Photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent regulation device, control method and photovoltaic power generation system

Abstract

The application relates to the technical field of photovoltaic power generation systems, in particular to a photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent regulation and control device, a control method and a photovoltaic power generation system, the device comprising a microcontroller, an energy storage battery, a power compensation circuit, a safety shutdown circuit and a communication interface module, which are integrated and packaged in the same shell. The microcontroller collects voltage signals, current signals and temperature signals of the photovoltaic module, realizes component-level power optimization and safety shutdown; the energy storage battery provides instantaneous power compensation when shading occurs, eliminating the wood barrel effect; the energy storage battery simultaneously provides an independent working power supply for the safety shutdown circuit, ensuring that the component-level rapid shutdown can still be executed when the power grid is powered off; the energy storage battery also supports the soft start function of the component string type inverter. The application solves the problems of the traditional photovoltaic power generation system, such as the risk of direct current high-voltage electric shock and arc fire, the inability to accurately locate component faults and the decrease of power generation efficiency caused by the wood barrel effect, and improves the power generation efficiency and operation safety of the system.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This application relates to the field of photovoltaic power generation system technology, and in particular to a photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent regulation device, control method and photovoltaic power generation system. Background Technology

[0002] The statements in this section are merely background information related to this application and do not necessarily constitute prior art.

[0003] With the large-scale application of photovoltaic power generation technology, the operational safety and power generation efficiency of photovoltaic systems have increasingly become the core focus of the industry. Currently, the mainstream photovoltaic power generation system adopts a string inverter architecture, in which multiple photovoltaic modules are connected in series to form a string and then connected to a string inverter for power conversion and grid connection.

[0004] However, this traditional string architecture has the following technical shortcomings that urgently need to be addressed: First, there is a risk of electric shock and arc fire from high-voltage DC. In a string architecture, the DC voltage after series connection can reach hundreds to thousands of volts. When a system fault occurs (such as insulation failure or cable damage), it can easily trigger a DC arc. Since photovoltaic modules continuously generate electricity when there is sunlight, even if the grid is disconnected, dangerous high voltage still exists in the module string. Traditional inverters cannot achieve fast and reliable shutdown at the module level, posing a serious threat to personnel safety and power plant fire prevention.

[0005] Second, the "weakest link" effect exists, which can easily impair the system's power generation efficiency. Because the components are connected in series within a string, the output current is limited by the worst-performing component (e.g., one that is shaded or dusty), leading to a decrease in the overall power output of the string and resulting in significant power loss. Traditional string inverters can only optimize power at the string level and cannot eliminate the efficiency losses caused by component mismatch.

[0006] Third, fault location is difficult and maintenance costs are high. Traditional systems can only monitor the overall electrical parameters of the entire string and cannot obtain the real-time operating status of individual components. When a component fails, ages, or degrades in performance, maintenance personnel find it difficult to pinpoint the problem, resulting in low fault diagnosis efficiency and increased maintenance costs.

[0007] While existing technologies, such as micro-inverters and power optimizers, have emerged as component-level power electronic devices that can achieve component-level maximum power point tracking to some extent, they still have significant shortcomings. For example, they lack an independent power source when the grid is interrupted, making it impossible to ensure the reliable execution of the safe shutdown function; they cannot quickly compensate for power drops caused by momentary stunts; and they do not have the ability to assist string inverters in achieving soft start to reduce inrush current.

[0008] Therefore, there is an urgent need for an intelligent control solution that integrates multiple functions to comprehensively improve the efficiency, safety and reliability of photovoltaic power generation systems. Summary of the Invention

[0009] To overcome the shortcomings of the prior art, this application provides a photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent control device, control method and photovoltaic power generation system, which improves the system power generation efficiency and operational safety.

[0010] To achieve the above objectives, this application provides the following technical solution: Firstly, a photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent control device is provided, comprising: A microcontroller is used to collect the operating parameters of the photovoltaic modules it is connected to, and generate control commands based on the operating parameters, wherein the operating parameters include the voltage signal, current signal and temperature signal of the photovoltaic modules; An energy storage battery, electrically connected to the microcontroller, is used to store and provide electrical energy; A power compensation circuit, whose input terminal is connected to the energy storage battery and whose output terminal is connected in parallel with the output terminal of the photovoltaic module, is used to convert the electrical energy of the energy storage battery into a compensation current and inject it into the output terminal of the photovoltaic module under the control of the microcontroller. A safety shutdown circuit is connected in series in the output circuit of the photovoltaic module. Its control terminal is connected to the microcontroller, and its power supply terminal is connected to the energy storage battery. It is used to cut off the output circuit of the photovoltaic module under the control of the microcontroller. A communication interface module, connected to the microcontroller, is used to communicate with external devices; The microcontroller, energy storage battery, power compensation circuit, safety shutdown circuit, and communication interface module are integrated and packaged in the same housing.

[0011] Furthermore, the microcontroller is also configured to: calculate the real-time output power of the photovoltaic module based on the voltage signal and the current signal, and execute a maximum power point tracking algorithm to obtain the theoretical maximum power.

[0012] Furthermore, the microcontroller is also configured to calculate the power drop ratio η: η=(P max -P real ) / P max Among them, P max P is the theoretical maximum power. real The real-time output power; and the power drop ratio η is greater than the preset drop threshold η. th At that time, a compensation command is generated to trigger the power compensation circuit.

[0013] Furthermore, the microcontroller is also configured to: determine whether an arc fault has occurred based on the voltage signal and the current signal, and / or determine whether an over-temperature fault has occurred based on the temperature signal; and when a fault is determined to have occurred, generate a shutdown command to trigger the safety shutdown circuit.

[0014] Furthermore, the nominal voltage of the energy storage battery matches the maximum power point voltage of the photovoltaic module, and the capacity C of the energy storage battery... bat satisfy: C bat =k×P nom ×t comp Among them, P nom Where t is the nominal power of the photovoltaic module, k is the capacity factor, and t is the nominal power of the photovoltaic module. comp This is the preset compensation time.

[0015] Furthermore, the microcontroller is also configured to: monitor the state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage battery, and when the SOC falls below a preset minimum threshold value. min At that time, the power compensation circuit is controlled to stop discharging.

[0016] Furthermore, the power compensation circuit includes a bidirectional DC-DC converter and a PWM drive circuit; the low-voltage side of the bidirectional DC-DC converter is connected to the energy storage battery, and the high-voltage side is connected in parallel with the output terminal of the photovoltaic module; the PWM drive circuit is connected between the microcontroller and the bidirectional DC-DC converter; the bidirectional DC-DC converter operates in boost mode in power compensation mode and in buck mode in charging mode.

[0017] Secondly, a power compensation control method is also provided, applied to the photovoltaic module energy storage intelligent control device as described above, comprising: acquiring voltage and current signals of the photovoltaic module; and calculating the real-time output power P of the photovoltaic module based on the voltage and current signals. real And obtain the theoretical maximum power P under the current conditions. max ; Calculate the power drop ratio η = (P max -P real ) / P max And determine whether η is greater than the preset drop threshold η th If η is greater than the preset drop threshold η th If so, it is determined that the photovoltaic module is being shaded, and the required compensation power P is calculated. comp =P max -P realThe power compensation circuit in the photovoltaic module energy storage intelligent control device is controlled to operate, so as to obtain electrical energy from the energy storage battery and inject compensation current I into the output terminal of the photovoltaic module. comp This ensures that the total output power of the photovoltaic module energy storage intelligent control device remains stable.

[0018] Furthermore, before controlling the power compensation circuit to operate, the method further includes: acquiring the current state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage battery and determining whether the current SOC is higher than a preset minimum threshold value. min If so, then the steps for controlling the operation of the power compensation circuit are executed.

[0019] Thirdly, a safety shutdown control method is also provided, applied to the photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent control device as described above, including: monitoring the voltage signal, current signal, and temperature signal of the photovoltaic module; determining whether an arc fault has occurred based on the voltage signal and current signal, and / or determining whether an over-temperature fault has occurred based on the temperature signal; if a fault is determined to have occurred, generating a safety shutdown command; controlling the safety shutdown circuit of the device to perform a shutdown action to cut off the output circuit of the photovoltaic module, wherein the safety shutdown circuit is powered by the energy storage battery.

[0020] Furthermore, at the same time or after generating the safety shutdown command, the system also includes: reporting fault information to an external monitoring system through the communication interface module.

[0021] Furthermore, it also includes: after the safety shutdown circuit performs the shutdown action, if the fault state is eliminated and an external reset command is received, the safety shutdown circuit is controlled to close to restore the output circuit of the photovoltaic module.

[0022] Fourthly, a soft-start control method for an inverter is also provided, applied to the photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent control device as described above, comprising: receiving a start request signal; responding to the start request signal, controlling the power compensation circuit to operate, so that the energy storage battery precharges the DC bus of the string inverter connected to the photovoltaic module; and controlling the safety shutdown circuit to turn on the output circuit of the photovoltaic module after the voltage of the DC bus rises to α times the target voltage.

[0023] Fifthly, a photovoltaic power generation system is also provided, comprising: multiple photovoltaic modules connected in series; multiple photovoltaic module energy storage intelligent control devices as described above, each connected to one of the photovoltaic modules; a string inverter, the DC input terminal of which is connected to a photovoltaic string composed of the multiple photovoltaic modules connected in series; and a monitoring system, which is communicatively connected to the communication interface module of each photovoltaic module energy storage intelligent control device.

[0024] Furthermore, when any of the photovoltaic modules is shaded, causing its output power to drop, the corresponding photovoltaic module energy storage intelligent control device is configured to provide instantaneous power compensation through its energy storage battery to maintain the output power of its branch.

[0025] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of this application are as follows: It provides an intelligent control solution that integrates multiple functions such as component-level power optimization, safety shutdown, instantaneous power compensation, and inverter soft-start assistance, without relying on external power supply. This significantly enhances operational safety, improves system reliability and equipment lifespan, enables component-level intelligent monitoring and precise operation and maintenance, and facilitates installation and upgrades.

[0026] Other features and advantages of this application will be set forth in the description which follows, and will be apparent in part from the description, or may be learned by practicing the application. The objectives and other advantages of this application may be realized and obtained by means of the structures pointed out in the description, claims and drawings.

[0027] The present application will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Attached Figure Description

[0028] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort.

[0029] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of a photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent control device according to an embodiment of this application; Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the internal structure of a microcontroller according to an embodiment of this application; Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the circuit principle of a power compensation circuit according to one embodiment of this application; Figure 4 This is a schematic flowchart of a power compensation control method according to an embodiment of this application; Figure 5 This is a flowchart illustrating a safety shutdown control method according to an embodiment of this application; Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the overall architecture of a photovoltaic power generation system according to one embodiment of this application.

[0030] The diagram is labeled as follows: 1-Microcontroller module; 11-Signal acquisition unit; 12-Maximum power point tracking unit; 13-Power drop detection unit; 14-Safety judgment unit; 2-Energy storage battery module; 3-Power compensation circuit; 31-Bidirectional DC-DC converter; 32-PWM drive circuit; 4-Safety shutdown circuit; 5-Communication interface module; 6-Photovoltaic module; 7-String inverter; 8-Monitoring system; 9-Housing. Detailed Implementation

[0031] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of this application clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of this application, and not all of them. Based on the embodiments in this application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0032] like Figure 1 As shown, one embodiment of this application provides a photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent control device (also written as module-level microcontroller and energy storage integrated intelligent control unit, hereinafter the same), including: A microcontroller (also written as a microcontroller module, hereinafter the same) is used to collect the operating parameters of the photovoltaic module it is connected to, and generate control commands based on the operating parameters. The operating parameters include the voltage signal (i.e. the output voltage of the photovoltaic module), the current signal (i.e. the output current of the photovoltaic module), and the temperature signal (i.e. the operating temperature of the photovoltaic module). An energy storage battery (also written as an energy storage battery module, hereinafter the same) is electrically connected to the microcontroller and is used to store and provide electrical energy; A power compensation circuit, whose input terminal is connected to the energy storage battery and whose output terminal is connected in parallel with the output terminal of the photovoltaic module, is used to convert the electrical energy of the energy storage battery into a compensation current and inject it into the output terminal of the photovoltaic module under the control of the microcontroller. A safety shutdown circuit is connected in series in the output circuit of the photovoltaic module. Its control terminal is connected to the microcontroller, and its power supply terminal is connected to the energy storage battery. It is used to cut off the output circuit of the photovoltaic module under the control of the microcontroller. A communication interface module, connected to the microcontroller, is used to communicate with external devices; The microcontroller, energy storage battery, power compensation circuit, safety shutdown circuit, and communication interface module are integrated and packaged in the same housing.

[0033] The above technical solution provides a highly integrated, functionally unified component-level core control device, offering a hardware foundation for fundamentally solving the three major problems of efficiency, safety, and operation and maintenance in traditional photovoltaic systems. This solution possesses at least the following characteristics: 1. Functional Integration: The five core functional modules—microcontroller, energy storage battery, power compensation circuit, safety shutdown circuit, and communication interface—are integrated into a single housing, forming an independent, plug-and-play physical unit. This integrated design is a prerequisite for subsequent collaborative control, simplified installation, and easy retrofitting and upgrades.

[0034] 2. Architectural Innovation: The design clearly defines the energy storage battery as simultaneously providing energy or power to both the power compensation circuit and the safety shutdown circuit. This is a key architectural design feature for achieving the synergy of the two core functions of "power compensation" and "power-off shutdown." This architecture allows a single energy storage unit to serve multiple advanced functions, improving the device's value density and reliability.

[0035] As a preferred technical solution, the microcontroller is further configured to: calculate the real-time output power of the photovoltaic module based on the voltage signal and the current signal, and execute a maximum power point tracking algorithm to obtain the theoretical maximum power.

[0036] This embodiment enables precise monitoring and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) at the module level, providing a core data foundation for power compensation and fault diagnosis. Specifically, by calculating the real-time output power and executing the MPPT algorithm through a microcontroller, the instantaneous power generation capacity and theoretical optimal power generation capacity of each photovoltaic module can be accurately determined. This is the fundamental basis for determining whether the module is in its optimal operating state, whether shading or a fault has occurred (by comparing with theoretical values), thus providing a prerequisite for "intelligent" decision-making in subsequent power compensation and safety shutdown control.

[0037] As a preferred technical solution, the microcontroller is further configured to calculate the power drop ratio η: η=(P max -P real ) / P max Among them, P max P is the theoretical maximum power. real The real-time output power; and the power drop ratio η is greater than the preset drop threshold η. th At that time, a compensation command is generated to trigger the power compensation circuit, wherein η th The value range is from 0.1 to 0.3.

[0038] This embodiment can automatically and quantitatively detect the power drop of photovoltaic modules caused by shading and accurately trigger the compensation mechanism, which is a key control link to eliminate the "weakest link effect". This embodiment achieves quantitative perception of the "weakest link effect" by calculating the power drop ratio η and comparing it with the threshold η. th (The preferred value range is 0.1-0.3). By comparison, the device can accurately determine whether the shading is severe enough to require compensation, which avoids false triggering and ensures the accuracy and necessity of the compensation action. Its technical effect directly serves as the starting point for improving the overall power generation efficiency of the system.

[0039] As a preferred technical solution, the microcontroller is further configured to: determine whether an arc fault has occurred based on the voltage signal and the current signal, and / or determine whether an over-temperature fault has occurred based on the temperature signal; and when a fault is determined to have occurred, generate a shutdown command to trigger the safety shutdown circuit.

[0040] This embodiment achieves active safety fault diagnosis at the component level, capable of simultaneously detecting two high-risk faults: arcing and over-temperature, providing a basis for rapid and safe shutdown decisions. This embodiment transforms the device from passive protection to active protection. By analyzing voltage and current signals to determine arcing faults and monitoring temperature signals to determine over-temperature faults, the device can identify potential hazards before fires or equipment damage occur. This is one of the core technological aspects for improving the operational safety of photovoltaic systems and mitigating the risks of DC high-voltage electric shock and arcing fires.

[0041] In some preferred embodiments, in determining an over-temperature fault, the threshold T of the temperature signal is... max The value range is 85°C to 105°C. This embodiment provides a clear and reasonable threshold range for determining over-temperature faults, ensuring the reliability and consistency of the over-temperature protection function. Specifically, the temperature threshold T is set... max The preferred temperature range of 85°C to 105°C is a scientifically designed range based on the common temperature resistance levels of photovoltaic module junction boxes, internal connectors, and electronic components. This range effectively triggers protection before equipment damage occurs, while avoiding false shutdowns caused by normal fluctuations in ambient temperature, making safety assessments more accurate and reliable.

[0042] As a preferred technical solution, the nominal voltage of the energy storage battery matches the maximum power point voltage of the photovoltaic module, and the capacity C of the energy storage battery... bat satisfy: C bat =k×P nom ×t comp Among them, P nom Where is the nominal power of the photovoltaic module, k is the capacity factor, and its value ranges from 0.005 to 0.05, tcomp This is the preset compensation time.

[0043] This embodiment provides a capacity design method for energy storage batteries that matches the module, ensuring that it can meet the basic energy requirements for instantaneous power compensation within limited size and cost. Wherein, capacity C... bat The calculation formula and parameter k (preferred value range is 0.005-0.05) provide an optimized design; its technical effect is that it uses the smallest possible battery capacity (reflected by the k value, the capacity is only 0.5%-5% of the nominal power of the component) to support a preset compensation time (t). comp This allows for instantaneous power compensation in an economical and compact manner, resolving the contradiction between "the need for energy storage" and "the need for miniaturization and low cost of the device."

[0044] As a preferred technical solution, the microcontroller is further configured to: monitor the state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage battery, and when the SOC falls below a preset minimum threshold value... min At that time, the power compensation circuit is controlled to stop discharging, wherein the SOC min The value range is from 0.1 to 0.2.

[0045] This embodiment implements intelligent energy management of the energy storage battery, preventing damage from over-discharge and ensuring its continuous availability. Specifically, by monitoring the state of charge of the energy storage battery and stopping discharge when it falls below a minimum threshold (preferably within the range of 0.1-0.2), the lifespan and safety of the energy storage battery are protected. This effect ensures that even after multiple compensations or prolonged cloudy weather, the core compensation and shutdown functions can still be restored after charging, improving the long-term reliability of the entire device.

[0046] As a preferred technical solution, the power compensation circuit includes a bidirectional DC-DC converter and a PWM drive circuit; the low-voltage side of the bidirectional DC-DC converter is connected to the energy storage battery, and the high-voltage side is connected in parallel with the output terminal of the photovoltaic module; the PWM drive circuit is connected between the microcontroller and the bidirectional DC-DC converter; the bidirectional DC-DC converter operates in boost mode in power compensation mode and in buck mode in charging mode.

[0047] This embodiment provides a high-efficiency, bidirectional energy flow circuit implementation scheme, simultaneously meeting the requirements of both power compensation (boost output) and battery charging (buck input) operating modes. The use of a bidirectional DC-DC converter is key to achieving flexible and efficient energy interaction between the energy storage battery and the high-voltage photovoltaic output. Its technical advantages are: during compensation, it can efficiently boost battery energy and inject it into the system; during idle periods, it can efficiently step down and store excess photovoltaic energy. PWM drive enables precise control of energy flow, ensuring the efficiency and stability of the compensation and charging processes.

[0048] In some preferred embodiments, the safety shutdown circuit includes a main switch connected in series in the output circuit of the photovoltaic module, and a drive circuit that drives the main switch; the power supply terminal of the drive circuit is independently powered by the energy storage battery. This embodiment provides a specific and reliable circuit implementation scheme for the safety shutdown function and clarifies its independent power supply characteristics, which is a key hardware guarantee for ensuring that the effect of "shutdown is possible even when the grid is interrupted" can be achieved. Among them, the main switch (such as a solid-state relay) is the execution component that realizes physical shutdown, and the drive circuit is the control core. This embodiment particularly emphasizes that the drive circuit is "independently powered" by the energy storage battery. Its technical effect is to ensure that under any circumstances, especially when the grid is completely interrupted and the device loses external power, the shutdown command can still be reliably executed, thereby truly realizing "component-level rapid shutdown without relying on external power supply" and fundamentally solving the safety risks.

[0049] Reference Figure 4 As shown, one embodiment of this application also provides a power compensation control method, applied to the photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent control device as described above, including the following steps: Collect voltage and current signals from photovoltaic modules; Based on the voltage and current signals, the real-time output power P of the photovoltaic module is calculated. real And obtain the theoretical maximum power P under the current conditions. max ; Calculate the power drop ratio η = (P max -P real ) / P max And determine whether η is greater than the preset drop threshold η th ; If η is greater than the preset drop threshold η th If so, it is determined that the photovoltaic module is being shaded, and the required compensation power P is calculated. comp =P max -P real ; The power compensation circuit in the photovoltaic module energy storage intelligent control device is controlled to operate, so as to obtain electrical energy from the energy storage battery and inject compensation current I into the output terminal of the photovoltaic module.comp This ensures that the total output power of the photovoltaic module energy storage intelligent control device remains stable (i.e., the total output power tends to P). max ).

[0050] The aforementioned technical solution provides a complete, closed-loop component-level power compensation control logic that can automatically detect shading and instantaneously compensate for power drops, thereby directly eliminating the "weakest link" effect in photovoltaic strings and improving system power generation efficiency. This method forms a complete closed loop from data acquisition, calculation, judgment to execution, with its core effects reflected in "instantaneous compensation" and "maintaining stable total output power." When a component is shaded, this method immediately drives its built-in energy storage battery to release electrical energy, making up for the component's power shortfall, ensuring that the total power output remains constant from the device's perspective. In this way, the "weakest link" component will not drag down the current of the entire series string, thus eliminating system-level power generation loss caused by partial shading.

[0051] As a preferred technical solution, before controlling the power compensation circuit to operate, the method further includes: acquiring the current state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage battery and determining whether the current SOC is higher than a preset minimum threshold. min If so, then the steps for controlling the operation of the power compensation circuit are executed.

[0052] This embodiment adds a battery energy state judgment step to the power compensation process to prevent invalid or harmful compensation from being performed when the battery is low, thus optimizing the reliability of compensation control and battery protection. This embodiment adds an "energy threshold" check before triggering the compensation action to ensure that each compensation command is a valid action with guaranteed energy, avoiding problems such as unstable output voltage caused by the system attempting compensation when the battery is depleted, making the power compensation function more intelligent and reliable.

[0053] In some preferred embodiments, the compensation current I comp Calculate using the following formula: I comp =P comp / (V out ×η dc ) Among them, V out η is the output voltage of the photovoltaic module energy storage intelligent control device. dc The conversion efficiency of the power compensation circuit is given.

[0054] This embodiment provides a precise calculation formula for the compensation current, enabling quantitative and accurate energy injection through power compensation, avoiding undercompensation or overcompensation. Compensation current I comp The calculation formula takes into account the power (P) that needs to be compensated. comp), current output voltage (V) out ) and circuit loss (η) dc Its technical advantage lies in its ability to calculate the current value needed to just make up for the power gap, thereby achieving precise energy "on-demand compensation", maximizing the energy utilization efficiency of the energy storage battery, and ensuring stable system output.

[0055] In some preferred embodiments, the power drop ratio η recovers to less than or equal to η th Subsequently, if the state of charge of the energy storage battery is lower than the preset charging threshold SOC... charge Then, the power compensation circuit is controlled to switch to charging mode to use the output power of the photovoltaic module to charge the energy storage battery until the energy storage battery reaches the full charge threshold (SOC). full SOC charge The value range is from 0.7 to 0.8, SOC full The value ranges from 0.95 to 1.0. This embodiment implements the automatic charging management logic for the energy storage battery, ensuring that after the shading is eliminated and the system generates electricity normally, the energy storage battery can automatically recharge its energy to prepare for the next shading event; this effect is crucial for the sustainable operation of the power compensation function. This embodiment defines the battery's "charging window" (when the state of charge (SOC) is lower than the state of charge (SOC)). charge "Start-up" and "Full state" (SOC reaches SOC) full (It stops when it stops). Its technical effect is to establish a complete energy cycle of "discharge compensation-charge recovery", which enables the small-capacity energy storage battery in the device to be reused and maintain its power compensation capability for a long time, thereby improving the self-sustainability and practicality of the device.

[0056] Reference Figure 5 As shown, one embodiment of this application also provides a safety shutdown control method, applied to the photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent control device as described above, including the following steps: Monitor the voltage, current, and temperature signals of photovoltaic modules; The voltage and current signals are used to determine whether an arc fault has occurred, and / or the temperature signal is used to determine whether an over-temperature fault has occurred. If a fault is detected, a safety shutdown command is generated; The device controls a safety shutdown circuit to perform a shutdown action to cut off the output circuit of the photovoltaic module, wherein the safety shutdown circuit is powered by the energy storage battery.

[0057] The above technical solution provides a complete and proactive component-level safety shutdown control logic, capable of automatically and reliably cutting off faulty components upon detection of arcing or over-temperature faults, eliminating safety risks at the source. This method integrates the entire process of fault monitoring, judgment, command generation, and shutdown execution; its core effect is "fast" and "reliable" shutdown. This solution particularly emphasizes that "the safety shutdown circuit is powered by the energy storage battery," ensuring that even in the most dangerous conditions of grid outage and device loss of external power supply, the shutdown function can still be reliably executed, completely solving the safety blind spot of "failure upon power failure" in traditional solutions and greatly improving the intrinsic safety level of photovoltaic systems.

[0058] As a preferred technical solution, at the same time or after generating the safety shutdown command, the method further includes: reporting fault information to an external monitoring system through the communication interface module.

[0059] This embodiment achieves fault information reporting simultaneously with safe shutdown, enabling maintenance personnel to remotely and promptly obtain fault location and type, achieving precise component-level fault localization. This directly solves the problem of "inability to accurately locate component faults" in existing technologies. By reporting detailed information including fault type, time, and electrical parameters through the communication interface module, maintenance personnel can immediately see on the monitoring interface which component triggered the shutdown and the reason for it, thereby significantly improving fault diagnosis efficiency and maintenance accuracy, and reducing maintenance costs.

[0060] As a preferred technical solution, the method further includes: after the safety shutdown circuit performs the shutdown action, if the fault state is eliminated and an external reset command is received, the safety shutdown circuit is controlled to close to restore the output circuit of the photovoltaic module.

[0061] This embodiment provides a reset mechanism after a safe shutdown, enabling the system to safely and controllably resume operation after fault resolution, avoiding the risks and inconveniences of manual on-site operation. This effect increases the integrity and intelligence level of device control. This embodiment sets two conditions for resuming operation: elimination of the fault state (such as temperature drop or arc disappearance) and receipt of an external reset command (manual confirmation). This ensures the safety of the recovery process (the fault has indeed been resolved) while retaining the final control of the maintenance personnel, achieving a balance between safety and convenience.

[0062] An embodiment of this application also provides an inverter soft-start control method, applied to the photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent control device as described above, including the following steps: Receive the startup request signal; In response to the start request signal, the power compensation circuit is controlled to operate, so that the energy storage battery precharges the DC bus of the string inverter connected to the photovoltaic module. After the voltage of the DC bus rises to α times the target voltage, the safety shutdown circuit is controlled to turn on the output circuit of the photovoltaic module, wherein the value of α ranges from 80% to 95%.

[0063] The above technical solution provides a soft-start method that utilizes the device's built-in energy storage battery to pre-charge the DC bus of a string inverter, effectively reducing the inrush current during system startup. This method represents the third innovative application of energy storage batteries. Its technical advantages lie in the following: before the photovoltaic main circuit is connected, the energy storage battery pre-charges the large-capacity DC bus capacitor inside the inverter with a small current through a power compensation circuit, slowly increasing the bus voltage to a certain percentage (α=80%-95%) of the target value. Then, the main circuit is closed. At this point, due to the small voltage difference, no large inrush current is generated. This protects the capacitors, fuses, and other components inside the inverter, extends the equipment's lifespan, and improves the reliability of system startup.

[0064] In some preferred embodiments, the start-up request signal originates from the string inverter or an external monitoring system and is received through the communication interface module. This embodiment clarifies the source of the trigger signal for the soft-start process, enabling the soft-start control to work in conjunction with the overall startup logic of the photovoltaic power generation system (such as inverter self-test completion and monitoring system commands); this enhances the practicality and integration of the method. This embodiment specifies that the start-up request signal can originate from the inverter (e.g., issued after inverter self-test completion) or the monitoring system (e.g., remote start-up by maintenance personnel) and be received through the communication interface module, allowing the soft-start function to be seamlessly embedded into the existing photovoltaic system control flow, becoming an intelligent link in the system's standard startup sequence.

[0065] like Figure 6 As shown, one embodiment of this application also provides a photovoltaic power generation system, including: Multiple photovoltaic modules connected in series; Multiple photovoltaic module energy storage intelligent control devices (also written as module-level microcontroller and energy storage integrated intelligent control unit, or simply intelligent control unit) as described above are connected to each of the photovoltaic modules in a one-to-one correspondence. A string inverter, the DC input terminal of which is connected to a photovoltaic string consisting of the plurality of photovoltaic modules connected in series; The monitoring system is connected to the communication interface module of each photovoltaic module energy storage intelligent control device.

[0066] The above technical solution constructs a novel photovoltaic power generation system architecture employing the aforementioned intelligent control device. This system possesses excellent capabilities for component-level monitoring, optimization, and security protection. The solution yields the final power plant product. Because each component is equipped with the aforementioned intelligent control device, this system (i.e., the photovoltaic power generation system) achieves the following overall: 1) independent optimized operation of each component; 2) independent safe shutdown capability for each component; and 3) effective monitoring of the status of each component through a monitoring system. This fundamentally changes the architecture of traditional string systems, improving the overall performance, safety, and operation and maintenance level of the system.

[0067] As a preferred technical solution, when any of the photovoltaic modules is shaded, causing its output power to drop, the corresponding photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent control device is configured to provide instantaneous power compensation through its energy storage battery to maintain the output power of its branch, thereby eliminating the "weakest link" effect caused by the performance degradation of a single module.

[0068] This embodiment specifically elucidates how the aforementioned photovoltaic power generation system addresses the core issue of the "weakest link" problem, quantifying the system's core value in improving power generation efficiency; this effect further clarifies and emphasizes the system's core advantages. This embodiment describes how, when any component in the system is shaded, the corresponding intelligent device activates instantaneous power compensation to maintain the output power of that branch unchanged, thereby ensuring that the current of the entire string is not affected by this "weak link." This directly solves the industry problem in existing technologies where partial shading leads to a significant decrease in the power generation of the entire string.

[0069] This application integrates a microcontroller and a small-capacity energy storage battery module into a plug-and-play intelligent control unit. It achieves three major functions simultaneously through the energy storage battery: shading power compensation, independent power supply and safe shutdown when the grid is interrupted, and inverter soft start. This integrated design effectively improves the efficiency, safety and reliability of the photovoltaic power generation system.

[0070] To make the above-mentioned photovoltaic module energy storage intelligent regulation device, control method and photovoltaic power generation system clearer, the following will provide further explanation in conjunction with the above-mentioned preferred technical solutions.

[0071] like Figure 1 As shown, this application provides a module-level microcontroller and energy storage integrated intelligent control unit (i.e., the aforementioned photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent control device), including a microcontroller module (i.e., the aforementioned microcontroller), an energy storage battery module (i.e., the aforementioned energy storage battery), a power compensation circuit, a safety shutdown circuit, and a communication interface module. The microcontroller module is used to collect the voltage signal V of the photovoltaic module. pv Current signal I pv and temperature signal T pv And according to the voltage signal Vpv Current signal I pv and temperature signal T pv Calculate the real-time output power P of the photovoltaic module real The system generates power optimization commands and safety shutdown commands. The energy storage battery module is electrically connected to the microcontroller module, used to store electrical energy and, under the control of the microcontroller module, provide a power compensation current I to the output terminal of the photovoltaic module. comp Alternatively, it can provide an independent power supply to the safety shutdown circuit. The input of the power compensation circuit is connected to the energy storage battery module, and its output is connected in parallel with the output of the photovoltaic module. Under the control of the microcontroller module, it converts the electrical energy of the energy storage battery module into a voltage equal to the output voltage V of the photovoltaic module. out Matching power compensation current I comp The safety shutdown circuit is connected in series in the output circuit of the photovoltaic module. Its control terminal is connected to the microcontroller module, and its power supply terminal is connected to the energy storage battery module. It is used to cut off the output circuit of the photovoltaic module when a safety shutdown command is received. The communication interface module is connected to the microcontroller module for data interaction with an external monitoring system. All the above modules and circuits are integrated and packaged in the same housing to form a plug-and-play intelligent control unit.

[0072] Furthermore, such as Figure 2 As shown, the microcontroller module includes a signal acquisition unit, a maximum power point tracking unit, a power drop detection unit, and a safety judgment unit. The signal acquisition unit is used to acquire the voltage signal V of the photovoltaic module. pv Current signal I pv and temperature signal T pv The maximum power point tracking unit is used to track the voltage signal V. pv and current signal I pv Execute the maximum power point tracking algorithm to calculate the maximum power point voltage V of the photovoltaic module. mpp Maximum power point current I mpp and theoretical maximum power P max The power drop detection unit is used to calculate the power drop ratio η=(P max -P real ) / P max And compare the power drop ratio η with the preset drop threshold η th When η is greater than η th A power compensation trigger signal is generated at time, where η th The value range is from 0.1 to 0.3. The safety judgment unit is used to determine the voltage signal V. pv Current signal I pv and temperature signal T pv To determine if there is an arc fault or over-temperature fault, when the temperature signal T...pv Exceeding the preset temperature threshold T max An over-temperature fault is detected at a certain time, where T max The value range is from 85℃ to 105℃, and a safety shutdown command is generated when a fault occurs.

[0073] Furthermore, the rated capacity of the energy storage battery module is C. bat Its calculation formula is C bat =k×P nom ×t comp , where P nom Where t is the nominal power of the photovoltaic module, k is the capacity factor, and its value ranges from 0.005 to 0.05. comp The preset compensation time is in hours. The nominal voltage of the energy storage battery module is related to the maximum power point voltage (V) of the photovoltaic module. mpp The design of the small-capacity energy storage battery module meets the functional requirements of instantaneous power compensation and safe shutdown, while controlling the size and cost of the intelligent control unit. The energy storage battery module has a state of charge (SOC). When the SOC is lower than a preset minimum SOC... min Power compensation is stopped and charging mode is entered, where SOC min The value range is from 0.1 to 0.2.

[0074] Furthermore, such as Figure 3 As shown, the power compensation circuit includes a bidirectional DC-DC converter and a PWM drive circuit. The low-voltage side of the bidirectional DC-DC converter is connected to the energy storage battery module, and the high-voltage side is connected in parallel with the output terminal of the photovoltaic module. The input terminal of the PWM drive circuit is connected to the microcontroller module, and the output terminal is connected to the switching control terminal of the bidirectional DC-DC converter. In power compensation mode, the bidirectional DC-DC converter operates in boost mode, boosting the energy from the energy storage battery module and injecting it into the output terminal of the photovoltaic module; in charging mode, it operates in buck mode, stepping down the excess energy from the photovoltaic module and storing it in the energy storage battery module to restore the state of charge (SOC). The conversion efficiency of the bidirectional DC-DC converter is η. dc Its value ranges from 0.92 to 0.98.

[0075] Furthermore, the safety shutdown circuit includes a main shutdown switch and a shutdown drive circuit. The main shutdown switch is a normally open solid-state relay connected in series in the positive output circuit of the photovoltaic module. The input terminal of the shutdown drive circuit is connected to the microcontroller module, the output terminal is connected to the control terminal of the main shutdown switch, and the power supply terminal is connected to the energy storage battery module. The energy storage battery module provides it with operating power independent of the external power grid (i.e., the operating power of the shutdown drive circuit comes only from the energy storage battery module and is independent of the on / off state of the external power grid), thereby ensuring that the safety shutdown circuit can reliably perform its predetermined function under both normal grid operation and grid outage conditions.

[0076] Specifically, the safety shutdown circuit has two operating states: a normal operating state and a shutdown state. Its circuit operating logic is as follows: (i) Normal operating state: When the microcontroller module determines that the photovoltaic module is fault-free and no external shutdown command has been received, the microcontroller module continuously outputs a conduction holding signal to the shutdown drive circuit; the shutdown drive circuit accordingly continuously outputs a closing drive signal to the control terminal of the main shutdown switch, keeping the normally open solid-state relay closed, the output circuit of the photovoltaic module remains conducting, and the system generates electricity normally. During this period, the working power required by the shutdown drive circuit is continuously provided by the energy storage battery module; at the same time, the microcontroller module controls the bidirectional DC-DC converter in the power compensation circuit to operate in buck charging mode, continuously charging the excess power at the output terminal of the photovoltaic module back to the energy storage battery module, so that the state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage battery module is always maintained within a reasonable range (not lower than the preset minimum threshold SOCmin), thereby avoiding the depletion of energy in the energy storage battery module due to long-term power supply to the shutdown drive circuit. Preferably, the shutdown drive circuit adopts a low-power drive circuit design (e.g., a drive structure based on optocoupler isolation and low-threshold MOSFETs), and the steady-state holding current required to maintain the main shutdown switching does not exceed a preset upper limit (typically not exceeding 10mA), which accounts for a very small proportion relative to the rated output power of the photovoltaic module and will not have a significant impact on the overall power generation efficiency of the system.

[0077] (ii) Shutdown state: When the microcontroller module determines that an arc fault has occurred based on the voltage signal Vpv and the current signal Ipv, or determines that an over-temperature fault has occurred based on the temperature signal Tpv, or receives a shutdown command from an external source through the communication interface module, the microcontroller module immediately stops outputting the on-hold signal to the shutdown drive circuit; the shutdown drive circuit then stops outputting the closing drive signal to the main shutdown switch, and the normally open solid-state relay returns to the normally open (disconnected) default state within milliseconds under the action of the internal reset mechanism, and the output circuit of the photovoltaic module is quickly cut off, so that the output voltage of the photovoltaic module drops to a safe voltage (generally 30V and below). In the off state, the off-drive circuit further reduces power consumption because it no longer needs to maintain the closed state of the main off switch; the energy storage battery module continues to provide operating power to the microcontroller module, the communication interface module, and the off-drive circuit in standby state, so that even in extreme conditions where the output of the photovoltaic module has been cut off and the external power grid is simultaneously cut off, the device can still continuously monitor the fault status, report fault information to the external monitoring system, and respond to the external reset command after the fault is cleared.

[0078] As can be seen from the above circuit operation logic, the "independent working power supply" provided by the energy storage battery module to the shutdown drive circuit is continuously effective throughout the entire life cycle of the device (including normal operation state and shutdown state), rather than only effective at the moment of performing the shutdown action; combined with the automatic recharge mechanism of the bidirectional DC-DC converter for the energy storage battery module and the low power consumption design of the shutdown drive circuit, the safe shutdown scheme of this application achieves the comprehensive technical effect of "maintaining the shutdown function whether the power grid is normal or there is a power outage, being able to monitor and reset after shutdown, and having controllable overall steady-state power consumption".

[0079] like Figure 4 As shown, this application also provides a power compensation control method based on the above-mentioned component-level microcontroller and energy storage integrated intelligent control unit, including the following steps: Step S1: The microcontroller module acquires the voltage signal V of the photovoltaic module in real time. pv Current signal I pv and temperature signal T pv And calculate the real-time output power P of the photovoltaic module. real =V pv ×I pv .

[0080] Step S2: The microcontroller module executes the maximum power point tracking algorithm based on the voltage signal V. pv and current signal I pv The theoretical maximum power P of the photovoltaic module under current environmental conditions is calculated using either the perturbation observation method or the incremental conductance method. max .

[0081] Step S3: The microcontroller module calculates the power sag ratio η = (P max -P real ) / P max When η is greater than the preset drop threshold η th At that time, it is determined that the photovoltaic module is being blocked.

[0082] Step S4: The microcontroller module calculates the required compensation power P. comp =P max -P real It also reads the current state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage battery module. When the SOC is greater than the preset minimum SOC... min If the power compensation is not performed, proceed to step S5; otherwise, skip the power compensation and wait for the energy storage battery module to charge and recover.

[0083] Step S5: The microcontroller module sends a power compensation command to the power compensation circuit, which converts the electrical energy from the energy storage battery module into a compensation current I. comp Injected into the output terminal of the photovoltaic module, increasing the total output power P of the intelligent control unit. out =P real +P comp Maintain stability. Compensation current I comp The calculation formula is I comp =P comp / (V out ×η dc ), where V out η is the output voltage of the intelligent control unit. dc This refers to the conversion efficiency of the bidirectional DC-DC converter in the power compensation circuit.

[0084] Furthermore, once the shading is removed, if the state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage battery module is lower than the preset charging threshold SOC... charge Then the power compensation circuit switches to charging mode, stepping down the excess power of the photovoltaic modules and storing it in the energy storage battery module until the SOC recovers to the preset full charge threshold SOC. full SOC charge The value range is from 0.7 to 0.8, SOC full The value ranges from 0.95 to 1.0. This charging mechanism ensures that the energy storage battery module always has sufficient power to cope with the next shading event.

[0085] like Figure 5 As shown, this application also provides a safe shutdown control method based on the above-mentioned component-level microcontroller and energy storage integrated intelligent control unit, including the following steps: Step T1: The microcontroller module monitors the voltage signal V of the photovoltaic module in real time. pv Current signal Ipv and temperature signal T pv .

[0086] Step T2: The microcontroller module analyzes the voltage signal V pv and current signal I pv The high-frequency components are detected, and when a high-frequency noise signal matching the characteristics of an electric arc is detected, an arc fault is determined to have occurred; or when the temperature signal T... pv Exceeding the preset temperature threshold T max At that time, an over-temperature fault was determined to have occurred.

[0087] Step T3: The microcontroller module generates a safety shutdown command and reports fault information to the external monitoring system through the communication interface module. The fault information includes the fault type, fault time, voltage value, current value, and temperature value at the time of the fault.

[0088] Step T4: The safety shutdown circuit receives the safety shutdown command, and the shutdown drive circuit powered by the energy storage battery module drives the main shutdown switch to open, cutting off the output circuit of the photovoltaic module and causing the output voltage of the photovoltaic module to drop below the safe voltage.

[0089] Step T5: The microcontroller module continuously monitors the fault status, and when the temperature signal T... pv Reduced to the preset recovery temperature T rec When the arc characteristics disappear and a reset command is received from the external monitoring system, the control safety shutdown circuit closes the main shutdown switch, restoring the output circuit of the photovoltaic module. Where T... rec =T max -ΔT, where ΔT is the temperature hysteresis, with a value ranging from 10℃ to 20℃. The temperature hysteresis design can prevent the system from repeatedly starting and stopping at the fault critical point.

[0090] This application also provides a soft-start control method for an inverter based on the above-mentioned component-level microcontroller and integrated energy storage intelligent control unit, including the following steps: Step U1: During the startup phase of the photovoltaic power generation system, the microcontroller module receives the startup request signal from the string inverter through the communication interface module.

[0091] Step U2: The microcontroller module controls the power compensation circuit to operate in boost mode, enabling the energy storage battery module to pre-charge the DC bus of the string inverter, gradually increasing the bus voltage to the target voltage V. bus The preset ratio α, where the value of α ranges from 80% to 95%.

[0092] During the process of multiple intelligent control units simultaneously pre-charging the DC bus of the string inverter, each intelligent control unit adopts the following coordinated control strategy: After the string inverter or monitoring system broadcasts a unified start-up request signal to each intelligent control unit, the microcontroller module of each intelligent control unit monitors the DC bus voltage in real time. Each intelligent control unit injects a pre-charge current into the bus using a constant current-limited voltage method, with the upper limit of the pre-charge current for a single unit being I. pre In this embodiment, I pre =2A. Each intelligent control unit continuously samples the bus voltage during the pre-charging process. When the bus voltage reaches the target voltage V... bus When the preset ratio α is reached, each intelligent control unit automatically stops the pre-charge output.

[0093] Because each intelligent control unit independently executes the closed-loop control logic of "monitoring bus voltage - determining whether the threshold has been reached - stopping charging", natural coordination can be achieved without the need for time synchronization communication between units. Even if there are differences in the start-up time of each unit due to communication delays or differences in battery state of charge, the bus voltage, as a common feedback signal, can ensure that all units stop charging uniformly after the bus voltage reaches the standard, thus avoiding overcharging of the bus voltage.

[0094] Step U3: When the bus voltage reaches V bus After ×α, the microcontroller module controls the safety shutdown circuit to close the main shutdown switch, and the photovoltaic modules begin to supply power to the string inverter, completing the soft-start process. This method avoids the inrush current of traditional startup methods and protects internal components such as capacitors in the string inverter.

[0095] The following detailed explanation uses specific embodiments. It should be noted that, for ease of parameter representation, in... Figure 1-6 In Chinese, "_" is used to represent subscripts. For example, I_comp means I comp V_pv represents V pv P_max represents P max Other parameters are similar and will not be elaborated here.

[0096] Example 1 Reference Figure 1 A component-level microcontroller and energy storage integrated intelligent control unit includes a microcontroller module 1, an energy storage battery module 2, a power compensation circuit 3, a safety shutdown circuit 4, and a communication interface module 5. All the above modules and circuits are integrated and packaged in a housing 9 to form a plug-and-play intelligent control unit.

[0097] The microcontroller module 1 is used to acquire the voltage signal V of the photovoltaic module 6. pv Current signal I pv and temperature signal T pv And according to the voltage signal V pv Current signal I pv and temperature signal Tpv Calculate the real-time output power P of photovoltaic module 6. real It generates power optimization instructions and safety shutdown instructions. In this embodiment, the microcontroller module 1 uses an STM32F407 series microcontroller with an operating frequency of 168MHz and a built-in 12-bit ADC for signal acquisition.

[0098] Reference Figure 2 The microcontroller module 1 includes a signal acquisition unit 11, a maximum power point tracking unit 12, a power drop detection unit 13, and a safety judgment unit 14. The signal acquisition unit 11 acquires the voltage signal V of the photovoltaic module 6 through a voltage sensor, a current sensor, and a temperature sensor, respectively. pv Current signal I pv and temperature signal T pv The sampling frequency is 10kHz. The maximum power point tracking unit 12 uses the perturbation-observation method, with a perturbation step size of 0.5V, to calculate the maximum power point voltage V of the photovoltaic module 6. mpp Maximum power point current I mpp and theoretical maximum power P max The power drop detection unit 13 calculates the power drop ratio η = (P max -P real ) / P max and the preset drop threshold η th =0.15 for comparison. The safety judgment unit 14 analyzes the voltage signal V using a Fast Fourier Transform. pv and current signal I pv High-frequency components are used to detect arc fault characteristics.

[0099] The energy storage battery module 2 is electrically connected to the microcontroller module 1, and is used to store electrical energy and provide a power compensation current I to the output terminal of the photovoltaic module 6 under the control of the microcontroller module 1. comp Alternatively, it can provide an independent operating power supply to the safety shutdown circuit 4. In this embodiment, for the rated power P nom The photovoltaic module 6 is 400W, and the energy storage battery module 2 uses lithium iron phosphate batteries with a nominal voltage of 36V and a rated capacity of C. bat =0.02×400W×0.5h=4Wh, which can support power compensation or safety shutdown functions for more than 10 minutes. The energy storage battery module 2 is equipped with a State of Charge (SOC) monitoring system. When the SOC falls below the preset minimum SOC... min When the SOC reaches 0.15, power compensation stops and charging mode begins. The charging mode resumes when the SOC returns to the preset full-charge threshold. full Exit charging mode when the value reaches 0.95.

[0100] Reference Figure 3The power compensation circuit 3 includes a bidirectional DC-DC converter 31 and a PWM drive circuit 32. The bidirectional DC-DC converter 31 adopts a synchronous rectification Buck-Boost topology, with its low-voltage side connected to the energy storage battery module 2 and its high-voltage side connected in parallel with the output terminal of the photovoltaic module 6. The input terminal of the PWM drive circuit 32 is connected to the microcontroller module 1 to receive PWM control signals, and its output terminal is connected to the gate of the switching transistor in the bidirectional DC-DC converter 31. In power compensation mode, the bidirectional DC-DC converter 31 operates in boost mode, boosting the 36V voltage of the energy storage battery module 2 to the output voltage V of the photovoltaic module 6. out (Approximately 40V) is injected into the output terminal of photovoltaic module 6; in charging mode, the bidirectional DC-DC converter 31 operates in buck mode, stepping down the excess power of photovoltaic module 6 and storing it in energy storage battery module 2 to restore the state of charge (SOC). The conversion efficiency η of the bidirectional DC-DC converter 31 is... dc =0.95.

[0101] The safety shutdown circuit 4 includes a main shutdown switch and a shutdown drive circuit. The main shutdown switch is a normally open solid-state relay with a rated voltage of 600V and a rated current of 15A, connected in series in the positive output circuit of the photovoltaic module 6. The input terminal of the shutdown drive circuit is connected to the microcontroller module 1 to receive the safety shutdown command; the output terminal is connected to the control terminal of the main shutdown switch to drive the main shutdown switch to open and close; the power supply terminal is connected to the energy storage battery module 2 to obtain an independent operating power supply. When a safety shutdown command is received, the shutdown drive circuit drives the main shutdown switch to open, cutting off the output circuit of the photovoltaic module 6 and causing the output voltage of the photovoltaic module 6 to drop below the safe voltage (less than 30V).

[0102] The communication interface module 5 is connected to the microcontroller module 1 and is used to interact with the external monitoring system 8, receive external shutdown commands, and report the operating status data of the photovoltaic module 6 to the external monitoring system 8. In this embodiment, the communication interface module 5 adopts power line carrier communication with a communication rate of 115200bps, and data transmission is achieved through the DC cable of the photovoltaic string, eliminating the need for additional communication cables.

[0103] Example 2 Reference Figure 4 The power compensation control method based on the component-level microcontroller and energy storage integrated intelligent control unit described in Embodiment 1 includes the following steps: Step S1: The microcontroller module 1 acquires the voltage signal V of the photovoltaic module 6 in real time through the signal acquisition unit 11. pv =38V, current signal I pv =8A and temperature signal T pv =45℃, calculate the real-time output power P of photovoltaic module 6.real =V pv ×I pv =38V×8A=304W.

[0104] Step S2: The microcontroller module 1 executes the perturbation-observation method through the maximum power point tracking unit 12, based on the voltage signal V. pv and current signal I pv Calculate the theoretical maximum power P of photovoltaic module 6 under the current environmental conditions. max =380W. The specific process of the perturbation observation method is as follows: adjust the reference voltage in 0.5V steps, compare the power change before and after the adjustment, if the power increases, continue to adjust in the same direction, if the power decreases, adjust in the opposite direction, until the power reaches the maximum value.

[0105] Step S3: The microcontroller module 1 calculates the power drop ratio η=(P) through the power drop detection unit 13. max -P real ) / P max =(380W-304W) / 380W=0.2, since η=0.2 is greater than the preset drop threshold η th =0.15, indicating that photovoltaic module 6 is being shaded.

[0106] Step S4: Microcontroller module 1 calculates the required compensation power P comp =P max -P real =380W - 304W = 76W, and read the current state of charge (SOC) of energy storage battery module 2 as 0.85. Since SOC = 0.85 is greater than the preset minimum state of charge (SOC)... min =0.15, the energy storage battery module 2 has compensation capability, and step S5 is executed.

[0107] Step S5: The microcontroller module 1 sends a power compensation command to the power compensation circuit 3. The bidirectional DC-DC converter 31 operates in boost mode, converting the electrical energy of the energy storage battery module 2 into a compensation current I. comp Injected into the output terminal of photovoltaic module 6. Compensation current I comp =P comp / (V out ×η dc =76W / (40V×0.95)=2.0A, the total output power P of the intelligent control unit out =P real +P comp =304W + 76W = 380W, remaining stable.

[0108] Once the shading is removed, the state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage battery module 2 is detected to be 0.65, which is lower than the preset charging threshold SOC. charge=0.75, power compensation circuit 3 switches to charging mode, bidirectional DC-DC converter 31 operates in buck mode, and stores the excess power of photovoltaic module 6 in energy storage battery module 2 after being stepped down, until SOC recovers to the preset full charge threshold SOC. full =0.95.

[0109] Example 3 Reference Figure 5 The safety shutdown control method based on the component-level microcontroller and energy storage integrated intelligent control unit described in Embodiment 1 includes the following steps: Step T1: The microcontroller module 1 monitors the voltage signal V of the photovoltaic module 6 in real time through the signal acquisition unit 11. pv Current signal I pv and temperature signal T pv .

[0110] Step T2: The microcontroller module 1 analyzes the voltage signal V through the safety judgment unit 14. pv and current signal I pv The high-frequency components. The safety judgment unit 14 uses Fast Fourier Transform to perform frequency domain analysis on the sampled data, extracting noise energy in the 1kHz to 100kHz frequency band. When the noise energy in this frequency band exceeds a preset threshold and exhibits a wide-spectrum distribution with arc characteristics, an arc fault is determined to have occurred. Or when the temperature signal T pv =95℃ exceeds the preset temperature threshold T max When the temperature reaches 90℃, an over-temperature fault is determined to have occurred.

[0111] Step T3: The microcontroller module 1 generates a safety shutdown command and simultaneously reports fault information to the external monitoring system 8 through the communication interface module 5. The fault information includes the fault type (over-temperature fault), fault time, voltage value, current value and temperature value at the time of the fault.

[0112] Step T4: The safety shutdown circuit 4 receives a safety shutdown command, and the shutdown drive circuit 42, powered by the energy storage battery module 2, drives the main shutdown switch 41 to open, cutting off the output circuit of the photovoltaic module 6 and causing the output voltage of the photovoltaic module 6 to drop below 25V. In this embodiment, the response time from fault detection to shutdown completion is less than 50ms.

[0113] Step T5: The microcontroller module 1 continuously monitors the fault status. When the temperature signal Tpv drops to the preset recovery temperature T... rec =T max When the temperature is below -ΔT=90℃-15℃=75℃ and a reset command is received from the external monitoring system 8, the control shutdown drive circuit 42 closes the main shutdown switch 41 to restore the output circuit of the photovoltaic module 6.

[0114] Example 4 The inverter soft-start control method based on the component-level microcontroller and energy storage integrated intelligent control unit described in Embodiment 1 includes the following steps: Step U1: During the startup phase of the photovoltaic power generation system, the string inverter 7 sends a startup request signal to each intelligent control unit, and the microcontroller module 1 receives the signal through the communication interface module 5.

[0115] Step U2: The microcontroller module 1 controls the power compensation circuit 3 to operate in boost mode, enabling the energy storage battery module 2 to pre-charge the DC bus of the string inverter 7 through the bidirectional DC-DC converter 31, gradually increasing the bus voltage to the target voltage V. bus The preset ratio α = 85% of 600V, which is 510V. The pre-charging process adopts a constant current and voltage limiting mode, and the charging current is limited to within 2A.

[0116] Step U3: When the bus voltage reaches V bus After ×α=510V, the microcontroller module 1 controls the shutdown drive circuit 42 to close the main shutdown switch 41, and the photovoltaic module 6 begins to supply power to the string inverter 7, completing the soft-start process. This method avoids the inrush current of the traditional startup method and protects the internal capacitors and other components of the string inverter 7.

[0117] Example 5 Reference Figure 6 A photovoltaic power generation system, comprising: Multiple photovoltaic modules 6, in this embodiment, are 15 400W monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic modules 6 connected in series to form a photovoltaic string. The open-circuit voltage of the string is about 675V and the peak power of the string is 6kW.

[0118] Multiple component-level microcontrollers and integrated energy storage intelligent control units are provided, with each intelligent control unit connected to a corresponding photovoltaic module 6, totaling 15 intelligent control units. Each intelligent control unit is installed in the junction box of the photovoltaic module 6 via a plug-and-play interface.

[0119] The string inverter 7 has its DC input terminal connected to the output terminal of the photovoltaic string, with a rated DC input voltage range of 200V-850V; its AC output terminal is connected to the power grid, with a rated output power of 6kW and an output voltage of 220V / 380V.

[0120] The monitoring system 8 is connected to the communication interface modules 5 of each intelligent control unit via a power line carrier communication bus. It collects operating data such as voltage, current, temperature, and power of each photovoltaic module 6 and displays it on the monitoring interface. The monitoring system 8 can send shutdown and reset commands to each intelligent control unit.

[0121] In this photovoltaic power generation system, each intelligent control unit independently performs module-level power optimization and safety shutdown functions. When a photovoltaic module 6 is shaded, the corresponding intelligent control unit provides power compensation through the energy storage battery module 2, maintaining the output power of that intelligent control unit unchanged and not affecting the normal operation of other photovoltaic modules 6, thereby eliminating the "weakest link" effect where the power generation efficiency of the entire photovoltaic string decreases due to the shading of a single photovoltaic module 6. Actual measurements show that under the condition of 30% shading of a single photovoltaic module 6, the power generation of the system using this intelligent control unit is approximately 18% higher than that of a traditional string system. In a traditional string system, when a single 400W module is 30% shaded, the output current of that module drops to approximately 70% (approximately 7A). Due to the series characteristics, the current of all 15 modules in the entire string is limited to 7A, and the string power drops from 6000W to approximately 6000 × (7 / 10) = 4200W, a loss of approximately 30%. With this intelligent control unit, the shaded module is compensated by the energy storage battery, maintaining the module's output current at 10A and the total string power at around 6000W (only the compensation portion of about 5% DC-DC conversion efficiency is lost). The theoretical power generation efficiency improvement is approximately (6000-4200) / 6000≈30%. Considering the partial recovery effect after the actual bypass diode starts up, the power generation is conservatively estimated to increase by about 15% to 20%.

[0122] When the system requires maintenance or an emergency occurs, maintenance personnel can send shutdown commands to specific intelligent control units through the monitoring system 8 to achieve rapid component-level shutdown. Even if the power grid is interrupted, the energy storage battery modules 2 of each intelligent control unit can still provide independent power to the safety shutdown circuit 4, ensuring reliable execution of the shutdown function and eliminating the risk of DC high-voltage electric shock and arc fire.

[0123] In summary, this application possesses at least the following characteristics: 1) By using a microcontroller module in conjunction with the built-in energy storage battery module, it can instantly compensate for power drops caused by shading, eliminate the "weakest link" effect on the photovoltaic string's power generation efficiency, maintain stable output of the intelligent control unit, and improve the overall power generation efficiency of the system. Through real-time MPPT and instantaneous power compensation at the module level, it effectively eliminates the "weakest link" effect caused by the performance degradation of a single module, and can increase the system's power generation by approximately 18% under 30% shading conditions.

[0124] 2) The energy storage battery module provides an independent power supply for the safety shutdown circuit, ensuring that component-level rapid shutdown can still be performed when the grid is interrupted, eliminating the risk of DC high-voltage electric shock and arc fire, and improving system operational safety. It achieves component-level, grid-independent rapid shutdown capability. Regardless of whether the system is connected to the grid, upon detecting faults such as arcing or overheating, or receiving a remote shutdown command, the built-in battery can power the module to cut off its output, eliminating the risk of high-voltage electric shock and arc fire at the source.

[0125] 3) The energy storage battery module also supports soft start for string inverters. Through pre-charging, the system startup process is smoother and more reliable, reducing inrush current and extending equipment lifespan. The inverter soft start function reduces the stress on internal components such as capacitors caused by inrush current, thus extending equipment lifespan.

[0126] 4) All modules are integrated and packaged in the same housing to form a plug-and-play intelligent control unit, which is easy to install, compatible with existing photovoltaic module junction box standards, and facilitates system upgrades. By encapsulating complex circuits into a small, standardized "plug-and-play" unit, it can be directly installed at the photovoltaic module junction box location without large-scale modifications to the existing system wiring, making it very convenient for application in new projects and the renovation of existing power plants.

[0127] 5) The communication interface module enables component-level monitoring, allowing for precise location of faulty components and reducing system maintenance costs. Each unit has a communication interface that can upload real-time operating data (voltage, current, power, temperature, fault status) of each component to the monitoring system, enabling maintenance personnel to remotely and accurately locate problematic components, greatly reducing maintenance costs.

[0128] It should be noted that, for the sake of simplicity, the foregoing method embodiments are all described as a series of actions. However, those skilled in the art should understand that this application is not limited to the described order of actions, as some steps may be performed in other orders or simultaneously according to this application. Furthermore, those skilled in the art should also understand that the embodiments described in the specification are preferred embodiments, and the actions and modules involved are not necessarily essential to this application.

[0129] In the above embodiments, the descriptions of each embodiment have different focuses. For parts not described in detail in a certain embodiment, please refer to the relevant descriptions of other embodiments.

[0130] The parts not mentioned in the above embodiments are the same as or can be implemented using existing technologies, and will not be further described here.

[0131] Although this application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications can still be made to the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments, or equivalent substitutions can be made to some of the technical features; and these modifications or substitutions do not cause the essence of the corresponding technical solutions to deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application.

Claims

1. A photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent control device, characterized in that, include: A microcontroller is used to collect the operating parameters of the photovoltaic modules it is connected to, and generate control commands based on the operating parameters, wherein the operating parameters include the voltage signal, current signal and temperature signal of the photovoltaic modules; An energy storage battery, electrically connected to the microcontroller, is used to store and provide electrical energy; A power compensation circuit, whose input terminal is connected to the energy storage battery and whose output terminal is connected in parallel with the output terminal of the photovoltaic module, is used to convert the electrical energy of the energy storage battery into a compensation current and inject it into the output terminal of the photovoltaic module under the control of the microcontroller. A safety shutdown circuit is connected in series in the output circuit of the photovoltaic module. Its control terminal is connected to the microcontroller, and its power supply terminal is connected to the energy storage battery. It is used to cut off the output circuit of the photovoltaic module under the control of the microcontroller. A communication interface module, connected to the microcontroller, is used to communicate with external devices; The microcontroller, energy storage battery, power compensation circuit, safety shutdown circuit, and communication interface module are integrated and packaged in the same housing.

2. The photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent control device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The microcontroller is also configured to: The real-time output power of the photovoltaic module is calculated based on the voltage and current signals, and a maximum power point tracking algorithm is executed to obtain the theoretical maximum power.

3. The photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent control device according to claim 2, characterized in that, The microcontroller is also configured to: Calculate the power drop ratio η: η = (P max -P real ) / P max Among them, P max P is the theoretical maximum power. real The real-time output power; and the power drop ratio η is greater than the preset drop threshold η. th At that time, a compensation command is generated to trigger the power compensation circuit.

4. The photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent control device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The microcontroller is also configured to: The system determines whether an arc fault has occurred based on the voltage and current signals, and / or whether an over-temperature fault has occurred based on the temperature signal; and when a fault is determined to have occurred, it generates a shutdown command to trigger the safety shutdown circuit.

5. The photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent control device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The nominal voltage of the energy storage battery is matched with the maximum power point voltage of the photovoltaic module, and the capacity C of the energy storage battery is... bat satisfy: C bat =k×P nom ×t comp Among them, P nom Where t is the nominal power of the photovoltaic module, k is the capacity factor, and t is the nominal power of the photovoltaic module. comp This is the preset compensation time.

6. A photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent control device according to claim 1 or 5, characterized in that, The microcontroller is also configured to: Monitor the state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage battery, and when the SOC falls below a preset minimum threshold... min At that time, the power compensation circuit is controlled to stop discharging.

7. The photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent control device according to claim 1, characterized in that, The power compensation circuit includes a bidirectional DC-DC converter and a PWM drive circuit. The low-voltage side of the bidirectional DC-DC converter is connected to the energy storage battery, and the high-voltage side is connected in parallel with the output terminal of the photovoltaic module. The PWM drive circuit is connected between the microcontroller and the bidirectional DC-DC converter; The bidirectional DC-DC converter operates in boost mode in power compensation mode and in buck mode in charging mode.

8. A power compensation control method, applied to a photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent regulation device as described in any one of claims 1-7, characterized in that, include: Collect voltage and current signals from photovoltaic modules; Based on the voltage and current signals, the real-time output power P of the photovoltaic module is calculated. real And obtain the theoretical maximum power P under the current conditions. max ; Calculate the power drop ratio η = (P max -P real ) / P max And determine whether η is greater than the preset drop threshold η th ; If η is greater than the preset drop threshold η th If so, it is determined that the photovoltaic module is being shaded, and the required compensation power P is calculated. comp =P max -P real ; The power compensation circuit in the photovoltaic module energy storage intelligent control device is controlled to operate, so as to obtain electrical energy from the energy storage battery and inject compensation current I into the output terminal of the photovoltaic module. comp This ensures that the total output power of the photovoltaic module energy storage intelligent control device remains stable.

9. The power compensation control method according to claim 8, characterized in that, Before controlling the operation of the power compensation circuit, the following is also included: Obtain the current state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage battery and determine whether the current SOC is higher than a preset minimum threshold. min ; If so, then the steps for controlling the operation of the power compensation circuit are performed.

10. A safety shutdown control method, applied to a photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent control device as described in any one of claims 1-7, characterized in that, include: Monitor the voltage, current, and temperature signals of photovoltaic modules; The voltage and current signals are used to determine whether an arc fault has occurred, and / or the temperature signal is used to determine whether an over-temperature fault has occurred. If a fault is detected, a safety shutdown command is generated; The device controls a safety shutdown circuit to perform a shutdown action to cut off the output circuit of the photovoltaic module, wherein the safety shutdown circuit is powered by the energy storage battery.

11. The safety shutdown control method according to claim 10, characterized in that, At the same time as or after generating the safety shutdown command, it also includes: reporting fault information to the external monitoring system through the communication interface module.

12. The safety shutdown control method according to claim 10, characterized in that, Also includes: After the safety shutdown circuit performs the shutdown action, if the fault state is eliminated and an external reset command is received, the safety shutdown circuit is controlled to close to restore the output circuit of the photovoltaic module.

13. An inverter soft-start control method, applied to a photovoltaic module energy storage type intelligent control device as described in any one of claims 1-7, characterized in that, include: Receive the startup request signal; In response to the start request signal, the power compensation circuit is controlled to operate, so that the energy storage battery precharges the DC bus of the string inverter connected to the photovoltaic module. After the voltage of the DC bus rises to α times the target voltage, the safety shutdown circuit is controlled to turn on the output circuit of the photovoltaic module.

14. A photovoltaic power generation system, characterized in that, include: Multiple photovoltaic modules connected in series; Multiple photovoltaic module energy storage intelligent control devices as described in any one of claims 1-7 are connected to each of the photovoltaic modules in a one-to-one correspondence; A string inverter, the DC input terminal of which is connected to a photovoltaic string consisting of the plurality of photovoltaic modules connected in series; The monitoring system is connected to the communication interface module of each photovoltaic module energy storage intelligent control device.

15. A photovoltaic power generation system according to claim 14, characterized in that, When any of the photovoltaic modules is shaded, causing its output power to drop, the corresponding photovoltaic module energy storage intelligent control device is configured to provide instantaneous power compensation through its energy storage battery to maintain the output power of its branch.

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