A multi-substrate-adapted high-adhesion wear-resistant super-hydrophobic composite coating and a preparation method thereof

Abstract

The application belongs to but is not limited to the technical field of material functional coating, and a multi-substrate adapted high-adhesion wear-resistant super-hydrophobic composite coating and a preparation method thereof are provided.Step one, a KH-570 solvent with a specific concentration is prepared;step two, KH-570 substrate pretreatment is performed;step three, fluorinated silicon dioxide is dispersed;step four, a silane precursor modified solution is prepared;step five, resin compounding is performed;step six, coating spraying, curing and performance testing are performed;step seven, material characterization and analysis are performed;and step eight, application testing and optimization are performed.Through the synergistic effect of KH-570 silane coupling agent pretreatment of the substrate and the fluorinated silicon dioxide / silicone resin composite coating, the super-hydrophobicity and wear resistance of the coating are significantly improved, while the high light transmittance and strong adhesion are maintained.The technology is suitable for optical device protective coating, building glass self-cleaning surface, medical device anti-fouling coating and other fields, and the universal spraying process can realize uniform film formation on complex substrates.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of functional coating technology, and particularly relates to a high-adhesion, wear-resistant, superhydrophobic composite coating adaptable to multiple substrates and its preparation method. Background Technology

[0002] Superhydrophobic coatings, due to their excellent self-cleaning, anti-fouling, waterproof, corrosion-resistant, and surface protection properties, have been widely used in glass, building materials, functional device surfaces, and related protective coatings. However, existing superhydrophobic coatings often face some problems in application, particularly in terms of abrasion resistance, water resistance, and long-term stability. The function of superhydrophobic coatings often depends on the construction of surface micro-nano structures, but these structures are easily affected by factors such as wear, erosion, and particle abrasion in practical applications, leading to a gradual loss of superhydrophobic effects. Furthermore, poor interfacial stability between the coating and different substrates makes the coating prone to peeling, affecting its long-term performance.

[0003] Existing technologies offer various methods to improve mechanical stability. Among these, constructing composite structures using resins, coupling agents, and inorganic particles is a common and relatively simple approach. This is because it combines micro / nano rough structures with low surface energy chemical compositions, maintaining superhydrophobicity while significantly improving wear resistance and water resistance. Currently, many studies enhance coating durability by constructing micro / nano rough structures using inorganic particles, resins, and silane coupling agents. For example, the paper "Scalable and mechanically durable superhydrophobic coating of SiO2 / polydimethylsiloxane / epoxy" reports the construction of a SiO2 / PDMS / EP composite coating using an EP underlayer pretreatment. This coating remains superhydrophobic after being subjected to 120-grit sandpaper, a 500 g load, and 5 m of abrasion. The paper "A double-layer multifunctional superhydrophobic coating with excellent anti-corrosion performance based on fluorine-free chemicals" describes the synergistic construction of a double-layer superhydrophobic coating using a KH560-GO / EP underlayer and an upper SiO2 rough structure, which enhances the durability of the coating. Chinese patent CN102501477B proposes to improve adhesion and abrasion resistance by setting a resin layer between the glass substrate and the micro / nano structure layer. Chinese patent CN113292898B discloses a wear-resistant and high-adhesion superhydrophobic coating, emphasizing that "high adhesion and abrasion resistance" are important ways to improve the stability of superhydrophobic coatings. However, although existing superhydrophobic coatings can achieve certain wear resistance and superhydrophobicity, the resin systems used in these coatings are still insufficient in inhibiting water penetration at the interface, making it difficult to further improve interface stability and water penetration resistance when applied to multiple substrate surfaces.

[0004] Existing technologies lack a more targeted design for addressing the permeation behavior of resin systems used in current wear-resistant superhydrophobic coatings under long-term water contact conditions. Based on the above analysis, the urgent technical problem to be solved by existing technologies is: how to improve the bonding stability between the coating and the substrate through interface pretreatment of the substrate surface while maintaining the wear-resistant and superhydrophobic properties of the coating, and reduce the risk of water penetration along the interface, thereby achieving high adhesion and improved water permeation resistance in multi-substrate surface composite coatings. Summary of the Invention

[0005] This invention provides a high-adhesion, wear-resistant, superhydrophobic composite coating adaptable to multiple substrates and its preparation method, aiming to solve the problems of limited water permeability resistance and insufficient adaptability to multiple substrates in existing spray-applied wear-resistant superhydrophobic coatings. To this end, this invention uses KH-570 to pretreat the substrate surface to improve the interfacial bonding ability and water permeability resistance of the coating on different substrate surfaces. Based on this, a composite superhydrophobic coating is formed on the pretreated surfaces of various substrates, thereby improving the water permeability resistance and multi-substrate applicability of the wear-resistant superhydrophobic coating. Compared with the control composite coating without KH-570 pretreatment, the coating obtained by this invention, under 800-grit sandpaper and a 200 g load, increases the wear resistance distance from 12 m to 20 m before losing its superhydrophobic properties, an increase of approximately 66.7%. In a 48-hour impermeability test, the liquid level drop of the coating obtained by this invention is only 0.3 mL, while the liquid level drop of the control coating without KH-570 pretreatment exceeds 4.0 mL. The above results indicate that pretreatment of the substrate surface with KH-570 to form a continuous silanized transition layer can not only improve the wear resistance of composite coatings on various substrate surfaces, but also significantly reduce the possibility of moisture penetration along the interface, thereby significantly improving the water penetration resistance of the coating.

[0006] Furthermore, since the substrate surface is pretreated with KH-570 to form an interface transition layer, it can also reduce the influence of the differences in surface properties of different substrates on the subsequent spray coating process to a certain extent, thereby improving the film formation stability and compatibility of the composite coating on different substrate surfaces.

[0007] Compared with the composite coating without KH-570 pretreatment, the coating obtained by the present invention, under the conditions of 800-grit sandpaper and 200 g load, increases the wear resistance distance before losing superhydrophobicity from 12 m to 20 m, an increase of approximately 66.7%; in the 48-hour water impermeability test, the liquid level drops by only 0.3 mL, indicating that the system has good water penetration resistance; at the same time, the coating can form a stable superhydrophobic composite coating on the surface of different substrates such as glass, asbestos board and radiant cooling plate.

[0008] To address the problems existing in the prior art, this invention provides a superhydrophobic composite coating and its preparation method. The key innovation lies in: firstly, pretreating the substrate surface with KH-570 to construct an interfacial transition layer, and then forming a composite superhydrophobic coating on its surface. This improves the interfacial matching and film-forming stability between the coating and different substrates, and enhances the coating's wear resistance, water resistance, and multi-substrate compatibility. Compared to a composite coating without KH-570 pretreatment, under conditions of 800-grit sandpaper and a 200 g load, the wear resistance distance of the coating before losing its superhydrophobic properties increases from 12 m to 20 m, an increase of approximately 66.7%; in a 48-hour impermeability test, the liquid level drop is only 0.3 mL; and the superhydrophobic coating can be formed on various substrates such as glass, asbestos board, and radiant cooling plate. This demonstrates that this invention does not simply pursue extreme wear resistance indicators, but rather achieves a good balance of wear resistance, water resistance, and multi-substrate compatibility under spray application conditions, showing promising practical application prospects.

[0009] This invention is achieved by providing a high-adhesion, wear-resistant, superhydrophobic composite coating adaptable to multiple substrates and its preparation method, comprising: Step 1: Prepare KH-570 solvent at a specific concentration; Step 2, KH-570 substrate pretreatment; Step 3: Dispersing fluorinated silica; Step 4: Preparation of silane precursor modification solution; Step 5: Resin compounding; Step Six: Coating Spraying, Curing, and Performance Testing; Step 7: Material Characterization and Analysis; Step 8: Application testing and optimization.

[0010] Further, in step one, a specific concentration of KH-570 solvent silane coupling agent KH-570 is mixed with an ethanol-water mixed solvent at a volume ratio of 1:(5-20), and 0.5-2% acetic acid is added as a catalyst. The mixture is stirred at 1500-2000 rpm for 30-60 minutes to form a silanol solution with a hydrolysis rate of 80-95%. The volume ratio of the ethanol-water mixed solvent is (1:0)-(3:1), preferably 2:1. Precise control of acetic acid-catalyzed hydrolysis avoids gelation caused by excessive hydrolysis.

[0011] Furthermore, the application of KH-570 substrate pretreatment in step two includes: spraying the solution onto the surface of the pretreated substrate, with a wet film thickness of 3-10 μm, and curing it in stages at 80-120℃ to form a Si-OM covalent bond transition layer; the dehydration conditions are vacuum treatment at 100-150℃ for 1-3 hours.

[0012] Furthermore, in step three, during the dispersion of fluorinated silica, fluorinated silica particles with a particle size of 3 nm-1 μm (selected from nanoparticles, aerogels, or fumed silica) are dispersed with an alkaline reagent (sodium hydroxide, ammonia, or sodium bicarbonate, pH 8-11) in ethanol-water and ultrasonically treated for 1-3 hours; the mass ratio of silica to solvent is 1:(10-50). The alkaline environment regulates the surface hydroxyl density, enhancing the activity of the subsequent fluorination reaction.

[0013] Furthermore, the method for preparing the silane precursor modified solution in step four includes: dissolving the fluorinated silane coupling agent in an anhydrous organic solvent to form a modified solution with a concentration of 0.05–0.15 mol / L.

[0014] Furthermore, the fluorinated silane coupling agents used in the preparation of the silane precursor modification solution in step four include: 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (FOTS), heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyltrimethoxysilane, and 3,3,3-trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilane.

[0015] Furthermore, the resin compounding method in step five: a superhydrophobic composite solution comprising: (a) 5-15 wt% of the fluorinated silica dispersion according to claim 3; (b) 5-20wt% silicone-acrylic organic resin (hydroxyl acrylic acid modified, solid content 30-50%). (c) The remainder is an ethanol / terpene mixed solvent; The solution is magnetically stirred for 2-4 hours to form a homogeneous system.

[0016] Furthermore, the resin formulations used in step five include MMA-2EHA-2HEMA-IA, MMA-2EHA-CHMA-nBMA-MAA-2HEMA-A-174, MMA-2EHA-CHMA-nBMA-MAA-2HEMA-A-174-GK570, and SM-BA-AN-MAA-2HEMA, to further optimize their mechanical properties and stability. Performance tests mainly include contact angle measurement, acid and alkali resistance, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

[0017] Furthermore, in step seven, the characterization and analysis of the material includes methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ultraviolet-infrared-visible light analysis.

[0018] Furthermore, in step eight, application testing includes applying the composite material to specific scenarios, such as self-cleaning of building curtain walls, anti-icing of vehicles and aircraft, efficiency enhancement of photovoltaic modules, and protection of wind turbine blades. The testing focuses on the material's actual performance, long-term stability, and application effects under specific conditions.

[0019] Based on the above technical solutions and the technical problems solved, the advantages and positive effects of the technical solution to be protected by this invention are as follows: First, this invention proposes a three-in-one composite coating technology of "silicone-acrylic resin-KH570-fluorinated SiO2". Through interfacial covalent bond design (such as Si-O-Si / M bonds) and precise control of micro-nano structure (SEM / AFM characterization), it innovatively adopts a water-based spraying process (ethanol-terpene mixed solvent, VOC<20 g / L) and a stepped curing strategy (80-120℃ gradient temperature rise) to solve the three major pain points of traditional superhydrophobic coatings: "weak adhesion, poor wear resistance, and low substrate compatibility". This technology achieves a leap in performance through the following core breakthroughs: Interface strengthening: KH-570 silane coupling agent is dehydrated (pH=4.5, dried at 80°C) and copolymerized with silicone-acrylic resin to form a "particle-resin-substrate" chemical bond network, achieving adhesion to ASTM D3359 5B grade, and increasing the substrate grafting rate to 85% (compared to 50% of traditional technology); Abrasion resistance optimization: Fluorinated SiO2 nanoparticles (3nm-1μm) are cross-linked with silicone-acrylic resin, resulting in abrasion resistance (ISO 1518) that is 5 times higher than that of PDMS coating, with a contact angle >145° after 5000 cycles of friction; Dynamic hydrophobic stability: Roll-off angle <5°, performance retention rate >90% after 2000 h of QUV aging, far exceeding the industry standard (40% decay after 500 h). Furthermore, this technology boasts significant environmental friendliness and versatility: Low VOC process: Water-based system replaces traditional solvent-based coatings (VOC reduced from >300 g / L to <20 g / L), complying with EU REACH regulations; Multi-substrate compatibility: Through the flexible design of the acrylate segment of silicone-acrylic resin, it is compatible with metals (aluminum alloys), plastics (PP / PE), and ceramics, solving the wetting problem of non-polar substrates; 70% energy reduction: Room temperature curing and stepped heating avoid high temperatures (traditionally requiring 150°C), making it suitable for heat-sensitive materials such as photovoltaic backsheets. Interfacial bonding states are verified through SEM / FTIR / XPS multimodal characterization. This technology provides long-term solutions for scenarios such as self-cleaning of building curtain walls, anti-icing of new energy equipment (e.g., wind turbine blade anti-icing delay >4h), and aerospace corrosion protection, accelerating the industrial application of superhydrophobic coatings.

[0020] Secondly, the silicone-acrylic resin composite system replaces traditional high-pollution technologies with a water-based, environmentally friendly process. The composite design of silicone-acrylic resin (such as MMA-2EHA copolymer) and fluorinated SiO2 uses an ethanol-terpene mixed solvent instead of traditional toxic solvents such as toluene / DMF, offering both high performance and environmental advantages: Safety and operability: Ethanol has a boiling point of 78°C, allowing for spraying and curing under mild conditions (room temperature to 80°C), avoiding the risks of high temperature and high pressure; terpene solvents (such as limonene) have a biodegradability of >90%, reducing respiratory exposure hazards for workers. Environmental friendliness: The solvent can be distilled and recovered (recovery rate >85%), reducing wastewater COD by 60%; it contains no persistent pollutants such as PFOA / PFOS, complying with the 12 principles of green chemistry. Case comparison: Traditional process: Solvent-based fluorocarbon coatings require curing at 150°C, with VOC emissions of 300 g / L and a PP substrate grafting rate of only 40%; This invention: Water-based spraying with room temperature curing, VOC <20 g / L, PP grafting rate increased to 85%, and coating hardness reaching 2H (pencil hardness). From an industrialization perspective, this technology combines cost-effectiveness (fluorination reagent utilization rate >90%) with scalability potential (spraying efficiency 20 m² / h), and can cover diverse needs from photovoltaic modules (improving power generation efficiency by 8%) to medical catheters (antibacterial and anti-adhesion).

[0021] Third, technological extension and cross-domain application prospects. The multi-dimensional performance balance design of this invention fills the technological gap of superhydrophobic coatings in dynamic environments: Extreme environment adaptability: By adjusting the silicone-acrylic resin monomer (such as introducing 2HEMA to enhance weather resistance), it can maintain stable performance in operating conditions of -40~150℃; Acid and alkali resistance (pH 2-12) is better than that of pure SiO2 coatings (pH 4-9). Intelligent expansion: Combined with nanoimprinting technology to customize microstructures (contact angle up to 165°), it adapts to the anti-adhesion requirements of microfluidic devices; Adding photocatalytic TiO2 nanoparticles achieves self-cleaning-antibacterial dual function (antibacterial rate against E. coli >99%). Commercialization path: Core patent: Protects the "KH-570 / silicone-acrylic resin / fluorinated SiO2" composite system and water-based process; Derivative applications: Develop roll-to-roll continuous coating equipment (such as patent WO2023 / 123456), adapting to flexible substrates (such as PET film).

[0022] This technology is expected to create a market worth tens of billions of yuan in fields such as new energy (photovoltaics, wind power), transportation (high-speed rail anti-icing coating), and biomedicine (implantable anticoagulant for blood), and promote the transformation of superhydrophobic materials from the laboratory to large-scale production. Attached Figure Description

[0023] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of sample preparation and processing provided in the embodiments of the present invention; Figure 2This is a schematic diagram of the material microstructure characterization results of the materials in embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4 provided in this invention. Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the outdoor self-cleaning test and the superhydrophobic results of various droplets in implementation cases 1, 2, 3, and 4 provided in the embodiments of the present invention; Figure 4 These are schematic diagrams showing the superhydrophobicity and microstructure results of the coatings in embodiments 1, 2, 3, and 4 provided in this invention. Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the ultraviolet-infrared-visible light transparency results of Implementation Example 1 provided in this invention.

[0024] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the wear resistance results in Implementation Example 1 provided by the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0025] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this invention clearer, the invention will be further described in detail below with reference to embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative and not intended to limit the invention.

[0026] like Figure 1 As shown in the figure, the simplified embodiment of the present invention is implemented as follows: a multi-substrate adaptable high-adhesion wear-resistant superhydrophobic composite coating and its preparation method, comprising: Step 1: Prepare KH-570 solvent at a specific concentration; Step 2, KH-570 substrate pretreatment; Step 3: Dispersing fluorinated silica; Step 4: Preparation of silane precursor modification solution; Step 5: Resin compounding; Step Six: Coating Spraying, Curing, and Performance Testing; Step 7: Material Characterization and Analysis; Step 8: Application testing and optimization.

[0027] In this invention, a superhydrophobic coating is prepared through the following steps: First, KH-570 silane coupling agent is hydrolyzed with an ethanol-water mixed solvent (volume ratio 3:1) under acetic acid catalysis, and then sprayed onto a pretreated substrate. Dehydration and condensation are then performed at 80°C to form a transition layer on the surface. Subsequently, 50nm fluorinated silica is dispersed in a terpene-ethanol system, and activated sol is obtained through ultrasonic homogenization and vacuum dehydration. This sol is then mixed with a silicone-acrylic resin (methyl methacrylate-isooctyl acrylate-cyclohexyl methacrylate-methyl propylene resin). A mixture of butyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and silane coupling agent A-174 (40% solid content) was prepared at a mass ratio of 1.5:2. After adding an ethanol-water mixed solvent, the mixture was subjected to high-pressure homogenization to form a stable spray coating. Finally, a composite coating with a micro-nano rough structure and low surface energy was obtained by double-layer spraying (total thickness 20μm). The static contact angle reached 162°, and the contact angle retention rate was >95% after 1000 Taber abrasion cycles. No performance degradation was observed after 1000 hours of QUV aging.

[0028] In this invention, a homogeneous solvent is formed by mixing 150 mL of anhydrous ethanol and 50 mL of deionized water (volume ratio 3:1) in a 500 mL three-necked flask and magnetically stirring at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes. Then, 10 mL of KH-570 silane coupling agent (5% of the total solvent volume) is added, along with 1 mL of glacial acetic acid as a catalyst. The solution gradually changes from colorless and transparent to a slightly turbid opalescent state. After continuous stirring in a 25°C water bath for 30 minutes, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) reveals a weakened Si-OC characteristic peak at 1080 cm⁻¹ and an enhanced Si-OH peak at 920 cm⁻¹, confirming a hydrolysis rate of over 85%.

[0029] In this invention, a cleaned glass substrate (25×25 mm) is preferably immersed in the above solution for 10 seconds, with the lifting speed controlled at 2 mm / s, resulting in a wet film thickness of approximately 5 μm. Subsequently, it is pre-cured in an oven at 80°C for 20 minutes, and then cured at 120°C for 1 hour. XPS analysis revealed a shift in the Si 2p binding energy on the substrate surface (103.5 eV → 102.8 eV), confirming the formation of a Si-O-Si covalent bond transition layer.

[0030] In this invention, 2 g of fluorinated hydrophobic fumed silica (contact angle >145°) with a particle size of 50 nm is added to 200 mL of an ammonia-ethanol mixture (pH=9.5, ammonia:ethanol:water = 1:8:1) in a high-pressure homogenizing reactor. The soft aggregates are first destroyed by ultrasonic treatment at 40 kHz for 15 minutes, followed by purging with nitrogen to a pressure of 0.5 MPa and stirring at 1000 rpm for 2 hours. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) monitoring shows the particle size distribution decreasing from an initial 200-500 nm to 80-120 nm.

[0031] In this invention, the dispersion is first transferred to a vacuum rotary evaporator and concentrated to one-third of its original volume at 60°C and -0.09 MPa, ultimately obtaining a fluorinated silica sol with a solid content of 15%. TG-DSC analysis showed that the weight loss at 150°C was only 1.2% (compared to 5.8% for the untreated sample), proving that the surface adsorbed water was effectively removed.

[0032] In this invention, the fluorinated silica sol (10 g, containing 1.5 g solids) prepared in Example 2 is added to a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask, and 20 g of silicone-acrylic organic resin (hydroxyacrylate modified, solid content 40%) is slowly injected while magnetically stirred at 600 rpm. 50 mL of ethanol-toluene mixed solvent (volume ratio 1:1) is added in three portions, with 10-minute intervals between each addition to avoid excessively high local concentrations. Dispersion optimization: The mixture is transferred to a high-pressure homogenizer and circulated 5 times at 800 bar. SEM observation shows that silica particles are uniformly embedded in the resin network (spacing 100-200 nm). The final solution viscosity is 350 ± 50 mPa·s (25℃), and no sedimentation occurs after 7 days of standing, meeting the requirements of the spraying process.

[0033] This invention preferentially uses a 0.3 mm nozzle spray gun to vertically spray the solution of Example 3 onto a KH-570 pretreated substrate under a pressure of 0.25 MPa, with a spray distance of 15 cm and a gun travel speed of 10 cm / s. The first dry film thickness is approximately 8 μm. After surface drying at room temperature for 5 minutes, a second layer is sprayed to achieve a total thickness of 20 ± 2 μm. Curing regime: First stage: hot air circulation at 80℃ for 30 minutes, the resin initially crosslinks to form an "island" structure (surface roughness Ra = 1.2 μm measured by AFM); Second stage: curing at 150℃ for 2 hours, infrared spectroscopy shows an increase in the intensity of the C=O peak at 1720 cm⁻¹, confirming complete curing of the silicone-acrylic resin; Annealing treatment: natural cooling to 60℃ and holding for 30 minutes to release internal stress, the pencil hardness of the coating increases from 4H to 6H.

[0034] The hydrophobic silica (aerogel) was purchased directly from Adamas® Beta, sourced from Aladdin Industrial Co., Ltd. (China). All other reagents were sourced from Huzhou Lantu Co., Ltd., China. Example

[0035] A high-adhesion, wear-resistant, and superhydrophobic composite coating adaptable to multiple substrates and its preparation method include the following steps: (1) In a 500 mL three-necked flask, 150 mL of anhydrous ethanol and 50 mL of deionized water (volume ratio 3:1) were mixed and magnetically stirred at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes to form a homogeneous solvent. Then, 10 mL of KH-570 silane coupling agent (5% of the total solvent volume) was added, and 1 mL of glacial acetic acid was added dropwise as a catalyst. The solution gradually changed from colorless and transparent to a slightly turbid opalescent state. The mixture was stirred continuously for 30 minutes in a constant temperature water bath at 25°C. (2) Immerse the cleaned glass substrate (25×25 mm) in the above solution for 10 seconds, with the lifting speed controlled at 2 mm / s, resulting in a wet film thickness of approximately 5 μm. Then pre-cur in an oven at 80°C for 20 minutes; (3) 2 g of fluorinated hydrophobic fumed silica (contact angle >145°) with a particle size of 50 nm was added to 200 mL of an ammonia-ethanol mixture (ammonia:ethanol:water = 1:8:1) with pH = 9.5 and added to a high-pressure homogenizing reactor. The soft agglomerates were first destroyed by ultrasonic treatment at 40 kHz for 15 minutes, followed by purging with nitrogen to a pressure of 0.5 MPa and stirring at 1000 rpm for 2 hours. The particle size distribution was monitored by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and decreased from the initial 200-500 nm to 80-120 nm. (4) Add 10 g of the fluorinated silica sol prepared in Example 2 (containing 1.5 g of solids) to a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask, and slowly inject 20 g of silicone-acrylic organic resin (hydroxyacrylate modified, solid content 40%) while magnetically stirring at 600 rpm. Add 50 mL of ethanol-toluene mixed solvent (volume ratio 1:1) in three portions, with each addition 10 minutes apart to avoid excessively high local concentrations. Dispersion optimization: Transfer the mixture to a high-pressure homogenizer and cycle it 5 times at 800 bar. SEM observation showed that silica particles were uniformly embedded in the resin network (spacing 100-200 nm). The final solution viscosity was 350±50 mPa·s (25℃), and no sedimentation was observed after 7 days of standing, meeting the requirements of the spraying process.

[0036] (5) Using a 0.3 mm nozzle spray gun, the solution of Example 3 was vertically sprayed onto the KH-570 pretreated substrate under a pressure of 0.25 MPa. The spray distance was 15 cm and the gun travel speed was 10 cm / s. The thickness of the first dry film was approximately 8 μm. After surface drying at room temperature for 5 minutes, the second layer was sprayed to a total thickness of 20 ± 2 μm. Curing regime: First stage: hot air circulation at 80℃ for 30 minutes, the resin initially crosslinked to form an "island" structure (the surface roughness Ra was measured to be 1.2 μm by AFM); Second stage: curing at 150℃ for 2 hours, the infrared spectrum showed an increase in the intensity of the C=O peak at 1720 cm⁻¹, confirming that the silicone-acrylic resin was completely cured; Annealing treatment: natural cooling to 60℃ and holding for 30 minutes to release internal stress, the pencil hardness of the coating increased from 4H to 6H. Example

[0037] A high-adhesion, wear-resistant, and superhydrophobic composite coating adaptable to multiple substrates and its preparation method include the following steps: (1) In a 500 mL three-necked flask, 150 mL of anhydrous ethanol and 50 mL of deionized water (volume ratio 3:1) were mixed and magnetically stirred at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes to form a homogeneous solvent. Then, 10 mL of KH-570 silane coupling agent (5% of the total solvent volume) was added, and 1 mL of glacial acetic acid was added dropwise as a catalyst. The solution gradually changed from colorless and transparent to a slightly turbid opalescent state. The mixture was stirred continuously for 30 minutes in a constant temperature water bath at 25°C. (2) Immerse the cleaned ABS substrate (25×25 mm) in the above solution for 10 seconds, with the lifting speed controlled at 2 mm / s, resulting in a wet film thickness of approximately 5 μm. Then pre-cur in an oven at 80°C for 20 minutes; (3) 2 g of fluorinated hydrophobic fumed silica (contact angle >145°) with a particle size of 50 nm was added to 200 mL of an ammonia-ethanol mixture (ammonia:ethanol:water = 1:8:1) with pH = 9.5 and added to a high-pressure homogenizing reactor. The soft agglomerates were first destroyed by ultrasonic treatment at 40 kHz for 15 minutes, followed by purging with nitrogen to a pressure of 0.5 MPa and stirring at 1000 rpm for 2 hours. The particle size distribution was monitored by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and decreased from the initial 200-500 nm to 80-120 nm. (4) Add 10 g of the fluorinated silica sol prepared in Example 2 (containing 1.5 g of solids) to a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask, and slowly inject 20 g of silicone-acrylic organic resin (hydroxyacrylate modified, solid content 40%) while magnetically stirring at 600 rpm. Add 50 mL of ethanol-toluene mixed solvent (volume ratio 1:1) in three portions, with each addition 10 minutes apart to avoid excessively high local concentrations. Dispersion optimization: Transfer the mixture to a high-pressure homogenizer and cycle it 5 times at 800 bar. SEM observation showed that silica particles were uniformly embedded in the resin network (spacing 100-200 nm). The final solution viscosity was 350±50 mPa·s (25℃), and no sedimentation was observed after 7 days of standing, meeting the requirements of the spraying process.

[0038] (5) Using a 0.3 mm nozzle spray gun, the solution of Example 3 was vertically sprayed onto the KH-570 pretreated substrate under a pressure of 0.25 MPa. The spray distance was 15 cm and the gun travel speed was 10 cm / s. The thickness of the first dry film was approximately 8 μm. After surface drying at room temperature for 5 minutes, the second layer was sprayed to a total thickness of 20 ± 2 μm. Curing regime: First stage: hot air circulation at 80℃ for 30 minutes, the resin initially crosslinked to form an "island" structure (the surface roughness Ra was measured to be 1.2 μm by AFM); Second stage: curing at 150℃ for 2 hours, the infrared spectrum showed an increase in the intensity of the C=O peak at 1720 cm⁻¹, confirming that the silicone-acrylic resin was completely cured; Annealing treatment: natural cooling to 60℃ and holding for 30 minutes to release internal stress, the pencil hardness of the coating increased from 4H to 6H. Example

[0039] A high-adhesion, wear-resistant, and superhydrophobic composite coating adaptable to multiple substrates and its preparation method include the following steps: (1) In a 500 mL three-necked flask, 150 mL of anhydrous ethanol and 50 mL of deionized water (volume ratio 3:1) were mixed and magnetically stirred at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes to form a homogeneous solvent. Then, 10 mL of KH-570 silane coupling agent (5% of the total solvent volume) was added, and 1 mL of glacial acetic acid was added dropwise as a catalyst. The solution gradually changed from colorless and transparent to a slightly turbid opalescent state. The mixture was stirred continuously for 30 minutes in a constant temperature water bath at 25°C. (2) Immerse the cleaned asbestos board substrate (25×25 mm) in the above solution for 10 seconds, with the lifting speed controlled at 2 mm / s, and the wet film thickness approximately 5 μm. Then pre-cur in an oven at 80℃ for 20 minutes; (3) 2 g of fluorinated hydrophobic fumed silica (contact angle >145°) with a particle size of 50 nm was added to 200 mL of an ammonia-ethanol mixture (ammonia:ethanol:water = 1:8:1) with pH = 9.5 and added to a high-pressure homogenizing reactor. The soft agglomerates were first destroyed by ultrasonic treatment at 40 kHz for 15 minutes, followed by purging with nitrogen to a pressure of 0.5 MPa and stirring at 1000 rpm for 2 hours. The particle size distribution was monitored by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and decreased from the initial 200-500 nm to 80-120 nm. (4) Add 10 g of the fluorinated silica sol prepared in Example 2 (containing 1.5 g of solids) to a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask, and slowly inject 20 g of silicone-acrylic organic resin (hydroxyacrylate modified, solid content 40%) while magnetically stirring at 600 rpm. Add 50 mL of ethanol-toluene mixed solvent (volume ratio 1:1) in three portions, with each addition 10 minutes apart to avoid excessively high local concentrations. Dispersion optimization: Transfer the mixture to a high-pressure homogenizer and cycle it 5 times at 800 bar. SEM observation showed that silica particles were uniformly embedded in the resin network (spacing 100-200 nm). The final solution viscosity was 350±50 mPa·s (25℃), and no sedimentation was observed after 7 days of standing, meeting the requirements of the spraying process.

[0040] (5) Using a 0.3 mm nozzle spray gun, the solution of Example 3 was vertically sprayed onto the KH-570 pretreated substrate under a pressure of 0.25 MPa. The spray distance was 15 cm and the gun travel speed was 10 cm / s. The thickness of the first dry film was approximately 8 μm. After surface drying at room temperature for 5 minutes, the second layer was sprayed to a total thickness of 20 ± 2 μm. Curing regime: First stage: hot air circulation at 80℃ for 30 minutes, the resin initially crosslinked to form an "island" structure (the surface roughness Ra was measured to be 1.2 μm by AFM); Second stage: curing at 150℃ for 2 hours, the infrared spectrum showed an increase in the intensity of the C=O peak at 1720 cm⁻¹, confirming that the silicone-acrylic resin was completely cured; Annealing treatment: natural cooling to 60℃ and holding for 30 minutes to release internal stress, the pencil hardness of the coating increased from 4H to 6H. Example

[0041] A high-adhesion, wear-resistant, and superhydrophobic composite coating adaptable to multiple substrates and its preparation method include the following steps: (1) In a 500 mL three-necked flask, 150 mL of anhydrous ethanol and 50 mL of deionized water (volume ratio 3:1) were mixed and magnetically stirred at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes to form a homogeneous solvent. Then, 10 mL of KH-570 silane coupling agent (5% of the total solvent volume) was added, and 1 mL of glacial acetic acid was added dropwise as a catalyst. The solution gradually changed from colorless and transparent to a slightly turbid opalescent state. The mixture was stirred continuously for 30 minutes in a constant temperature water bath at 25°C. (2) Immerse the cleaned PDRC substrate (25×25 mm) in the above solution for 10 seconds, with the lifting speed controlled at 2 mm / s, resulting in a wet film thickness of approximately 5 μm. Then pre-cur in an oven at 80°C for 20 minutes; (3) 2 g of fluorinated hydrophobic fumed silica (contact angle >145°) with a particle size of 50 nm was added to 200 mL of an ammonia-ethanol mixture (ammonia:ethanol:water = 1:8:1) with pH = 9.5 and added to a high-pressure homogenizing reactor. The soft agglomerates were first destroyed by ultrasonic treatment at 40 kHz for 15 minutes, followed by purging with nitrogen to a pressure of 0.5 MPa and stirring at 1000 rpm for 2 hours. The particle size distribution was monitored by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and decreased from the initial 200-500 nm to 80-120 nm. (4) Add 10 g of the fluorinated silica sol prepared in (3), containing 1.5 g of solid, to a 250 mL conical flask, and slowly inject 20 g of silicone-acrylic organic resin (hydroxy acrylate modified, solid content 40%) while magnetically stirring at 600 rpm. Add 50 mL of ethanol-toluene mixed solvent (volume ratio 1:1) in three portions, with a 10-minute interval between each addition to avoid excessively high local concentrations. Dispersion optimization: Transfer the mixture to a high-pressure homogenizer and cycle it 5 times at 800 bar. SEM observation showed that silica particles were uniformly embedded in the resin network (spacing 100-200 nm). The final solution viscosity was 350±50 mPa·s (25℃), and there was no sedimentation after standing for 7 days, meeting the requirements of the spraying process.

[0042] (5) Using a 0.3 mm nozzle spray gun, the solution of Example 3 was vertically sprayed onto the KH-570 pretreated substrate under a pressure of 0.25 MPa. The spray distance was 15 cm and the gun travel speed was 10 cm / s. The thickness of the first dry film was approximately 8 μm. After surface drying at room temperature for 5 minutes, the second layer was sprayed to a total thickness of 20 ± 2 μm. Curing regime: First stage: hot air circulation at 80℃ for 30 minutes, the resin initially crosslinked to form an "island" structure (the surface roughness Ra was measured to be 1.2 μm by AFM); Second stage: curing at 150℃ for 2 hours, the infrared spectrum showed an increase in the intensity of the C=O peak at 1720 cm⁻¹, confirming that the silicone-acrylic resin was completely cured; Annealing treatment: natural cooling to 60℃ and holding for 30 minutes to release internal stress, the pencil hardness of the coating increased from 4H to 6H.

[0043] These embodiments demonstrate the diverse applications of a multi-substrate adaptable, high-adhesion, wear-resistant, superhydrophobic composite coating and its preparation method, according to the claims, in fields such as new energy (photovoltaics, wind power), transportation (high-speed rail anti-icing coating), and biomedicine (implantable device anticoagulant). By adjusting the mass ratio of water to ethanol, applications under different environmental conditions can be achieved, thereby meeting various practical application needs.

[0044] This invention develops a method for preparing nanocomposite functional materials based on organic-inorganic hybrid coatings. Through multi-level interface control and gradient curing processes, the method achieves synergistic optimization of high hardness, low roughness, and excellent stability in the coating. This method innovatively integrates three key technologies: silane coupling agent hydrolysis modification (KH-570), high-pressure dispersion of nano-silica (0.5 MPa nitrogen environment), and silicone-propylene resin composite crosslinking (800 bar homogenization). A Si-O-Si covalent network is constructed at the molecular level (XPS verification shows a binding energy shift of 0.7 eV). The microstructure is controlled through layered spraying (20 μm total thickness) and stepped curing (80℃→150℃→60℃ annealing) processes, ultimately obtaining a high-performance coating that combines hardness, a 1.2 μm surface roughness, and high storage stability. This coating can be widely used in fields such as optical device protection, energy-saving building glass, and corrosion protection for precision instruments.

[0045] 1. Preparation of KH-570 solvent at a specific concentration: In the first step, 150 mL of anhydrous ethanol and 50 mL of deionized water (volume ratio 3:1) were mixed in a 500 mL three-necked flask and magnetically stirred at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes to form a homogeneous solvent. Then, 10 mL of KH-570 silane coupling agent (5% of the total solvent volume) was added, and 1 mL of glacial acetic acid was added dropwise as a catalyst. The solution gradually changed from colorless and transparent to a slightly turbid opalescent state. The mixture was stirred continuously for 30 minutes in a constant temperature water bath at 25°C.

[0046] 2. KH-570 Substrate Pretreatment: In the second step, the cleaned glass substrate (25×25 mm) is immersed in the above solution for 10 seconds, with the lifting speed controlled at 2 mm / s, resulting in a wet film thickness of approximately 5 μm. It is then pre-cured in an 80℃ oven for 20 minutes.

[0047] 3. Fluorinated silica dispersion: In the third step, 2 g of fluorinated hydrophobic fumed silica (contact angle >145°) with a particle size of 50 nm was added to 200 mL of an ammonia-ethanol mixture (ammonia:ethanol:water = 1:8:1) at pH 9.5 in a high-pressure homogenizing reactor. The soft agglomerates were first destroyed by sonication at 40 kHz for 15 minutes, followed by purging with nitrogen to a pressure of 0.5 MPa and stirring at 1000 rpm for 2 hours. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to monitor the particle size distribution, which decreased from the initial 200-500 nm to 80-120 nm.

[0048] 4. Resin compounding: Add 10 g of fluorinated silica sol (containing 1.5 g of solids) prepared in (3) to a 250 mL conical flask, and slowly inject 20 g of silicone-acrylic organic resin (hydroxy acrylate modified, solid content 40%) while stirring magnetically at 600 rpm. Add 50 mL of ethanol-toluene mixed solvent (volume ratio 1:1) in three portions, with an interval of 10 minutes between each addition to avoid excessively high local concentrations. Dispersion optimization: Transfer the mixture to a high-pressure homogenizer and cycle it 5 times at 800 bar. Observe by SEM that silica particles are uniformly embedded in the resin network (spacing 100-200 nm). The final solution viscosity is 350±50 mPa·s (25℃), and there is no sedimentation after standing for 7 days, which meets the requirements of the spraying process.

[0049] 5. Coating Spraying, Curing, and Performance Testing: Using a 0.3 mm nozzle spray gun, the solution from Example 3 was vertically sprayed onto the KH-570 pretreated substrate under a pressure of 0.25 MPa. The spray distance was 15 cm, and the gun travel speed was 10 cm / s. The first dry film thickness was approximately 8 μm. After surface drying at room temperature for 5 minutes, a second layer was sprayed to achieve a total thickness of 20 ± 2 μm. Curing regime: First stage: Hot air circulation at 80℃ for 30 minutes, the resin initially crosslinked to form an "island" structure (surface roughness Ra = 1.2 μm measured by AFM); Second stage: Curing at 150℃ for 2 hours, infrared spectroscopy showed an increase in the intensity of the C=O peak at 1720 cm⁻¹, confirming complete curing of the silicone-acrylic resin; Annealing treatment: Natural cooling to 60℃ and holding for 30 minutes to release internal stress, the pencil hardness of the coating increased from 4H to 6H.

[0050] Through this series of steps, the preparation method of the present invention has three core advantages: green process (using ethanol-water mixed solvent to reduce environmental toxicity), precise and controllable performance (the surface energy of 20-5mN / m and the hydrophobic angle of 120°-170° can be flexibly adjusted by adjusting the PFDTES / TEOS ratio), and potential for large-scale production (high pressure homogenization process supports continuous production, with a single batch capacity of 50 L / h), and combines environmental friendliness, functional designability and industrial adaptability.

[0051] Example 1: Self-cleaning coating for energy-saving building glass 1. Preparation of KH-570 solvent at a specific concentration: In the first step, 150 mL of anhydrous ethanol and 50 mL of deionized water (volume ratio 3:1) were mixed in a 500 mL three-necked flask and magnetically stirred at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes to form a homogeneous solvent. Then, 10 mL of KH-570 silane coupling agent (5% of the total solvent volume) was added, and 1 mL of glacial acetic acid was added dropwise as a catalyst. The solution gradually changed from colorless and transparent to a slightly turbid opalescent state. The mixture was stirred continuously for 30 minutes in a constant temperature water bath at 25°C.

[0052] 2. KH-570 Substrate Pretreatment: In the second step, immerse the cleaned cement substrate (25×25 mm) in the above solution for 10 seconds, with the lifting speed controlled at 2 mm / s, resulting in a wet film thickness of approximately 5 μm. Then, pre-cure in an 80℃ oven for 20 minutes.

[0053] 3. Fluorinated silica dispersion: In the third step, 2 g of fluorinated hydrophobic fumed silica (contact angle >145°) with a particle size of 50 nm was added to 200 mL of an ammonia-ethanol mixture (ammonia:ethanol:water = 1:8:1) at pH 9.5 in a high-pressure homogenizing reactor. The soft agglomerates were first destroyed by sonication at 40 kHz for 15 minutes, followed by purging with nitrogen to a pressure of 0.5 MPa and stirring at 1000 rpm for 2 hours. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to monitor the particle size distribution, which decreased from the initial 200-500 nm to 80-120 nm.

[0054] 4. Resin compounding: Add 10 g of fluorinated silica sol (containing 1.5 g of solids) prepared in (3) to a 250 mL conical flask, and slowly inject 20 g of silicone-acrylic organic resin (hydroxy acrylate modified, solid content 40%) while stirring magnetically at 600 rpm. Add 50 mL of ethanol-toluene mixed solvent (volume ratio 1:1) in three portions, with an interval of 10 minutes between each addition to avoid excessively high local concentrations. Dispersion optimization: Transfer the mixture to a high-pressure homogenizer and cycle it 5 times at 800 bar. Observe by SEM that silica particles are uniformly embedded in the resin network (spacing 100-200 nm). The final solution viscosity is 350±50 mPa·s (25℃), and there is no sedimentation after standing for 7 days, which meets the requirements of the spraying process.

[0055] 5. Coating Spraying, Curing, and Performance Testing: Using a 0.3 mm nozzle spray gun, the solution from Example 3 was vertically sprayed onto the KH-570 pretreated substrate under a pressure of 0.25 MPa. The spray distance was 15 cm, and the gun travel speed was 10 cm / s. The first dry film thickness was approximately 8 μm. After surface drying at room temperature for 5 minutes, a second layer was sprayed to achieve a total thickness of 20 ± 2 μm. Curing regime: First stage: Hot air circulation at 80℃ for 30 minutes, the resin initially crosslinked to form an "island" structure (surface roughness Ra = 1.2 μm measured by AFM); Second stage: Curing at 150℃ for 2 hours, infrared spectroscopy showed an increase in the intensity of the C=O peak at 1720 cm⁻¹, confirming complete curing of the silicone-acrylic resin; Annealing treatment: Natural cooling to 60℃ and holding for 30 minutes to release internal stress, the pencil hardness of the coating increased from 4H to 6H.

[0056] Application effects: Superhydrophobic surface (contact angle >145°), dust adhesion rate reduced by 90%. After accelerated aging test (QUV 5000 hours), gloss retention rate >90%, suitable for high-rise curtain walls.

[0057] Example 2: Protective Coating for Optical Devices 1. Preparation of KH-570 solvent at a specific concentration: In the first step, 150 mL of anhydrous ethanol and 50 mL of deionized water (volume ratio 3:1) were mixed in a 500 mL three-necked flask and magnetically stirred at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes to form a homogeneous solvent. Then, 10 mL of KH-570 silane coupling agent (5% of the total solvent volume) was added, and 1 mL of glacial acetic acid was added dropwise as a catalyst. The solution gradually changed from colorless and transparent to a slightly turbid opalescent state. The mixture was stirred continuously for 30 minutes in a constant temperature water bath at 25°C.

[0058] 2. KH-570 Substrate Pretreatment: In the second step, the cleaned glass substrate (25×25 mm) is immersed in the above solution for 10 seconds, with the lifting speed controlled at 2 mm / s, resulting in a wet film thickness of approximately 5 μm. It is then pre-cured in an 80℃ oven for 20 minutes.

[0059] 3. Fluorinated silica dispersion: In the third step, 2 g of fluorinated hydrophobic fumed silica (contact angle >145°) with a particle size of 50 nm was added to 200 mL of an ammonia-ethanol mixture (ammonia:ethanol:water = 1:8:1) at pH 9.5 in a high-pressure homogenizing reactor. The soft agglomerates were first destroyed by sonication at 40 kHz for 15 minutes, followed by purging with nitrogen to a pressure of 0.5 MPa and stirring at 1000 rpm for 2 hours. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to monitor the particle size distribution, which decreased from the initial 200-500 nm to 80-120 nm.

[0060] 4. Resin compounding: Add 10 g of fluorinated silica sol (containing 1.5 g of solids) prepared in (3) to a 250 mL conical flask, and slowly inject 20 g of silicone-acrylic organic resin (hydroxy acrylate modified, solid content 40%) while stirring magnetically at 600 rpm. Add 50 mL of ethanol-toluene mixed solvent (volume ratio 1:1) in three portions, with an interval of 10 minutes between each addition to avoid excessively high local concentrations. Dispersion optimization: Transfer the mixture to a high-pressure homogenizer and cycle it 5 times at 800 bar. Observe by SEM that silica particles are uniformly embedded in the resin network (spacing 100-200 nm). The final solution viscosity is 350±50 mPa·s (25℃), and there is no sedimentation after standing for 7 days, which meets the requirements of the spraying process.

[0061] 5. Coating Spraying, Curing, and Performance Testing: Using a 0.3 mm nozzle spray gun, the solution from Example 3 was vertically sprayed onto the KH-570 pretreated substrate under a pressure of 0.25 MPa. The spray distance was 15 cm, and the gun travel speed was 10 cm / s. The first dry film thickness was approximately 8 μm. After surface drying at room temperature for 5 minutes, a second layer was sprayed to achieve a total thickness of 20 ± 2 μm. Curing regime: First stage: Hot air circulation at 80℃ for 30 minutes, the resin initially crosslinked to form an "island" structure (surface roughness Ra = 1.2 μm measured by AFM); Second stage: Curing at 150℃ for 2 hours, infrared spectroscopy showed an increase in the intensity of the C=O peak at 1720 cm⁻¹, confirming complete curing of the silicone-acrylic resin; Annealing treatment: Natural cooling to 60℃ and holding for 30 minutes to release internal stress, the pencil hardness of the coating increased from 4H to 6H.

[0062] Application effects: Light transmittance >92% (visible light band), surface roughness 1.2 μm, reducing light scattering. Abrasion resistance is verified by the sand drop test (ASTM D968), with haze change <3% after 500 cycles.

[0063] II. Evidence related to the technical effects obtained by the embodiments of the present invention.

[0064] In the description of this invention, unless otherwise stated, "a plurality of" means two or more; the terms "upper," "lower," "left," "right," "inner," "outer," "front end," "rear end," "head," "tail," etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, and are only for the convenience of describing the invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of the invention. Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," "third," etc., are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance.

[0065] The above description is merely a specific embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any modifications, equivalent substitutions, and improvements made by those skilled in the art within the scope of the technology disclosed in the present invention, and within the spirit and principles of the present invention, should be covered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A high-adhesion, wear-resistant, superhydrophobic composite coating adaptable to multiple substrates and its preparation method, characterized in that, include: Step 1: Prepare KH-570 solvent at a specific concentration; Step 2, KH-570 substrate pretreatment; Step 3: Dispersing fluorinated silica; Step 4: Preparation of silane precursor modification solution; Step 5: Resin compounding; Step Six: Coating Spraying, Curing, and Performance Testing; Step 7: Material Characterization and Analysis; Step 8: Application testing and optimization.

2. The high-adhesion, wear-resistant, superhydrophobic coating and its universal spraying preparation technology as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The silane coupling agent mentioned in step one is KH-570, and the volume ratio of it to the ethanol-water mixed solvent is 1:(5~20), wherein the volume ratio of ethanol to water is (1:0)~(3:1), preferably 2:

1.

3. The high-adhesion, wear-resistant, superhydrophobic coating and its universal spraying preparation technology as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step one, add 0.5-2% acetic acid as a catalyst and stir at 1500-2000 rpm for 30-60 minutes to control the silane hydrolysis rate to 80-95%.

4. The high-adhesion, wear-resistant, superhydrophobic coating and its universal spraying preparation technology as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step two, the silanol solution obtained in step (1) is sprayed onto the surface of the pretreated substrate with a wet film thickness of 3~10μm, and then cured in stages at 80~120℃ to form a Si-OM covalent bond transition layer; the substrate dehydration conditions are vacuum treatment at 100~150℃ for 1~3 hours.

5. The high-adhesion, wear-resistant, superhydrophobic coating and its universal spraying preparation technology as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The fluorinated silica particles mentioned in step three have a particle size of 3 nm to 1 μm and are selected from nanoparticles, aerogels, or fumed silica. They are dispersed in an alkaline solution with a pH of 8 to 11, and the alkaline reagent is sodium hydroxide, ammonia, or sodium bicarbonate. The mass ratio of silica to solvent is 1:(10 to 50), and the solution is ultrasonically treated for 1 to 3 hours.

6. The high-adhesion, wear-resistant, superhydrophobic coating and its universal spraying preparation technology as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The fluorinated silane coupling agent mentioned in step four is selected from 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltriethoxysilane (FOTS), heptadecano-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyltrimethoxysilane, or 3,3,3-trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilane; it is dissolved in an anhydrous organic solvent to form a modified solution with a concentration of 0.05~0.15 mol / L.

7. The high-adhesion, wear-resistant, superhydrophobic coating and its universal spraying preparation technology as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The composite solution in step five comprises: (a) 5-15 wt% fluorinated silica dispersion; (b) 5-20 wt% silicone-acrylic organic resin (hydroxyl acrylic acid modified, solid content 30-50%); (c) the balance being an ethanol / terpene mixed solvent; the resin is selected from MMA-2EHA-2HEMA-IA, MMA-2EHA-CHMA-nBMA-MAA-2HEMA-A-174 or its derivatives.

8. The high-adhesion, wear-resistant, superhydrophobic coating and its universal spraying preparation technology as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The post-treatment in step six includes drying at 100~150℃ and stepped heat treatment. Performance tests include contact angle (>150°), acid and alkali resistance (performance decay <5% after immersion in pH 1~13 for 24h) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA decomposition temperature >300℃).

9. The high-adhesion, wear-resistant, superhydrophobic coating and its universal spraying preparation technology as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The characterization methods in step seven include scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the surface micro-nano structure, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to analyze the characteristic peaks of Si-O-Si and CF bonds, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to determine the elemental composition.

10. The high-adhesion, wear-resistant, superhydrophobic coating and its universal spraying preparation technology as described in claim 1, characterized in that, In step eight, the application scenarios include self-cleaning of building curtain walls, anti-icing of aircraft, efficiency enhancement of photovoltaic modules and protection of wind turbine blades. The test focuses on long-term outdoor stability and adaptability to extreme environments (-40~80℃).

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