CUTTING TOOL WITH IMPROVED SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY

Abstract

Several modalities are described for an improved cutting instrument that defines one or more angularly oriented cutting faces that have uniform cutting surfaces with reduced surface topography.

Description

CUTTING TOOL WITH IMPROVED SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY CROSS-REFERENCE WITH RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application 63 / 085 952, filed on September 30, 2020, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical field This disclosure generally relates to cutting instruments, such as scalpel blades, keratomes, scissors, osteotomes, endoscopic cutting and suturing instruments, and other medical devices whose purpose is to cut (e.g., make incisions and resect living tissue), as well as non-medical cutting instruments. More specifically, this disclosure relates to the improvement of such cutting instruments by creating an ultrasmooth, highly uniform, and nanoprecise surface topography on the cutting surfaces. BACKGROUND Currently, cutting instruments (e.g., a scalpel) often incorporate a handle and blade as a single unit or as a unit with a reusable handle and a replaceable blade. Such cutting instruments typically come in various shapes and sizes depending on their purpose, and in the case of scalpels, each is identified by a numbering system. For example, scalpel blades No. eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi and No. 10 have a curved cutting edge and can be used for general tissue incisions. As another example, No. 11 scalpel blades may have a straight cutting edge and a sharp point that can be used for piercing incisions. Many cutting instruments are made of stainless steel or carbon steel, but other materials of suitable hardness (e.g., diamond, sapphire, ceramic, etc.) can also be used. A current method for blade manufacturing involves stamping a nearly net-shape blade rough from a sheet of metal, followed by double-edged bevel grinding using two diamond-inlaid discs or wheels, where each disc or wheel is angled at approximately 10 to 20 degrees. The purpose of the diamonds is to act as a grinding medium that rapidly grooves the metal surfaces into two angled faces, collectively referred to as "faces" or individually as a "face," which then merge to create an edge. This method can cause several problems. For example, the diamonds inlaid in the disc or wheel are discrete individual crystals of varying sizes and shapes and are not evenly spaced on the grinding wheel. This factor alone can result in uneven grinding.Furthermore, diamonds often fracture during the grinding operation, resulting in an even less uniform surface. Uneven diamond grooving can often leave nearly parallel grooves of varying depths, profiles, and spacing along the cutting faces of the scalpel, resulting in uneven, rough, and jagged cutting surfaces on the instrument. When the two faces meet to form a leading edge, the uneven grinding marks are projected onto the leading edge, resulting in a jagged, rough, and almost serrated edge. In surgical cutting instruments, conventionally produced cutting instruments run counter to the principles of the Halsted surgical technique, which emphasizes, among other things, gentle tissue handling for optimal clinical outcomes.These irregular and jagged edges present along the cutting face and associated leading edge of a standard surgical blade can cause multiple problems, particularly when they come into contact with and cut tissue, including (but not limited to): (i) lack of precision for the exact location of the incision; (ii) microtearing of tissue that creates excessive and undue trauma and / or bleeding, which prolongs the healing process; eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi (iii) defective sites for clumping and folding of serrated edges of tissue that result in the need to replace cutting instruments during surgical procedures, often several times; (iv) sites of weakened material more prone to fracture when they come into contact with bones or other hard structures; and / or (v) high variability in cutting performance from one cutting tool to another, even within the same manufacturing batch of cutting tools. It is with these observations in mind, among others, that various aspects of this disclosure were conceived and developed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows an example side view of a cutting tool having a blade body attached to a handle. FIG. 2 shows an opposite side view as an example of the cutting instrument in FIG. 1. Figures 3A to 3F show examples of cross-sectional views of various blade bodies. FIG. 4 shows an example of an infographic illustration detailing a surface height parameter used to measure and visualize the surface roughness of a cutting tool. FIG. 5 shows an example of an infographic illustration eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi detailing a surface height parameter used to measure and visualize the surface roughness of a cutting tool. FIG. 6 shows an example of an infographic illustration detailing a surface function parameter used to evaluate and characterize the surface roughness of a cutting tool. FIG. 7 shows an example of an infographic illustration detailing a surface feature parameter used to measure and visualize the surface roughness of a cutting tool. Figures 8I and 8B show examples of scanning electron micrographs taken from an unpolished standard cutting instrument. Figures 9A and 9B show examples of scanning electron micrographs taken from a cutting instrument having an improved surface topography, as described in this document. FIG. 10 shows an example of a frequency distribution diagram for scar widths comparing a standard cutting instrument with a cutting instrument having an improved surface topography, as described in this document. FIG. 11A shows an example of a graphical representation comparing the performance of a standard eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi blade with a cutting tool having an improved surface topography, as described in this document. Figures 11B to 11D show micrographs of sample cells of Cavia porcellus axons. FIG. 12 shows an exemplary histological image representation of Cavia porcellus axons. Figures 13A and 13B show examples of enlarged views of a blade body. Figures 14A and 14B show examples of enlarged views of an opposite side of the blade body of Figures 13A and 13B. FIG. 15 shows an example of a graphical representation comparing the performance of a standard blade with a cutting tool that has better surface topography. The corresponding reference characters indicate corresponding elements between the views in the drawings. The headings used in the figures do not limit the scope of the claims. To simplify and clarify the illustration, the figures in the drawings depict the general form of construction, and descriptions and details of known features and techniques may be omitted to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the present description. Furthermore, the elements in the figures are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to aid in understanding the modalities described herein. The same reference numbers in different figures indicate the same elements. The terms "first," "second," "third," "fourth," and the like in the description and in the claims, if any, are used to distinguish between similar elements and not necessarily to describe a particular sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable in appropriate circumstances, so that the modalities described herein are, for example, capable of functioning in sequences other than those illustrated or otherwise described herein.The expressions "comprises", "comprising", or any other variation thereof are intended to encompass a non-exclusive inclusion, so that a process, method, system, article, device or apparatus comprising a list of elements is not limited solely to those elements, but may include other elements that are not expressly listed or that are inherent to that process, method, system, article, device or apparatus. The terms "left," "right," "front," "back," "up," "down," "over," "under," and the like in the description and in the claims, if any, are used for descriptive purposes and not necessarily to describe permanent relative positions. It is to be understood that the terms used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances, so that the embodiments of the apparatus, methods, and / or articles of manufacture described herein, for example, may be operated in orientations different from those illustrated or otherwise described herein. The terms "couple," "coupled," "coupling," and the like should be understood in a broad sense and refer to connecting two or more elements mechanically and / or otherwise. Two or more electrical elements may be electrically coupled to each other but not mechanically or otherwise. The coupling may be for any period of time, e.g., permanent, semi-permanent, or only for an instant. "Electrical coupling" and the like should be understood broadly and include electrical couplings of all types. The absence of the word "removable" and the like near the word "coupled" and the like does not mean that the coupling, etc., in question is or is not detachable. As defined in this document, two or more elements are "integral" if they are composed of the same piece of eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi material. As defined in this document, two or more elements are "not integral" if each is composed of a different piece of material. As used herein, a "working part" of a cutting wedge may comprise any part, parts, or all areas of a cutting wedge intended to make an incision or come into contact with the material to be cut, such as human tissue. DETAILED DESCRIPTION This document describes several embodiments of a cutting tool that has a blade body with an ultrasmooth, highly uniform, and nanoprecise cutting face. In one aspect, the blade body has been manufactured to define one or more angularly oriented cutting faces that have minimal surface roughness, as measured by a plurality of surface method parameters, to produce a cutting tool with an enhanced, nanoprecise, uniform surface topography. In several embodiments, a cutting tool is described. The cutting tool may comprise a blade body having two opposing faces and a cutting wedge that may comprise: a leading edge; and one or more cutting faces extending from at least one of the two opposing faces and defining at least a portion of the leading edge, wherein one or more cutting faces may have a surface roughness comprising a measured arithmetic mean height eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi (Sa) of 150 nm or less with a standard deviation of 30 nm or less over a measurement area of ​​129 pm x 129 pm on at least a portion of one or more cutting faces. In the same or different embodiments, the surface roughness may also comprise one or more of: (1) a measured maximum height (S=) of 1.5 pm or less with a standard deviation of 0.(1) 4 pm or less within the 129 pm x 129 pm measurement area on at least part of one or more cut faces; or (2) a maximum arithmetic mean curvature (Spi;) of 150 mm-10 less with a standard deviation of 30 mm-10 less within the 129 pm x 129 pm measurement area on at least part of one or more cut faces. In many embodiments, a method for manufacturing a cutting tool is described. The method may comprise: providing a blade body having two opposing faces and a cutting wedge that may comprise: a leading edge; and one or more cutting faces extending from at least one of the two opposing faces and defining at least a portion of the leading edge, wherein the cutting face(s) may have a surface roughness comprising a measured arithmetic mean height (Sa) of 150 nm or less with a standard deviation of 30 nm or less over a measurement area of ​​129 pm x 129 pm on at least a portion of the cutting face(s). In the same or different embodiments, the surface roughness may also comprise one or more of: (1) a maximum measured height (Sz) of eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi 1.5 pm or less with a standard deviation of 0.4 pm or less within the measurement area of ​​129 pm x 129 μη on at least part of one or more cutting faces; or (2) a maximum arithmetic mean curvature (Spc) of 150 mm-1o less with a standard deviation of 30 mm-1o less within the measurement area of ​​129 pm x 129 pm on at least part of one or more cutting faces. In various embodiments, a cutting tool is described. The tool may comprise a blade body having two opposing faces and a cutting wedge that may comprise: a leading edge; and one or more cutting faces extending from at least one of the two opposing faces and defining at least a portion of the leading edge, wherein the cutting face(s) may have a surface roughness comprising an empty valley volume (Vvv) of 0.02 µm / µm² or less with a standard deviation of 0.005 µm³ / µm² or less over a measured area of ​​129 µm x 129 µm on at least a portion of the cutting face(s). In the same or different embodiments, the surface roughness may also comprise one or more of: (1) a maximum measured height (Sz) of 1.5 µm or less with a standard deviation of 0.(1) 4 pm or less within the 129 pm x 129 pm measurement area on at least part of one or more cut faces; or (2) a maximum arithmetic mean curvature (Spc) of 150 mm-10 less with a standard deviation of 30 mm-10 less within the 129 pm x 129 pm measurement area on at least part of one or more cut faces. In many embodiments, a method for manufacturing a cutting tool is described. The method may comprise: providing a blade body having two opposing faces and a cutting wedge comprising: a leading edge; and one or more cutting faces extending from at least one of the two opposing faces and defining at least a portion of the leading edge, wherein the cutting face(s) have a surface roughness comprising an empty valley volume (Vvv) of 0.02 pm³ / pm² or less with a standard deviation of 0.005 pm³ / pm² or less in a measured area of ​​129 pm x 129 pm on at least a portion of the cutting face(s). In the same or different embodiments, the surface roughness may also comprise one or more of: (1) a maximum measured height (S=) of 1.5 pm or less with a standard deviation of 0.(1) 4 pm or less within the 129 pm x 129 pm measurement area on at least part of one or more cut faces; or (2) a maximum arithmetic mean curvature (SPC) of 150 mm-10 less with a standard deviation of 30 mm-10 less within the 129 pm x 129 pm measurement area on at least part of one or more cut faces. In several embodiments, a cutting tool is described. The cutting tool may comprise a blade body having two opposing faces and a cutting wedge that may comprise: a leading edge; and one or more cutting faces extending from at least one of the two opposite faces and defining at least a portion of the leading edge, wherein one or more cutting faces may have a surface roughness eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi comprising: (1) a measured arithmetic mean height (Sa) of 150 nm or less with a standard deviation of 30 nm or less over a measurement area of ​​129 pm x 129 pm on at least a portion of one or more cutting faces or (2) a measured valley void volume (V-,-) of 0.02pm3 / pm2 or less with a standard deviation of 0.005pm3 / pm2 or less across the measurement area of ​​129 pm x 129 pm on at least a portion of one or more cutting faces.In the same or different modalities, surface roughness may also comprise one or more of: (1) a maximum measured height (Sz) of 1.5 pm or less with a standard deviation of 0.4 pm or less within the 129 pm x 129 pm measurement area on at least part of one or more cut faces; or (2) a maximum arithmetic mean curvature (Spc) of 150 mm-10 less with a standard deviation of 30 mm-10 less within the 129 pm x 129 pm measurement area on at least part of one or more cut faces. In many embodiments, a method for manufacturing a cutting tool is described. The method may comprise: providing a blade body having two opposing faces and a cutting wedge that may comprise: a leading edge; and one or more cutting faces extending from at least one of the two opposite faces and defining at least a portion of the leading edge, wherein the cutting face(s) may have a surface roughness comprising: (1) a measured arithmetic mean height (Sa) of 150 nm or less with a standard deviation of 30 nm or less over a measurement area of ​​129 pm x 129 pm on at least a portion of the cutting face(s) or (2) a measured void valley volume (Vvv) of 0.02 pm3 / pm2 or less with a standard deviation of 0.005 pm3 / pm2 or less over the measurement area of ​​129 pm x 129 pm on at least a portion of the cutting face(s).In the same or different modalities, surface roughness may also comprise one or more of: (1) a maximum measured height (Sz) of 1.5 pm or less with a standard deviation of 0.4 pm or less within the 129 pm x 129 pm measurement area on at least part of one or more cut faces; or (2) a maximum arithmetic mean curvature (Spc) of 150 mm-2 or less with a standard deviation of 30 mm-1 or less within the 129 pm x 129 pm measurement area on at least part of one or more cut faces. In several embodiments, a method for improving the surface topography of a cutting tool is described. The method may comprise: applying a polishing apparatus to at least one side of a cutting wedge of the cutting tool; actuating the polishing apparatus on at least one side of the cutting wedge of the cutting tool using a first pressure; and, when the polishing apparatus approaches the leading edge of the cutting wedge of the cutting tool, actuating the polishing apparatus on at least one side of the cutting wedge of the cutting tool using a second pressure that is less than the first pressure. In some embodiments, the cutting wedge has a surface roughness that may further comprise one or more of: (1) a measured arithmetic mean height (Sa) of 150 nm or less with a standard deviation of 30 nm or less over a measurement area of ​​129 pm x 129 pm on at least a portion of one or more cutting faces, or (2) a measured void valley volume (Vw) of 0.(2) a measured maximum height (S-) of 1.5 pm or less with a standard deviation of 0.005 pm3 / pm2 or less across the 129 pm x 129 pm measurement area on at least part of one or more cut faces; (3) a measured maximum height (S-) of 1.5 pm or less with a standard deviation of 0.4 pm or less within the 129 pm x 129 pm measurement area on at least part of one or more cut faces; or (4) a measured arithmetic mean maximum curvature (Spc) of 150 mm-1 or less with a standard deviation of 30 mm-1 or less within the 129 pm x 129 pm measurement area on at least part of one or more cut faces. In general terms, this document describes various forms of an improved surface topography cutting instrument and methods for its manufacture. While some of the improved surface topography cutting instruments described herein are for surgical applications, a person with ordinary experience in the technique will understand that the instruments and methods described herein are not limited to surgical applications. For example, the instruments and methods described herein can be used in tooth cleaning and other dental applications, carpentry applications, food processing applications, woodworking, paper production, horticulture, etc., and the methods described herein can take many forms.For example, a cutting instrument may include stamping tools, stamps, reamers, milling tools, milling cutters, broaches, taps, tapping dies, blades, saw blades, etc. With reference to Figures 1 and 2, an example of a cutting instrument embodiment 100 is shown. In some embodiments, the cutting instrument 100 may include a blade body 102, a groove 112, opposing faces 114 and 115, and / or a spine 110. In several embodiments, a blade body may have a shape that facilitates the transfer of force through a cutting instrument. In various embodiments, the shape of a blade body may vary depending on the intended use of the cutting instrument. For example, the blade body 102 has a shape similar to the blade of a No. 15 scalpel, which can be used to make incisions in tissue using a cutting motion that moves approximately parallel to the skin. As another example, a blade body may comprise an endoscopic cutting knife, which can be used to cut tissue using a piercing motion that moves approximately perpendicular to the tissue.As a third example, a blade body may comprise a piercing and / or biting blade, which can be used for biopsies. As a fourth example, a blade body may comprise a drill bit, which can be used for dental and / or orthopedic procedures. In many embodiments, the spine 110 may run along the top of the blade body 102 until it reaches a portion of the cutting wedge 101. In these or other embodiments, the opposing faces 114 and 115 may extend downward from the spine 110 and / or upward from the cutting wedge 101. In many embodiments, an opposing flat face may have a variety of shapes and angles. For example, when a cutting instrument comprises an axe, its opposing flat faces may be angled toward each other as they extend toward the axe's cutting wedge.As another example, when a cutting instrument comprises a saw, its opposite flat faces may remain approximately parallel to each other from the back of the saw to the saw's cutting wedge(s). In many embodiments, the groove 112 may be formed through the blade body 102. In many embodiments, the groove 112 may be configured to engage a tongue 11 formed at a free end of a handle 10 to securely attach the handle 10 to the blade body 102. In some embodiments, the handle 10 may be a gripper, clamp, robotic arm, and / or other mechanism used to hold the blade body 102. For example, when the blade body 102 is used in a laparoscopic procedure, the handle 10 may comprise one or more parts of a laparoscope. In many embodiments, the blade body 102 may comprise a cutting wedge 101. Generally speaking, a cutting wedge may be a part of a blade body configured for cutting and / or piercing (e.g., non-blunt portions of the blade body). In these or other embodiments, a cutting wedge may be approximately wedge-shaped and / or pyramid-shaped, but, similarly to the blade body 102, other shapes may be implemented depending on the intended use of the specific cutting tool. In several embodiments, the cutting wedge 101 may comprise one or more cutting faces 104 and 105, the leading edge 106, and / or a point 108. In several embodiments, each of the cutting faces 104 and 105 may be oriented angularly with respect to each other and / or with respect to a vertical axis of the cutting tool 100 extending through the leading edge 106 and the spine 110.In many models, the angle between cutting faces 104 and 105 can be approximately 28 degrees or less, although lower angle ranges can affect the durability of the cutting wedge due to increased brittleness. In many models, a blade body can have cutting faces of different sizes and shapes on opposite sides of the blade body. For example, one face (or a sub-element of the face (e.g., a bevel)) may have a greater height and / or width than the other face, either by design or due to manufacturing variations. In additional embodiments, the opposite faces 114 and 115 and the spine 110 may be opposite the cutting faces 104 and 105 along an elongation direction of the blade body 102. In these or other embodiments, the opposite faces 114 and 115 and the spine 110 may terminate in the tip 108. In many embodiments, the cutting faces 104 and 105 may extend parallel to an elongation direction of the blade body 102 and / or cross to form a leading edge 106 for cutting (e.g., cutting tissue during a surgical procedure). Therefore, in some embodiments, the cutting faces may extend approximately perpendicular (or at another angle) to an elongation direction of the blade body. In other embodiments, the cutting faces may extend in a direction not parallel to an elongation direction of the blade body, as, for example, in blades used in laparoscopy and other minimally invasive surgeries. In some embodiments, the cutting faces 104 and 105 may be identical in angular orientation with respect to each other and / or with respect to the opposite faces 114 and 115, the body 102 and / or the surface topography of the cutting instrument 100. In other embodiments, the cutting faces 104 and 105 may have different angular orientations and / or shapes with respect to each other and / or with respect to the opposite faces 114 and 115, the body 102 and / or the surface topography of the cutting instrument 100. For example, one or more of the cutting faces 104 or 105 may be flat, slightly concave, or slightly convex. As noted above, leading edge 106 can be formed at an intersection of cutting faces 104 and 105. In these or other modalities, leading edge 106 can have an overall surface topography that is a combined projection of the topographies of cutting faces 104 and 105.In many embodiments, one cutting face may be taller and / or wider than another cutting face on the same blade, whether by design, due to manufacturing variations, or due to wear. For example, as described in more detail below, many different combinations and permutations of cutting faces can also be used. In some embodiments, the leading edge 106 may be curved or straight. The spine 110 may also be curved or straight, depending on the desired application of the cutting tool 100. In some embodiments, the cutting faces 104 and 105 define a top edge 124 that distinguishes the cutting faces 104 and 105 from each of the opposing faces 114 and 115 of the blade body 102. In many embodiments, the top edge 124 also defines a portion of an outer perimeter of the cutting wedge eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi. 101. In many embodiments, the blade body 102 of the cutting instrument 100 may comprise a metal suitable for surgical applications (e.g., an iron alloy comprising at least one other element including nickel, cobalt, carbon, and chromium, such as stainless steel or carbon steel). In some embodiments, the cutting faces 104 and 105 of the blade body 102 may comprise a non-metal (e.g., ceramic, diamond, or sapphire). In some embodiments, the cutting instrument 100 may be treated with an antimicrobial coating or finish to further reduce the risk of surgically induced infections. In the same or different embodiments, the cutting instrument 100 (and in particular, the cutting faces 104 and 105) may also be coated with one or more conforming or non-conforming coatings. Figures 3A to 3F show examples of cross-sectional views through various blade bodies. As shown in Figures 3A to 3F, a blade body can have different shapes and / or configurations. In many embodiments, several elements of Figures 3A to 3F can be interchanged by a person skilled in the art. For example, a blade body may include a cutting panel 104 (Figure 3A) on one side of the blade body and may include a cutting panel 505 (Figure 3E) on an opposite side of the blade body. Returning now to FIG. 3A, a cross-section of the cutting tool 100 through the blade body 102 is shown at the cross-section line 301 (FIG. 1). As shown in FIG. 3A, the cutting wedge 101 may have an approximately triangular cross-section with slightly arched or rounded sides. In many embodiments, the blade body 102 may be referred to as a single-bevel embodiment because it has only one bevel on its cutting wedge 101. The cutting faces 104 and 105 may also be seen as having an inwardly curved slope (e.g., in a concave direction) from the opposite faces 114 and 115 to the leading edge 106. With regard to FIG. 3B, a cross-section of the blade body 202 is shown. In many embodiments, the blade body 202 may comprise the cutting wedge 201 and the opposing faces 214 and 215. In further embodiments, the cutting wedge 201 may comprise a cutting face 204 and a leading edge 206. In many embodiments, the blade body 202 may be referred to as a single-face embodiment because it has only one cutting face 204. In these or other embodiments, the opposing face 215 may extend from a spine (not shown) to the leading edge 206 without a second cutting face between the spine and the leading edge 206. In many embodiments, the blade body 202 may be used as a chisel or with another cutting motion using a similar application of force. Figure 3C shows a cross-section of the blade body 302. In many embodiments, the blade body 302 may comprise a cutting wedge 301 and opposing faces 314 and 315. In these or other embodiments, the cutting wedge 301 may comprise cutting faces 304 and 305 and a leading edge 306. In many embodiments, the cutting faces 304 and 305 may comprise first bevels 304A and 305A and second bevels 304B and 305B. In these or other embodiments, the blade body 302 may be referred to as a double-bevel and / or compound-bevel embodiment because it has two sets of bevels. Although the blade body 302 is shown with two sets of bevels, it is understood that other embodiments may have only one set of bevels, or three or more sets of bevels.For example, in some forms, the opposite face 315 may extend downward from a ridge (not shown) to the leading edge 306 without cutting face 305 (similarly to opposite face 215 (FIG. 3B)) between the ridge and the leading edge 306. In many forms, the first bevels 304A and 305A may extend downward from the opposite faces 314 and 315 to the second bevels 304B and 305B. In these or other forms, the second bevels 304B and 305B may join to form the leading edge 306. In additional forms, the first bevels 304A and 305A may be substantially straight, while the second bevels 304B and 305B may be curved (or vice versa). A dual-bezel design can have a number of advantages over single-bezel or bezel-less designs.For example, a double-beveled blade body may be much less prone to chipping or rolling than a single-beveled blade body due to the progressive decrease in its cutting faces through multiple bevels. Figure 3D shows a cross-section of the blade body 402. In many embodiments, the blade body 402 may comprise a cutting wedge 401 and opposing faces 414 and 415. In further embodiments, the cutting wedge 401 may comprise a cutting face 404 and a leading edge 406. In many embodiments, the cutting face 404 may comprise a first bevel 404A and a second bevel 404B. In these or other embodiments, the blade body 402 may be referred to as a double-bevel and / or compound-bevel embodiment because it has two bevels. In these or other forms, the opposite face 415 can extend from a spine (not shown) to the leading edge 406 without a second cutting face between the spine and the leading edge 406. In many forms, the blade body 402 can be used as a chisel or with another cutting motion with a similar force application. With regard to FIG. 3E, a cross-sectional section eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi of the blade body 502 is shown. In many embodiments, the blade body 502 may comprise a cutting wedge 501 and opposing faces 514 and 515. In further embodiments, the cutting wedge 501 may comprise cutting faces 504 and 505 and a leading edge 506. In some embodiments, the cutting faces 504 and 505 extend downwards and meet at the leading edge 506. In various embodiments, the cutting faces 504 and 505 may be straight instead of curved (like the cutting faces 104 and 105 (FIG. 1 to 3A)). Figure 3F shows a cross-section of the blade body 602. In many embodiments, the blade body 602 may comprise a cutting wedge 601 and opposing faces 614 and 615. In these or other embodiments, the cutting wedge 601 may comprise cutting faces 604 and 605 and a leading edge 606. In many embodiments, cutting faces 604 and 605 may comprise first bevels 604A and 605A, and second bevels 604B and 605B. In these or other embodiments, the blade body 602 may be referred to as a double-bevel and / or compound-bevel embodiment because it has two sets of bevels. Although the 602 blade body is shown below as having two sets of bevels, it is understood that other versions may have only one set of bevels or three or more sets of bevels.For example, in some forms, the opposite face 615 can extend from a ridge (not shown) to the leading edge 606 without a cutting face 605 (similar to opposite face 215 (FIG. 3B)). In many forms, the first bevels 604A and 605A can extend downward from opposite faces 614 and 615 to the second bevels 604B and 605B. In these and other forms, the second bevels 604B and 605B can meet to form a leading edge 606. In additional forms, one or more of the first bevel 604A, the first bevel 605A, the second bevel 604B, or the second bevel 605B can be curved in a convex or concave direction. In these modalities, their radius of curvature can range from approximately 8,000 micrometers (pm) to 25,000 pm. In one particular modality, the first 604A and 605A bevels are convex, as described above, and the second 604B and 605B bevels are substantially straight and not curved, as described above.In this particular configuration, the arc of curvature for the first 604A and 605A bevels can have a length of approximately 1,000 to 15,000 pm, and the second 604A and 605B bevels can have a length of approximately 100 to 200 pm. In various configurations, the first 604A and 605A bevels and the second 604B and 605B bevels can be combined to provide a smooth transition between the first and second bevels. In these or other configurations, a transition between the bevels may comprise an acute angle (e.g., as in the 302 blade body (FIG. 3C)). A double-bevel configuration can have several advantages over single-bevel or no-bevel configurations. For example, a double-bevel blade body may be much less prone to chipping or rolling than a single-bevel blade, because of the progressive tapering of its cutting faces through multiple bevels. In many embodiments not shown in Figures 3A to 3F, a cross-section of a blade body may be cylindrical (e.g., when using a biting and / or punching blade). In these embodiments, opposite sides of a blade body may comprise an inside and an outside of the cylinder. In several embodiments, the cutting face of a blade with a cylindrical cross-section may be inclined to a circular leading edge. In some embodiments, a blade body may be approximately hemispherical to form a "jaw" of a biting blade. In these embodiments, opposite sides may be on the inside and outside of the hemisphere. In several embodiments, the cutting face of a biting blade may be inclined to an arched leading edge. With regard to Figures 1 and 2, a termination of the cutting faces 104 and 105 on an edge of the blade body 102 can define the leading edge 106 of the cutting tool 100. As described above, the cutting faces 104 and 105 (and by association the leading edge 106) can be curved (e.g., concave or convex) or straight. In some embodiments, a cutting wedge described herein (e.g., the cutting wedge 101) can have an improved surface topography that is quantifiably uniform and has fewer imperfections (e.g., jagged edges, gaps, or residual grinding marks, etc.) than a cutting wedge on a standard blade body. In various ways, an improved surface topography of the cutting wedge can be created by removing material, adding material, or performing both actions sequentially or simultaneously.In many applications, an improved surface topography of the cutting wedge can provide several advantages. For example, an improved surface topography of the cutting wedge can provide: (i) greater precision for the exact location of the incision; (ii) minimizing tissue microtearing (or cracking in the case of bone) and associated excessive bleeding and undue trauma, which can prolong the healing process; (iii) elimination of defective sites for clumping and folding of serrated edges of tissue, resulting in more durable cutting instruments; (iv) elimination of weakened material sites, which reduces the tendency to fracture when in contact with bones or other hard structures; and (v) more uniform performance of cutting instruments from blade to blade and from blade manufacturing batch to blade manufacturing batch. The improvements mentioned above and other improvements described in this document align with the principles of the Halsted surgical technique, which emphasize gentle tissue handling for optimal clinical results, and are therefore desirable in several cases. Figures 4 through 7 showcase a variety of infographic illustrations detailing different surface field parameters. Generally speaking, surface field parameters, which include surface height parameters, are a class of measurements used to quantify the surface roughness of various surfaces. Surface field parameters can be measured in several ways. For example, a pencil can be placed or dragged across a surface, and the pencil's displacement can be measured and then mapped. As another example, a laser can be shone onto a surface, and the laser's reflection off the surface can be used to determine the height of various nanoscale surface features and properties, as well as other properties (e.g., curvature). eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi With regard to FIG. 4, an example of infographic illustration 420 is shown, detailing a surface height parameter 421. In many embodiments, the surface height parameter 421 may comprise the arithmetic mean height (Sa). In these or other embodiments, Sa may comprise an arithmetic mean height of an absolute ordinate Z(x, y) (e.g., a height Z in an X, Y plane) across a measurement area (e.g., an area of ​​129 pm x 129 pm along the cutting face of a blade). In several embodiments, the arithmetic mean height can be calculated using an equation comprising: ff = 7 ¡Z(x,y)ldxdy71JJa eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi In these or other modalities, Sa can comprise a combined measurement area of ​​the reading. In other words, Sa comprises the arithmetic mean height of a plurality of nanoscale peaks 422 and valleys 423 detected on a surface. A standard deviation (σ) of an arithmetic mean height on a surface can also be calculated to better understand the variation in surface roughness. In several modalities, the standard deviation of an arithmetic mean height (Sa) can be calculated using an equation comprising: (m \ 2 / X.-s<.)21 / 0-1) M '-1' In these or other modalities, m represents a number of profile elements found along the sampling length, and XS represents the length of an i-th profile element. A low standard deviation of the arithmetic mean height indicates low variability along the blade body, leading to high blade body uniformity, high blade body smoothness, and a substantial reduction in jagged edges, gaps, and residual grinding marks along the blade body. Although the photomicrographs shown in FIG. 8A, 8B, 9A, 9B (discussed in more detail later) provide a visual comparison of the surface topography between a standard blade and a blade having an improved surface topography, a quantitative measure of surface roughness between blades can also be employed to measure surface roughness along areas of a cutting wedge. Figure 5 shows an example of an infographic illustration 520 detailing a surface height parameter 521. For example, the previously mentioned Olympus OLS5000 laser scanning confocal microscope can produce a surface height parameter eQQpnn / eznz / B / YiAi 521. In many modes, the surface height parameter 521 can comprise a maximum height (Sz). In various modes, Sz can comprise the sum of a maximum peak height 522 (SP) and a maximum valley depth 523 (Sv) over a predefined measurement area. For example, an area of ​​129 pm x 129 pm can be measured. It is also possible to calculate a standard deviation (σ) of a maximum height on a surface, thus providing a better understanding of the variation in surface roughness. In several ways, the standard deviation of the maximum height (S=) can be calculated using an equation comprising: eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi In these or other modalities, m represents a number of profile elements found in the sample length and Xsi represents the length of a profile element i. A low standard deviation of the maximum height indicates low variability along a blade body, which also indicates high surface uniformity and high surface smoothness with absence of striations. Regarding FIG. 6, an example infographic illustration 620 is shown, detailing a surface height parameter 621. For example, the previously mentioned Olympus OLS5000 laser scanning confocal microscope can produce a surface height parameter 621. In FIG. 6, the horizontal axis 622 can be a material ratio as a percentage, and the vertical axis 623 can be a height. In many modalities, the surface height parameter 621 can comprise a valley void volume (VVv), also known as a valley empty volume. In several modalities, Vvv can comprise a volume of space bounded by a surface texture from a plane at a height corresponding to a specified material ratio level down to a lower valley on the surface. In many modalities, a default value for a material ratio level can be 80%, but this value can be changed as needed.In several modes, Vvvse can be used to quantify the magnitude of the core surface, reduced peaks, and reduced valleys as a function of volume in an evaluation area. In many modes, an area of ​​129 pm x 129 pm can be measured. Other surface height parameters can also be seen in infographic illustration 620. For example, the void core volume 624 (Vvc), the maximum material volume 625 (Vmp), and the core material volume 626 (Vnic) can be seen in infographic illustration 620. In many modes, the void core volume 624 can comprise a volume of space bounded by a surface at heights corresponding to the material ratio values ​​of "p" and "q". In these or other modes, the maximum material volume 625 can comprise the volume of material at the surface material ratio "p".In additional embodiments, the core material volume 626 may comprise a difference between the material volume at material surface ratio "q" and the material volume at material surface ratio "p". In several embodiments, the material ratio "p" and "q" volumes may comprise 10% and 80%, respectively. It is also possible to calculate a standard deviation (σ) of a valley void volume on a surface, thus providing a better understanding of surface roughness variations. In several ways, the standard deviation of the valley void volume (Vvv) can be calculated using an equation comprising: eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi In these or other modalities, m represents a number of profile elements found in the sample length and Xsi represents the length of a profile element i. A low standard deviation of the void valley volume indicates high surface uniformity and high surface smoothness with a substantial reduction of jagged edges, gaps and residual grinding marks along a cutting wedge. Figure 7 shows an example of infographic illustration 720 detailing elements of a surface height parameter. In many modalities, a surface height parameter of infographic 720 may comprise an arithmetic mean maximum curvature (Spc). In several modalities, Spc may comprise an arithmetic mean of a principal curvature of a plurality of peaks 721 on a surface. In several modalities, a lower Spc value indicates that the points of contact with other objects (e.g., fabric) have rounded shapes, while a higher value indicates that the points of contact with other objects have pointed shapes. In many modalities, an area of ​​129 pm x 129 pm can be measured. It is also possible to calculate a standard deviation (σ) of the maximum mean curvature on a surface, thus providing a better understanding of surface roughness variations. In several ways, the standard deviation of the maximum mean curvature can be calculated using an equation comprising: SPcY / (ml) eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi In these or other modalities, m represents a number of profile elements found in the sample length and Xsi represents the length of a profile element i. A low standard deviation of the maximum mean curvature indicates high surface uniformity and high surface smoothness with a substantial reduction of jagged edges, voids and residual grinding marks on a cutting wedge. In many modalities, the uniformity of a cutting instrument having improved surface topography can be quantitatively defined as having an arithmetic mean height (Sa) of 150 nanometers (nm) or less, a standard deviation of the arithmetic mean height (Sa) of 30 nanometers or less, a maximum height (S=) of 1.5 micrometers or less, a standard deviation of the maximum height (Sz) of 400 nanometers or less, a valley void volume (Vvv) of 0.02 pm3 / pm2 or less, a standard deviation of the valley void volume of 0.005 pm3 / pm2 or less, an arithmetic mean maximum curvature (Spc) of 150 1 / millimeter or less, and / or a standard deviation of the arithmetic mean maximum curvature of 30 1 / millimeter or less. In this way, a cutting tool that has an improved surface topography can have high surface uniformity, high surface smoothness, and an absence of jagged edges along its cutting wedge. eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi EXAMPLE 1: For experimental testing and comparison of cutting instruments, twenty standard No. 15 Bard-Parker scalpel blades, two of which are shown in FIG. 8A and 8B, were measured using an Olympus OLS5000 3D laser scanning confocal microscope. Three measurement areas, each 129 µm by 129 µm in size, were scanned on both sides of the No. 15 Bard-Parker scalpel blade at three different positions 1, 2, and 3 (FIG. 13A to 14B) along the blade. The blades shown in FIG. 8A and 8B are standard blades with unenhanced topography. The results showed that an average arithmetic mean height (Sa) of 310 nm with a standard deviation of 171 nm was measured at these three positions 1, 2, and 3 on each side of the Bard-Parker scalpel. An average maximum height (S=) of 2.862 pm was measured with a standard deviation of 2.053 pm; an average valley empty volume (Vv^) of 0.055 pm3 / pm2 was measured with a standard deviation of 0.037 pm? / pm2; and a mean arithmetic maximum curvature (Spc) of 233.3 mm-1 was measured with a standard deviation of 416.4 mm-1. Conversely, twenty scalpels with improved topography, shown in FIG. 9A and 9B, were also measured using the 3D laser scanning confocal microscope after processing using the techniques described in this document. Three measurement areas, each 129 pm by 129 pm, were scanned at similar respective positions 1, 2, and 3 (FIG. 14A and eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi 14B) along the scalpel, which had an improved topography. The arithmetic mean height along these three positions was 91 nm or less in each of the measured samples and had an average arithmetic mean height (Sa) of 32 nm with a standard deviation of 15 nm. These results show an 86% improvement in surface roughness and an 83% improvement in the standard deviation. The largest maximum height (Sz) measured at these three positions per side was 1.401 pm or less in each of the measured samples, and had an average maximum height of 0.451 pm with a standard deviation of 0.22 pm, demonstrating an 82% improvement in surface roughness and a 91% improvement in the standard deviation. The valley void volume (Vvv) in these three positions per side was 0.011 pm3 / pm2 or less in each of the measured samples, and had a mean valley void volume (Vvv) of 0.004 pm3 / pm2 with a standard deviation of 0.002 pm3 / pm2, demonstrating an 89% improvement in surface roughness and an 88% improvement in standard deviation. The maximum mean curvature (Spc) at these three locations per side was 84.3 mm⁻¹ or less in each of the measured samples, and had a mean maximum curvature of 36.5 mm⁻¹ with a standard deviation of 16.4 mm⁻¹, demonstrating an 84% improvement in roughness and a 96% improvement in standard deviation. As such, the reduced surface roughness of the cutting faces 104 and 105, which have an edge profile, and the reduced variability within faces 104 and 105. Example 2 Figure 10 is a graphical representation comparing the performance of a scalpel with an improved surface topography (Curve 1001) with a standard cutting blade (Curve 1002) when an incision was made in Duroc pig tissue, which is known to be a model for human wound healing. Curve 1002 shows the distribution of ten scar widths 60 days post-incision when using a standard scalpel with an average Sa value of 310 nm, an average Sz of 2862 pm, an average Vvv of 0.055 pm3 / pm2, and an average Src of 233.3 mm-1. Curve 1001 represents a similar data set using a scalpel that has an improved surface topography with an average arithmetic mean height Sa of 32 nm, an average S=0.451 pm, an average Vvv of 0.004 pm3 / pm2, and an average Spa of 36.5 mm-1. The width of the distribution curves is a direct measure of scar-to-scar variation.In surgical settings, it is desirable that the incisions and scars generated by such incisions be more repeatable and consistent. Therefore, both the patient and the surgeon will benefit from greater incision consistency and repeatability when using a scalpel with an improved surface topography that exhibits lower Sa, S=, V¥¥, and Spc. Both Curve 1001 and eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi. Curve 1002 uses the same axis as 1003 and 1004. In various modalities, axis 1003 may be referred to as the Y-axis and axis 1004 as the X-axis. In some modalities, the X-axis may comprise a series of occurrences, and / or the Y-axis may comprise a scar width in pm. Example 3: Figure 11A shows a graphical representation comparing the performance of the blade body of the surgical cutting instrument described with the enhanced surface topography (1102) to a standard cutting blade (1101) when an incision was made through a saphenous nerve in a guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). The measurement for both blades 1101 and 1102 uses the same axes 1103 and 1104. In various modalities, axis 1103 may be referred to as the Y-axis and axis 1104 as the X-axis. In some modalities, the Y-axis may comprise a percentage of nerve regeneration based on a percentage of the electrical impulse transmitted prior to the incision, and / or the X-axis may comprise the specific blade used. As can be seen in Figure 11A, nerves cut with blade 1102 show improved healing and transmit more electrical impulses than nerves cut with blade 1101. Figures 11B to 11D are stained nerve images illustrating nerve axon regeneration. The dark shaded areas eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi in Figure 11B show a normal, uncut nerve axon. Figure 11C shows a nerve cut with a scalpel blade having an enhanced surface topography, while Figure 11D shows a nerve cut with a standard scalpel blade. Due to the dye applied to the slide, which binds to the neurofilaments, the darker shaded areas of a nerve represent better nerve axon regeneration. As can be seen in Figures 11C and 11D, nerves cut with a scalpel blade having an enhanced surface topography regenerate more efficiently, as indicated by their darker color. Thus, any operation performed with a scalpel blade having an enhanced surface topography may result in less postoperative nerve damage.After surgery, the degree of functional recovery depends on rapid nerve regeneration to prevent irreversible muscle denervation. Nerves severed with a scalpel having an enhanced surface topography exhibited 25% recovery at five weeks, while a nerve cut with a standard scalpel showed only 9% recovery. At 12 weeks, nerves severed with a scalpel having an enhanced surface topography showed 92% postoperative recovery, while the standard scalpel showed less recovery. In the same study using guinea pig axons, advanced nerve impulse detection technology was used to collect electrical impulse data from nerves severed with a scalpel having an enhanced surface topography and a standard scalpel.The postoperative goal is for these nerves to recover to a minimum of 20% electrical conduction between 5 and 8 weeks after the operation. As depicted in FIG. 11A, nerves cut with a scalpel having an improved surface topography show a 25% recovery at five weeks compared to a nerve cut with a standard scalpel showing less than a 10% recovery. Example 4: Figure 12 illustrates an example of histological studies performed using bilateral, approximately parallel incisions, showing more favorable postoperative wound healing when using a scalpel with an enhanced surface topography 1202 compared to a standard scalpel 1201. These studies show wound closure rates for a scalpel with an enhanced surface topography incision of over 90% after only 24 hours, while a standard scalpel showed only 10% during the same period. The improved healing time results from minimizing surgically induced tissue trauma and subsequent swelling, which is a consequence of standard scalpels having high surface roughness properties.A scalpel that has an improved surface topography, on the other hand, causes less trauma to the tissue, resulting in faster healing times and supporting a lower risk of infection at the surgical site. Example 5: In another study entitled “Effect of an ultra-polished scalpel on incisional wounds in a diabetic rat model,” the impact of using a scalpel with an improved surface topography was compared to that of a standard scalpel in subjects with compromised wound healing. As can be seen in Figure 15, scar areas were significantly smaller with a scalpel that had an improved surface topography in group 1501 (11,366 pm² ± 1,614 pm²) than with the conventional scalpel (CS or standard scalpel) in group 1502 (17,189 pm² ± 3,583 pm²), p = 0.028. The group using the scalpel with an improved surface topography showed less inflammation on day 3 and significantly lower TGF-β formation (days 3 and 7), and less collagen synthesis on day 7 than the CS group. The level of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) was also lower in the UPS group.This supports the conclusion that a scalpel with improved surface topography can achieve better healing and create less scarring. The measurement for both scalpel groups 1501 and 1502 uses the same axis 1503 and 1504. In various modalities, axis 1503 may be referred to as the Y-axis and axis 1504 as the X-axis. In some modalities, an X-axis may comprise the specific blade used and / or a Y-axis may comprise a scar area measured in pm². As can be seen in FIG. 15, incisions made with the scalpel from group 1501 produce smaller scars compared to those made with the scalpel from group 1502. Several methods can be employed to achieve uniformity in a cutting tool with improved surface topography. For example, a cutting tool with improved surface topography can be created by cutting at least a single crystal, or by coating, rotating, or depositing materials via physical or chemical vapor deposition onto a blade body, including a cutting wedge. Other possible manufacturing methods include grinding a cutting wedge through electromechanical or chemimechanical processes, 3D printing, hot or cold working of a metal on an unground edge, and similar processes familiar to advanced metalworking. In several cases, the techniques for creating a cutting tool with improved surface topography can be applied only to a portion of a cutting wedge.For example, the techniques described herein can be applied only to the cutting face or a portion of the cutting face. In some modalities, the techniques described herein can be applied to a more commonly used portion of a blade body. For example, some surgeons use only the first quarter of the blade, measured from the tip of the blade along the leading edge. In these modalities, production costs can be saved by producing an improved surface topography only in these high-use areas of a cutting instrument. In various modalities, the techniques described herein can extend or increase the size of the cutting face upward on one or more opposite sides of a blade body toward the spine. As previously stated, one such method used to produce the described cutting tool is chemimechanical polishing (CMP), also known as planarization. The process can begin by bringing the cutting face into contact with a polishing pad and a chemimechanical polishing compound. The polishing pad can be any suitable polishing pad, many of which are common in the industry. The polishing pad can have any suitable configuration. For example, the polishing pad can be circular and, when in use, rotate around an axis perpendicular to a plane defined by a surface of the pad. In other embodiments, a polishing pad can be an endless belt, cylindrical, conical, or any other suitable shape.In various embodiments, a polishing pad may have a reciprocating or orbital motion along a plane or semicircle. Many other variations will be readily apparent to someone skilled in the art. In some embodiments, a chemimechanical polishing composition may comprise particles of a liquid, gel, or gel-like vehicle and an abrasive compound. In these embodiments, the abrasive may be suspended in the vehicle. Generally speaking, the abrasive may be any suitable abrasive material. Many types of abrasives will be readily apparent to someone skilled in the art. Additional information on pads and / or compositions suitable for chemimechanical polishing can be found in U.S. Patent No. 7,037,175, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The chemi-mechanical polishing process can be controlled to ensure the optimal performance of the described cutting tool. Due to the multitude of types and the complexity of the shapes, each cutting face may have different polishing process requirements. In many cases, a suitable polishing process can be achieved by controlling numerous process variables, such as the angle of the polishing pad interface, the rotation speed at the interface, the pad pressure exerted on the cutting face, and the indexing and dwell times in specific regions of the cutting faces. In several cases, the CMP processes can be applied to a defective and / or rejected cutting tool to produce a cutting tool with an improved surface topography. In various modalities, particular care is required when polishing the cutting face as it passes an intersection of faces (e.g., a leading edge). In some modalities, a polishing device (e.g., a CMP pad, a sharpening stone, fine-grit sandpaper, etc.) cannot extend beyond the leading edge of a blade body to avoid dulling the cutting tool (also known as "rounding" the blade). In many modalities, after polishing a cutting tool, polymeric or diamond-like conformal coatings can be used to optimize the tactile feel of the cutting tool when in use. In other modalities, techniques can be used to prevent the leading edge of a cutting tool from becoming dull and / or rounded.In some embodiments, the pressure applied to a blade through a polishing device can be reduced as the polishing device approaches a leading edge, so that the polishing device does not deform or bend around the leading edge and cause the leading edge to round when the polishing device extends beyond it. In further embodiments, the pressure applied to a blade through a polishing device can remain stable along the entire face when the polishing device has a predetermined hardness, so that the polishing device does not deform or bend around the leading edge and cause the leading edge to round when the polishing device extends beyond it. For example, in these further embodiments, a polishing device that is too hard to bend or deform around a leading edge (e.g.A sharpening stone or a hard CMP pad can be used with more constant, consistent, or greater pressure. With regard to FIG. 13A, it is a side view of a blade body 1302 shown with a cutting face 1304. In many embodiments, the cutting face 1304 may comprise positions 1, 2, and 3 along the blade body 1302 where the surface roughness (Sa) was tested. The blade body 1302 is illustrated to show a leading edge 1306, an optional back 1310, and an optional groove 1312. As regards FIG. 13B, an enlarged view of the blade body 1302 from FIG. 13A is shown. In various configurations, each of the test areas 1, 2, and 3 measures 129 µm by 129 µm. In various configurations described in more detail in Table 1, the surface roughness of the blades (Sa, S=, V-.,-- and Spc) was tested at the respective positions 1, 2, and 3 along their cutting face. With regard to FIG. 14A, it is an opposite side view of the blade body 1302 shown with a cutting face 1305. In many embodiments, the cutting face 1305 may comprise positions 1, 2, and 3 on the blade body 102 whose surface roughness (Sa) was evaluated. As regards FIG. 14B, an enlarged opposite side view of the blade body 1302 of FIG. 14A is shown. In various configurations, each of the test areas 1, 2, and 3 measures 129 μ΄α by 129 μ΄α. In various configurations described in more detail in Table 1, the surface roughness of the blades (Sa, Sa, Vvvy Spc) was tested at the respective positions 1, 2, and 3 along their cutting face. Table 1 provides surface roughness data in terms of Sa, Sz, Vvv, and Spc for a No. 15 scalpel blade body having improved surface topography compared to a prior art cutting instrument (a Bard-Parker No. 15 blade body). The measurements of Sa, Sz, Vw, and Spc were taken along each cutting face 1304 and 1305 at positions 1, 2, and 3, respectively, as shown in Figures 13B and 14B. In various embodiments, each blade body having improved surface topography may have the measurements shown in Table 1 along 1% to 100% of its cutting wedge, where this 1% to 100% of the wedge is referred to as the working part.For example, the improved surface topography can be located at 25%, 50% or 75% or more of one or more cutting faces of the cutting wedge, where this 25%, 50% or 75% or more of one or more cutting faces would be referred to as the cutting wedge. eQarnn / eznz / B / Y Table 1 Instrumento de corte n.° 15 divulgado H H Bardo-Parker #15 N. ° Descrip. [pm] Sa [pm] [pm3 / pm2] Spc H [1 / mm] N.° Descrip. [pm] [pm] Vvv Spc [ / / mm | [pm / pm2 ] 1 1A Fms 1 0.3 4 7 0.037 0.0 0 9' 3 0.7 I I 1 1A Fes 1 1.3 91 0.183 0.02 “1 . 1 1A PoS 0.321 0.021 0.0 0 3 2 7.3 1A PínS 1.377 0.12 2 0.03 4 103.7 3 1A Pos 3 0.237 0.021 0.003 2 3.8 H 1A Pos 3 1.356 0.149 0.022 103.7 4 IB Pos 1 0.239 0.018 0.0 0 2 24.8 4 IB Pos 1 2.618 0.237 0.047 160.7 5 IB Pos 0.355 0.027 0.0 0 4 41.0 IB Pos 2 7 9 6 6 0.453 0.0 93 3 0 8.0 6 IB Pos 3 0.0 0.03 9 0.0 0 6 52.5 1 6 IB Pos 3 4.476 0 . 5' 0 4 0.14 / - j , e 7 PoS 1 0. 9 37 0.0 8 3 0.0 0 8 67.4 P.ss 1 1.14 6 0.144 0.033 2 0.1 8 '¿.K Pos 0.682 0.043 0.0 0 5 63.0 Pos 1.808 0. 158 0.031 8 0.5 9 2 A Pos 3 0.545 0.032 0.004 4 0.0 9 Pos 3 0.8 6 0.127 0.018 37.0 10 2B Pos 1 0.601 0.031 0.0 0 4 51.8· 10 2B Pos 1 3.0 05 0.434 0.0 93 195 . 1 11 2B Pos 0.6 97 0.03 0.0 0 3 4 0.7 111 2B Pos 2 12.814 0.327 0.0 6 3 y , 12 2B P'is 3 0.79 8 0.07 8 0.007 8 2.4 I 112 2B p.ss 3 9). 3 6 4 P · o 0.05 7 8' 8 . 3 13 3A Pos 1 0.556 0.038 0.004 4 3.6 13 3 A Pos 1 1.238 0.245 0.016 150.1 14 3A Pos 0.813 0.091 0.011 74.4 1 112 3 A Pos 2 1.3 92 0.165 0.02 9 17 . 4 15 3A> Pos 3 0.8 03 0.058 0.006 48.9 1 115 3 A Pos 3 1.556 0.219 0.031 22.4 16 3B PO'S 1 1.401 0.0 62 0.0 0 4 6 6.7 1 1 3B Pos 1 2.244 0.254 0.036 165.3 17 3B Pos 0.496 0.0 4 5) 0.004 4 1.11 1 3B P.aS 4.674 0.83 8 0.12 9' 174.1 18 3B Pos 3 0.417 0.025 0.004 27.0 1 18 3B Pos 3 3.614 0.51 0.0 92 1^4.5 19 4 A Pos 1 0.258 0.019 0.003 23.5 1 12 4 A Pos 1 1.132 0. 193 0.016 53.9 20 4 A. Pos. 0.49 0.063 u . U Ó Ο 32.9 1 4 A Pos 2 1.055 0.15 9 ​​0.019 7 . 4 21 4 A Pos 3 0.326 0.027 ¿¡. 0 0 4 2 3.4 1 121 4A Pos 3 2.1.? 0.141 0.019» í- 3 · 0. poparin / rziz / B / yLi poparin / rziz / B / yLi poparin / rziz / B / yLi poparin / rziz / B / yLi 3 3 109 19A Pos 1 0.459 0.033 0.004 2 6.6 1 19A Pos 1 .12 0 . 12 3 0.02 2 6 9 . 9 110 19A Pos 2 0.241 0.021 0.003 2 5.0 11 19A Pos 1.609 0.02 9 111 19A Pos 3 0.32 5 0.034 0.0 0 6 2 4.191 A 1915. 0.144 0.034 112 19B Pos 1 0.486 0.045 0.0 0 5 3 8.1 112 19B Pos 2.744 0.241 0.065 113. 9 113 19B Pos 2 0.056 0.046 35.4 113 19B Pos 5.154 0.45 0.117 3^9.6 114 19B Pos 3 0.5 07 0.03 9 0.0 0 9 2 9.9 114 19B Pos 3 3.112 3.06 3.67 115 2 0A Pos 1 0.277 0.032 0.0 0 4 2 4.0 11 20A Pos 0 . 935 0. 136 0.019 21.5 116 20A Pos 2 0.274 0.026 0.003 23.1 116 20A Pos 1.321 0.121 0.03 13.3 117 20A Pos 0.027 0.036 0 3 26.8 11 20A Pos 3 0.155 0.022 1^4 . 1 118 20B Pos 1 0.5 9 0.02 8 0.004 3 9.7 llt 20B Pos 2.187 0.3 2 6 0.046 14 3.4 119 20B Pos 2 0.6 02 0.03 0.03 41.09. 20B Pos 4.162 0.61 0.0 9 6 274 . 1 120 20B Pos 3 0.612 0.053 0.01 3 8.5 120 20B Pos ,3 U . Or ¿_ 0.13 u. ·. . Ό Quantity 120 120 120 12 0 MH 0 the aunt .a 4 12 0 120 120 12 0 Knife n.° 15 divulgada [ μη] Sa [pm] [pm3 / μιΑ ] Spc MH Cuchilla Bard-Parker [1 / mm] Sz [pm] [ μιτι ] Vvv [pm3 / pm3] Spc [1 / mm] Promedio· 0.451 0.032 0.0 0 4 36.5 Prcmecio . i.· b 0.31 0.055 233.3 o 0.22 0.015 0.0 0 2 16.4 g 2.053 Ú . 17 1 0.037 416.4. Table 2 demonstrates the average and standard deviation of the improved surface topography described by providing a representation of the surface roughness in terms of Sa, Sz, and Vvvy Spc for a No. 15 scalpel blade body having an improved surface topography compared to a first prior art cutting instrument (a No. 15 Bard-Parker blade body or a standard A blade) and compared to a second prior art cutting instrument (a No. 15 Swann-Morton blade body or a standard B blade). Measurements of Sa, Sz, and Vvvy Spc were taken on the cutting face at positions 1, 2, and 3, as shown in Figure 13A and Figure 14A. In several 10 modalities, each blade body having an improved surface topography can have the measurements shown in Table 1 along 1% to 100% of its cutting wedge. eQQpnn / eznz / B / YiAi Table 2 Sz (pm) Sa (pm) Vm ([pm3 / pm2) Spc (1 / mm) Average or σ Average σ Average σ Average σ Blade revealed 0.451 0.22 0.032 0.015 0.004 0.002 36.5 16.4 Standard Blade A 2.862 2.053 0.31 0.171 0.055 0.037 233.3 416.4 Δ to disclosure 2.411 1.833 0.278 0.156 0.051 0.035 196.7 400.0 % reduction 84% 89% 90% 91% 93% 95% 84% 96% Standard Blade B 2.531 2.358 0.233 0.089 0.036 0.017 201.4 2 65.0 Δ to disclosure 2.08 2.138 0.2 0.074 0.032 0.015 164.9 248.7 % Reduction 82% 91% 8 6% 83% 89% 88% 82% 94% It should be understood from the foregoing that, although particular embodiments have been illustrated and described, various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as will be evident to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are within the scope and teachings of this invention as defined in the appended claims. For example, it will be evident to a person skilled in the art that any element of Figures 1 to 15 may be modified and that the above description of some of these embodiments does not necessarily represent a complete description of all possible embodiments. All elements claimed in any particular claim are essential to the embodiment claimed in that particular claim. Accordingly, the substitution of one or more claimed elements constitutes reconstruction, not repair. In addition, benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described with respect to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any element or elements that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced, shall not be construed as critical, required, or essential features or elements of any or all of the claims, unless such benefits, advantages, solutions, or elements are set forth in such claim. Furthermore, the features and limitations described herein are not dedicated to the public under the doctrine of dedication if the features and / or limitations: (1) are not expressly claimed in the claims and (2) are or potentially are equivalent to express features and / or limitations in the claims under the doctrine of equivalents.

Claims

1. A cutting tool, comprising: a blade body having two opposing faces and a cutting wedge comprising: a leading edge; and one or more cutting faces extending from at least one of the two opposing faces and defining at least a portion of the leading edge, wherein one or more cutting faces have a surface roughness comprising at least one of: a measured arithmetic mean height (Sa) of 150 nm or less with a standard deviation of 30 nm or less in a measuring area of ​​129 pm x 129 pm on at least a portion of one or more cutting faces; or a measured void valley volume (Vvv) of 0.02 pm3 / pm2 or less with a standard deviation of 0.005 pm3 / pm2 or less in the measuring area of ​​129 pm x 129 pm on at least a portion of one or more cutting faces.

2. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the surface roughness is formed on one or more cutting faces using a process that removes material.

3. The cutting tool of claim 2, wherein the material removal process comprises a chemimechanical polishing (CMP) process.

4. The cutting tool of claim 2 or 3, eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi wherein the material removal process uses a polishing pad that does not extend from one of the two opposite faces beyond the leading edge.

5. The cutting instrument of any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the portion of one or more cutting faces comprises at least 50% of one or more cutting faces.

6. The cutting instrument of any of claims 1 to 5, wherein one or more cutting faces have a uniform surface that inhibits tissue deposition on one or more cutting faces while the cutting instrument is used to make an incision.

7. The cutting instrument of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the surface roughness of one or more cutting faces inhibits tearing, ripping, and micro-tearing of the tissue when the cutting instrument is used to make an incision.

8. The cutting instrument of any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the cutting instrument comprises a scalpel blade.

9. The cutting tool of any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the cutting tool comprises a cutting tool previously considered defective. eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi 10. A method of manufacturing a cutting tool comprising: a blade body having two opposing faces and a cutting wedge comprising: a leading edge; and one or more cutting faces extending from at least one of the two opposing faces and defining at least a portion of the leading edge, wherein one or more cutting faces have a surface roughness comprising at least one of: a measured arithmetic mean height (Sa) of 150 nm or less with a standard deviation of 30 nm or less in a measuring area of ​​129 pm x 129 pm on at least a portion of one or more cutting faces; or a measured void valley volume (Vvv) of 0.02 pm3 / pm2 or less with a standard deviation of 0.005 pm3 / pm2 or less in the measuring area of ​​129 pm x 129 pm on at least a portion of one or more cutting faces.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the surface roughness is formed on the cut face(s) by a process that removes material.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the material removal process comprises a chemimechanical polishing (CMP) process.

13. The method of claim 11 or 12, wherein the material removal process uses a polishing pad eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi that does not extend from one of the two opposite faces beyond the leading edge.

14. The method of any of claims 10-13, wherein the portion of the cutting face(s) comprises at least 50% of the cutting face(s).

15. The method of any of claims 10 to 14, wherein the cutting face(s) have a surface uniformity that inhibits tissue deposition on the cutting face(s) when the cutting instrument is used to make an incision.

16. The method of any of claims 10 to 15, wherein the surface roughness of the cutting face(s) inhibits tearing, ripping and micro-tearing of the tissue when the cutting instrument is used to make an incision.

17. The method of any of claims 10 to 16, wherein the cutting instrument comprises a scalpel blade.

18. The method of any of claims 10 to 17, wherein the cutting tool comprises a cutting tool previously considered defective.

19. A method for improving the surface topography of a cutting instrument comprises: applying a polishing apparatus to at least one side of a cutting wedge of the cutting instrument; actuating the polishing apparatus on at least one side of the cutting wedge of the cutting instrument using a first pressure; and as the polishing apparatus approaches the leading edge of the cutting wedge of the cutting instrument, actuating the polishing apparatus on at least one side of the cutting wedge of the cutting instrument using a second pressure that is less than the first pressure.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein after at least one of the polishing apparatus is actuated on at least one side of the cutting wedge of the cutting instrument using the first pressure or actuating the polishing apparatus on at least one side of the cutting wedge of the cutting instrument using the second pressure, at least a portion of the cutting wedge of the cutting instrument has at least one of: a measured arithmetic mean height (Sa) of 150 nm or less with a standard deviation of 30 nm or less crossing a measuring area of ​​129 pm x 129 pm; or a measured void volume (V¥¥) of 0.02 pm3 / pm2 or less with a standard deviation of 0.005 pm3 / pm2 or less in the measuring area eQarnn / eznz / B / Yi of 129 pm x 129 pm.

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