Convolutional code design for ambient internet of things devices
The use of a 1/4 rate convolutional encoder with tailored polynomial combinations and constraint lengths addresses the complexity and performance challenges in wireless communication for ambient IoT devices, particularly for energy harvesting devices, by enhancing error correction and reducing complexity.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/092142
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-05-10
- Publication Date
- 2025-11-13
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems for ambient IoT devices face challenges in efficiently encoding and decoding messages while minimizing complexity and power consumption, particularly for energy harvesting devices with limited capabilities.
Implementing a 1/4 rate convolutional encoder with specific polynomial combinations and constraint lengths, such as 7, 6, or 5, along with tail-biting convolutional encoding, to enhance error correction and reduce complexity for energy harvesting devices.
The proposed solution improves the performance of wireless communications for ambient IoT devices by reducing complexity and enhancing error correction capabilities, making it suitable for energy harvesting devices with limited resources.
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Figure CN2024092142_13112025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
CONVOLUTIONAL CODE DESIGN FOR AMBIENT INTERNET OF THINGS DEVICES
[0001] FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY
[0002] The following relates to wireless communications, including convolutional code design for ambient internet of things (A-IoT) devices.BACKGROUND
[0003] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power) . Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM) . A wireless multiple-access communications system may include one or more base stations, each supporting wireless communication for communication devices, which may be known as user equipment (UE) .
[0004] Some network devices, such as a UE, an internet of things (IoT) device, or an ambient IoT (A-IoT) device, may be capable of performing energy harvesting (EH) , meaning that the EH-capable device may harvest energy from the environment (e.g., solar, heat, and radio frequency (RF) radiation) . An A-IoT device may comprise a terminal, such as a radio frequency identification (RFID) device, a tag, an energy harvesting device, a passive device, a backscatter communication device, a passive tag, a semi-passive tag, an active tag, a similar device, or any combination thereof. Some EH-capable devices may harvest energy from RF radiation. For example, some network devices may include dedicated receiver architecture for harvesting energy (e.g., a dedicated antenna and energy harvesting circuitry) . Some EH-capable devices may be configured as passive devices, meaning that the UEs may harvest energy over the air and may perform backscatter based communications. Some EH-capable devices may be configured as semi-passive devices, meaning that the EH-capable device includes a battery and may store harvested energy or amplify backscatter based communications. Some EH-capable devices may be configured as active devices, meaning that the EH-capable devices may initiate communications as well as perform backscatter based communications.
[0005] A network device may employ a convolutional encoder to enable error correction of a signal transmitted by the network device. A convolutional encoder may generate a quantity of parity bits by applying one or more Boolean polynomial functions to a quantity of data bits in a shift register.SUMMARY
[0006] The systems, methods, and devices of this disclosure each have several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for the desirable attributes disclosed herein.
[0007] A method for wireless communications by an energy harvesting device is described. The method may include receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave and transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of seven and associated with a set of four polynomials, where a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 133 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 171 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 165 octal, and a fourth polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set of polynomials, the set of polynomials consisting of 57 octal, 127 octal, 135 octal, 136 octal, 137 octal, 147 octal, 163 octal, and 165 octal.
[0008] An energy harvesting device for wireless communications is described. The energy harvesting device may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the energy harvesting device to receive, from a reader device, a carrier wave and transmit, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of seven and associated with a set of four polynomials, where a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 133 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 171 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 165 octal, and a fourth polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set of polynomials, the set of polynomials consisting of 57 octal, 127 octal, 135 octal, 136 octal, 137 octal, 147 octal, 163 octal, and 165 octal.
[0009] Another energy harvesting device for wireless communications is described. The energy harvesting device may include means for receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave and means for transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of seven and associated with a set of four polynomials, where a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 133 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 171 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 165 octal, and a fourth polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set of polynomials, the set of polynomials consisting of 57 octal, 127 octal, 135 octal, 136 octal, 137 octal, 147 octal, 163 octal, and 165 octal.
[0010] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to receive, from a reader device, a carrier wave and transmit, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of seven and associated with a set of four polynomials, where a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 133 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 171 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 165 octal, and a fourth polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set of polynomials, the set of polynomials consisting of 57 octal, 127 octal, 135 octal, 136 octal, 137 octal, 147 octal, 163 octal, and 165 octal.
[0011] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, an order of the set of four polynomials may be any permutation of the first polynomial, the second polynomial, the third polynomial, and the fourth polynomial.
[0012] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, an order of the set of four polynomials may be based on one or more layer 1 (L1) measurements of the carrier wave.
[0013] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, an order of the set of four polynomials may be based on a bit length of an input for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0014] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, receiving the carrier wave may include operations, features, means, or instructions for harvesting energy from the carrier wave, where the message may be transmitted using the energy harvested from the carrier wave.
[0015] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, transmitting the message may include operations, features, means, or instructions for backscattering the carrier wave received from the reader device.
[0016] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the set of four polynomials may be associated with a valid trellis for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0017] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be associated with tail-biting convolutional encoding such that an initial state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be a same as an ending state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0018] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, an input vector of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be padded with a quantity of bits, each of the quantity of bits having a known bit value.
[0019] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the quantity of bits may be based on a capability of the energy harvesting device, an energy state of the energy harvesting device, or both.
[0020] Some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving, from the reader device, control signaling indicating the quantity of bits.
[0021] Some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for determining the quantity of bits and transmitting, to the reader device, an indication of the quantity of bits.
[0022] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the quantity of bits may be equal to at least the constraint length minus one.
[0023] A method for wireless communications by an energy harvesting device is described. The method may include receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave and transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of six and associated with a set of four polynomials, where each polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set consisting of 41 octal, 43 octal, 45 octal, 47 octal, 51 octal, 53 octal, 55 octal, 57 octal, 61 octal, 63 octal, 65 octal, 67 octal, 71 octal, 73 octal, 75 octal, and 77 octal.
[0024] An energy harvesting device for wireless communications is described. The energy harvesting device may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the energy harvesting device to receive, from a reader device, a carrier wave and transmit, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of six and associated with a set of four polynomials, where each polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set consisting of 41 octal, 43 octal, 45 octal, 47 octal, 51 octal, 53 octal, 55 octal, 57 octal, 61 octal, 63 octal, 65 octal, 67 octal, 71 octal, 73 octal, 75 octal, and 77 octal.
[0025] Another energy harvesting device for wireless communications is described. The energy harvesting device may include means for receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave and means for transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of six and associated with a set of four polynomials, where each polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set consisting of 41 octal, 43 octal, 45 octal, 47 octal, 51 octal, 53 octal, 55 octal, 57 octal, 61 octal, 63 octal, 65 octal, 67 octal, 71 octal, 73 octal, 75 octal, and 77 octal.
[0026] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to receive, from a reader device, a carrier wave and transmit, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of six and associated with a set of four polynomials, where each polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set consisting of 41 octal, 43 octal, 45 octal, 47 octal, 51 octal, 53 octal, 55 octal, 57 octal, 61 octal, 63 octal, 65 octal, 67 octal, 71 octal, 73 octal, 75 octal, and 77 octal.
[0027] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, an order of the set of four polynomials may be any permutation of a first polynomial selected from the set, a second polynomial selected from the set, a third polynomial selected from the set, and a fourth polynomial selected from the set.
[0028] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, an order of the set of four polynomials may be based on one or more L1 measurements of the carrier wave.
[0029] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, an order of the set of four polynomials may be based on a bit length of an input for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0030] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, receiving the carrier wave may include operations, features, means, or instructions for harvesting energy from the carrier wave, where the message may be transmitted using the energy harvested from the carrier wave.
[0031] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, transmitting the message may include operations, features, means, or instructions for backscattering the carrier wave received from the reader device.
[0032] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the set of four polynomials may be associated with a valid trellis for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0033] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be associated with tail-biting convolutional encoding such that an initial state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be a same as an ending state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0034] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, an input vector of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be padded with a quantity of bits, each of the quantity of bits having a known bit value.
[0035] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the quantity of bits may be based on a capability of the energy harvesting device, an energy state of the energy harvesting device, or both.
[0036] Some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving, from the reader device, control signaling indicating the quantity of bits.
[0037] Some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for determining the quantity of bits and transmitting, to the reader device, an indication of the quantity of bits.
[0038] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the quantity of bits may be equal to at least the constraint length minus one.
[0039] A method for wireless communications by an energy harvesting device is described. The method may include receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave and transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of five and associated with a set of four polynomials, where a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 25 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 33 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 37 octal, and a fourth polynomial has a value of either 27 octal or 35 octal.
[0040] An energy harvesting device for wireless communications is described. The energy harvesting device may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the energy harvesting device to receive, from a reader device, a carrier wave and transmit, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of five and associated with a set of four polynomials, where a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 25 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 33 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 37 octal, and a fourth polynomial has a value of either 27 octal or 35 octal.
[0041] Another energy harvesting device for wireless communications is described. The energy harvesting device may include means for receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave and means for transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of five and associated with a set of four polynomials, where a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 25 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 33 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 37 octal, and a fourth polynomial has a value of either 27 octal or 35 octal.
[0042] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to receive, from a reader device, a carrier wave and transmit, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of five and associated with a set of four polynomials, where a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 25 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 33 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 37 octal, and a fourth polynomial has a value of either 27 octal or 35 octal.
[0043] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, an order of the set of four polynomials may be any permutation of the first polynomial, the second polynomial, the third polynomial, and the fourth polynomial.
[0044] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, an order of the set of four polynomials may be based on one or more L1 measurements of the carrier wave.
[0045] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, an order of the set of four polynomials may be based on a bit length of an input for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0046] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, receiving the carrier wave may include operations, features, means, or instructions for harvesting energy from the carrier wave, where the message may be transmitted using the energy harvested from the carrier wave.
[0047] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, transmitting the message may include operations, features, means, or instructions for backscattering the carrier wave received from the reader device.
[0048] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the set of four polynomials may be associated with a valid trellis for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0049] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be associated with tail-biting convolutional encoding such that an initial state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be a same as an ending state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0050] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, an input vector of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be padded with a quantity of bits, each of the quantity of bits having a known bit value.
[0051] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the quantity of bits may be based on a capability of the energy harvesting device, an energy state of the energy harvesting device, or both.
[0052] Some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving, from the reader device, control signaling indicating the quantity of bits.
[0053] Some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for determining the quantity of bits and transmitting, to the reader device, an indication of the quantity of bits.
[0054] In some examples of the method, energy harvesting devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the quantity of bits may be equal to at least the constraint length minus one.
[0055] Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims. Note that the relative dimensions of the following figures may not be drawn to scale.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0056] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports convolutional code design for ambient internet of things (A-IoT) devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0057] FIG. 2 shows an example of a signaling diagram that supports convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0058] FIGs. 3 through 5 show examples of convolutional encoders that support convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0059] FIG. 6 shows an example of a process flow that supports convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0060] FIGs. 7 and 8 show block diagrams of devices that support convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0061] FIG. 9 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0062] FIG. 10 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.
[0063] FIGs. 11 through 15 show flowcharts illustrating methods that support convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0064] In an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) network environment, an energy harvesting device may be a relatively small and cheap device with limited capability. For example, the energy harvesting device may receive a carrier wave from a reader device and may transmit an uplink message to the reader device by either backscattering on the carrier wave or by using energy harvested from the carrier wave. A device may encode a message to enable a receiving device to detect and correct any errors that may occur during transmission. For example, a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may output 4 coded bits for every 1 input data bit, where the 4 coded bits are the result of passing bits from K-1 shift registers (e.g., or K-1 stages of a single shift register) through 4 polynomials, where K is the constraint length of the convolutional encoder. For example, a polynomial of 133 octal (or 1011011 binary) may produce a coded output bit that is the modulo-2 addition of bits corresponding to a current bit and the bits in the second, third, fifth, and sixth shift registers of the convolutional encoder. For a given code rate (e.g., 1 / 4 rate) and constraint length K (e.g., the quantity of shift registers plus 1) , many polynomials are possible, but not all possible polynomials are associated with a valid decoding trellis and some polynomials produce better performance than other polynomials. A relatively large constraint length K (e.g., a larger quantity of shift registers) may improve performance, but may also increase the complexity of the convolutional encoder. Similarly, decreasing the code rate of a convolutional encoder (e.g., from 1 / 3 to 1 / 4) may improve performance at the cost of increased complexity. For a relatively simple device such as an energy harvesting device, a valid combination of code rate, constraint length K, and polynomials that reduces complexity, improves performance, or both may be desired.
[0065] An energy harvesting device may receive a carrier wave from a reader device and transmit a message to the reader device by either backscattering the carrier wave or using energy harvested from the carrier wave. The message may be encoded with a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length and a set of four polynomials, including any permutation of a first polynomial, a second polynomial, a third polynomial, and a fourth polynomial. In some implementations, the constraint length may be 7, the first polynomial may have a value of 133 octal, the second polynomial may have a value of 171 octal, the third polynomial may have a value of 165 octal, and the fourth polynomial may be selected from a closed set of polynomials consisting of 57 octal, 127 octal, 135 octal, 136 octal, 137 octal, 147 octal, 163 octal, and 165 octal. In some implementations, the constraint length may be 6 and each polynomial of the set of four polynomials may be selected from a closed set consisting of 45 octal, 47 octal, 51 octal, 53 octal, 55 octal, 57 octal, 63 octal, 65 octal, 67 octal, 71 octal, 73 octal, 75 octal, and 77 octal. In some implementations, the constraint length may be 5 and the first polynomial may have a value of 25 octal, the second polynomial may have a value of 33 octal, the third polynomial may have a value of 37 octal, and the fourth polynomial may have a value of either 27 octal or 35 octal. In some examples, the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be associated with tail-biting convolutional encoding such that an initial state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be the same as an ending state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder. In some examples, the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be padded with a quantity of bits, where each of the quantity of bits may have a known bit value (e.g., 0) .
[0066] Aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the context of wireless communications systems. Aspects of the disclosure are then described in the context of a signaling diagram, convolutional encoders, and a process flow. Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and flowcharts that relate to 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoding in A-IoT.
[0067] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system 100 that supports convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more devices, such as one or more network devices (e.g., network entities 105) , one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, a New Radio (NR) network, or a network operating in accordance with other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0068] The network entities 105 may be dispersed throughout a geographic area to form the wireless communications system 100 and may include devices in different forms or having different capabilities. In various examples, a network entity 105 may be referred to as a network element, a mobility element, a radio access network (RAN) node, or network equipment, among other nomenclature. In some examples, network entities 105 and UEs 115 may wirelessly communicate via communication link (s) 125 (e.g., a radio frequency (RF) access link) . For example, a network entity 105 may support a coverage area 110 (e.g., a geographic coverage area) over which the UEs 115 and the network entity 105 may establish the communication link (s) 125. The coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographic area over which a network entity 105 and a user equipment (UE) 115 may support the communication of signals according to one or more radio access technologies (RATs) .
[0069] The UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout a coverage area 110 of the wireless communications system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary, or mobile, or both at different times. The UEs 115 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some example UEs 115 are illustrated in FIG. 1. The UEs 115 described herein may be capable of supporting communications with various types of devices in the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., other wireless communication devices, including UEs 115 or network entities 105) , as shown in FIG. 1.
[0070] As described herein, a node of the wireless communications system 100, which may be referred to as a network node, or a wireless node, may be a network entity 105 (e.g., any network entity described herein) , a UE 115 (e.g., any UE described herein) , a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, one or more components, or another suitable processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a node may be a UE 115. As another example, a node may be a network entity 105. As another example, a first node may be configured to communicate with a second node or a third node. In one aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a UE 115. In another aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network entity 105, and the third node may be a network entity 105. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third nodes may be different relative to these examples. Similarly, reference to a UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like may include disclosure of the UE 115, network entity 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like being a node. For example, disclosure that a UE 115 is configured to receive information from a network entity 105 also discloses that a first node is configured to receive information from a second node.
[0071] In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with a core network 130, or with one another, or both. For example, network entities 105 may communicate with the core network 130 via backhaul communication link (s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an S1, N2, N3, or other interface protocol) . In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via backhaul communication link (s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an X2, Xn, or other interface protocol) either directly (e.g., directly between network entities 105) or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 130) . In some examples, network entities 105 may communicate with one another via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., in accordance with a midhaul interface protocol) or a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., in accordance with a fronthaul interface protocol) , or any combination thereof. The backhaul communication link (s) 120, midhaul communication links 162, or fronthaul communication links 168 may be or include one or more wired links (e.g., an electrical link, an optical fiber link) or one or more wireless links (e.g., a radio link, a wireless optical link) , among other examples or various combinations thereof. A UE 115 may communicate with the core network 130 via a communication link 155.
[0072] One or more of the network entities 105 or network equipment described herein may include or may be referred to as a base station 140 (e.g., a base transceiver station, a radio base station, an NR base station, an access point, a radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB or giga-NodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB) , a 5G NB, a next-generation eNB (ng-eNB) , a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or other suitable terminology) . In some examples, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may be implemented in an aggregated (e.g., monolithic, standalone) base station architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within one network entity (e.g., a network entity 105 or a single RAN node, such as a base station 140) .
[0073] In some examples, a network entity 105 may be implemented in a disaggregated architecture (e.g., a disaggregated base station architecture, a disaggregated RAN architecture) , which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among multiple network entities (e.g., network entities 105) , such as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, a network entity 105 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , such as a CU 160, a distributed unit (DU) , such as a DU 165, a radio unit (RU) , such as an RU 170, a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , such as an RIC 175 (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, such as an SMO system 180, or any combination thereof. An RU 170 may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) . One or more components of the network entities 105 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 105 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some examples, one or more of the network entities 105 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU) ) .
[0074] The split of functionality between a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170 is flexible and may support different functionalities depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, RF functions, or any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU 160 and a DU 165 such that the CU 160 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU 165 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some examples, the CU 160 may host upper protocol layer (e.g., layer 3 (L3) , layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) . The CU 160 (e.g., one or more CUs) may be connected to a DU 165 (e.g., one or more DUs) or an RU 170 (e.g., one or more RUs) , or some combination thereof, and the DUs 165, RUs 170, or both may host lower protocol layers, such as layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU 160. Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU 165 and an RU 170 such that the DU 165 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU 170 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU 165 may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or multiple different RUs, such as an RU 170) . In some cases, a functional split between a CU 160 and a DU 165 or between a DU 165 and an RU 170 may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU 160, the DU 165, or the RU 170) . A CU 160 may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU 160 may be connected to a DU 165 via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u) , and a DU 165 may be connected to an RU 170 via a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface) . In some examples, a midhaul communication link 162 or a fronthaul communication link 168 may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities (e.g., one or more of the network entities 105) that are in communication via such communication links.
[0075] In some wireless communications systems (e.g., the wireless communications system 100) , infrastructure and spectral resources for radio access may support wireless backhaul link capabilities to supplement wired backhaul connections, providing an IAB network architecture (e.g., to a core network 130) . In some cases, in an IAB network, one or more of the network entities 105 (e.g., network entities 105 or IAB node (s) 104) may be partially controlled by each other. The IAB node (s) 104 may be referred to as a donor entity or an IAB donor. A DU 165 or an RU 170 may be partially controlled by a CU 160 associated with a network entity 105 or base station 140 (such as a donor network entity or a donor base station) . The one or more donor entities (e.g., IAB donors) may be in communication with one or more additional devices (e.g., IAB node (s) 104) via supported access and backhaul links (e.g., backhaul communication link (s) 120) . IAB node (s) 104 may include an IAB mobile termination (IAB-MT) controlled (e.g., scheduled) by one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) of a coupled IAB donor. An IAB-MT may be equipped with an independent set of antennas for relay of communications with UEs 115 or may share the same antennas (e.g., of an RU 170) of IAB node (s) 104 used for access via the DU 165 of the IAB node (s) 104 (e.g., referred to as virtual IAB-MT (vIAB-MT) ) . In some examples, the IAB node (s) 104 may include one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) that support communication links with additional entities (e.g., IAB node (s) 104, UEs 115) within the relay chain or configuration of the access network (e.g., downstream) . In such cases, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., the IAB node (s) 104 or components of the IAB node (s) 104) may be configured to operate according to the techniques described herein.
[0076] In the case of the techniques described herein applied in the context of a disaggregated RAN architecture, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured to support test as described herein. For example, some operations described as being performed by a UE 115 or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may additionally, or alternatively, be performed by one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., components such as an IAB node, a DU 165, a CU 160, an RU 170, an RIC 175, an SMO system 180) .
[0077] A UE 115 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology, where the “device” may also be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. A UE 115 may also include or may be referred to as a personal electronic device such as a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personal computer. In some examples, a UE 115 may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an IoT device, an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, or a machine type communications (MTC) device, among other examples, which may be implemented in various objects such as appliances, vehicles, or meters, among other examples.
[0078] The UEs 115 described herein may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as UEs 115 that may sometimes operate as relays, as well as the network entities 105 and the network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, among other examples, as shown in FIG. 1.
[0079] The UEs 115 and the network entities 105 may wirelessly communicate with one another via the communication link (s) 125 (e.g., one or more access links) using resources associated with one or more carriers. The term “carrier” may refer to a set of RF spectrum resources having a defined PHY layer structure for supporting the communication link (s) 125. For example, a carrier used for the communication link (s) 125 may include a portion of an RF spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth part (BWP) ) that is operated according to one or more PHY layer channels for a given RAT (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR) . Each PHY layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information) , control signaling that coordinates operation for the carrier, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communications system 100 may support communication with a UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. A UE 115 may be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers according to a carrier aggregation configuration. Carrier aggregation may be used with both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD) component carriers. Communication between a network entity 105 and other devices may refer to communication between the devices and any portion (e.g., entity, sub-entity) of a network entity 105. For example, the terms “transmitting, ” “receiving, ” or “communicating, ” when referring to a network entity 105, may refer to any portion of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, a CU 160, a DU 165, a RU 170) of a RAN communicating with another device (e.g., directly or via one or more other network entities, such as one or more of the network entities 105) .
[0080] In some examples, such as in a carrier aggregation configuration, a carrier may have acquisition signaling or control signaling that coordinates operations for other carriers. A carrier may be associated with a frequency channel (e.g., an evolved universal mobile telecommunication system terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) absolute RF channel number (EARFCN) ) and may be identified according to a channel raster for discovery by the UEs 115. A carrier may be operated in a standalone mode, in which case initial acquisition and connection may be conducted by the UEs 115 via the carrier, or the carrier may be operated in a non-standalone mode, in which case a connection is anchored using a different carrier (e.g., of the same or a different RAT) .
[0081] The communication link (s) 125 of the wireless communications system 100 may include downlink transmissions (e.g., forward link transmissions) from a network entity 105 to a UE 115, uplink transmissions (e.g., return link transmissions) from a UE 115 to a network entity 105, or both, among other configurations of transmissions. Carriers may carry downlink or uplink communications (e.g., in an FDD mode) or may be configured to carry downlink and uplink communications (e.g., in a TDD mode) .
[0082] A carrier may be associated with a particular bandwidth of the RF spectrum and, in some examples, the carrier bandwidth may be referred to as a “system bandwidth” of the carrier or the wireless communications system 100. For example, the carrier bandwidth may be one of a set of bandwidths for carriers of a particular RAT (e.g., 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, or 80 megahertz (MHz) ) . Devices of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., the network entities 105, the UEs 115, or both) may have hardware configurations that support communications using a particular carrier bandwidth or may be configurable to support communications using one of a set of carrier bandwidths. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may include network entities 105 or UEs 115 that support concurrent communications using carriers associated with multiple carrier bandwidths. In some examples, each served UE 115 may be configured for operating using portions (e.g., a sub-band, a BWP) or all of a carrier bandwidth.
[0083] Signal waveforms transmitted via a carrier may be made up of multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM) ) . In a system employing MCM techniques, a resource element may refer to resources of one symbol period (e.g., a duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, in which case the symbol period and subcarrier spacing may be inversely related. The quantity of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of the modulation scheme, or both) , such that a relatively higher quantity of resource elements (e.g., in a transmission duration) and a relatively higher order of a modulation scheme may correspond to a relatively higher rate of communication. A wireless communications resource may refer to a combination of an RF spectrum resource, a time resource, and a spatial resource (e.g., a spatial layer, a beam) , and the use of multiple spatial resources may increase the data rate or data integrity for communications with a UE 115.
[0084] The time intervals for the network entities 105 or the UEs 115 may be expressed in multiples of a basic time unit which may, for example, refer to a sampling period of Ts=1 / (Δfmax·Nf) seconds, for which Δfmax may represent a supported subcarrier spacing, and Nf may represent a supported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) size. Time intervals of a communications resource may be organized according to radio frames each having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms) ) . Each radio frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023) .
[0085] Each frame may include multiple consecutively-numbered subframes or slots, and each subframe or slot may have the same duration. In some examples, a frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) into subframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a quantity of slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable quantity of slots, and the quantity of slots may depend on subcarrier spacing. Each slot may include a quantity of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix prepended to each symbol period) . In some wireless communications systems, such as the wireless communications system 100, a slot may further be divided into multiple mini-slots associated with one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may be associated with one or more (e.g., Nf) sampling periods. The duration of a symbol period may depend on the subcarrier spacing or frequency band of operation.
[0086] A subframe, a slot, a mini-slot, or a symbol may be the smallest scheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wireless communications system 100 and may be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI) . In some examples, the TTI duration (e.g., a quantity of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable. Additionally, or alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system 100 may be dynamically selected (e.g., in bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs) ) .
[0087] Physical channels may be multiplexed for communication using a carrier according to various techniques. A physical control channel and a physical data channel may be multiplexed for signaling via a downlink carrier, for example, using one or more of time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques. A control region (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET) ) for a physical control channel may be defined by a set of symbol periods and may extend across the system bandwidth or a subset of the system bandwidth of the carrier. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) may be configured for a set of the UEs 115. For example, one or more of the UEs 115 may monitor or search control regions for control information according to one or more search space sets, and each search space set may include one or multiple control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a cascaded manner. An aggregation level for a control channel candidate may refer to an amount of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs) ) associated with encoded information for a control information format having a given payload size. Search space sets may include common search space sets configured for sending control information to UEs 115 (e.g., one or more UEs) or may include UE-specific search space sets for sending control information to a UE 115 (e.g., a specific UE) .
[0088] In some examples, a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may be movable and therefore provide communication coverage for a moving coverage area, such as the coverage area 110. In some examples, coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) associated with different technologies may overlap, but the coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) may be supported by the same network entity (e.g., a network entity 105) . In some other examples, overlapping coverage areas, such as a coverage area 110, associated with different technologies may be supported by different network entities (e.g., the network entities 105) . The wireless communications system 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of the network entities 105 support communications for coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) using the same or different RATs.
[0089] Some UEs 115, such as MTC or IoT devices, may be relatively low cost or low complexity devices and may provide for automated communication between machines (e.g., via Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication) . M2M communication or MTC may refer to data communication technologies that allow devices to communicate with one another or a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140) without human intervention. In some examples, M2M communication or MTC may include communications from devices that integrate sensors or meters to measure or capture information and relay such information to a central server or application program that uses the information or presents the information to humans interacting with the application program. Some UEs 115 may be designed to collect information or enable automated behavior of machines or other devices. Examples of applications for MTC devices include smart metering, inventory monitoring, water level monitoring, equipment monitoring, healthcare monitoring, wildlife monitoring, weather and geological event monitoring, fleet management and tracking, remote security sensing, physical access control, and transaction-based business charging.
[0090] The wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable communications or low-latency communications, or various combinations thereof. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) . The UEs 115 may be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communications may include private communication or group communication and may be supported by one or more services such as push-to-talk, video, or data. Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions may include prioritization of services, and such services may be used for public safety or general commercial applications. The terms ultra-reliable, low-latency, and ultra-reliable low-latency may be used interchangeably herein.
[0091] In some examples, a UE 115 may be configured to support communicating directly with other UEs (e.g., one or more of the UEs 115) via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link, such as a D2D communication link 135 (e.g., in accordance with a peer-to-peer (P2P) , D2D, or sidelink protocol) . In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of a group that are performing D2D communications may be within the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) , which may support aspects of such D2D communications being configured by (e.g., scheduled by) the network entity 105. In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of such a group may be outside the coverage area 110 of a network entity 105 or may be otherwise unable to or not configured to receive transmissions from a network entity 105. In some examples, groups of the UEs 115 communicating via D2D communications may support a one-to- many (1: M) system in which each UE 115 transmits to one or more of the UEs 115 in the group. In some examples, a network entity 105 may facilitate the scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In some other examples, D2D communications may be carried out between the UEs 115 without an involvement of a network entity 105.
[0092] The core network 130 may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC) , which may include at least one control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) ) and at least one user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . The control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management for the UEs 115 served by the network entities 105 (e.g., base stations 140) associated with the core network 130. User IP packets may be transferred through the user plane entity, which may provide IP address allocation as well as other functions. The user plane entity may be connected to IP services 150 for one or more network operators. The IP services 150 may include access to the Internet, Intranet (s) , an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , or a Packet-Switched Streaming Service.
[0093] The wireless communications system 100 may operate using one or more frequency bands, which may be in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz) . Generally, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelengths range from approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features, which may be referred to as clusters, but the waves may penetrate structures sufficiently for a macro cell to provide service to the UEs 115 located indoors. Communications using UHF waves may be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than one hundred kilometers) compared to communications using the smaller frequencies and longer waves of the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portion of the spectrum below 300 MHz.
[0094] The wireless communications system 100 may utilize both licensed and unlicensed RF spectrum bands. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may employ License Assisted Access (LAA) , LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) RAT, or NR technology using an unlicensed band such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. While operating using unlicensed RF spectrum bands, devices such as the network entities 105 and the UEs 115 may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some examples, operations using unlicensed bands may be based on a carrier aggregation configuration in conjunction with component carriers operating using a licensed band (e.g., LAA) . Operations using unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2D transmissions, among other examples.
[0095] A network entity 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) or a UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas, which may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, or beamforming. The antennas of a network entity 105 or a UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which may support MIMO operations or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower. In some examples, antennas or antenna arrays associated with a network entity 105 may be located at diverse geographic locations. A network entity 105 may include an antenna array with a set of rows and columns of antenna ports that the network entity 105 may use to support beamforming of communications with a UE 115. Likewise, a UE 115 may include one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally, or alternatively, an antenna panel may support RF beamforming for a signal transmitted via an antenna port.
[0096] Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signal processing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., a network entity 105, a UE 115) to shape or steer an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming may be achieved by combining the signals communicated via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating along particular orientations with respect to an antenna array experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. The adjustment of signals communicated via the antenna elements may include a transmitting device or a receiving device applying amplitude offsets, phase offsets, or both to signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustments associated with each of the antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a particular orientation (e.g., with respect to the antenna array of the transmitting device or receiving device, or with respect to some other orientation) .
[0097] In an ambient A-IoT scenario, an energy harvesting device (e.g., a UE 115, a tag) may be a relatively small and cheap device with limited capability. For example, the energy harvesting device may receive a carrier wave from a reader device (e.g., a UE 115, a network entity 105, or another type of device) and may transmit an uplink message to the reader device by either backscattering on the carrier wave or by using energy harvested from the carrier wave (e.g., via a communication link 125) . A device in the wireless communications system 100 may encode a message to enable a receiving device in the wireless communications system 100 to detect and correct any errors that may occur during transmission. For example, a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may output 4 coded bits for every 1 input data bit, where the 4 coded bits are the result of passing bits from K-1 shift registers (e.g., or K-1 stages of a single shift register) through 4 polynomials, where K is the constraint length of the convolutional encoder. For example, a polynomial of 133 octal (or 1011011 binary) may produce a coded output bit that is the modulo-2 addition of bits corresponding to a current bit and the bits in the second, third, fifth, and sixth shift registers of the convolutional encoder. For a given code rate (e.g., 1 / 4 rate) and constraint length K (e.g., the quantity of shift registers plus 1) , many polynomials are possible, but not all possible polynomials are associated with a valid decoding trellis and some polynomials produce better performance than other polynomials. A relatively large constraint length K (e.g., a larger quantity of shift registers) may improve performance, but may also increase the complexity of the convolutional encoder. Similarly, decreasing the code rate of a convolutional encoder (e.g., from 1 / 3 to 1 / 4) may improve performance at the cost of increased complexity. For a relatively simple device such as an energy harvesting device, a valid combination of code rate, constraint length K, and polynomials that reduces complexity, improves performance, or both may be desired.
[0098] An energy harvesting device may receive a carrier wave from a reader device and transmit a message to the reader device by either backscattering the carrier wave or using energy harvested from the carrier wave (e.g., via a communication link 125) . The message may be encoded with a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length and a set of four polynomials, including any permutation of a first polynomial, a second polynomial, a third polynomial, and a fourth polynomial. In some implementations, the constraint length may be 7, the first polynomial may have a value of 133 octal, the second polynomial may have a value of 171 octal, the third polynomial may have a value of 165 octal, and the fourth polynomial may be selected from a closed set of polynomials consisting of 57 octal, 127 octal, 135 octal, 136 octal, 137 octal, 147 octal, 163 octal, and 165 octal. In some implementations, the constraint length may be 6 and each polynomial of the set of four polynomials may be selected from a closed set consisting of 45 octal, 47 octal, 51 octal, 53 octal, 55 octal, 57 octal, 63 octal, 65 octal, 67 octal, 71 octal, 73 octal, 75 octal, and 77 octal. In some implementations, the constraint length may be 5 and the first polynomial may have a value of 25 octal, the second polynomial may have a value of 33 octal, the third polynomial may have a value of 37 octal, and the fourth polynomial may have a value of either 27 octal or 35 octal. In some examples, the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be associated with tail-biting convolutional encoding such that an initial state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be the same as an ending state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder. In some examples, the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be padded with a quantity of bits, where each of the quantity of bits may have a known bit value (e.g., 0) .
[0099] FIG. 2 shows an example of a signaling diagram 200 that supports convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the signaling diagram 200 may implement aspects of the wireless communications system 100. For example, the signaling diagram 200 includes an energy harvesting device 205 and a reader device 210, which may each be examples of a UE 115 or a network entity 105 as described with reference to FIG. 1. Additionally, or alternatively, the energy harvesting device 205 and the reader device 210 may each be examples of other types of wireless devices, such as an IAB node, an A-IoT device, or another type of transmitter or receiver. Thus, although aspects of the present disclosure are described with reference to an energy harvesting device 205 and a reader device 210, it is understood that the described techniques may be performed by a wireless device different from an energy harvesting device 205 and a reader device 210. As described herein, operations performed by the energy harvesting device 205 and the reader device 210 may be respectively performed by a UE 115, a network entity 105, or another wireless device, and the examples shown should not be construed as limiting. For example, the proposed convolutional codes may be possible for wireless nodes (e.g., a UE 115, a network entity 105, a base station) with batteries (e.g., no energy harvesting) in other systems (e.g., in 6G or 7G) .
[0100] The energy harvesting device 205 may be an A-IoT device and may have energy harvesting capabilities, backscatter communications capabilities, or both. An A-IoT device may be relatively small and cheap compared to other IoT devices, such as an NB-IoT device, an LTE-M device, or an eRedCap device. An A-IoT device may use the same key technologies as passive ultra high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) . In one example, the energy harvesting device 205 may be a first type of A-IoT device with a peak power consumption of about one micro Watt (μW) . The first type of A-IoT device may have energy storage, may have an initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) of up to 10X ppm, and may have neither downlink amplification nor uplink amplification in the device. In this case, an uplink transmission of the energy harvesting device 205 may be backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally (e.g., the carrier wave 215 provided by the reader device 210) . In a second example, the energy harvesting device 205 may be a second type of A-IoT device with a peak power consumption of less than or equal to a few hundred μW. The second type of A-IoT device may have energy storage, may have an SFO of up to 10X ppm, and may have downlink amplification, uplink amplification, or both in the device. In this case, an uplink transmission of the energy harvesting device 205 may be generated internally by the energy harvesting device 205 (e.g., using energy harvested from a carrier wave and stored internally) or be backscattered on a carrier wave provided externally (e.g., the carrier wave 215 provided by the reader device 210) .
[0101] One possible A-IoT energy source is that from radio waves. For example, the reader device 210 may transmit, to the energy harvesting device 205, a carrier wave 215 on a reader-to-device (R2D) link. The carrier wave 215 may be a continuous wave or NR signal associated with an amplitude and frequency. The energy harvesting device 205 may backscatter the carrier wave 215 and transmit a backscattered signal 220 to the reader device 210 on a device-to-reader (D2R) link. Additionally, or alternatively, the energy harvesting device 205 may harvest energy from the carrier wave 215 (e.g., energy associated with the amplitude, frequency, or both of the carrier wave 215) and transmit the backscattered signal 220 using the harvested energy. The energy harvesting device 205 may modulate the backscattered signal 220 to communicate a message to the reader device 210. For example, the energy harvesting device 205 may modulate the amplitude, frequency, phase, or another characteristic of the carrier wave 215 to produce one or more instances of a bit ‘0’ and one or more instances of a bit ‘1. ’
[0102] In some examples, the energy harvesting device 205 may encode the message to be transmitted via the backscattered signal 220 using a convolutional encoder. Convolutional encoding is an error correction method that may allow the reader device 210 to detect and correct any errors that may occur in the transmission of the message. A convolutional encoder may generate one or more parity bits via sliding application of a Boolean polynomial function to one or more data bits in a shift register. A convolutional encoder may be specified by one or more parameters, for example by (n, k, m) , where n is a quantity of output bits, k is a quantity of input bits, and m is a quantity of memory registers or shift registers. A convolutional encoder may also be specified by (r, K) , where r is the code rate and K is the constraint length of the convolutional encoder (e.g., a 1 / 3 rate convolutional encoder with a constraint length K of 7) . The code rate of a convolutional encoder may be defined as k / n, and may measure the efficiency of the convolutional encoder. The constraint length K of a convolutional encoder may be defined as K =k (m-1) , and may represent a quantity of bits in the encoder memory that affect the generation of the n output bits. The quantity of registers of the convolutional encoder may be equal to K-1.
[0103] A convolutional encoder may produce one or more output bits by modulo-2 addition of various bits in the registers. Each output bit is associated with a respective generator polynomial that determines the selection of which bits may be added to produce that output bit. A polynomial may be described by a binary number (e.g., 1011011) or the equivalent octal number (e.g., 133) , where the first bit in the binary number is a 1 and each following bit in the binary number represents one of the registers in the convolutional encoder. For example, the polynomial 133 octal (e.g., 1011011) produces an output bit via modulo-2 addition of bits corresponding to a current bit and bits in the second, third, fifth, and sixth registers of a 6-register convolutional encoder (e.g., constraint length K of 7) . The present disclosure may use the octal format to describe polynomials for convolutional encoders.
[0104] A network device (e.g., a UE 115) may use a 1 / 3 convolutional encoder with a constraint length K of 7 may use three polynomials (e.g., one polynomial for each output bit) and six registers. For example, the 1 / 3 convolutional encoder may use the polynomials [133, 177, 165] octal (e.g., a first polynomial with a value of 133 octal, a second polynomial with a value of 177, and a third polynomial with a value of 165 octal) . The structure of several example convolutional encoders is illustrated and described in more detail with respect to FIGs. 3 through 5.
[0105] There may be a tradeoff between constraint length K (e.g., complexity) of a convolutional encoder and the performance of the convolutional encoder. For example, in some cases a 1 / 2 rate convolutional code with a constraint length K of 9 may be used for UEs. A 1 / 3 rate convolutional code with a constraint length K of 7, however, may have a lower complexity and improved performance under a same energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (Eb / N0) compared with the 1 / 2 rate convolutional code. Reducing the constraint length (e.g., from 9 to 7) may have reduced the complexity of the convolutional encoder, while lowering the convolutional code rate (e.g., from 1 / 2 to 1 / 3) may have enhanced performance. The energy harvesting device 205 (e.g., an A-IoT device) may have a lower complexity and less robust communication links than a typical UE. Thus, a lower rate convolutional encoder that can achieve similar or improved performance compared to a higher rate convolutional encoder with smaller constraint lengths may be desired.
[0106] In some implementations, the energy harvesting device 205 may use a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with a constraint length K of 7, 6, or 5 for D2R forward error correction (FEC) . The 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may use a smaller constraint length K with a lower complexity compared to a 1 / 3 convolutional encoder, may improve performance under the same constraint length K (e.g., complexity) compared to a 1 / 3 convolutional encoder, or both. The 1 / 4 code rate may also have benefits in rate matching as A-IoT may use code rates corresponding to 1 over an even number to combine with line coding.
[0107] For any convolutional encoder associated with a code rate and a constraint length (e.g., the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with a constraint length of 7) , many sub polynomials may be possible (e.g., any combination of the 6 registers and the current bit multiplied by either binary ‘0’ or binary ‘1’ and added together) , and many permutations for a given set of four polynomials may be possible (e.g., 24 permutations may be possible for K=7) . However, some combinations and permutations of polynomials may produce better performance than other combinations and permutations of polynomials. To search for valid polynomials for a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with a constraint length of 7, each possible combination and permutation of a set of four polynomials may be input into a generator. The generator may calculate (e.g., generate) a trellis for each combination and permutation of a set of four polynomials and an algorithm (e.g., a Viterbi algorithm) may determine whether each combination and permutation of a set of four polynomials is valid (e.g., can be decoded by a decoder at the reader device 210) . Additionally, or alternatively, a performance (e.g., a block error rate (BLER) ) may be calculated (e.g., simulated) for each combination and permutation of a set of four polynomials at an Eb / N0 value.
[0108] For example, for a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with a constraint length K=7, a set of four polynomials may be searched where the first three polynomials of the set of four polynomials may be the same as the three polynomials of a 1 / 3 rate convolutional encoder and the fourth polynomial of the set of four polynomials may result in a valid trellis. That is, the first polynomial of the set of four polynomials may have a value of 133 octal, the second polynomial of the set of four polynomials may have a value of 171 octal, the third polynomial of the set of four polynomials may have a value of 165 octal, and the fourth polynomial of the set of four polynomials may have a value selected from a set of polynomials that result in a valid trellis. The set of polynomials may be a closed set including (e.g., consist of) [57, 127, 135, 136, 137, 147, 163, 165] octal. Any permutation of the first polynomial, the second polynomial, the third polynomial, and the fourth polynomial may be considered. For example, the set of four polynomials for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with a constraint length of 7 may be [133, 171, 165, 135] octal, as illustrated by FIG. 3. Among all permutations of the set of four polynomials, some may exceed the performance of the 1 / 3 rate convolutional encoder (e.g., a reduced BLER at an Eb / N0 value of 2.5 decibels (dB) ) . Among all of the valid sets of four polynomials of this structure, the set of four polynomials which contain the structure [133, 171, 165, x] octal (where the fourth polynomial x is selected from the set of polynomials described herein) may be preferred.
[0109] In another example, for a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with a constraint length K=6, a set of four polynomials may be searched where each polynomial of the set of four polynomials (e.g., a first polynomial, a second polynomial, a third polynomial, and a fourth polynomial) may have a value selected from a set of polynomials that result in a valid trellis. The set of polynomials may be a closed set and may include (e.g., consist of) [41, 43, 45, 47, 51, 53, 55, 57, 61, 63, 65, 67, 71, 73, 75, 77] octal. Any permutation of the first polynomial, the second polynomial, the third polynomial, and the fourth polynomial may be considered. For example, the set of four polynomials for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with a constraint length of 6 may be [77, 73, 55, 45] octal, as illustrated by FIG. 4. Among all permutations of the set of four polynomials, some may exceed the performance of the 1 / 3 rate convolutional encoder with a constraint length of 7 (e.g., a reduced BLER at an Eb / N0 value of 2.5 dB) . The 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with a constraint length of 6 is less complex than the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with a constraint length of 7 (e.g., one fewer register) .
[0110] In another example, for a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with a constraint length K=5 a set of four polynomials may be searched where the set of four polynomials may result in a valid trellis. That is, all valid polynomials in all combinations and permutations for choosing four polynomials with K=5 may be checked for a valid trellis. As a result, the set of four polynomials for K=5 may include the first polynomial of the set of four polynomials having a value of 25 octal, the second polynomial of the set of four polynomials having a value of 33 octal, the third polynomial of the set of four polynomials having a value of 37 octal, and the fourth polynomial of the set of four polynomials having a value of either 27 octal or 35 octal. That is, the valid set of four polynomials for a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with K=5 may include any permutation (e.g., any order) of [25, 27, 33, 37] octal and [25, 33, 35, 37] octal. For example, the set of four polynomials for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with a constraint length of 5 may be [37, 33, 27, 25] octal, as illustrated by FIG. 5. Among all permutations of the set of four polynomials, some may have close (e.g., similar) performance to the 1 / 3 rate convolutional encoder with constraint length 7 (e.g., a similar BLER at an Eb / N0 value of 2.5 dB, such as within one order of magnitude) . While the performance of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with a constraint length of 5 may be less than the performance of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with a constraint length of 6 or 7, the constraint length of 5 may be less complex (e.g., one or two fewer registers) .
[0111] In any of the example 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoders, an order of the set of four polynomials may depend on one or more of a set of multiple factors. For example, the order of the set of four polynomials may depend on one or more layer 1 (L1) measurements of the carrier wave 215, such as a signal strength measurement (e.g., signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) , signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) , reference signal received quality (RSRQ) , reference signal received power (RSRP) , or reference signal strength indicator (RSSI) ) . Additionally, or alternatively, the order of the set of four polynomials may be based on a bit length (e.g., 6 bits) of an input for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0112] In some examples, the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with constraint length of K=7, K=6, or K=5 of the energy harvesting device 205 may be associated with tail-biting convolutional code (TBCC) , or tail-biting convolutional encoding, where the convolutional encoder may first set registers (e.g., K-1 registers) of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder to an ending state with K-1 bits (e.g., before encoding the message for the reader device 210) . For example, the convolutional encoder of the energy harvesting device 205 may calculate, for a given information vector of N bits, an initial state that leads to the same ending state after the block of data in encoded. The first step may be for the convolutional encoder to determine the zero-state response for a given block of data. The convolutional encoder may start in the all-zeros state (e.g., each register contains a bit with the value of ‘0’ ) . The whole block of data may be input and the output bits may be ignored. After N bits, the convolutional encoder may be in a state From this state, the convolutional encoder may calculate the corresponding initial state X0 and initialize the encoder with X0. The second step may include the actual encoding. The convolutional encoder may start with the initial state X0, the data block may be input, and a valid codeword may be output which conforms to the same state boundary condition. Tail-biting convolutional encoding may reduce the length of the code (e.g., because padding such as zero padding may not be needed) , but may increase the complexity of encoding the message at the energy harvesting device 205 and decoding the message at the reader device 210.
[0113] Additionally, or alternatively, an input vector of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be padded (e.g., zero padded) with a quantity of bits, where each of the quantity of bits has a known bit value (e.g., the bit value ‘0’ ) . For example, the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder of the energy harvesting device 205 may set the value in each register to zero by padding of K-1 bits, such that the next encoding initial state is 0. The length of padding (e.g., the quantity of bits) may be known to the reader device 210 for decoding. In some examples, the length of padding may be predefined (e.g., fixed in a standard) . In some examples, the reader device 210 may transmit, and the energy harvesting device 205 may receive, control signaling indicating the length of padding. In some cases, the energy harvesting device 205 may determine the length of padding and transmit, to the reader device 210, an indication of the length of padding. In some cases, the length of padding may depend on a capability of the energy harvesting device 205 (e.g., a complexity, memory size, or buffer size of the energy harvesting device 205) , an energy state of the energy harvesting device 205, or both. Padding (e.g., zero padding) may reduce a complexity of encoding the message at the energy harvesting device 205 and decoding the message at the reader device 210 (e.g., by not using tail-biting convolutional encoding) , but may increase the length of the code and consume more channel resources. For backscattering devices (e.g., when the energy harvesting device 205 is a first type of device that is capable of backscattering and not capable of independent uplink signal transmission) , the reader device 210 may configure a longer external carrier wave for energy harvesting when the input vector is padded compared to when the input vector is not padded to support the longer packet size.
[0114] A performance comparison between convolutional encoder designs may show that a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with K=7 and the set of four polynomials described herein may achieve improved performance (e.g., 0.2 dB coding gain at 1% BLER) with a same complexity compared to the 1 / 3 rate convolutional encoder with constraint length 7. That is, the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with K=7 described herein may replace the 1 / 3 rate convolutional encoder K=7 for improved performance. For K=6, the 1 / 4 convolutional encoder with the set of four polynomials described herein may reduce the complexity with similar performance compared to the 1 / 3 rate convolutional encoder with K=7 (e.g., 0.2 dB decrease at 1%BLER) . That is, the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with K=6 and set of four polynomials described herein may be used for a tradeoff between complexity and performance. For K=5, the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with the set of four polynomials described herein may reduce complexity compared to the 1 / 3 rate convolutional encoder with K=7 (e.g., 0.5 dB decrease in performance at 1%BLER) , and may be used for relatively low complexity cases (e.g., a first type of energy harvesting device 205 that may not be able to independently transmit messages) . Thus, a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may have lower complexity (with K less than 7) , improved performance (with K equal to 7) , or both compared to the 1 / 3 rate LTE convolutional encoder.
[0115] FIG. 3 shows an example structure of a convolutional encoder 300 that supports convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The convolutional encoder 300 may implement or be implemented by one or more aspects of the wireless communications system 100 and the signaling diagram 200 described with reference to FIGs. 1 and 2, respectively. For example, the convolutional encoder 300 may be implemented by an energy harvesting device 205 and a reader device 210, which may each be examples of a UE 115 or a network entity 105 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 and 2 to support 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoding in A-IoT.
[0116] For example, the convolutional encoder 300 may be utilized by an energy harvesting device to encode a message for transmission to a reader device. Each of the registers 305 may initially contain padded bits (e.g., all zeros) or an initial state X0 for tail-biting convolutional encoding. The first bit of the message may enter the register 305-a from the left and each of the initial bits are passed or shifted to the next register to the right (e.g., at a next clock cycle) . The first bit of the message may pass through the registers 305-a, 305-b, 305-c, 305-d, 305-e, and 305-f sequentially. The bits of the message may continue to cycle through each register 305 until each bit of the message has passed through each register 305 of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder and each register may contain a padded bit or the initial state X0 at the end of the message. At each position (e.g., clock cycle) , the bits in each register may be input into one or more modulo-2 adders of a set of four polynomials 310. A 1 / 4 code rate convolutional encoder may use four polynomials 310 to produce four output bits for each input bit (as shown in FIG. 3) , while a 1 / 3 code rate convolutional encoder may use three polynomials 310 to produce three output bits for each input bit.
[0117] The convolutional encoder 300 may be a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with a constraint length K=7. There are K-1=6 registers 305 in the convolutional encoder 300. A first polynomial 310-a may have a value of 133 octal (e.g., 1011011 binary) , and may modulo-2 add the bits corresponding to a current bit and bits from the second register 305-b, the third register 305-c, the fifth register 305-e, and the sixth register 305-f to form a first output bit. A second polynomial 310-b may have a value of 171 octal (e.g., 1111001 binary) , and may modulo-2 add the bits corresponding to a current bit and bits from the first register 305-a, the second register 305-b, the third register 305-c, and the sixth register 305-f to form a second output bit. A third polynomial 310-c may have a value of 165 octal (e.g., 1110101 binary) , and may modulo-2 add the bits corresponding to a current bit and bits from the first register 305-a, the second register 305-b, the fourth register 305-d, and the sixth register 305-f to form a third output bit. A fourth polynomial 310-d may have a value selected from a set of polynomials, where the set of polynomials may consist of (e.g., include) 57 octal, 127 octal, 135 octal, 136 octal, 137 octal, 147 octal, 163 octal, and 165 octal. In the example convolutional encoder 300 shown in FIG. 3, the fourth polynomial 310-d may have a value of 135 octal (e.g., 1011101 binary) , and may modulo-2 add the bits corresponding to a current bit and bits from the second register 305-b, the third register 305-c, the fourth register 305-d, and the sixth register 305-f to form a fourth output bit.
[0118] Based on encoding the message via the convolutional encoder 300, the energy harvesting device may transmit the message by backscattering a carrier wave from the reader device or by using energy harvested from the carrier wave from the reader device, as described in more detail with reference to FIG. 2.
[0119] FIG. 4 shows an example structure of a convolutional encoder 400 that supports convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The convolutional encoder 400 may implement or be implemented by one or more aspects of the wireless communications system 100 and the signaling diagram 200 described with reference to FIGs. 1 and 2, respectively. For example, the convolutional encoder 400 may be implemented by an energy harvesting device 205 and a reader device 210, which may each be examples of a UE 115 or a network entity 105 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 and 2 to support 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoding in A-IoT.
[0120] For example, the convolutional encoder 400 may be utilized by an energy harvesting device to encode a message for transmission to a reader device. Each of the registers 405 may initially contain padded bits (e.g., all zeros) or an initial state X0 for tail-biting convolutional encoding. The first bit of the message may enter the register 405-a from the left and each of the initial bits are passed or shifted to the next register to the right (e.g., at a next clock cycle) . The first bit of the message may pass through the registers 405-a, 405-b, 405-c, 405-d, and 405-e sequentially. The bits of the message may continue to cycle through each register 405 until each bit of the message has passed through each register 405 of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder and each register may contain a padded bit or the initial state X0 at the end of the message. At each position (e.g., clock cycle) , the bits in each register may be input into one or more modulo-2 adders of a set of four polynomials 410. A 1 / 4 code rate convolutional encoder may use four polynomials 410 to produce four output bits for each input bit (as shown in FIG. 4) , while a 1 / 3 code rate convolutional encoder may use three polynomials 410 to produce three output bits for each input bit.
[0121] The convolutional encoder 400 may be a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with a constraint length K=6. There are K-1=5 registers 405 in the convolutional encoder 400. The convolutional encoder 400 may use any permutation of a first polynomial 410-a, a second polynomial 410-b, a third polynomial 410-c, and fourth polynomial 410-d to encode the message for the reader device. Each of the set of four polynomials 410 may be selected from a set consisting of 41 octal, 43 octal, 45 octal, 47 octal, 51 octal, 53 octal, 55 octal, 57 octal, 61 octal, 63 octal, 65 octal, 67 octal, 71 octal, 73 octal, 75 octal, and 77 octal. In the example shown in FIG. 4, the first polynomial 410-a may have a value of 77 octal (e.g., 111111 binary) , and may modulo-2 add the bits corresponding to a current bit and bits from the first register 405-a, the second register 405-b, the third register 405-c, the fourth register 405-d, and the fifth register 405-e to form a first output bit. The second polynomial 410-b may have a value of 73 octal (e.g., 111011 binary) , and may modulo-2 add the bits corresponding to a current bit and bits from the first register 405-a, the second register 405-b, the fourth register 405-d, and the fifth register 405-e to form a second output bit. The third polynomial 410-c may have a value of 55 octal (e.g., 101101 binary) , and may modulo-2 add the bits corresponding to a current bit and bits from the second register 405-b, the third register 405-c, and the fifth register 405-e to form a third output bit. The fourth polynomial 410-d may have a value of 45 octal (e.g., 100101 binary) , and may modulo-2 add the bits corresponding to a current bit and bits from the third register 405-c and the fifth register 405-e to form a fourth output bit.
[0122] Based on encoding the message via the convolutional encoder 400, the energy harvesting device may transmit the message by backscattering a carrier wave from the reader device or by using energy harvested from the carrier wave from the reader device, as described in more detail with reference to FIG. 2.
[0123] FIG. 5 shows an example structure of a convolutional encoder 500 that supports convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The convolutional encoder 500 may implement or be implemented by one or more aspects of the wireless communications system 100 and the signaling diagram 200 described with reference to FIGs. 1 and 2, respectively. For example, the convolutional encoder 500 may be implemented by an energy harvesting device 205 and a reader device 210, which may each be examples of a UE 115 or a network entity 105 as described with reference to FIGs. 1 and 2 to support 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoding in A-IoT.
[0124] For example, the convolutional encoder 500 may be utilized by an energy harvesting device to encode a message for transmission to a reader device. Each of the registers 505 may initially contain padded bits (e.g., all zeros) or an initial state X0 for tail-biting convolutional encoding. The first bit of the message may enter the register 505-a from the left and each of the initial bits are passed or shifted to the next register to the right (e.g., at a next clock cycle) . The first bit of the message may pass through the registers 505-a, 505-b, 505-c, and 505-d sequentially. The bits of the message may continue to cycle through each register 505 until each bit of the message has passed through each register 505 of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder and each register may contain a padded bit or the initial state X0 at the end of the message. At each position (e.g., clock cycle) , the bits in each register may be input into one or more modulo-2 adders of a set of four polynomials 510. A 1 / 4 code rate convolutional encoder may use four polynomials 510 to produce four output bits for each input bit (as shown in FIG. 5) , while a 1 / 3 code rate convolutional encoder may use three polynomials 510 to produce three output bits for each input bit.
[0125] The convolutional encoder 500 may be a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with a constraint length K=5. There are K-1=4 registers 505 in the convolutional encoder 500. A first polynomial 510-a may have a value of 37 octal (e.g., 11111 binary) , and may modulo-2 add the bits corresponding to a current bit and bits from the first register 505-a, the second register 505-b, the third register 505-c, and the fourth register 505-d to form a first output bit. A second polynomial 510-b may have a value of 33 octal (e.g., 11011 binary) , and may modulo-2 add the bits corresponding to a current bit and bits from the first register 505-a, the third register 505-c, and the fourth register 505-d to form a second output bit. A third polynomial 510-c may have a value of 27 octal (e.g., 10111 binary) , and may modulo-2 add the bits corresponding to a current bit and bits from the second register 505-b, the third register 505-c, and the fourth register 505-d to form a third output bit. In some examples of a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder with a constraint length K=5, the second polynomial may have a value of 35 octal (e.g., 11101 binary) . A fourth polynomial 510-d may have a value of 25 octal (e.g., 10101 binary) , and may modulo-2 add the bits corresponding to a current bit and bits from the second register 505-b and the fourth register 505-d to form a fourth output bit.
[0126] Based on encoding the message via the convolutional encoder 500, the energy harvesting device may transmit the message by backscattering a carrier wave from the reader device or by using energy harvested from the carrier wave from the reader device, as described in more detail with reference to FIG. 2.
[0127] FIG. 6 shows an example of a process flow 600 that supports convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples, the process flow 600 may be implemented by, or may implement aspects of, the wireless communications systems 100, the signaling diagram 200, and the convolutional encoders 300, 400, and 500. For example, the process flow 600 includes an energy harvesting device 605 (e.g., an energy harvesting device 205, an A-IoT device, a low complexity device) and a reader device 610 (e.g., a reader device 210, a UE 115, or a network entity 105) , which may be examples of the corresponding devices described with reference to FIGs. 1 and 2. Following the process flow 600, the energy harvesting device 605 may encode a message for transmission (e.g., via backscattering or using energy harvested from a carrier wave from the reader device) to the reader device 610. Alternative examples of the following may be implemented, where some steps are performed in a different order than described or are not performed at all. In some cases, steps may include additional features not mentioned below, or further steps may be added. Although the energy harvesting device 605 and the reader device 610 are shown performing the operations of the process flow 600, some aspects of some operations may also be performed by one or more other wireless devices.
[0128] At 615, the reader device 610 may transmit or output, and the energy harvesting device 605 may receive, a carrier wave. For example, the carrier wave may be a continuous wave from which the energy harvesting device 605 may harvest energy for use in transmitting an encoded message. In some examples, the carrier wave may be backscattered by the energy harvesting device 605 to transmit the encoded message. In some examples, the carrier wave may be a high frequency electromagnetic wave (e.g., a sinusoidal wave associated with an amplitude and a frequency) .
[0129] At 620, the energy harvesting device 605 may harvest energy from the carrier wave received from the reader device 610 at 615. For example, the energy harvesting device 605 may absorb or capture the energy from the carrier wave (e.g., energy associated with the amplitude and frequency of the carrier wave) for use in transmitting an encoded message to the reader device 610.
[0130] At 625, the energy harvesting device 605 may use a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length K and associated with a set of four polynomials to encode a message for transmission to the reader device 610 at 630. The set of four polynomials may be associated with a valid trellis for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder. For example, a message encoded with the set of four polynomials may be successfully decoded by the reader device 610, e.g., via the Viterbi algorithm. The set of four polynomials may include any permutation of a first polynomial, a second polynomial, a third polynomial, and a fourth polynomial. That is, the set of four polynomials may be in an order (e.g., the fourth polynomial, then the first polynomial, then the third polynomial, and then the second polynomial) . In some examples, the order of the set of four polynomials (e.g., the permutation of the first polynomial, the second polynomial, the third polynomial, and the fourth polynomial) may depend on one or more L1 measurements on the carrier wave. For example, a signal strength measurement (e.g., SNR, SINR, RSRQ, RSSI) may determine that the order of the set of four polynomials may be the second polynomial, the fourth polynomial, the first polynomial, and then the fourth polynomial. Additionally, or alternatively, the order of the set of four polynomials may depend (e.g., be based) on a bit length of an input for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder. For example, the order of the set of four polynomials may be the first polynomial, the third polynomial, the fourth polynomial, and the second polynomial based on an input vector for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder having a length that satisfies a length threshold.
[0131] The value of the first polynomial, the value of the second polynomial, the value of the third polynomial, and the value of the fourth polynomial of the set of four polynomials may depend on the constraint length K of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder. In a first example, the constraint length of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be seven and the first polynomial may have a value of 133 octal, the second polynomial may have a value of 171 octal, the third polynomial may have a value of 165 octal, and the fourth polynomial may be selected from a set of polynomials. The set of polynomials may consist of 57 octal, 127 octal, 135 octal, 136 octal, 137 octal, 147 octal, 163 octal, and 165 octal. In a second example, the constraint length of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be six and the set of four polynomials may be selected from a set consisting of 41 octal, 43 octal, 45 octal, 47 octal, 51 octal, 53 octal, 55 octal, 57 octal, 61 octal, 63 octal, 65 octal, 67 octal, 71 octal, 73 octal, 75 octal, and 77 octal. In a third example, the constraint length of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be five and the first polynomial may have a value of 25 octal, the second polynomial may have a value of 33 octal, the third polynomial may have a value of 37 octal, and the fourth polynomial may have a value of either 27 octal or 35 octal. That is, the set of four polynomials may include any permutation of [25, 33, 37, 27] octal or the set of polynomials may include any permutation of [25, 33, 37, 35] octal.
[0132] To enhance decoding performance, the energy harvesting device 605 may adjust or add a quantity of bits to the beginning of the message, the end of the message, or both For example, the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be associated with tail-biting convolutional encoding. That is, an initial state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be the same as an ending state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder. In some examples, an input vector of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may be padded with a quantity of bits, where each of the quantity of bits has a known bit value. For example, the input vector may be zero padded, where each of the quantity of bits has a zero value. The quantity of bits may be determined via one or more of several methods. For example, the quantity of bits may be based at least in part on a capability of the energy harvesting device 605, an energy state of the energy harvesting device 605, or both. That is, the energy harvesting device 605 may have an input vector padded with a relatively large quantity of bits or a relatively small quantity of bits compared to a second energy harvesting device based on a capability of energy state of the energy harvesting device 605. In some examples, the energy harvesting device 605 may receive, from the reader device 610, control signaling indicating the quantity of bits with which the input vector may be padded. In some examples, the energy harvesting device 605 may determine the quantity of bits and transmit an indication of the determined quantity of bits to the reader device 610. In some examples, the quantity of bits may be equal to the constraint length K minus one, or the quantity of bits may be greater than the constraint length K minus one. That is, the minimum quantity of bits with which the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder may pad the input vector may be the constraint length minus one.
[0133] At 630, the energy harvesting device 605 may transmit the encoded message to the reader device 610. In some examples, the message may be transmitted using energy harvested from the carrier wave at 620. Additionally, or alternatively, the energy harvesting device 605 may transmit the message at 630 by backscattering the carrier wave received from the reader device 610 at 615.
[0134] FIG. 7 shows a block diagram 700 of a device 705 that supports convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 705 may be an example of aspects of an energy harvesting device as described herein. The device 705 may include a receiver 710, a transmitter 715, and a communications manager 720. The device 705, or one or more components of the device 705 (e.g., the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, the communications manager 720) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0135] The receiver 710 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoding in A-IoT) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 705. The receiver 710 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0136] The transmitter 715 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 705. For example, the transmitter 715 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoding in A-IoT) . In some examples, the transmitter 715 may be co-located with a receiver 710 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 715 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0137] The communications manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoding in A-IoT as described herein. For example, the communications manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.
[0138] In some examples, the communications manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory) .
[0139] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code) . If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 720, the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure) .
[0140] In some examples, the communications manager 720 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or both. For example, the communications manager 720 may receive information from the receiver 710, send information to the transmitter 715, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0141] The communications manager 720 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 720 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave. The communications manager 720 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of seven and associated with a set of four polynomials, where a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 133 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 171 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 165 octal, and a fourth polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set of polynomials, the set of polynomials consisting of 57 octal, 127 octal, 135 octal, 136 octal, 137 octal, 147 octal, 163 octal, and 165 octal.
[0142] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 720 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 720 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave. The communications manager 720 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of six and associated with a set of four polynomials, where each polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set consisting of 41 octal, 43 octal, 45 octal, 47 octal, 51 octal, 53 octal, 55 octal, 57 octal, 61 octal, 63 octal, 65 octal, 67 octal, 71 octal, 73 octal, 75 octal, and 77 octal.
[0143] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 720 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 720 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave. The communications manager 720 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of five and associated with a set of four polynomials, where a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 25 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 33 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 37 octal, and a fourth polynomial has a value of either 27 octal or 35 octal.
[0144] By including or configuring the communications manager 720 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 705 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 710, the transmitter 715, the communications manager 720, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reduced processing, reduced complexity, reduced power consumption, and more efficient utilization of communication resources.
[0145] FIG. 8 shows a block diagram 800 of a device 805 that supports convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 805 may be an example of aspects of a device 705 or an energy harvesting device 205 as described herein. The device 805 may include a receiver 810, a transmitter 815, and a communications manager 820. The device 805, or one or more components of the device 805 (e.g., the receiver 810, the transmitter 815, the communications manager 820) , may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0146] The receiver 810 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoding in A-IoT) . Information may be passed on to other components of the device 805. The receiver 810 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0147] The transmitter 815 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 805. For example, the transmitter 815 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoding in A-IoT) . In some examples, the transmitter 815 may be co-located with a receiver 810 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 815 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.
[0148] The device 805, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoding in A-IoT as described herein. For example, the communications manager 820 may include a carrier wave component 825 an encoding component 830, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 820 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 720 as described herein. In some examples, the communications manager 820, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 810, the transmitter 815, or both. For example, the communications manager 820 may receive information from the receiver 810, send information to the transmitter 815, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 810, the transmitter 815, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.
[0149] The communications manager 820 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The carrier wave component 825 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave. The encoding component 830 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of seven and associated with a set of four polynomials, where a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 133 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 171 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 165 octal, and a fourth polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set of polynomials, the set of polynomials consisting of 57 octal, 127 octal, 135 octal, 136 octal, 137 octal, 147 octal, 163 octal, and 165 octal.
[0150] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 820 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The carrier wave component 825 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave. The encoding component 830 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of six and associated with a set of four polynomials, where each polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set consisting of 41 octal, 43 octal, 45 octal, 47 octal, 51 octal, 53 octal, 55 octal, 57 octal, 61 octal, 63 octal, 65 octal, 67 octal, 71 octal, 73 octal, 75 octal, and 77 octal.
[0151] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 820 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The carrier wave component 825 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave. The encoding component 830 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of five and associated with a set of four polynomials, where a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 25 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 33 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 37 octal, and a fourth polynomial has a value of either 27 octal or 35 octal.
[0152] FIG. 9 shows a block diagram 900 of a communications manager 920 that supports convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 920 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 720, a communications manager 820, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 920, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoding in A-IoT as described herein. For example, the communications manager 920 may include a carrier wave component 925, an encoding component 930, a padding component 935, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories) , may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses) .
[0153] The communications manager 920 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The carrier wave component 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave. The encoding component 930 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of seven and associated with a set of four polynomials, where a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 133 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 171 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 165 octal, and a fourth polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set of polynomials, the set of polynomials consisting of 57 octal, 127 octal, 135 octal, 136 octal, 137 octal, 147 octal, 163 octal, and 165 octal.
[0154] In some examples, an order of the set of four polynomials is any permutation of the first polynomial, the second polynomial, the third polynomial, and the fourth polynomial.
[0155] In some examples, an order of the set of four polynomials is based on one or more L1 measurements of the carrier wave.
[0156] In some examples, an order of the set of four polynomials is based on a bit length of an input for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0157] In some examples, to support receiving the carrier wave, the carrier wave component 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for harvesting energy from the carrier wave, where the message is transmitted using the energy harvested from the carrier wave.
[0158] In some examples, to support transmitting the message, the carrier wave component 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for backscattering the carrier wave received from the reader device.
[0159] In some examples, the set of four polynomials is associated with a valid trellis for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0160] In some examples, the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is associated with tail-biting convolutional encoding such that an initial state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is a same as an ending state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0161] In some examples, an input vector of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is padded with a quantity of bits, each of the quantity of bits having a known bit value.
[0162] In some examples, the quantity of bits is based on a capability of the energy harvesting device, an energy state of the energy harvesting device, or both.
[0163] In some examples, the padding component 935 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from the reader device, control signaling indicating the quantity of bits.
[0164] In some examples, the padding component 935 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining the quantity of bits. In some examples, the padding component 935 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the reader device, an indication of the quantity of bits.
[0165] In some examples, the quantity of bits is equal to at least the constraint length minus one.
[0166] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 920 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, the carrier wave component 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave. In some examples, the encoding component 930 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of six and associated with a set of four polynomials, where each polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set consisting of 41 octal, 43 octal, 45 octal, 47 octal, 51 octal, 53 octal, 55 octal, 57 octal, 61 octal, 63 octal, 65 octal, 67 octal, 71 octal, 73 octal, 75 octal, and 77 octal.
[0167] In some examples, an order of the set of four polynomials is any permutation of a first polynomial selected from the set, a second polynomial selected from the set, a third polynomial selected from the set, and a fourth polynomial selected from the set.
[0168] In some examples, an order of the set of four polynomials is based on one or more L1 measurements of the carrier wave.
[0169] In some examples, an order of the set of four polynomials is based on a bit length of an input for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0170] In some examples, to support receiving the carrier wave, the carrier wave component 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for harvesting energy from the carrier wave, where the message is transmitted using the energy harvested from the carrier wave.
[0171] In some examples, to support transmitting the message, the carrier wave component 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for backscattering the carrier wave received from the reader device.
[0172] In some examples, the set of four polynomials is associated with a valid trellis for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0173] In some examples, the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is associated with tail-biting convolutional encoding such that an initial state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is a same as an ending state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0174] In some examples, an input vector of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is padded with a quantity of bits, each of the quantity of bits having a known bit value.
[0175] In some examples, the quantity of bits is based on a capability of the energy harvesting device, an energy state of the energy harvesting device, or both.
[0176] In some examples, the padding component 935 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from the reader device, control signaling indicating the quantity of bits.
[0177] In some examples, the padding component 935 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining the quantity of bits. In some examples, the padding component 935 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the reader device, an indication of the quantity of bits.
[0178] In some examples, the quantity of bits is equal to at least the constraint length minus one.
[0179] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 920 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, the carrier wave component 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave. In some examples, the encoding component 930 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of five and associated with a set of four polynomials, where a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 25 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 33 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 37 octal, and a fourth polynomial has a value of either 27 octal or 35 octal.
[0180] In some examples, an order of the set of four polynomials is any permutation of the first polynomial, the second polynomial, the third polynomial, and the fourth polynomial.
[0181] In some examples, an order of the set of four polynomials is based on one or more L1 measurements of the carrier wave.
[0182] In some examples, an order of the set of four polynomials is based on a bit length of an input for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0183] In some examples, to support receiving the carrier wave, the carrier wave component 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for harvesting energy from the carrier wave, where the message is transmitted using the energy harvested from the carrier wave.
[0184] In some examples, to support transmitting the message, the carrier wave component 925 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for backscattering the carrier wave received from the reader device.
[0185] In some examples, the set of four polynomials is associated with a valid trellis for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0186] In some examples, the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is associated with tail-biting convolutional encoding such that an initial state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is a same as an ending state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0187] In some examples, an input vector of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is padded with a quantity of bits, each of the quantity of bits having a known bit value.
[0188] In some examples, the quantity of bits is based on a capability of the energy harvesting device, an energy state of the energy harvesting device, or both.
[0189] In some examples, the padding component 935 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from the reader device, control signaling indicating the quantity of bits.
[0190] In some examples, the padding component 935 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for determining the quantity of bits. In some examples, the padding component 935 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the reader device, an indication of the quantity of bits.
[0191] In some examples, the quantity of bits is equal to at least the constraint length minus one.
[0192] FIG. 10 shows a diagram of a system 1000 including a device 1005 that supports convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1005 may be an example of or include components of a device 705, a device 805, or an energy harvesting device as described herein. The device 1005 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 1020, an I / O controller, such as an I / O controller 1010, a transceiver 1015, one or more antennas 1025, at least one memory 1030, code 1035, and at least one processor 1040. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 1045) .
[0193] The I / O controller 1010 may manage input and output signals for the device 1005. The I / O controller 1010 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 1005. In some cases, the I / O controller 1010 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some cases, the I / O controller 1010 may utilize an operating system such as or another known operating system. Additionally, or alternatively, the I / O controller 1010 may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 1010 may be implemented as part of one or more processors, such as the at least one processor 1040. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 1005 via the I / O controller 1010 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 1010.
[0194] In some cases, the device 1005 may include a single antenna. However, in some other cases, the device 1005 may have more than one antenna, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 1015 may communicate bi-directionally via the one or more antennas 1025 using wired or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 1015 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1015 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 1025 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 1025. The transceiver 1015, or the transceiver 1015 and one or more antennas 1025, may be an example of a transmitter 715, a transmitter 815, a receiver 710, a receiver 810, or any combination thereof or component thereof, as described herein.
[0195] The at least one memory 1030 may include RAM and ROM. The at least one memory 1030 may store computer-readable, computer-executable, or processor-executable code, such as the code 1035. The code 1035 may include instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor 1040, cause the device 1005 to perform various functions described herein. The code 1035 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 1035 may not be directly executable by the at least one processor 1040 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 1030 may include, among other things, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
[0196] The at least one processor 1040 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more CPUs, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs) , one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs) ) , one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof) . In some cases, the at least one processor 1040 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into the at least one processor 1040. The at least one processor 1040 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the at least one memory 1030) to cause the device 1005 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoding in A-IoT) . For example, the device 1005 or a component of the device 1005 may include at least one processor 1040 and at least one memory 1030 coupled with or to the at least one processor 1040, the at least one processor 1040 and the at least one memory 1030 configured to perform various functions described herein.
[0197] In some examples, the at least one processor 1040 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1030 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the at least one processor 1040 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 1040) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 1030) ) , or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 1040 or a processing system including the at least one processor 1040 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 1005 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to, ” being “configurable to, ” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code 1035 (e.g., processor-executable code) stored in the at least one memory 1030 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.
[0198] The communications manager 1020 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave. The communications manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of seven and associated with a set of four polynomials, where a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 133 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 171 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 165 octal, and a fourth polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set of polynomials, the set of polynomials consisting of 57 octal, 127 octal, 135 octal, 136 octal, 137 octal, 147 octal, 163 octal, and 165 octal.
[0199] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 1020 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave. The communications manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of six and associated with a set of four polynomials, where each polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set consisting of 41 octal, 43 octal, 45 octal, 47 octal, 51 octal, 53 octal, 55 octal, 57 octal, 61 octal, 63 octal, 65 octal, 67 octal, 71 octal, 73 octal, 75 octal, and 77 octal.
[0200] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 1020 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave. The communications manager 1020 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of five and associated with a set of four polynomials, where a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 25 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 33 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 37 octal, and a fourth polynomial has a value of either 27 octal or 35 octal.
[0201] By including or configuring the communications manager 1020 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1005 may support techniques for improved user experience related to reduced processing, reduced complexity, reduced power consumption, more efficient utilization of communication resources, and improved utilization of processing capability.
[0202] In some examples, the communications manager 1020 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 1015, the one or more antennas 1025, or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 1020 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1020 may be supported by or performed by the at least one processor 1040, the at least one memory 1030, the code 1035, or any combination thereof. For example, the code 1035 may include instructions executable by the at least one processor 1040 to cause the device 1005 to perform various aspects of 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoding in A-IoT as described herein, or the at least one processor 1040 and the at least one memory 1030 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.
[0203] FIG. 11 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1100 that supports convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1100 may be implemented by an energy harvesting device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1100 may be performed by an energy harvesting device as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 10. In some examples, an energy harvesting device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the energy harvesting device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the energy harvesting device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0204] At 1105, the method may include receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave. The operations of 1105 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1105 may be performed by a carrier wave component 925 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0205] At 1110, the method may include transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of seven and associated with a set of four polynomials, where a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 133 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 171 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 165 octal, and a fourth polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set of polynomials, the set of polynomials consisting of 57 octal, 127 octal, 135 octal, 136 octal, 137 octal, 147 octal, 163 octal, and 165 octal. The operations of 1110 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1110 may be performed by an encoding component 930 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0206] FIG. 12 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1200 that supports convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1200 may be implemented by an energy harvesting device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1200 may be performed by an energy harvesting device as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 10. In some examples, an energy harvesting device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the energy harvesting device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the energy harvesting device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0207] At 1205, the method may include receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave. The operations of 1205 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1205 may be performed by a carrier wave component 925 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0208] At 1210, the method may include harvesting energy from the carrier wave, where the message is transmitted using the energy harvested from the carrier wave. The operations of 1210 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1210 may be performed by a carrier wave component 925 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0209] At 1215, the method may include transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of seven and associated with a set of four polynomials, where a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 133 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 171 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 165 octal, and a fourth polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set of polynomials, the set of polynomials consisting of 57 octal, 127 octal, 135 octal, 136 octal, 137 octal, 147 octal, 163 octal, and 165 octal. The operations of 1215 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1215 may be performed by an encoding component 930 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0210] FIG. 13 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1300 that supports convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1300 may be implemented by an energy harvesting device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1300 may be performed by an energy harvesting device as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 10. In some examples, an energy harvesting device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the energy harvesting device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the energy harvesting device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0211] At 1305, the method may include receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave. The operations of 1305 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1305 may be performed by a carrier wave component 925 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0212] At 1310, the method may include transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of seven and associated with a set of four polynomials, where a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 133 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 171 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 165 octal, and a fourth polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set of polynomials, the set of polynomials consisting of 57 octal, 127 octal, 135 octal, 136 octal, 137 octal, 147 octal, 163 octal, and 165 octal. The operations of 1310 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1310 may be performed by an encoding component 930 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0213] At 1315, the method may include backscattering the carrier wave received from the reader device. The operations of 1315 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1315 may be performed by a carrier wave component 925 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0214] FIG. 14 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1400 that supports convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1400 may be implemented by an energy harvesting device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1400 may be performed by an energy harvesting device as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 10. In some examples, an energy harvesting device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the energy harvesting device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the energy harvesting device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0215] At 1405, the method may include receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave. The operations of 1405 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1405 may be performed by a carrier wave component 925 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0216] At 1410, the method may include transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of six and associated with a set of four polynomials, where each polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set consisting of 41 octal, 43 octal, 45 octal, 47 octal, 51 octal, 53 octal, 55 octal, 57 octal, 61 octal, 63 octal, 65 octal, 67 octal, 71 octal, 73 octal, 75 octal, and 77 octal. The operations of 1410 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1410 may be performed by an encoding component 930 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0217] FIG. 15 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1500 that supports convolutional code design for A-IoT devices in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1500 may be implemented by an energy harvesting device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1500 may be performed by an energy harvesting device as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 10. In some examples, an energy harvesting device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the energy harvesting device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the energy harvesting device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0218] At 1505, the method may include receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave. The operations of 1505 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1505 may be performed by a carrier wave component 925 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0219] At 1510, the method may include transmitting, to the reader device and based on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of five and associated with a set of four polynomials, where a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 25 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 33 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 37 octal, and a fourth polynomial has a value of either 27 octal or 35 octal. The operations of 1510 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1510 may be performed by an encoding component 930 as described with reference to FIG. 9.
[0220] The following provides an overview of aspects of the present disclosure:
[0221] Aspect 1: A method for wireless communications at an energy harvesting device, comprising: receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave; and transmitting, to the reader device and based at least in part on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of seven and associated with a set of four polynomials, wherein a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 133 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 171 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 165 octal, and a fourth polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set of polynomials, the set of polynomials consisting of 57 octal, 127 octal, 135 octal, 136 octal, 137 octal, 147 octal, 163 octal, and 165 octal.
[0222] Aspect 2: The method of aspect 1, wherein an order of the set of four polynomials is any permutation of the first polynomial, the second polynomial, the third polynomial, and the fourth polynomial.
[0223] Aspect 3: The method of any of aspects 1 through 2, wherein an order of the set of four polynomials is based at least in part on one or more layer 1 (L1) measurements of the carrier wave.
[0224] Aspect 4: The method of any of aspects 1 through 3, wherein an order of the set of four polynomials is based at least in part on a bit length of an input for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0225] Aspect 5: The method of any of aspects 1 through 4, wherein receiving the carrier wave comprises: harvesting energy from the carrier wave, wherein the message is transmitted using the energy harvested from the carrier wave.
[0226] Aspect 6: The method of any of aspects 1 through 5, wherein transmitting the message comprises: backscattering the carrier wave received from the reader device.
[0227] Aspect 7: The method of any of aspects 1 through 6, wherein the set of four polynomials is associated with a valid trellis for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0228] Aspect 8: The method of any of aspects 1 through 7, wherein the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is associated with tail-biting convolutional encoding such that an initial state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is a same as an ending state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0229] Aspect 9: The method of any of aspects 1 through 7, wherein an input vector of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is padded with a quantity of bits, each of the quantity of bits having a known bit value.
[0230] Aspect 10: The method of aspect 9, wherein the quantity of bits is based at least in part on a capability of the energy harvesting device, an energy state of the energy harvesting device, or both.
[0231] Aspect 11: The method of any of aspects 9 through 10, further comprising: receiving, from the reader device, control signaling indicating the quantity of bits.
[0232] Aspect 12: The method of any of aspects 9 through 11, further comprising: determining the quantity of bits; and transmitting, to the reader device, an indication of the quantity of bits.
[0233] Aspect 13: The method of any of aspects 9 through 12, wherein the quantity of bits is equal to at least the constraint length minus one.
[0234] Aspect 14: A method for wireless communications at an energy harvesting device, comprising: receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave; and transmitting, to the reader device and based at least in part on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of six and associated with a set of four polynomials, wherein each polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set consisting of 41 octal, 43 octal, 45 octal, 47 octal, 51 octal, 53 octal, 55 octal, 57 octal, 61 octal, 63 octal, 65 octal, 67 octal, 71 octal, 73 octal, 75 octal, and 77 octal.
[0235] Aspect 15: The method of aspect 14, wherein an order of the set of four polynomials is any permutation of a first polynomial selected from the set, a second polynomial selected from the set, a third polynomial selected from the set, and a fourth polynomial selected from the set.
[0236] Aspect 16: The method of any of aspects 14 through 15, wherein an order of the set of four polynomials is based at least in part on one or more layer 1 (L1) measurements of the carrier wave.
[0237] Aspect 17: The method of any of aspects 14 through 16, wherein an order of the set of four polynomials is based at least in part on a bit length of an input for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0238] Aspect 18: The method of any of aspects 14 through 17, wherein receiving the carrier wave comprises: harvesting energy from the carrier wave, wherein the message is transmitted using the energy harvested from the carrier wave.
[0239] Aspect 19: The method of any of aspects 14 through 18, wherein transmitting the message comprises: backscattering the carrier wave received from the reader device.
[0240] Aspect 20: The method of any of aspects 14 through 19, wherein the set of four polynomials is associated with a valid trellis for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0241] Aspect 21: The method of any of aspects 14 through 20, wherein the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is associated with tail-biting convolutional encoding such that an initial state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is a same as an ending state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0242] Aspect 22: The method of any of aspects 14 through 21, wherein an input vector of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is padded with a quantity of bits, each of the quantity of bits having a known bit value.
[0243] Aspect 23: The method of aspect 22, wherein the quantity of bits is based at least in part on a capability of the energy harvesting device, an energy state of the energy harvesting device, or both.
[0244] Aspect 24: The method of any of aspects 22 through 23, further comprising: receiving, from the reader device, control signaling indicating the quantity of bits.
[0245] Aspect 25: The method of any of aspects 22 through 24, further comprising: determining the quantity of bits; and transmitting, to the reader device, an indication of the quantity of bits.
[0246] Aspect 26: The method of any of aspects 22 through 25, wherein the quantity of bits is equal to at least the constraint length minus one.
[0247] Aspect 27: A method for wireless communications at an energy harvesting device, comprising: receiving, from a reader device, a carrier wave; and transmitting, to the reader device and based at least in part on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of five and associated with a set of four polynomials, wherein a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 25 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 33 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 37 octal, and a fourth polynomial has a value of either 27 octal or 35 octal.
[0248] Aspect 28: The method of aspect 27, wherein an order of the set of four polynomials is any permutation of the first polynomial, the second polynomial, the third polynomial, and the fourth polynomial.
[0249] Aspect 29: The method of any of aspects 27 through 28, wherein an order of the set of four polynomials is based at least in part on one or more layer 1 (L1) measurements of the carrier wave.
[0250] Aspect 30: The method of any of aspects 27 through 29, wherein an order of the set of four polynomials is based at least in part on a bit length of an input for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0251] Aspect 31: The method of any of aspects 27 through 30, wherein receiving the carrier wave comprises: harvesting energy from the carrier wave, wherein the message is transmitted using the energy harvested from the carrier wave.
[0252] Aspect 32: The method of any of aspects 27 through 31, wherein transmitting the message comprises: backscattering the carrier wave received from the reader device.
[0253] Aspect 33: The method of any of aspects 27 through 32, wherein the set of four polynomials is associated with a valid trellis for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0254] Aspect 34: The method of any of aspects 27 through 33, wherein the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is associated with tail-biting convolutional encoding such that an initial state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is a same as an ending state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
[0255] Aspect 35: The method of any of aspects 27 through 34, wherein an input vector of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is padded with a quantity of bits, each of the quantity of bits having a known bit value.
[0256] Aspect 36: The method of aspect 35, wherein the quantity of bits is based at least in part on a capability of the energy harvesting device, an energy state of the energy harvesting device, or both.
[0257] Aspect 37: The method of any of aspects 35 through 36, further comprising: receiving, from the reader device, control signaling indicating the quantity of bits.
[0258] Aspect 38: The method of any of aspects 35 through 37, further comprising: determining the quantity of bits; and transmitting, to the reader device, an indication of the quantity of bits.
[0259] Aspect 39: The method of any of aspects 35 through 38, wherein the quantity of bits is equal to at least the constraint length minus one.
[0260] Aspect 40: An energy harvesting device for wireless communications, comprising one or more memories storing processor-executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the energy harvesting device to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 13.
[0261] Aspect 41: An energy harvesting device for wireless communications, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 1 through 13.
[0262] Aspect 42: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform a method of any of aspects 1 through 13.
[0263] Aspect 43: An energy harvesting device for wireless communications, comprising one or more memories storing processor-executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the energy harvesting device to perform a method of any of aspects 14 through 26.
[0264] Aspect 44: An energy harvesting device for wireless communications, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 14 through 26.
[0265] Aspect 45: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform a method of any of aspects 14 through 26.
[0266] Aspect 46: An energy harvesting device for wireless communications, comprising one or more memories storing processor-executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the energy harvesting device to perform a method of any of aspects 27 through 39.
[0267] Aspect 47: An energy harvesting device for wireless communications, comprising at least one means for performing a method of any of aspects 27 through 39.
[0268] Aspect 48: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform a method of any of aspects 27 through 39.
[0269] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations. The operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.
[0270] Although aspects of an LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR system may be described for purposes of example, and LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR terminology may be used in much of the description, the techniques described herein are applicable beyond LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, or NR networks. For example, the described techniques may be applicable to various other wireless communications systems such as Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB) , Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, as well as other systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0271] Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0272] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed using a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, a graphics processing unit (GPU) , a neural processing unit (NPU) , an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor but, in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration) . Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a processor may be performed by multiple processors that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0273] The functions described herein may be implemented using hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented using software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored as or transmitted using one or more instructions or code of a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
[0274] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one location to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL) , or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of computer-readable medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD) , floppy disk, and Blu-ray disc. Disks may reproduce data magnetically, and discs may reproduce data optically using lasers. Combinations of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media. Any functions or operations described herein as being capable of being performed by a memory may be performed by multiple memories that, individually or collectively, are capable of performing the described functions or operations.
[0275] As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. ”
[0276] As used herein, including in the claims, the article “a” before a noun is open-ended and understood to refer to “at least one” of those nouns or “one or more” of those nouns. Thus, the terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. For example, if a claim recites “a component” that performs one or more functions, each of the individual functions may be performed by a single component or by any combination of multiple components. Thus, the term “a component” having characteristics or performing functions may refer to “at least one of one or more components” having a particular characteristic or performing a particular function. Subsequent reference to a component introduced with the article “a” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, a component introduced with the article “a” may be understood to mean “one or more components, ” and referring to “the component” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ” Similarly, subsequent reference to a component introduced as “one or more components” using the terms “the” or “said” may refer to any or all of the one or more components. For example, referring to “the one or more components” subsequently in the claims may be understood to be equivalent to referring to “at least one of the one or more components. ”
[0277] The term “determine” or “determining” encompasses a variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (such as via looking up in a table, a database, or another data structure) , ascertaining, and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data stored in memory) , and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, obtaining, selecting, choosing, establishing, and other such similar actions.
[0278] In the appended figures, similar components or features may have the same reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the first reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components having the same first reference label irrespective of the second reference label or other subsequent reference label.
[0279] The description set forth herein, in connection with the appended drawings, describes example configurations and does not represent all the examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of the claims. The term “example” used herein means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration” and not “preferred” or “advantageous over other examples. ” The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of the described techniques. These techniques, however, may be practiced without these specific details. In some figures, known structures and devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the described examples.
[0280] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.An energy harvesting device, comprising:one or more memories storing processor-executable code; andone or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the energy harvesting device to:receive, from a reader device, a carrier wave; andtransmit, to the reader device and based at least in part on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of seven and associated with a set of four polynomials, wherein a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 133 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 171 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 165 octal, and a fourth polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set of polynomials, the set of polynomials consisting of 57 octal, 127 octal, 135 octal, 136 octal, 137 octal, 147 octal, 163 octal, and 165 octal.2.The energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein an order of the set of four polynomials is any permutation of the first polynomial, the second polynomial, the third polynomial, and the fourth polynomial.3.The energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein an order of the set of four polynomials is based at least in part on one or more layer 1 (L1) measurements of the carrier wave.4.The energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein an order of the set of four polynomials is based at least in part on a bit length of an input for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.5.The energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein, to receive the carrier wave, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the energy harvesting device to:harvesting energy from the carrier wave, wherein the message be transmitted using the energy harvested from the carrier wave.6.The energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein, to transmit the message, the one or more processors are individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the energy harvesting device to:backscatter the carrier wave received from the reader device.7.The energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the set of four polynomials is associated with a valid trellis for the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.8.The energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is associated with tail-biting convolutional encoding such that an initial state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is a same as an ending state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.9.The energy harvesting device of claim 1, wherein an input vector of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is padded with a quantity of bits, each of the quantity of bits having a known bit value.10.The energy harvesting device of claim 9, wherein the quantity of bits is based at least in part on a capability of the energy harvesting device, an energy state of the energy harvesting device, or both.11.The energy harvesting device of claim 9, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the energy harvesting device to:receive, from the reader device, control signaling indicating the quantity of bits.12.The energy harvesting device of claim 9, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the energy harvesting device to:determine the quantity of bits; andtransmit, to the reader device, an indication of the quantity of bits.13.The energy harvesting device of claim 9, wherein the quantity of bits is equal to at least the constraint length minus one.14.An energy harvesting device, comprising:one or more memories storing processor-executable code; andone or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the energy harvesting device to:receive, from a reader device, a carrier wave; andtransmit, to the reader device and based at least in part on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of six and associated with a set of four polynomials, wherein each polynomial of the set of four polynomials is selected from a set consisting of 41 octal, 43 octal, 45 octal, 47 octal, 51 octal, 53 octal, 55 octal, 57 octal, 61 octal, 63 octal, 65 octal, 67 octal, 71 octal, 73 octal, 75 octal, and 77 octal.15.The energy harvesting device of claim 14, wherein an order of the set of four polynomials is any permutation of a first polynomial selected from the set, a second polynomial selected from the set, a third polynomial selected from the set, and a fourth polynomial selected from the set.16.The energy harvesting device of claim 14, wherein the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is associated with tail-biting convolutional encoding such that an initial state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is a same as an ending state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.17.The energy harvesting device of claim 14, wherein an input vector of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is padded with a quantity of bits, each of the quantity of bits having a known bit value.18.An energy harvesting device, comprising:one or more memories storing processor-executable code; andone or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the energy harvesting device to:receive, from a reader device, a carrier wave; andtransmit, to the reader device and based at least in part on the carrier wave, a message using a 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder associated with a constraint length of five and associated with a set of four polynomials, wherein a first polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 25 octal, a second polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 33 octal, a third polynomial of the set of four polynomials has a value of 37 octal, and a fourth polynomial has a value of either 27 octal or 35 octal.19.The energy harvesting device of claim 18, wherein an order of the set of four polynomials is any permutation of the first polynomial, the second polynomial, the third polynomial, and the fourth polynomial.20.The energy harvesting device of claim 18, wherein the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is associated with tail-biting convolutional encoding such that an initial state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder is a same as an ending state of the 1 / 4 rate convolutional encoder.
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