) and the second shielding and protection layer (112) are both spirally wrapped 0.1mm tantalum foil; the first filling material (13) and the second filling material (22) are both polypropylene.

8. The special cable for space environment according to claim 1, characterized in that, The double-layer heterogeneous electromagnetic shielding layer (3) includes an inner shielding layer (31) and an outer shielding layer (32) from the inside out; the inner shielding layer (31) is made of gold-plated aluminum foil wrapped around it; the outer shielding layer (32) is made of silver-plated Invar alloy filaments woven together.

9. The special cable for space environment according to claim 1, characterized in that, The gradient functional thermal control sheath layer (4) includes, from the inside out, a structural layer (41), a buffer layer (42), a protective base layer (43), and a protective surface layer (44); the structural layer (41) is a carbon fiber reinforced polyether ether ketone woven mesh; the buffer layer (42) is an open-cell silicone foam rubber with 10% hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets added; the protective base layer (43) is magnesium fluoride coated polyimide; and the protective surface layer (44) is a vapor-deposited silver-indium tin oxide composite coating.

10. A special cable for space environments according to claim 9, characterized in that, The buffer layer (42) of the gradient functional thermal control sheath layer (4) is provided with an optical fiber monitoring sensor (5) along the axial direction. The optical fiber monitoring sensor (5) is a zirconium fluoride optical fiber and is integrated with an optical fiber Bragg grating array. It is used to synchronously and in real time monitor local temperature changes, mechanical strain and radiation-induced thermal effects to invert the cumulative radiation dose.

Images