Opthalmic lenses with power profile optimized for visual performance with reduced foveal vision hyperopic blur and optimized peripheral blur anisotropy metric for myopia control, and related methods of lens design

Abstract

Ophthalmic lenses with power profile optimized for visual performance with reduced foveal vision hyperopic blur and optimized peripheral blur anisotropy metric for myopia control, and related methods of design. The lenses include a power profile based on providing a first myopic defocus zone from a fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model in a central optic zone of the lens to increase foveal vision depth of focus, and one or more myopic defocus zones in a peripheral optical zone of the lens from a peripheral blur anisotropy model to optimize peripheral blur anisotropy while also achieving acceptable through-focus quality metrics and visual performance. The first myopic defocus zone function in the central zone is designed to reduce (e.g., minimize) negative defocus in foveal vision to reduce hyperopic blur that may lead to myopia progression. The peripheral myopic defocus zone(s) in the peripheral optical zone is designed to optimize (e.g., reverse) a certain type of peripheral blur anisotropy that may also lead to myopia progression.

Description

OPTHALMIC LENSES WITH POWER PROFILE OPTIMIZED FOR VISUAL PERFORMANCE WITH REDUCED FOVEAL VISION HYPEROPIC BLUR AND OPTIMIZED PERIPHERAL BLUR ANISOTROPY METRIC FOR MYOPIA CONTROL, AND RELATED METHODS OF LENS DESIGNPRIORITY APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial Number 63 / 658,728, filed on June 11, 2024, entitled, “OPTHALMIC LENSES WITH POWER PROFILE OPTIMIZED FOR VISUAL ACUITY WITH REDUCED FOVEA FIELD-OF-VIEW (FOV) BLUR AND PERIPHERAL BLUR ANISOTROPHY FOR MYOPIA CONTROL, AND RELATED METHOD OF LENS DESIGN,” the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0001] The present application relates to an ophthalmic lens designed to arrest or reduce the progression of myopia in a patient. More specifically, the present application is directed to lens designs and methods for lens design that includes a power profile optimized for visual acuity and optimized in foveal vision blur and peripheral blur anisotropy metric for improved myopia control.BACKGROUND

[0002] Common conditions that lead to reduced visual acuity include myopia and hyperopia for which corrective lenses in the form of spectacles, rigid or soft contact lenses are prescribed. The conditions are generally described as the imbalance between the length of the eye and the focus of the optical elements of the eye. Myopic eyes focus light from distant objects in front of the retinal plane. Unaccommodated hyperopic eyes focus light from distant objects behind the retinal plane. Myopia typically develops because the axial length of the eye grows to be longer than the focal length of the optical components of the eye, that is, the eye grows too long. Hyperopia typically develops because the axial length of the eye is too short compared with the focal length of the optical components of the eye.

[0003] Myopia is the leading cause of distance vision impairment, and its prevalence is increasing globally. 1 Holden, B.A., et al., Global prevalence of myopia and highmyopia and temporal trends from 2000 through 2050. Ophthalmology, 2016. 123(5): p. 1036-1042. Of greatest concern with this condition is its possible progression to high myopia, for example, greater than five (5) or six (6) diopters, which dramatically affects one’s ability to function without optical aids. Myopia is also associated with an increased risk of retinal disease, cataract, glaucoma, and myopic macular degeneration (MMD; also known as myopic retinopathy) and may become a leading cause of permanent blindness worldwide. MMD has been related to refractive error (RE) to a degree rendering no clear distinction between pathological and physiological myopia and such that there is no “safe” level of myopia.

[0004] Corrective lenses are used to alter the gross focus of the eye to render a clearer image at the retinal plane by shifting the focus from in front of the plane to correct myopia or from behind the plane to correct hyperopia, respectively. However, the corrective approach to the conditions does not address the cause of the condition, but rather is merely prosthetic or intended to address symptoms.

[0005] Most eyes do not have simple myopia or hyperopia but also have myopic astigmatism or hyperopic astigmatism. Astigmatic errors of focus cause the image of a point source of light to form as two mutually perpendicular lines at different focal distances. In the following discussion, the terms myopia and hyperopia are used to include simple myopia and myopic astigmatism and hyperopia and hyperopic astigmatism, respectively.

[0006] Emmetropia describes the state of clear vision where an object at infinity is in relatively sharp focus without the need for optical correction and with the crystalline lens relaxed. In normal or emmetropic adult eyes, light from both distant and close objects passing through the central or paraxial region of the aperture or pupil is focused by the crystalline lens inside the eye close to the retinal plane where the inverted image is sensed. It is observed, however, that most normal eyes exhibit positive longitudinal spherical aberration, meaning that rays passing through the aperture or pupil at its periphery are focused in front of the retinal plane when the eye is focused to infinity. As used herein, the measure ‘D’ is the dioptric power, defined as the reciprocal of the focal distance of a lens or optical system, in meters.

[0007] The spherical aberration of the normal eye is not constant. For example, accommodation (i.e., the change in optical power of the eye derived primarily throughchanges to the crystalline lens) causes the spherical aberration to change from positive to negative.

[0008] As noted, myopia typically occurs due to excessive axial growth or elongation of the eye. It is now generally accepted that axial eye growth can be influenced by the focus and quality of the retinal image and that altering the retinal image can lead to consistent and predictable changes in eye growth.

[0009] Known approaches that attempt to eliminate or reduce axial elongation of the eye, particularly in children, include the application of ophthalmic lenses that intentionally introduce myopic defocus in the field of vision. The myopic defocus introduces a ‘stop’ stimulus to the eye that results in limitation of eye growth. This is initially observed as a thickening of the choroid. Eye growth changes in response to retinal image defocus have been demonstrated in animal studies to be largely mediated through local retinal mechanisms, because eye length changes still occur when the optic nerve is damaged, and because imposing defocus on local retinal regions has been shown to result in altered eye growth localized to that specific retinal region.

[0010] Ophthalmic lenses with concentric annular designs have been shown to slow myopia progression. Examples of such lenses include the Acuvue® Bifocal lens by Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc. and the MiSight® contact lenses by CooperVision, Inc. These lenses have certain annular zones that contain optics that correct for myopia, while others introduce myopic defocus. Light from distant objects along the optical axis that passthrough a given annulus essentially comes to a point focus on the optical axis; on the retina and in front of the retina for the myopic correction annuli and myopic defocus annuli, respectively.

[0011] U.S. Patent No. 10,901,237, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, describes various other lens designs for myopia control, with particular application in soft contact lenses. These lenses also have a concentric annular design where certain annular sections include optics that focus on the retina. For patients who require correction for myopia, these annular sections may include optics that redirect the focal point onto the retina. For patients who do not require myopia correction, these annular sections may provide no optical correction. Myopic defocus annular sections that are not centrally located contain optics that cause light passing therethrough to focus in front of the retina, but rather than a point focus on the optical axis, the light forms a non-coaxial ring focus. In some disclosed embodiments, a central portion of the lens contains an add power that induces myopic defocus but along the optical axis.

[0012] Lens designs such as these tend to emphasize on-axis optics, that is from rays that originate from objects along the optical axis, and more particularly create foci with respect to the central region. Further, these lens designs are focused on a central-visionbased design principle and incorporate optical elements within the central vision area to generate myopic defocus. In addition to central vision, it has been shown that peripheral refractive errors can have a substantial impact on central refractive development, and myopic defocus in the near periphery can slow axial growth. See Smith, Vision Reg., Sept. 2009; 49(19): 2386-2392).

[0013] Additional aberrations occur in peripheral vision that may further contribute to myopia progression. In astigmatic eyes, refraction of the eye is not spherical or rotationally uniform, , refractive power along one meridian is different than that along the perpendicular meridian, such that focal lines along the two meridians are at different distances. Regular astigmatism is typically categorized as “with the rule,” “against the rule,” or “oblique.” For individuals with “with the rule” astigmatism (most common), the vertical meridian has the strongest power or steepest curvature as compared to the horizontal meridian. Oblique astigmatism occurs when the strongest power or steepest curvature does not fall on the vertical or horizontal meridians.

[0014] As well as the potential for astigmatism in central vision, it is well known that peripheral astigmatism is created by rays striking the refracting surfaces of the cornea and crystalline lens at oblique incidence. This astigmatism and other wavefront aberrations cause optical blur in the peripheral retina that is highly anisotropic. Blur anisotropy is defined herein as the logarithm (base 10) of the ratio of the area under the modulation transfer function (MTF) along the vertical meridian (superior-inferior meridian) divided by the area under the MTF along horizontal (temple-nasal) meridian, that is, blur anisotropy = log[(area)vertical / (area) horizontal]. As a result, blur anisotropy is negative when the image (or point spread function) has a predominantly vertical orientation blur and is positive when the image has a predominantly horizontal orientation blur. The human neural system is more sensitive to horizontally oriented visual stimuli than vertically oriented stimuli. Further, the orientation of the blur pattern created byastigmatism varies from horizontal to vertical moving around the periphery of the retina, a principle known as the meridional effect.

[0015] Figure 1 illustrates an exemplary anisotropic peripheral blur pattern 100 where rays originating at a point source are evenly distributed throughout the pupil. The illustrated anisotropic peripheral blur pattern 100 in Figure 1 is generated by ray tracing through a model eye, where each cross represents the intersection of a ray with the retina. Figure 2 illustrates another exemplary peripheral blur anisotropy 200 where blur at the retinal plane has a non-symmetric pattern such that the length of the blur pattern 202 in one direction (i.e., along the y-axis) is longer than in the perpendicular direction (i.e., along the x-axis). As shown in Figure 2, optical resolution will be finer along the x-axis than along the y-axis. As noted, the orientation of the peripheral blur will change around the periphery of the retina.

[0016] The peripheral visual field may also be leveraged to introduce myopia control effects. In a recent publication entitled “Eccentricity-1 ependent Effects of Simultaneous Competing Defocus on Emmetropization in Infant Rhesus Monkeys ” (Vision Research 177 (2020) 32-40), the authors showed that myopic defocus out to about 20° from the fovea can substantially impact central refractive development in primates. In another publication, it was hypothesized that the neural system’s orientation sensitivity coincides with habitual blur orientation and that blur orientation may be a trigger for eye growth. Zhelenznyak et al. (2016), Optical and Neural Ansiotropy in Peripheral Vision, Journal of Vision, 16(5): 1, 1-11.

[0017] More recently, Ji et al. (“Ji”) leveraged modeling techniques to evaluate certain bifocal and multifocal contact lenses adapted to incorporate add power for inducing myopic defocus, in comparison to monofocal lenses, to assess the impact of the lenses on peripheral vision at various eccentricities. Ji et al., Through-focus Optical Characteristics of Monofocal and Bifocal Soft Contact Lenses Across the Peripheral Visual Field, Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics, 38 (2018) 326-336. The results of the study indicated that the former two lenses when compared to the monovision lens, demonstrated a decrease in anisotropy of peripheral optical blur and also an increased depth of focus. From this, the authors hypothesized that the mechanism underlying myopia control with the bifocal and multifocal lenses was the decrease in anisotropy of peripheral optical blur coupled with the increase in depth of focus.

[0018] U.S. Patent Publication No. 2022 / 0252901 to Yoon (‘Yoon”) describes optical lenses for myopia control that intentionally introduce peripheral aberrations for the purposes of manipulating peripheral blur to make it more radially symmetric. In other words, based on the earlier hypothesis in the Ji paper that decreasing anisotropy of peripheral optical blur is desired, the application describes the objective of intentionally minimizing anisotropy of the peripheral region to the point where it is radially symmetric, for example, as shown in Figure 1. In other words, the lenses described in Yoon prefer to have the circle of least confusion at the patient’s retina. It means one focus line is behind the retina and one focus line is in front of the retina. On the contrary, the lenses with optimized peripheral blur anisotropy metric described herein prefer that both the focus lines are in front of the retina or have an adjusted blur anisotropy value toward the positive direction.SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

[0019] Aspects disclosed herein include ophthalmic lenses (“lenses”) with a power profile optimized for visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) with reduced foveal vision hyperopic blur optimized peripheral blur anisotropy metric for myopia control. Related methods of design for such ophthalmic lenses are also disclosed. The lenses include a power profile based on a power profile function defined by a base optical power to provide a refractive correction and an amount of spherical aberration at a radial distance from the geometric center of the lens. The power profile is also based on providing a first myopic defocus zone from a fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model in a central optic zone of the lens to reduce (e.g., minimizing) hyperopic foveal vision, and one or more peripheral myopic defocus zones in a peripheral optical zone of the lens from a peripheral blur anisotropy model, to optimize peripheral blur anisotropy metric for peripheral vision. Thus, the power profile is designed to achieve an acceptable through- focus quality metrics and visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) while also optimizing peripheral blur anisotropy for myopia control. In an example, to optimize peripheral blur anisotropy metric means for a peripheral power profile (i.e., in peripheral region / zone of optic zone) of the lens to manipulate blur anisotropy by increasing blur anisotropy to have both the tangential and sagittal focus lines move toward anterior chamber of an eye. Optimizing peripheral blur anisotropy is based on attempting to reverse asymmetry oranisotropy of peripheral blur to either as close to isotropic as possible or reverse peripheral blur anisotropy. The first myopic defocus zone function in the central zone is designed to reduce (e.g., minimize) negative defocus (e.g., hyperopic blur) in foveal vision that may lead to myopia progression. The peripheral myopic defocus zone(s) in the peripheral optical zone is designed to optimize (e.g., minimize) peripheral blur anisotropy that may also lead to myopia progression. Spherical power of the cornea is usually larger in the periphery. Thus, the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model, which takes into consideration tradeoffs to achieve acceptable through-focus quality metrics and visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) for fovea vision, may not be able to be employed to sufficiently optimize peripheral blur anisotropy. For example, myopes may exhibit elongated peripheral blur as a result of more light energy being focused behind the peripheral retina, leading to myopia progression. The central and peripheral myopic defocus zones are optimized in the power profile to reduce (e.g., minimize) negative defocus in foveal vision to optimize fovea vision and optimize peripheral blur anisotropy metric for peripheral vision while also achieving acceptable through-focus quality metrics and visual performance (e.g., visual acuity). The power profile can be adjusted in an iterative manner by adjusting the central myopic defocus zone to reduce negative defocus for foveal vision from a fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model and / or peripheral myopic defocus zones from a peripheral blur anisotropy model to reduce (e.g., minimize) hyperopic blur for foveal vision, and also optimize peripheral blur anisotropy metric for peripheral vision while also achieving an acceptable through-focus quality metrics and visual performance (e.g., visual acuity).

[0020] In this manner, the power profile for the lens does not have to be generated from the standalone aggregation of a determined central myopic defocus zone from the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model and the myopic defocus zone(s) from the peripheral blur anisotropy model, but an optimization of these functions to optimize a peripheral blur anisotropy metric for peripheral vision while also achieving an acceptable through-focus quality metrics and visual performance (e.g., visual acuity).

[0021] In exemplary aspects, the power profile of the lenses includes a central myopic defocus zone in a central zone based on a fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model that is configured to flatten the foveal image quality through-focus curve (e.g., reduce or minimize shape metric of the foveal vision through-focus curve) resulting inincreased depth-of-focus (DOF). When emmetropic or optically corrected myopic eyes focus on close distances, like for reading, without sufficient accommodation, the focal point tends to move forward behind the retinal, thereby resulting in hyperopic blur that may cause the eye to grow in length as if to attempt to bring an image into focus, resulting in progression of myopia. In addition to the sign of defocus (i.e., myopic or hyperopic) in the fovea, it has also been discovered that growth of the eye can also be affected by its ability to detect a clear pattern or bias in peripheral blur anisotropy in peripheral FOV (i.e., peripheral vision). Blur anisotropy is the focal orientation of blur in the retina that is based on a difference between peripheral blur pattern along different meridians determined by wavefront aberrations of the eye, such as those caused by coma and astigmatism. For example, myopes may exhibit elongated peripheral blur pattern as a result of more light energy being focused behind their peripheral retina, while emmetropes and hyperopes may exhibit a different blur pattern as a result of light energy being focused on or in front of the peripheral retina. A peripheral blur pattern that is an asymmetric presence of peripheral blur focused either in front or behind the retina (i.e., peripheral blur anisotropy) can be associated with myopia progression. Thus, in exemplary aspects, the power profile of the lenses also includes one or more peripheral myopic defocus zones (e.g., concentric myopic defocus nng(s)) based on a peripheral blur anisotropy model to add peripheral myopic defocus to optimize peripheral blur anisotropy metric, thus moving peripheral blur closer to peripheral blur isotropy. In this manner, the ability of the retina to detect a pattern or bias in peripheral blur anisotropy is also reduced to reduce or even arrest myopia progression.

[0022] In this regard, in an exemplary aspect, an ophthalmic lens is provided. The lens comprises a center axis, and a shape defined by a lens outer peripheral edge. The lens also comprises a power profile comprising a central zone power profile and a peripheral zone power profile. The lens also comprises a central optic zone surrounding the center axis and extending a first radius from the center axis and comprising the central zone power profile. The lens also comprises a peripheral optic zone surrounding the central optic zone, the peripheral optic zone extending from the central optic zone to a lens edge and comprising the peripheral zone power profile. The central zone power profile comprises a first myopic defocus zone between a first predetermined radial distance from the center axis and a second predetermined radial distance from the centeraxis, the first myopic defocus zone comprising a first predetermined ADD power based at least on reducing a shape metric of a foveal vision through-focus curve, wherein the first “the first ADD power increases with increased radial distance from the center axis based on reducing the shape metric of the foveal vision through-focus curve. The peripheral zone power profile comprises one or more second myopic defocus zones each positioned at between a third predetermined radial distance from the center axis and a fourth predetermined radial distance from the center axis, and each comprising a second predetermined ADD power based on optimizing peripheral blur anisotropy metric, where the second predetermined ADD power increases with increased radial distance from the center axis up to a second radius.

[0023] In another exemplary aspect, a method of designing an ophthalmic lens for at least one of slowing or preventing the progression of myopia is provided. The method comprises determining a base power profile for the lens. The method also comprises determining a central power profile to modify the base power profile in a central optic zone of the lens surrounding a center axis of the lens and extending a first radius from the center axis, based on a refractive correction prescription and one or more center model parameters applied to a fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model, wherein the central power profile comprising a first myopic defocus zone between a first predetermined radial distance from the center axis and a second predetermined radial distance from the center axis, the first myopic defocus zone comprising a first predetermined ADD power based at least on minimizing a shape metric of a foveal vision through-focus curve, wherein the first predetermined ADD power increases with increased radial distance from the center axis based on reducing a shape metric of the foveal vision through-focus curve. The method also comprises determining a peripheral power profile to modify the base power profile in a peripheral optic zone of the lens surrounding the central optic zone and extending from the central optic zone to a lens edge, based on the refractive correction prescription and one or more peripheral model parameters applied to a peripheral blur anisotropy model, wherein the peripheral power profile comprising one or more second myopic defocus zones each positioned at between a third predetermined radial distance from the center axis and a fourth predetermined radial distance from the center axis, and each comprising a second predetermined ADD power based on optimizing peripheral blur anisotropy metric, where the secondpredetermined ADD power increases with increased radial distance from the center axis up to a second radius. The method also comprises determining whether the lens with a power profile comprising the determined center power profile and the determined peripheral power profile satisfies one or more threshold through-focus quality metrics and visual performance.

[0024] Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the detailed description that follows and, in part, will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the description or recognized by practicing the aspects as described in the written description and claims hereof, as well as the appended drawings.

[0025] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are merely exemplary and are intended to provide an overview or framework to understand the nature and character of the claims.

[0026] The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate one or more aspects and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles and operation of the various aspects.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0027] The foregoing and other features and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent from the following, more particular descriptions of the aspects of the disclosure, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

[0028] Figure 1 illustrates an exemplary anisotropic peripheral blur pattern for a model astigmatic eye, illustrating ray tracing through the model eye where each cross represents the intersection of a ray with the retina and where rays originating at a point source are evenly distributed throughout the pupil;

[0029] Figure 2 illustrates an anisotropic peripheral blur pattern where the pattern is generated by ray tracing through a model eye where each cross represents the intersection of a ray with the retina and where rays originating at a point source are evenly distributed throughout the pupil;

[0030] Figure 3 is a graph illustrating exemplary correlations between a flatness metric of through-focus retinal image quality and an observed myopia control treatment efficacy in reduction of axial length change for different contact lens designs;

[0031] Figure 4 illustrates an eye model for simulating center and peripheral vision;

[0032] Figure 5A is an optical diagram illustrating a separated horizontal focal plane in front of a vertical focal plane resulting from refraction of light in an astigmatic eye;

[0033] Figure 5B illustrates another exemplary anisotropic peripheral blur pattern for a model eye with coma, where the pattern is generated by ray tracing through the model eye where each cross represents the intersection of a ray with the retina, and where rays originating at a point source are evenly distributed throughout the pupil;

[0034] Figures 6A-6D illustrate blur anisotropy values for various lenses;

[0035] Figure 7 illustrates an exemplary lens to which a power profile can be applied that includes refractive correction, a central myopic defocus zone to provide a flatter through-focus curvature, and one or more peripheral myopic defocus zones, optimized for visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) for foveal vision and optimized peripheral blur anisotropy metric for myopia control;

[0036] Figure 8A is an exemplary fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model that can be used to generate a central myopic defocus zone in a power profile of a lens like in Figure 7 to provide a flatter through-focus curvature with reduced foveal vision hyperopic blur to provide myopia control;

[0037] Figure 8B is a power profile function for the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model in Figure 8A;

[0038] Figure 9 illustrates exemplary biometric parameters used in fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model used to generate a central myopic defocus zone in a power profile of a lens like in Figure 7 to provide a flatter through-focus curvature to provide myopia control;

[0039] Figure 10A is an exemplary peripheral blur anisotropy model that can be used to generate one or more peripheral myopic defocus add zones in a power profile of a lens, like in Figure 7, to optimize peripheral blur anisotropy metric to provide myopia control;

[0040] Figure 10B is an exemplary peripheral blur anisotropy model equation for the peripheral blur anisotropy model in Figure 10A;

[0041] Figure 11A is an exemplary power profile for a lens like in Figure 7 that includes an optimized central myopic defocus zone using the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model in Figures 8A-8B and optimized peripheral myopic defocus zones using the peripheral blur anisotropy model in Figures 10A-10B to provideoptimized for visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) with reduced foveal vision hyperopic blur and optimized peripheral blur anisotropy metric for myopia control;

[0042] Figure 1 IB is another exemplary power profde for a lens like in Figure 7 that includes an optimized central myopic defocus zone using the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model in Figures 8A-8B and optimized peripheral myopic defocus zones using the peripheral blur anisotropy model in Figures 10A-10B to provide optimized for visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) with reduced foveal vision hyperopic blur and optimized peripheral blur anisotropy metric for myopia control;

[0043] Figure 12A is a graph illustrating exemplary correlation between modeled myopic control treatment efficacy of the lenses with power profiles in Figures 11A and 1 IB modeled with the central myopic defocus zone using the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model, as compared to other lenses employing multi-focal lenses;

[0044] Figure 12B is a graph illustrating exemplary correlation between modeled myopic control treatment efficacy of the lenses with power profiles in Figure 11A modeled with the peripheral myopic defocus zones using the peripheral blur anisotropy model, as compared to other lenses employing multi-focal lenses;

[0045] Figure 12C is a graph illustrating exemplary correlation between modeled myopic control treatment efficacy of the lenses with power profiles in Figure 11B modeled with the peripheral myopic defocus zones using the peripheral blur anisotropy model, as compared to other lenses employing multi-focal lenses;

[0046] Figure 13A is another exemplary power profile for a lens like in Figure 7 that includes an optimized central myopic defocus zone using the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model in Figures 8A-8B and optimized peripheral myopic defocus zones using the peripheral blur anisotropy model in Figures 10A-10B to provide optimized for visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) with reduced foveal vision hyperopic blur and optimized peripheral blur anisotropy metric for myopia control;

[0047] Figure 13B is another exemplary power profile for a lens like in Figure 7 that includes an optimized central myopic defocus zone using the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model in Figures 8A-8B and optimized peripheral myopic defocus zones using the peripheral blur anisotropy model in Figures 10A-10B to provide optimized for visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) with reduced foveal vision hyperopic blur and optimized peripheral blur anisotropy metric for myopia control;

[0048] Figure 14A is a graph illustrating exemplary correlation between modeled myopic control treatment efficacy of the lenses with power profiles in Figures 13A and 13B modeled with the central myopic defocus zone using the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model, as compared to other lenses employing multi-focal lenses;

[0049] Figure 14B is a graph illustrating exemplary correlation between modeled myopic control treatment efficacy of the lenses with power profiles in Figure 13A modeled with the peripheral myopic defocus zones using the peripheral blur anisotropy model, as compared to other lenses employing multi-focal lenses;

[0050] Figure 14C is a graph illustrating exemplary correlation between modeled myopic control treatment efficacy of lenses with power profiles in Figure 13B modeled with the peripheral myopic defocus zones using the peripheral blur anisotropy model, as compared to other lenses employing multi-focal lenses;

[0051] Figure 15A is another exemplary power profile for a lens like in Figure 7 that includes an optimized central myopic defocus zone using the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model in Figures 8A-8B and optimized peripheral myopic defocus zones using the peripheral blur anisotropy model in Figures 10A-10B to provide optimized for visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) with reduced foveal vision hyperopic blur and optimized peripheral blur anisotropy metric for myopia control;

[0052] Figure 15B is another exemplary power profile for a lens like in Figure 7 that includes an optimized central myopic defocus zone using the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model in Figures 8A-8B and optimized peripheral myopic defocus zones using the peripheral blur anisotropy model in Figures 10A-10B to provide optimized for visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) with reduced foveal vision hyperopic blur and optimized peripheral blur anisotropy metric for myopia control;

[0053] Figure 16A is a graph illustrating exemplary correlation between modeled myopic control treatment efficacy of the lenses with power profiles in Figures 15A and 15B modeled with the central myopic defocus zone using the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model, as compared to other lenses employing multi-focal lenses;

[0054] Figure 16B is a graph illustrating exemplary correlation between modeled myopic control treatment efficacy of the lenses with power profiles in Figure 15A modeled with the peripheral myopic defocus zones using the peripheral blur anisotropy model, as compared to other lenses employing multi-focal lenses;

[0055] Figure 16C is a graph illustrating exemplary correlation between modeled myopic control treatment efficacy of the lenses with power profiles in Figure 15B modeled with the peripheral myopic defocus zones using the peripheral blur anisotropy model, as compared to other lenses employing multi-focal lenses;

[0056] Figures 17A-17C are diagrams of simulated retinal images of lenses in respective Figures 15A and 15B as compared to a multi-focal lens referenced in Figures 16A-16C; and

[0057] Figure 18 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary process of designing power profile for a lens based on providing a refractive correction, an optimized central myopic defocus zone using the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model, and an optimized peripheral myopic defocus zone(s) using the peripheral blur anisotropy model, to provide optimized visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) with reduced foveal vision hyperopic blur and optimized peripheral blur anisotropy metric for myopia control.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0058] Aspects disclosed herein include ophthalmic lenses (“lenses”) with a power profile optimized for visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) with reduced foveal vision hyperopic blur optimized peripheral blur anisotropy metric for myopia control. Related methods of design for such ophthalmic lenses are also disclosed. The lenses include a power profile based on a power profile function defined by a base optical power to provide a refractive correction and an amount of spherical aberration at a radial distance from the geometric center of the lens. The power profile is also based on providing a first myopic defocus zone from a fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model in a central optic zone of the lens to reduce (e.g., minimizing) hyperopic foveal vision, and one or more peripheral myopic defocus zones in a peripheral optical zone of the lens from a peripheral blur anisotropy model, to optimize peripheral blur anisotropy metric for peripheral vision. Thus, the power profile is designed to achieve an acceptable through- focus quality metrics and visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) while also optimizing peripheral blur anisotropy for myopia control. In an example, to optimize peripheral blur anisotropy metric means for a peripheral power profile (i.e., in peripheral region / zone of optic zone) of the lens to manipulate blur anisotropy by increasing blur anisotropy to haveboth the tangential and sagittal focus lines move toward anterior chamber of an eye. Optimizing peripheral blur anisotropy is based on attempting to reverse asymmetry or anisotropy of peripheral blur to either as close to isotropic as possible or reverse peripheral blur anisotropy. The first myopic defocus zone function in the central zone is designed to reduce (e.g., minimize) negative defocus (e.g., hyperopic blur) in foveal vision that may lead to myopia progression. The peripheral myopic defocus zone(s) in the peripheral optical zone is designed to optimize (e.g., minimize) peripheral blur anisotropy that may also lead to myopia progression. Spherical power of the cornea is usually larger in the periphery. Thus, the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model, which takes into consideration tradeoffs to achieve acceptable through-focus quality metrics and visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) for fovea vision, may not be able to be employed to sufficiently optimize peripheral blur anisotropy. For example, myopes may exhibit elongated peripheral blur as a result of more light energy being focused behind the peripheral retina, leading to myopia progression. The central and peripheral myopic defocus zones are optimized in the power profile to reduce (e.g., minimize) negative defocus in foveal vision to optimize fovea vision and optimize peripheral blur anisotropy metric for peripheral vision while also achieving acceptable through-focus quality metrics and visual performance (e.g., visual acuity). The power profile can be adjusted in an iterative manner by adjusting the central myopic defocus zone to reduce negative defocus for foveal vision from a fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model and / or peripheral myopic defocus zones from a peripheral blur anisotropy model to reduce (e.g., minimize) hyperopic blur for foveal vision, and also optimize peripheral blur anisotropy metric for peripheral vision while also achieving an acceptable through-focus quality metrics and visual performance (e.g., visual acuity).

[0059] In this manner, the power profile for the lens does not have to be generated from the standalone aggregation of a determined central myopic defocus zone from the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model and the myopic defocus zone(s) from the peripheral blur anisotropy model, but an optimization of these functions to optimize a peripheral blur anisotropy metric for peripheral vision while also achieving an acceptable through-focus quality metrics and visual performance (e.g., visual acuity).

[0060] Myopia typically occurs due to excessive axial growth or elongation of the eye. Based on animal research, axial eye growth may be influenced by the quality andfocus of the retinal image. One of the risk factors for myopia development in humans is near work. When young eyes look at a near object through a contact lens, the accommodation systems actively adjust the crystal lens to form a focal point or a sharp image on the retina or slightly behind the retina due to “lag” of accommodation or, e.g., negative spherical aberration induced by accommodation. The latest retinal image quality model, which takes into account three factors (accommodation system change, lens decentration, and population aberration variation), found a correlation between the flatness of the through-focus retinal image quality and treatment efficacy (X-axis) for different contact lens designs, as illustrated in graph 300 in Figure 3. The graph 300 in Figure 3 shows example correlations between a flatness of a through-focus retinal image quality curve as provided in a through-focus flatness (TFF) metric (X-axis), and an observed treatment efficacy in difference in axial length change in millimeters (mm) (Y - axis) for different contact lens designs 302( 1 )-302(6) as compared to a baseline lens. The graph 300 in Figure 3 shows a correlation between model indicator and treatment efficacies, which is defined as the 1-year ocular axial length difference between test and control, of several different contact lens designs 302(l)-302(6) as compared to a baseline lens 304, with a significant correlation coefficient (R2=0.99) has been achieved.

[0061] It has been found that the flatter a foveal vision through-focus curve of a lens, the greater its myopic progression treatment efficacy is expected to be in slowing down myopia progression as compared to a baseline lens (conventional single-vision lens), such as the lens designs 302(l)-306(6) in Figure 3. This is because the steeper the foveal vision through-focus curve, the greater the contrast will be at the focal point. Thus, if the focal point is behind the retina, such as due to accommodative lag during near tasks such as reading that introduces hyperopic blur, the eye will grow in length to try to adjust to the perceived focal point behind the retina thus leading to increased myopic progression. For example, when optically corrected myopic eyes fixate on close distances, like for reading, without sufficient accommodation, the focal point tends to move forward behind the retinal, thereby resulting in hyperopic blur that may cause the eye to grow in length as if to attempt to bring an image into focus, resulting in progression of myopia. However, if a power profile of a lens is designed to flatten the foveal vision through-focus curve in fovea vision, this has an effect of extending the foveal vision DOF while causing decreased image contrast. This confuses the retina and not allowing the retina to discerna clear bias or direction of contrast as the focal point moves forward or backward in the depth of field.

[0062] Thus, as discussed in more detail below, the power profile of lenses disclosed herein include a central myopic defocus zone in a central zone based on a fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model that is configured to flatten the foveal vision through-focus curve (e.g., reduce or minimize shape metric of the foveal vision through- focus curve) to increase foveal depth-of-focus (i.e., fovea vision). Minimizing the shape metric of the foveal vision through-focus curve is based on attempting to reduce the shape metric towards zero (0). In examples discussed below, the lenses include a power profile based on a power profile function defined by a base optical power to provide a refractive correction and an amount of spherical aberration at a radial distance from the geometric center of the lens. The power profile is also based on providing a central, first myopic defocus zone from a fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model in a central optic zone of the lens to add myopic defocus to reduce negative defocus to optimize reduce (e.g., minimize) hyperopic blur for foveal vision while also achieving an acceptable through-focus quality metrics and visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) in foveal vision. The central, first myopic defocus zone function in the central zone is designed to reduce (e.g., minimize) fovea-based hyperopic blur that may lead to myopia progression.

[0063] Also, typical human vision provides in-focus images in the central vision area and increasingly anisotropic blurred images toward the periphery of the eye. For individuals in need of refractive correction (myopia or hyperopia), ophthalmic lenses focus on correction of central vision, which typically is within about 10 degrees of the line of sight. Figure 4 illustrates an eye model 400 showing a field of view (FOV) 402 ranging from 0 degrees to 40 degrees. This eye model 400 used herein to assess peripheral blur is similar to the model described in detail by Navarro et al. in the publication J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 16, 1881-1891 (1999), which is incorporated herein by reference. The eye model 400 has been modified only to include slight variations in the comeal lens surface 404 and crystalline lens surface 406 of the eye model 400 based on using actual biometric data. The eye model 400 was constructed to represent the averaged ocular optical and mechanical properties including wavefront aberrations, anterior comeal curvature, etc. of the general population. The eye model was also used for visual disturbance (scattering)simulation as published and described by Chen in the publication Evaluating the Effects of Scattering on Retinal Image Quality, Proc. SPIE 11941, Ophthalmic Technologies XXXII, 119410B (4 March 2022).

[0064] It is known to those skilled in the art that in the typical eye, blur increases at larger peripheral FOV angles. It is further known from the meridional effect, that the orientation of the blur pattern varies around the periphery. For example, Figure 5A shows the focusing of light through peripheral FOV, wherein the sagittal focal plane from the focusing of light due to the curvature of horizontal meridian of the cornea is in front of the depth of view (DOF) and in front of the retina, but the tangential focal plane from the focusing of light due to the curvature of vertical meridian of the cornea is in back of the DOF and in the rear of the retina. Furthermore, along the horizontal meridian, there is better performance for higher FOV angles for a viewed horizontal grating than for a vertical grating when compared to central vision which sees substantially similar images. As also noted above, Ji hypothesized that eliminating or minimizing peripheral blur orientation (creating an isotropic blur pattern) will improve myopia control efficacy in a lens. Thus, depending on the aberrations and / or astigmatism in an eye, different focal spot patterns can be present at the retina which can indicate detectable pattern or bias in peripheral blur as more myopic or hyperopic. Blur anisotropy is the focal orientation of blur in the retina that is based on a difference between peripheral blur pattern along different axes determined by wavefront aberrations of the eye, such as those caused by coma and astigmatism. This is shown in an example of the peripheral focal spot diagram 500 in Figure 5B, where the orientation or shape of the focal spots indicates an asymmetry or anisotropy of peripheral blur.

[0065] In other words, if the peripheral blur is not isotropic, this retina can detect a bias or pattern that may result in myopic progression. For example, myopes may exhibit elongated peripheral blur as a result of more light energy being focused behind their peripheral retina, while emmetropes and hyperopes may exhibit a different blur orientation as a result of light energy being focused on or in front of the peripheral retina. This difference in peripheral blur focused asymmetrically more in front of the retina or more behind the retina results in peripheral blur anisotropy . Thus, peripheral blur, and trying to optimize peripheral blur anisotropy, is critical to myopia progression.

[0066] To quantitatively evaluate the peripheral image blur orientation, several myopia control lenses, including the Acuvue® Abiliti ™ lens from Johnson & Johnson Vision Care, Inc., were evaluated leveraging the models described above under 4mm pupil conditions. Figures 6A-6D illustrate graphs 600A-600D of blur anisotropy of these lenses as evaluated, where the single vision lens (“Lens 1”) is shown in Figure 6A, the Acuvue® Abiliti™ lens (“Lens 4”) is shown in Figure 6D, a first test lens similar to the Acuvue® Abiliti™ lens but without a high add power center treatment zone is shown in Figure 6B (“Lens 2”), and a second, dual focus test lens with dual co-axial focal points is shown in Figure 6C (“Lens 3”). Blur anisotropy is negative when the image has a vertical orientation and is positive when the image has a horizontal orientation. Within each figure, blur anisotropy at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 degrees FOV are shown by reference numerals 602, 604, 606, 608, and 610, respectively. For each graph, the vertical line at x=0 represents the retinal plane, or zero defocus, and the horizontal axis indicates defocus either in front of the retina (positive) or behind (negative). As shown in these figures, for all lenses the blur anisotropy is negative at the retinal plane for all degrees FOV other than zero, except for at 10 degrees FOV for the lens of Figure 6D.

[0067] As shown in Figures 6A-6D, at peripheral fields of view, blur anisotropy shows both a maximum and a minimum value both in front of the retina and behind the retina, which corresponds to the focusing line of astigmatism. For the single vision lens shown in Figure 6A, the focusing line’s magnitude and position at the retina change significantly, and are -0. 13, -0.35, -0.41 and -0.89 for 10, 20, 30 and 40 FOV respectively. The FOV averaged blur orientation value at the retinal plane is -0.44 (calculated excluding foveal vision at 0 degrees FOV). The FOV averaged blur anisotropy values of the myopia control lenses of Figures 6B-6D have higher values of -0.16, -0.18 and -0.11 respectively.

[0068] These increasingly more positive FOV averaged blur anisotropy values correlate with increased myopia control efficacy as demonstrated in a clinical study with these same lenses. The clinical study results are summarized below where the single vision lens (SV) corresponds to Lens 1, the “concentric-ring dual focus” lens (DF) corresponds to Lens 3, test lens EE (enhanced efficacy) corresponds to Lens 4, and test lens EV (enhanced vision) corresponds to Lens 2. This clinical study was a multinational, prospective, randomized, controlled, double-masked, stratified, myopia control clinical trial (NCT03408444). The objective of the study was to compare efficacy andvision of the four lenses. In total, 185 patients completed the study. All study participants were ages 7-12, with each having spherical error within the range of -0.75D to -4.50D, astigmatism <= 1.00D, and anisometropia <1.5D. There was no statistically significant difference in baseline characteristics among study participants, as shown in the Table 1 below.

[0069] Table 1

[0070] Efficacy of the lenses was determined by both measuring axial length (using a LENSTAR System) and assessing cycloplegic spherical equivalent autorefraction (SECAR) using a Grand Seiko WAM-5500 device, where five repeated measurements were performed, each being the average of three (3) consecutive readings. It has been concluded that all three study lenses were effective in slowing axial elongation of the eye compared to SV. These results indicate that higher blur anisotropy values correlate to better myopia control efficacy. The lenses described herein are designed to generate positive FOV averaged blur anisotropy values rather than the negative values demonstrated in known myopia control (and spherical) lens designs and as opposed to the near zero blur anisotropy targeted in the lenses described in the Yoon patent publication.

[0071] Contrary to this teaching in Ji, the inventors herein have discovered that it is desirable and more efficacious to induce an anisotropic blur pattern formed by myopicastigmatism. It has also been discovered by the inventor that reducing blur anisotropy for both foveal vision and peripheral vision may be more effective in slowing myopic progression than either one alone. However, it is also important that any lens power profile that reduces hyperopic blur for foveal vision and peripheral blur anisotropy peripheral vision also achieve acceptable through-focus quality metrics and visual performance (e.g., visual acuity). For example, as discussed above, hyperopic blur for foveal vision can be reduced to slow myopic progression by a lens that includes a power profile that flattens the foveal vision through-focus curve. The foveal vision through- focus curve can be flattened by providing a central myopic defocus zone in a central optical zone of the lens for foveal vision and that will flattens the foveal vision through- focus curve However, flattening the foveal vision through-focus curve also can reduce the retinal image quality variation at a given focus point by an eye wearing such a lens such that through-focus image quality metrics and / or visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) is reduced. Also, as discussed above, peripheral blur anisotropy metric in a lens can be optimized to slow myopic progression by a lens that includes a power profde that includes one or more myopic defocus zones to provide an ADD power to offer more plus blur anisotropy values to change the orientation of the peripheral blur. However, these myopic defocus zones also contribute to alter the focal point of peripheral vision and blur which can also reduce visual performance (e.g., visual acuity).

[0072] Thus, as discussed in more detail below, the lenses disclosed herein are designed with a power profde based on providing a first myopic defocus zone from a fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model in a central optic zone of the lens and one or more peripheral myopic defocus zones in a peripheral optical zone of the lens from a peripheral blur anisotropy model . However, such power profiles are also designed to optimize (e.g., minimizing) hyperopic blur for foveal vision and optimize peripheral blur anisotropy metric for peripheral vision while also achieving an acceptable through- focus quality metrics and visual performance (e.g., visual acuity). As discussed in more detail below, in an example, to optimize peripheral blur anisotropy metric means to optimize peripheral blur anisotropy metric means for a peripheral power profile (in peripheral region / zone of optic zone of the lens) to manipulate blur anisotropy by increasing blur anisotropy to have both the tangential and sagittal focus lines move toward anterior chamber of an eye. Optimizing peripheral blur anisotropy is based on attemptingto reverse asymmetry or anisotropy of peripheral blur to either as close to isotropic as possible or reverse peripheral blur anisotropy. Both fovea vision and peripheral vision are critical for patients. Foveal vision is the most useful part for a patient to acquire external information, and peripheral field of view (FOV) vision covers major retinal areas (outside center 5-degree FOVs). However, adding myopic defocus zones to a peripheral optical zone in a lens can negatively affect foveal vision as well.

[0073] Thus, in lenses disclosed herein and as discussed in more detail below, the lenses include a power profile based on a power profile function defined by a base optical power to provide a refractive correction and an amount of spherical aberration at a radial distance from the geometric center of the lens. The first myopic defocus zone function in the central zone is designed to reduce negative defocus for foveal vision to reduce (e.g., minimize) fovea hyperopic blur that may lead to myopia progression. For example, when unaccommodated emmetropic eyes and corrected myopic eyes focus on close distances, like for reading, the focal point tends to move forward behind the retinal, thereby resulting in hyperopic blur that may cause the eye to grow in length to attempt to bring an image into focus, resulting in progression of myopia. The peripheral myopic defocus zone(s) in the peripheral optical zone is designed to optimize (e.g., minimize) peripheral blur anisotropy that otherwise may also lead to myopia progression. To optimize peripheral blur anisotropy metric means for the lens to have a peripheral power profile (in peripheral region / zone of optic zone of lens) that manipulates blur anisotropy to increase blur anisotropy to have both focus lines move toward anterior chamber of an eye. Optimizing peripheral blur anisotropy is based on attempting to reverse asymmetry or anisotropy of peripheral blur to either as close to isotropic as possible or reverse peripheral blur anisotropy. Spherical power of the cornea is usually larger in the periphery. Thus, the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model, which takes into consideration tradeoffs to achieve acceptable through-focus image quality metrics such as visual acuity for foveal vision, may not be able to be employed to sufficiently optimize peripheral blur anisotropy. For example, myopes may exhibit elongated peripheral blur as a result of more light energy being focused behind the peripheral retina, leading to myopia progression. The central and peripheral myopic defocus zones are optimized in the power profile to reduce (e.g., minimize) blur anisotropy for both foveal vision and peripheral vision while also achieving an acceptable through-focus quality metrics and visualperformance (e.g., visual acuity). The power profile can be adjusted in an iterative manner by adjusting the central myopic defocus zone from a fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model and / or peripheral myopic defocus zones from a peripheral blur anisotropy model to optimize (e.g., minimizing) hyperopic blur for foveal vision and peripheral blur anisotropy metric for peripheral vision while also achieving an acceptable through-focus quality metrics and visual performance (e.g., visual acuity).

[0074] In this manner, the power profile for the lens does not have to be generated from the standalone aggregation a determined central myopic defocus zone from the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model and the myopic defocus zone(s) from the peripheral blur anisotropy model, but an optimization of these functions to achieve an optimization of reducing (e.g., minimizing) hyperopic blur for foveal vision and peripheral blur anisotropy metric for peripheral vision while also achieving an acceptable through-focus quality metrics and visual performance (e.g., visual acuity).

[0075] In exemplary aspects, the power profile of the lenses includes a central myopic defocus zone in a central zone based on a fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model that is configured to flatten the foveal image quality (or vision) through-focus curve (e.g., reduce or minimize shape metric of the foveal vision through-focus curve) toextend foveal depth-of-focus (i.e., foveal vision), such as hyperopic blur. When unaccommodated emmetropic eyes and corrected myopic eyes focus on close distances, like for reading, the focal point tends to move forward behind the retinal, thereby resulting in hyperopic blur that may cause the eye to grow to attempt to bring an image into focus, resulting in progression of myopia. This has the effect of reducing hyperopic blur in foveal vision. The power profile of the lenses also includes one or more peripheral myopic defocus zones (e.g., concentric myopic defocus ring(s)) based on a peripheral blur anisotropy model to add peripheral myopic defocus to optimize peripheral blur anisotropy metric, . In this manner, the ability of the retina to detect a pattern or bias in peripheral blur anisotropy is also reduced to further reduce or even arrest myopia progression.

[0076] Figure 7 illustrates an exemplary lens 700 to which a power profile can be applied that includes refractive correction based on a spherical aberration value, a central myopic defocus zone to provide a flatter through-focus curvature, and one or more peripheral myopic defocus zones, and optimized for visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) with reduced foveal vision hyperopic blur and optimized peripheral bluranisotropy metric for myopia control. As an example, the lens 700 is designed to optimize peripheral blur anisotropy metric by having a peripheral power profde (peripheral region / zone of optic zone) to increase peripheral blur anisotropy to have both the tangential and sagittal focus lines move toward anterior chamber of an eye of the wearer of the lens 700. The lens 700 includes a center axis 702 and has a shape defined by a lens outer peripheral edge (“lens edge”) 704, and an optic zone 706 surrounding the center axis 702 and having an optic zone outer periphery 708. As previously noted, the optic zone of a lens is typically considered the portion of the lens through which a wearer will look during the normal course of wearing the lens to receive intended visual corrections. The optic zone 706 has a power profile 707 that indicates the refractive power provided in the lens 700 as distributed across its surface. The optic zone 706 may have a circular configuration defined by a radius (r) from the center axis 702. In the alternative, the optic zone 706 may take any other suitable shape, as may be particularly applicable for spectacle lenses rather than contact lenses. Although the diameter may vary, the optic zone 706 in contact lenses is typically designed to be as large as possible without jeopardizing mechanical properties including handling and comfort, and typically falls within the range of 6-10 mm in diameter. For purposes of describing the present embodiments, the optic zone 706 is further divided into a central optic zone 712 that surrounds the center axis 702 and has a central zone power profile 713 as part of the power profile 707 of the lens 700. The central zone power profile 713 extends out a first radius rl from the center axis 702. The central optic zone 712 is designed to have a diameter that substantially matches the pupil diameter of a wearer, or a typical average pupil size for a population, which typically ranges from 2.5-6mm with an average in the population of about 4.3mm. The optic zone 706 also has a peripheral optic zone 714 that surrounds the central optic zone 712 and has a peripheral optic zone power profile 715 as part of the power profile 707 of the lens 700. The peripheral optic zone 714 starts at the first radius rl and extension to the second radius r2.

[0077] Figure 8A is an exemplary fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 that can be used to generate a central myopic defocus zone in a power profile of a lens, like the lens 700 in Figure 7, to provide a flatter through-focus curvature with extended foveal vision depth of focus to provide myopia control. Figure 8B is foveabased through-focus visual acuity flatness model-based power profile function 800F forthe fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 in Figure 8A. As shown in Figure 8A, the through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 includes a power profde 802 in the form of a base power profile 804 that has a power (in diopters (D)) on the Y- axis plotted as a function of the radius ‘r’ in mm from a center axis. As shown in Figures 8A and 8B, between 0 and a radius r of a first predetermined radial distance “Rin” (r < Rin) from a center axis (0 radius) and for a radius r greater than a second predetermined radial distance “Rout” (r > Rout) from the center axis, the base power profile 804 is designed to provide a power profile based on a single vision power (powersingievision) (i.e., a refractive correction prescription and an assumed or average spherical aberration) such that the power of the base power profile 804 increases steadily radially outward to a lens edge (e.g., the lens edges 704 of the lens 700 in Figure 7). In Figure 8B, single vision power (powersingievision) in D is equal to (=) refractive correction prescription in D + 'A spherical aberration (SA) (D / mm2) * r2(mm2). This causes the power of a lens that includes the power profile 802 to increase in a predetermined fashion based on an assumed spherical aberration such that the defocus at or in front of the retina becomes positive such that there may be a hyperopic blur in foveal vision resulting in increased myopic growth.

[0078] As discussed above, the spherical aberration in an eye, such as in an astigmatic or coma eye, may cause a negative defocus (blur) between a signal focused in front and behind the retina that can lead to increased myopic growth. Thus, to try to offset this negative defocus (blur) in foveal vision, a first myopic defocus zone 806 is also included in the power profile 802 of the through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 as being added as an ADD power to the base power profile 804 between the radius between Rin and Rout. The first myopic defocus zone 806 provides a ring structure as part of a central zone power profile in a central optic zone in a lens, such as the central zone power profile 713 in the central optic zone 712 in the lens 700 in Figure 7. The first myopic defocus zone 806 adds defocus power to reverse negative foveal defocus (i.e. blur) to reduce the retinal image quality variation in different focal points from light refracted in the first myopic defocus zone 806 as a function of radial distance to provide a zone of confusion to the retina. The first myopic defocus zone 806 is included in a central power profile in a central optic zone (e.g., central optic zone 712 in lens 700 in Figure 7) and includes a predetermined ADD power to the base power profile 804 to add a positive foveal defocus(blur) to try to reduce foveal vision hyperopic blur thus reducing myopic progression. Figure 8B illustrates an example of how the first myopic defocus zone 806 is determined as part of is fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model-based power profile function 800F (also referred to as “central power profile function 800F”) for the foveabased through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800. As shown therein, the shape of the first myopic defocus zone 806 is based on adding an “ADD power” shown in Figure 8B rr-R. ■> «(which is the “k” coefficient in Figure 8B multiplied by the shown function - — 1 ), Rout Rin ' to the single vision power that determines the base power profile 804 at a radius ‘r’ less than Rin and greater than Rout. Thus, in this example, the predetermined ADD power is a function of the “k” coefficient and radius ‘r’, such that the ADD power is increasing as a function of increasing radius ‘r’ between and inclusive of Rin and Rout. The first myopic defocus zone 806 is modeled to be triangular-shaped, so that the ADD power varies and increases between radius ‘r’ of Rin and Rout with increased radial distance to reduce (e.g., minimize) a shape metric of a foveal vision through-focus curve. The first myopic defocus zone 806 may have a peak 808 that is at a radial distance from the center axis closer to radius Rout than radius Rin to maintain an increasing ADD power with increased radial distance to reduce the retinal image quality variation in different focal points from light refracted in the first myopic defocus zone 806 as a function of radial distance. In other words, it is desired that the first myopic defocus zone 806 to reduce the retinal image quality variation in different focal points from light refracted in the first myopic defocus zone 806 to not only add positive foveal defocus (i.e. blur), but to reduce central hyperopic blur and the ability of the retina to detect a pattern or bias of myopic versus hyperopic blur.

[0079] The selection of distances for Rin, Rout, and a are selected to not only optimize foveal vision hyperopic blur, but also to optimize through-focus image quality metrics and visual performance (e.g., visual acuity). For example, Rin may be a radius between 0.1 mm and 0.7 mm, such as 0.5 mm. Rout may be a radius between 0.8 mm and 1.75 mm, such as 1.5 mm, as another example. The difference between Rout and Rin or the width in radius ‘r’ of the first myopic defocus zone 806 may be selected to be between 0.1 and 0.8 mm, such as between 0.22 mm and 0.73 mm as another example. The width of the first myopic defocus zone 806 affects the degree to which retinal image quality is varied at different focal points in the FOV for light refracted in the first myopicdefocus zone 806. a may be selected to be between 0.3 and 0.99. The first predetermined peak ADD power of the first myopic defocus zone 806 may be an ADD power of at least 1.5D and could be at least 2.0D.

[0080] To develop the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 in Figures 8A and 8B configured to flatten the foveal vision through-focus curve (e.g., reduce or minimize shape metric of the foveal vision through-focus curve) to extend foveal depth of focus (i.e., foveal vision), biometric parameters can be developed that are based on norms or average eyes. For example, Figure 9 is a table 900 that includes exemplary parameters that can be used to develop a fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model. For example, the pupil diameter for a typical average pupil size for a population may have been determined to be 4.3mm. This can be used to determine an optimized radius of a central optical zone. This factor can also be used to design the size (i.e. diameter or radius) of the central optic zone 712 (e.g. Rout - Rin in Figures 8A and 8B) to be used in the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 to generate the first myopic defocus zone 806 that includes a predetermined ADD power based on trying to reduce (e.g., minimize) the shape metric of a foveal vision through- focus curve. The width of the first myopic defocus zone 806 is designed not only to add positive defocus at fovea for one image distance, but to add positive foveal defocus for a range of image distances versus a trade off between treatment efficacy and vision depending on how ADD power is introduced. The vergence is selected to be 3.0 D in this example, based on a near target at 33 cm. The refractive correction prescription (Rx) used to model the single vision power is -2.5D in this example, based on a refractive correction for a -2.5 D myope. TemporalDec is the decentration (in this case in the temporal direction (as opposed to nasal direction)) of the center axis of a lens with respect to the pupil center. SuperiorDC is the decentration (in this case in the superior direction) of the same lens with respect to the pupil center. So the center axis of the lens is located at the (TemporalDec, SuperiorDc) point with respect to the eye pupil center.

[0081] Figure 10A is an exemplary peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000 that can be used to generate one or more peripheral myopic defocus zones in a power profile of a lens, like the lens 700 in Figure 7, to optimize peripheral blur anisotropy metric to provide myopia control. In this example, the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 is shown added to the peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000 to increase fovealvision DOF and optimize peripheral blur anisotropy metric. Figure 10B is peripheral blur anisotropy model-based power profile function lOOOF (also referred to as “peripheral profile function 1000F”) for the peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000 in Figure 10A. As shown in Figure 10A, the peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000 includes a power profile 1002 that includes the base power profile 804 previously described in Figure 8A on the Y-axis plotted as a function of the radius ‘r’ in mm from a center axis. As shown in Figures 10A and 10B, between 0 and a radius r of the second predetermined radial distance “Rout” (r <= Rout) from the center axis, the base power profile 804 is provided in Figure 8 A to provide the power profile 1002 based on a single vision power (powersingievision) (i.e., a refractive correction prescription and an assumed or average spherical aberration) such that the power of the base power profile 804 increases steadily radially outward to a lens edge (e.g., the lens edges 704 of the lens 700 in Figure 7). In Figure 10B, single vision power (powersingievision) in D is equal to (=) refractive correction prescription in D + !ri spherical aberration (SA) (D / mm2) * r2(mm2).

[0082] As discussed above, aberrations in an eye, such as in an astigmatic or coma eye, may cause peripheral blur anisotropy. Certain types of blur anisotropy, e.g., that is a results of more light energy being focused behind the retina than that focused in front of the retina, can lead to increased myopic growth. Thus, to try to reduce such peripheral blur anisotropy to be isotropic, e.g. symmetric focus in front and behind the retina, or to reverse the blur anisotropy to have more, if not most light energy to focus in front of the retina as shown in Figures 10A and 10B, one or more second myopic defocus zones 1006(l)-1006(N) are also included as an ADD power added to the base power profile 804 as part of the power profile 1002 provided by peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000, each between radiuses between Rin2,j and Rout,j, where j=l to N. The second myopic defocus zones 1006(l)-1006(N) provide ring structures as part of a peripheral zone power profile in a peripheral optic zone of a lens, such as in the peripheral zone power profile 715 in the peripheral optic zone 714 of lens 700 in Figure 7. The second myopic defocus zones 1006(l)-1006(N) add defocus power to optimize a peripheral blur anisotropy metric to optimize peripheral blur anisotropy from light refracted in the second myopic defocus zones 1006(l)-1006(N) as a function of radial distance to provide a zone of peripheral blur confusion to the retina. Each of the second myopic defocus zones 1006(l)-1006(N) includes a predetermined ADD power to add a positive peripheral blur to the base powerprofile 804 to try to optimize peripheral blur anisotropy thus reducing myopic progression.

[0083] Figure 10B illustrates a peripheral blur anisotropy model-based power profile function lOOOF that shows an example of how the second myopic defocus zones 1006(1)- 1006(N) are determined as part of an “ADD power” (which is the “kj” coefficient inFigure 10B multiplied by the shown function j— ) added to the base powerprofile 804 to provide the power profile 1002 for the peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000. The third and fourth predetermined radial distance for the second myopic defocus zones 1006(l)-1006(N) are shown as respective Rin2,j and Rout2,j, wherein ‘j’ = 1 to ‘N’, where ‘N’ is the number of second myopic defocus zones 1006(l)-1006(N). Thus, in this example, the predetermined ADD power is a function of the “kj” coefficient and radius 'r', such that the ADD power is increasing as a function of increasing radius ‘r1according to Rout2,j <= r < Rin2,j+1. As shown therein, the single vision power is used to determine the base power profile 804 as a function of radius ‘r’ outside of first myopic defocus zone 806 and outside the second myopic defocus zones 1006(l)-1006(N), wherein radius ‘r’ is less than Rin, Rout < r < Rin, and Rout2,j <= r < Rin2,j+1. As also shown in Figure 10B, the second myopic defocus zones 1006(l)-1006(N) are provided between respective radiuses Rin2,j < = r < = Rout2,j, and each includes predetermined ADD power as a function of radius ‘r’. The second myopic defocus zones 1006(1)- 1006(N) may each be modeled to be triangular-shaped, so that the ADD power varies and increases between radius ‘r’ of Rin2,j and Rout2,j with increased radial distance to optimize (e.g., reverse) peripheral blur anisotropy. The second myopic defocus zones 1006(l)-1006(N) may each have a respective peak 1008(l)-1008(N) that is at a radial distance from the center axis closer to its respective radius Rout2,j than to its respective radius Rin2,j to maintain an increasing ADD power with increased radial distance to optimize peripheral blur anisotropy at different peripheral FOVs from light refracted in the second myopic defocus zones 1006(l)-1006(N) as a function of radial distance. In other words, it is desired that second myopic defocus zones 1006(l)-1006(N) vary the peripheral blur pattern at the retina from light refracted in the second myopic defocus zones 1006(l)-1006(N) to not only add positive peripheral FOV blur, but to optimizeperipheral blur anisotropy and the ability of the retina to detect a pattern or bias of myopic versus hyperopic peripheral blur.

[0084] The distances for Rin2,j, Rout2,j, and [3 are selected to not only optimize peripheral blur anisotropy metric, but also to optimize through-focus quality metrics and visual performance (e.g., visual acuity). For example, Rin2,l of the second myopic defocus zone 1006(1) may have a radius between 1.9 mm and 2.25 mm. Rout2, 1 of the second myopic defocus zone 1006(1) may be a radius between 2.17 mm and 2.41 mm, as another example. Other examples of power profdes with other second myopic defocus zones are discussed later below. The difference between Rout2,j and Rin2,j or the width in radius ‘r’ of a second myopic defocus zone 1006(l)-1006(N) may be selected to be between 0.1 and 0.4 mm, such as between 0.16 mm and 0.27 mm, as another example. The width of the second myopic defocus zone 1006(l)-1006(N) affects the degree in which positive peripheral blur is added. [3 may be selected to be between 0.3 and 0.99. The second predetermined peak ADD power of the second myopic defocus zones 1006(l)-1006(N) may be an ADD power at least 2.0D. The second predetermined ADD powers of the respective second myopic defocus zones 1006(l)-1006(N) may increase as a function of an increase in radial distance, such as by at least 1.0D increments.

[0085] Figure 11A is an exemplary power profde 1100A for a lens that can be provided in the lens 700 in Figure 7 as an example, and includes an optimized first, central myopic defocus zone 806 using the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 in Figures 8A-8B and optimized second, peripheral myopic defocus zones 1006(1)- 1006(4) using the peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000 in Figures 10A-10B to provide optimized for visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) reduced foveal vision hyperopic blur and optimized peripheral blur anisotropy for myopia control.

[0086] As shown in Figure 11A, the power profile 1100A is defined using the foveabased through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 and peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000 in Figures 8 A and 10A, and their respective fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model-based power profile function 800F in Figure 8B and peripheral blur anisotropy model-based power profile function lOOOF in Figure 10B, as follows:Rx = refractive correction prescription of the eye;SA = spherical aberration;a=0.9189;[3=0.401;N = 5;Rin=0.7; Rout=1.43; Rin2, 1=2.25; Rout2, 1=2.41; Rin2, 2=3; Rout2, 2=3.16; Rin2, 3=3.75; Rout2, 3=3.91; Rin2, 4=4.5; Rout2, 4=4.66; al=2.016; a2=3.023; a3=4.034; a4=5.012; a5=6.002; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if r < Rin; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+al* ((r-Rin) / (0.73)]Aa), if Rin <= r < Rout; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout <= r < Rin2, 1 ; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a2* ((r-Rin2, l) / (0. 16)]AP), if Rin2, 1 <= r < Rout2, 1 ; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 1 <= r < Rin2, 2; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a3* ((r-Rin2, 2) / (0.16)]A), if Rin2, 2 <= r < Rout2, 2; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 2 <= r < Rin2, 3; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a4* ((r-Rin2, 3) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin 2, 3 <= r < Rout 2, 3; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 3 <= r < Rin2, 4; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 4) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin2, 4 <= r < Rout2, 4; and power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if r >= Rout2, 4.

[0087] Figure 1 IB is another exemplary power profile 1100B for a lens that can be provided in the lens 700 in Figure 7 as an example, and includes an optimized, first central myopic defocus zone 806 using the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 in Figures 8A-8B and optimized second, peripheral myopic defocus zones 1006( 1)- 1006(5) using the peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000 in Figures 10A-10B to provide optimized visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) with reduced foveal vision hyperopic blur and optimize peripheral blur anisotropy for myopia control.

[0088] As shown in Figure 1 IB, the power profile 1100B is defined using the foveabased through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 and peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000 in Figures 8 A and 10A, and their respective fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model-based power profile function 800F in Figure 8B and peripheral blur anisotropy model-based power profile function WOOF in Figure 10B, as follows:Rx = refractive correction prescription of the eye;SA = spherical aberration; a=0.9189;P=0.401;N = 5;Rin=0.7; Rout=1.43; Rin2, 1=1.9 ; Rout2, 1=2.17; Rin2, 2=2.56; Rout2, 2=2.83; Rin2, 3=3.22; Rout2, 3=3.48; Rin2, 4=3.87; Rout2, 4=4.14. Rin2, 5=4.53; Rout2, 5=4.79; al=2.016; a2=6.012; a3=8.011; a4=10.003; a5=12.01; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if r < Rin; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+al* ((r-Rin) / (0.73)]Aa), if Rin <= r < Rout; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout <= r < Rin2, 1 ; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a2* ((r-Rin2, l) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 1 <= r < Rout2, 1 ; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 1 <= r < Rin2, 2; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a3* ((r-Rin2, 2) / (0.27)]A), if Rin2, 2 <= r < Rout2, 2; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 2 <= r < Rin2, 3; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a4* ((r-Rin2, 3) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin 2, 3 <= r < Rout 2, 3; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 3 <= r < Rin2, 4; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 4) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 4 <= r < Rout2, 4; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 4 <= r < Rin2, 5; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 5) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 5 <= r < Rout2, 5; and power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if r >= Rout2, 5.

[0089] Figure 12A is a graph 1200A illustrating an exemplary correlation between modeled myopic control treatment efficacy of the lenses with power profiles 1100A, 1100B in Figures 11A and 1 IB modeled with the central myopic defocus zone using the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800, as compared to other lenses employing multi-focal lenses, as compared to other lenses 1202(l)-1202(9) for 1-year myopia control efficacy in reduction of axial length change compared to a control lens (Y-axis). An R2correlation coefficient of 0.73 has been achieved in the plotted data in Figure 12A. As shown in Figure 12A, lenses with power profiles 1100A, 1100B have astronger myopic control treatment based on less difference in axial length change of the eye over a one (1) year period as compared to lenses 1202(l)-1202(9) that may only employ a bi-focal or multi-focal power profde that is not specifically based on the foveabased through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800.

[0090] Figures 12B and 12C are graphs 1200B, 1200C illustrating exemplary between modeled myopic control treatment efficacy of the lenses with power profile 1100A, 1100B in Figures 11A and 11B modeled with the peripheral myopic defocus zones using the peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000, as compared to other lenses employing multi-focal lenses 1204(l)-1204(6) based on respective 4 mm and 5 mm optical zones. As shown in Figures 12A and 12B, lenses with power profiles 1100A, 1100B have a stronger myopic control treatment based on less difference in axial length change of the eye over a one (1) year period as compared to lenses 1204(1)- 1204(6) that may only employ a bi-focal or multi-focal power profile that is not specifically based on the peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000.

[0091] Figure 13A is another exemplary power profile 1300A for a lens that can be provided in the lens 700 in Figure 7 as an example, and includes an optimized, first central myopic defocus zone 806 using the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 in Figures 8A-8B and optimized second, peripheral myopic defocus zones 1006(1)- 1006(4) using the peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000 in Figures 10A-10B to provide optimized visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) with reduced foveal vision hyperopic blur and optimized peripheral blur anisotropy for myopia control.

[0092] As shown in Figure 13A, the power profile 1300A is defined using the foveabased through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 and peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000 in Figures 8 A and 10A, and their respective fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model-based power profile function 800F in Figure 8B and peripheral blur anisotropy model-based power profile function lOOOF in Figure 10B, as follows:Rx = refractive correction prescription of the eye;SA = spherical aberration; a=0.4771;P=0.401;N = 5;Rin=0.71; Rout=1.64; Rin2, 1=2.25; Rout2, 1=2.41; Rin2, 2=3.00; Rout2, 2=3.16; Rin2,3=3.75; Rout2, 3=3.91; Rin2, 4=4.5; Rout2, 4=4.66; al=2.016; a2=3.023; a3=4.034; a4=5.012; a5=6.002; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if r < Rin; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+al* ((r-Rin) / (0.73)]Aa), if Rin <= r < Rout; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout <= r < Rin2, 1 ; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a2* ((r-Rin2, l) / (0. 16)]AP), if Rin2, 1 <= r < Rout2, 1 ; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 1 <= r < Rin2, 2; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a3* ((r-Rin2, 2) / (0.16)]A), if Rin2, 2 <= r < Rout2, 2; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 2 <= r < Rin2, 3; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a4* ((r-Rin2, 3) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin 2, 3 <= r < Rout 2, 3; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 3 <= r < Rin2, 4; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 4) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin2, 4 <= r < Rout2, 4; and power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if r >= Rout2, 4.

[0093] Figure 13B is another exemplary power profile 1300B for a lens that can be provided in the lens 700 in Figure 7 as an example, and includes an optimized first, central myopic defocus zone 806 using the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 in Figures 8A-8B and optimized second, peripheral myopic defocus zones 1006( 1)- 1006(5) using the peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000 in Figures 10A-10B to provide optimized for visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) with reduced foveal vision hyperopic blur and optimize peripheral blur anisotropy for myopia control.

[0094] As shown in Figure 13B, the power profile BOOB is defined using the foveabased through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 and peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000 in Figures 8 A and 10A, and their respective fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model-based power profile function 800F in Figure 8B and peripheral blur anisotropy model-based power profile function lOOOF in Figure 10B, as follows:Rx = refractive correction prescription of the eye;SA = spherical aberration; a=0.4771;P=0.401;N = 5;Rin=0.71; Rout=1.64; Rin2, 1=1.9 ; Rout2, 1=2.17; Rin2, 2=2.56; Rout2, 2=2.83; Rin2, 3=3.22; Rout2, 3=3.48; Rin2, 4=3.87; Rout2, 4=4.14. Rin2, 5=4.53 ; Rout2, 5=4.79; al=2.016; a2=6.012; a3=8.011; a4=10.003; a5=12.01; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if r < Rin; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+al* ((r-Rin) / (0.73)]Aa), if Rin <= r < Rout; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout <= r < Rin2, 1 ; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a2* ((r-Rin2, l) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 1 <= r < Rout2, 1 ; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 1 <= r < Rin2, 2; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a3* ((r-Rin2, 2) / (0.27)]A), if Rin2, 2 <= r < Rout2, 2; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 2 <= r < Rin2, 3; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a4* ((r-Rin2, 3) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin 2, 3 <= r < Rout 2, 3; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 3 <= r < Rin2, 4; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 4) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 4 <= r < Rout2, 4; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 4 <= r < Rin2, 5; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 5) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 5 <= r < Rout2, 5; and power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if r >= Rout2, 5.

[0095] Figure 14A is a graph 1400A illustrating exemplary correlation between modeled myopic control treatment efficacy of the lenses with power profiles 1300A, I 300B in Figures 13A and 13B modeled with the central myopic defocus zone using the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800, as compared to other lenses employing multi-focal lenses, as compared to other lenses 1402(l)-1402(9) for 1-year myopia control efficacy in reduction of axial length change compared to a control lens (Y-axis). As shown in Figure 14A, lenses with power profiles 1300A, 13006 have a stronger myopic control treatment effect based on less difference in axial length change of the eye over a one (1) year period relative to a single-vision control lens as compared to lenses 1402(1)- 1402(9) that may only employ a bi-focal or multi-focal power profilethat is not specifically based on the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800.

[0096] Figures 14B and 14C are graphs 1400B, 1400C illustrating exemplary between modeled myopic control treatment efficacy of the lenses with power profile 1300A, 1300B in Figures 13A and 13B modeled with the peripheral myopic defocus zones using the peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000, as compared to other lenses employing multi-focal lenses 1404(l)-1404(6) based on respective 4 mm and 5 mm optical zones. As shown in Figures 14A and 14B, lenses with power profiles 1300A, 13006 have a stronger myopic control treatment effect based on less difference in axial length change of the eye over a one (1) year period relative to a single-vision control lens as compared to most of lenses 1404(l)-1404(6) that may only employ a bi-focal or multifocal power profile that is not specifically based on the peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000.

[0097] Figure 15A is another exemplary power profile 1500A for a lens that can be provided in the lens 700 in Figure 7 as an example, and includes an optimized, first central myopic defocus zone 806 using the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 in Figures 8A-8B and optimized second, peripheral myopic defocus zones 1006(1)- 1006(4) using the peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000 in Figures 10A-10B to provide optimized visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) with reduced foveal vision hyperopic blur and optimized peripheral blur anisotropy for myopia control.

[0098] As shown in Figure 15A, the power profile 1500A is defined using the foveabased through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 and peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000 in Figures 8 A and 10A, and their respective fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model-based power profile function 800F in Figure 8B and peripheral blur anisotropy model-based power profile function lOOOF in Figure 10B, as follows:Rx = refractive correction prescription of the eye;SA = spherical aberration; a=0.4771;P=0.401;N = 5;Rin=0.71; Rout=0.93; Rin2, 1=2.25; Rout2, 1=2.41; Rin2, 2=3.00; Rout2, 2=3.16; Rin2,3=3.75; Rout2, 3=3.91; Rin2, 4=4.5; Rout2, 4=4.66 ; al=2.016; a2=3.023; a3=4.034; a4=5.012; a5=6.002; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if r < Rin; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+al* ((r-Rin) / (0.22)]Aa), if Rin <= r < Rout; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout <= r < Rin2, 1 ; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a2* ((r-Rin2, l) / (0. 16)]AP), if Rin2, 1 <= r < Rout2, 1 ; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 1 <= r < Rin2, 2; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a3* ((r-Rin2, 2) / (0.16)]A), if Rin2, 2 <= r < Rout2, 2; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 2 <= r < Rin2, 3; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a4* ((r-Rin2, 3) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin 2, 3 <= r < Rout 2, 3; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 3 <= r < Rin2, 4; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 4) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin2, 4 <= r < Rout2, 4; and power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if r >= Rout2, 4.

[0099] Figure 15B is another exemplary power profile 1500B for a lens that can be provided in the lens 700 in Figure 7 as an example, and includes an optimized, first central myopic defocus zone 806 using the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 in Figures 8A-8B and optimized second, peripheral myopic defocus zones 1006(1)- 1006(4) using the peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000 in Figures 10A-10B to provide optimized visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) with reduced foveal vision hyperopic blur and optimized peripheral blur anisotropy for myopia control.

[0100] As shown in Figure 15B, the power profile 1500B is defined using the foveabased through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 and peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000 in Figures 8 A and 10A, and their respective fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model-based power profile function 800F in Figure 8B and peripheral blur anisotropy model-based power profile function lOOOF in Figure 10B, as follows:Rx = refractive correction prescription of the eye;SA = spherical aberration; a=0.4771;P=0.401;N = 5;Rin=0.71; Rout=0.93; Rin2, 1=1.9 ; Rout2, 1=2.17; Rin2, 2=2.56; Rout2, 2=2.83; Rin2, 3=3.22; Rout2, 3=3.48; Rin2, 4=3.87; Rout2, 4=4.14. Rin2, 5=4.53 ; Rout2, 5=4.79; al=2.016; a2=6.012; a3=8.011; a4=10.003; a5=12.01; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if r < Rin; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+al* ((r-Rin) / (0.22)]Aa), if Rin <= r < Rout; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout <= r < Rin2, 1 ; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a2* ((r-Rin2, l) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 1 <= r < Rout2, 1 ; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 1 <= r < Rin2, 2; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a3* ((r-Rin2, 2) / (0.27)]A), if Rin2, 2 <= r < Rout2, 2; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 2 <= r < Rin2, 3; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a4* ((r-Rin2, 3) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin 2, 3 <= r < Rout 2, 3; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 3 <= r < Rin2, 4; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 4) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 4 <= r < Rout2, 4; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 4 <= r < Rin2, 5; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 5) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 5 <= r < Rout2, 5; and power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if r >= Rout2, 5.

[0101] Figure 16A is a graph 1600A illustrating exemplary correlation between modeled myopic control treatment efficacy of the lenses with power profiles 1500A, 1500B in Figures 15A and 15B modeled with the central myopic defocus zone using the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800, as compared to other lenses employing multi-focal lenses, as compared to other lenses 1602(1)- 1602(9) for 1-year myopia control efficacy in reduction of axial length change compared to a control lens (Y-axis). As shown in Figure 15 A, lenses with power profiles 1500A, 1500B have a stronger myopic control treatment based on less difference in axial length change of the eye over a one (1) year period relative to a single-vision control lens as compared to most lenses 1602(l)-1602(9) that may only employ a bi-focal or multi-focal power profile thatis not specifically based on the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800.

[0102] Figures 16B and 16C are graphs 1600B, 1600C illustrating exemplary between modeled myopic control treatment efficacy of the lenses with power profile 1500A, 1500B in Figures 15A and 15B modeled with the peripheral myopic defocus zones using the peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000, as compared to other lenses employing multi-focal lenses 1604(1)- 1604(6) based on respective 4 mm and 5 mm optical zones. As shown in Figures 16A and 16B, lenses with power profiles 1600A, 1600B have a stronger myopic control treatment based on less elongation in axial length of the eye over a one (1) year period (relative to a single-vision control lens) as compared to most lenses 1604(l)-1604(6) that may only employ a bi-focal or multi-focal power profile that is not specifically based on the peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000.

[0103] In other exemplary power profiles, the second myopic defocus zones 1006(1)- 1006(N) can include a first, second myopic defocus zone 1006(1) can be positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 1.9 millimeters (mm) and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 2.17 mm from the center axis, a second, second myopic defocus zone 1006(2) can be positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 2.56 mm and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 2.83 mm from the center axis, a third, second myopic defocus zone 1006(3) can be positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 3.22 and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 3.48 from the center axis, and a fourth, second myopic defocus zone 1006(4) can be positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 3.87 and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 4. 14 from the center axis. The power profiles can also include a fifth, second myopic defocus zone 1006(5) positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 4.53 and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 4.79 from the center axis.

[0104] Also, in another example, for respective second myopic defocus zones 1006(l)-1006(4), the respective first, second predetermined peak ADD power of the first, second myopic defocus zone 1006(1) can be at least 2.0D, second, second predetermined peak ADD power of the second, second myopic defocus zone 1006(2) can be at least 3.0 D, the third, second predetermined peak ADD power of the third, second myopic defocuszone 1006(3) can be at least 4.0D, and the fourth, second predetermined peak ADD power of the third, second myopic defocus zone 1006(4) can be at least 5.0 D.

[0105] In other exemplary power profiles, the second myopic defocus zones 1006(1)- 1006(N) can include a first, second myopic defocus zone 1006(1) can be positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 2.25 millimeters (mm) and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 2.41 from the center axis, a second, second myopic defocus zone 1006(2) can be positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 3.00 mm and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 3.16 mm from the center axis, a third, second myopic defocus zone 1006(3) can be positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 3.75 and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 3.91 from the center axis, and a fourth, second myopic defocus zone 1006(4) can be positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 4.5 and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 4.66 from the center axis.

[0106] Figures 17A-17C are diagrams 1700A, 1700B, 1700C of simulated retinal image quality of respective lenses with power profiles 1500A, 1500B respective Figures 15A and 15B as compared to a multi-focal lens 1602, 1604 referenced in Figures 16A- 16C. As shown in Figures 17A and 17B, the simulated retinal image quality of respective lenses with power profiles 1500A, 1500B provides an enhanced visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) to the simulated retinal image quality in Figure 17C, but yet lenses with power profiles 1500A, 1500B include power profiles modeled using the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 and peripheral blur anisotropy model 100 that were optimized to provide higher quality visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) while still also providing treatment for reducing myopic progression.

[0107] As previously discussed, the power profile for the lens does not have to be generated from the standalone aggregation a determined central myopic defocus zone from the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 in Figure 8A and the myopic defocus zone(s) from the peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000 in Figure 10A, but optimization of these functions to achieve an optimization of blur anisotropy for both foveal vision and peripheral vision while also achieving an acceptable through-focus quality metrics and visual performance (e.g., visual acuity).

[0108] In this regard, Figure 18 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary process 1800 of designing power profile for a lens based on providing a refractive correction, anoptimized central myopic defocus zone using the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 in Figure 8A, and an optimized peripheral myopic defocus zone(s) using the peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000 in Figure 10A, to provide optimized for visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) with reduced foveal vision hyperopic blur and optimized peripheral blur anisotropy for myopia control.

[0109] As shown in Figure 18, and with regard to the lens 700 in Figure 7, a next step of the process 1800 of designing the power profde for a lens 700 based on the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 and the peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000 is determining a central power profde to modify the base power profde 804 in a central optic zone 712 of the lens 700 surrounding a center axis 702 of the lens 700 and extending a first radius rl from the center axis 702, based on a refractive correction prescription and one or more center model parameters applied to a fovea-based through- focus visual acuity flatness model 800 (block 1804 in Figure 18). Details regarding the first myopic defocus zone 806 provided by the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 have been previously discussed.

[0110] A next step in the process 1800 is designing the power profde for the lens 700 is determining a peripheral lens power profde to modify the base power profde 804 in the peripheral optic zone 714 of the lens 700 surrounding the central optic zone 712 and extending from the central optic zone 712 to the lens edge 704, based on the refractive correction prescription and one or more peripheral model parameters applied to the peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000 (block 1806 in Figure 18). Details regarding the second myopic defocus zone 1006( 1)- 1006(N) provided by the peripheral blur anisotropy model 1000 have been previously discussed. A next step in the process 1800 is of designing the power profde for the lens 700 is determining whether the lens 700 with a power profde comprising the determined center lens power profde (for the center optic zone of lens) and the determined lens peripheral power profde (for the peripheral region / zone of optic zone of lens) satisfies one or more threshold through-focus quality metrics and visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) (block 1808 in Figure 18).

[0111] If the power profde comprising the determined center power profde and the determined peripheral power profde does not satisfy one or more threshold through-focus quality metrics and visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) (block 1810 in Figure 18), the process 1800 can involve determining a second central power profde for the central opticzone 712 based on the refractive correction prescription and one or more second center model parameters having at least one second center model parameter different from the one or more center model parameters applied to the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model 800 to try to improve threshold through-focus quality metrics and visual performance (e.g., visual acuity) in an iterative manner (block 1812 in Figure 18).

[0112] Note that the aspects described above are in regard to exemplary contact lens systems, contact lens pairs, and individual contact lenses, but not that such examples are not limited to contact lenses but could be applied to any type of lenses and related lens systems and pairs.

[0113] It is important to note that the lens designs of the present disclosure may be incorporated into any number of different contact lenses formed from any number of materials. Specifically, the lens design of the present disclosure may be utilized in any of the contact lenses described herein, including, but not limited to, daily wear soft contact lenses, rigid gas permeable contact lenses, bifocal contact lenses, tone contact lenses, and hybrid contact lenses. In addition, although the disclosure is described with respect to contact lenses, it is important to note that the concept of the present disclosure may be utilized in spectacle lenses, intraocular lenses, corneal inlays, and onlays.

[0114] It is to be understood that the disclosure is not to be limited to the specific aspects disclosed and that modifications and other aspects are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying drawing figures, those skilled in the art will understand the concepts of the disclosure and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. The aspects set forth below represent the necessary information to enable those skilled in the art to practice the disclosure and illustrate the best mode of practicing the disclosure. It should be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure and the accompanying claims. Many modifications and other embodiments of the disclosure set forth herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which the disclosure pertains, having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Although shown and described in what is believed to be the most practical and specific aspects disclosed, modifications andother aspects are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims It is apparent that departures from specific designs and methods described and shown will suggest themselves io those skilled in the art and may be used without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.

[0115] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:1. An ophthalmic lens, comprising: a center axis, and a shape defined by a lens outer peripheral edge; a power profile comprising a central optic zone power profile and a peripheral zone power profile; a central optic zone surrounding the center axis and extending a first radius from the center axis, and comprising the central zone power profile; a peripheral optic zone surrounding the central optic zone, the peripheral optic zone extending from the central optic zone to a lens edge, and comprising the peripheral zone power profile; the central zone power profile, comprising: a first myopic defocus zone between a first predetermined radial distance from the center axis and a second predetermined radial distance from the center axis, the first myopic defocus zone comprising a first predetermined ADD power based at least on reducing a shape metric of a foveal vision through-focus curve, wherein the first predetermined ADD power increases with increased radial distance from the center axis based on reducing the shape metric of the foveal vision through-focus curve; and the peripheral zone power profile, comprising: one or more second myopic defocus zones each positioned at between a third predetermined radial distance from the center axis and a fourth predetermined radial distance from the center axis, and each comprising a second predetermined ADD power based on optimizing a peripheral blur anisotropy metric, where the second predetermined ADD power increases with increased radial distance from the center axis up to a second radius.2. The lens of clause 1, wherein the first myopic defocus zone is triangular-shaped as a function of the radial distance from the center axis.3. The lens of clause 2, wherein a peak of the first myopic defocus zone is at a radial distance from the center axis closer to the second predetermined radial distance than the first predetermined radial distance.4. The lens of clauses 1 to 3, wherein the first predetermined radial distance is at least 0.5 millimeters (mm).5. The lens of clause 4, wherein the second predetermined radial distance is less than or equal to 1.75 mm.6. The lens of clauses 1 to 4, wherein the second predetermined radial distance is less than or equal to 1.5 mm.7. The lens of clauses 1 to 6, wherein the first myopic defocus zone in the central optic zone has the first predetermined ADD power comprising a first predetermined peak ADD power of at least 1.5 diopters (D).8. The lens of clauses 1 to 7, wherein the central zone power profile is based on a central power profile function comprising:where: power singlevision (D) = refractive correction prescription (D) + 'A spherical aberration (SA) (D / mm2) * r2(mm2);‘k’ is an ADD power coefficient;‘r’ is the radius from the center axis;‘Rin’ is the first predetermined radial distance from the center axis;‘Rout’ is the second predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘a’ is a foveal vision through-focus curve flatness parameter; and‘power’ is the “central zone power profile” as a function of radius from the center axis.9. The lens of clause 8, wherein k is between 0 to 20.10. The lens of clauses 8 to 9, wherein a is between 0.3 and 0.99.11. The lens of clauses 8 to 10, wherein the difference between Rout and Rin is between 0.1 millimeters (mm) to 0.8 mm12. The lens of clauses 1 to 11, wherein the one or more second myopic defocus zones are each triangular-shaped as function of the radial distance from the center axis.13. The lens of clauses 1 to 12, wherein a peak of each of the one or more second myopic defocus zones is at a radial distance from the center axis closer to their third predetermined radial distance than their fourth predetermined radial distance.14. The lens of clauses I to 13, wherein the first radius is at least 1.9 millimeters (mm).15. The lens of clauses I to 14, wherein the one or more second myopic defocus zones in the peripheral optic zone each have a second predetermined peak ADD power of at least 2.0 diopters (D).16. The lens of clauses 1 to 15, wherein each of the first and the one or more second myopic defocus zones in the peripheral optic zone have the second predetermined ADD power more than the first predetermined ADD power.17. The lens of clauses 1 to 16, wherein each one or more second myopic defocus zones has an increasing amount of second predetermined ADD power as a function of increase in their respective radial distance from the center axis.18. The lens of clauses 1 to 17, wherein, wherein the first myopic defocus zone and the one or more second myopic defocus zones each cause light passing therethrough to generate non-coaxial defocus forming a focal ring.19. The lens of clauses 1 to 3, clauses 7 to 13, and clauses 15 to 18, wherein the one or more second myopic defocus zones, comprises: a first, second myopic defocus zone positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 1.9 millimeters (mm) and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 2.17 from the center axis; a second, second myopic defocus zone positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 2.56 mm and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 2.83 mm from the center axis; a third, second myopic defocus zone positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 3.22 and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 3.48 from the center axis; and a fourth, second myopic defocus zone positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 3.87 and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 4. 14 from the center axis.20. The lens of clause 19, wherein the one or more second myopic defocus zones, wherein: the first, second predetermined ADD power comprises a first, second predetermined peak ADD power of is least 2.0 diopters (D); the second, second predetermined ADD power comprises a second, second predetermined peak ADD power of at least 3.0 D; the third, second predetermined ADD power comprises a third, second predetermined peak ADD power oat least 4.0 D; and the fourth, second predetermined ADD power comprises a fourth, second predetermined peak ADD power of at least 5.0 D.21. The lens of clauses 19 to 20, wherein the one or more second myopic defocus zones further comprises: a fifth, second myopic defocus zone positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 4.53 and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 4.79 from the center axis.22. The lens of clauses 1 to 3, clauses 7 to 13, and clauses 15 to 18, wherein the one or more second myopic defocus zones, comprises: a first, second myopic defocus zone positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 2.25 millimeters (mm) and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 2.41 from the center axis; a second, second myopic defocus zone positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 3.00 mm and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 3.16 mm from the center axis; a third, second myopic defocus zone positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 3.75 and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 3.91 from the center axis; and a fourth, second myopic defocus zone positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 4.5 and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 4.66 from the center axis.23. The lens of clause 22, wherein the one or more second myopic defocus zones, wherein: the first, second predetermined ADD power comprises a first, second predetermined peak ADD power of is least 2.0 diopters (D); the second, second predetermined ADD power comprises a second, second predetermined peak ADD power ofat least 3.0 D; the third, second predetermined ADD power comprises a third, second predetermined peak ADD power of at least 4.0 D; and the fourth, second predetermined ADD power comprises a fourth, second predetermined peak ADD power of at least 5.0 D.24. The lens of clauses 1 to 7 and clauses 11 to 23, wherein the peripheral zone power profile is based on a peripheral power profile function comprising:where: power singlevision (D) = refractive correction prescription (D) + i spherical aberration (SA) (D / mm2) * r2(mm2);‘kj’ is an ADD power coefficient;‘r’ is the radius from the center axis;‘N’ is number of the second myopic defocus zones;‘j ’ is number of the one or more second myopic defocus zones, wherein j = 1 to ‘N’;‘nn’ is the first predetermined radial distance from the center axis;‘rOut’ is the second predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘nn2’ is the third predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘rout2’ is the fourth predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘P’ is a foveal vision through-focus curve flatness parameter; and ‘power’ is the “peripheral zone power profile” as a function of radius from the center axis.25. The lens of clause 24, wherein k is between 0 to 20.26. The lens of clauses 24 to 25, wherein is between 0.3 and 0.99.27. The lens of clauses 24 to 26, wherein the difference between Rout2, j and Rin2, j is between 0.1 millimeters (mm) to 0.4 mm.28. The lens of clause 8, wherein the central zone power profile is based on a central power profile function comprising:where: power singlevision (D) = refractive correction prescription (D) + 'A spherical aberration (SA) (D / mm2) * r2(nini2):'r' is the radius from the center axis;‘k’ is an ADD power coefficient;‘Rin’ is the first predetermined radial distance from the center axis;‘Rout’ is the second predetermined radial distance from the center axis;‘a’ is a foveal vision through-focus curve flatness parameter; and‘power’ is the “central zone power profile” as a function of radius from the center axis. The lens of clause 28, wherein k is between 0 to 20. The lens of clauses 24 to 29, wherein:Rx = refractive correction prescription of the eye;SA = spherical aberration; a=0.9189;P=0.401;N = 5;Rin=0.7; Rout=1.43; Rin2, 1=2.25; Rout2, 1=2.41; Rin2, 2=3; Rout2, 2=3.16;Rin2, 3=3.75; Rout2, 3=3.91; Rin2, 4=4.5; Rout2, 4=4.66; al=2.016; a2=3.023; a3=4.034; a4=5.012; a5=6.002; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r < Rin; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+al* ((r-Rin) / (0.73)]Aa), if Rin <= r < Rout; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout <= r < Rin2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a2* ((r-Rin2, l) / (0. 16)]AP), ifRin2, 1 <= r < Rout2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 1 <= r < Rin2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a3* ((r-Rin2, 2) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin2, 2 <= r < Rout2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 2 <= r < Rin2, 3;power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a4* ((r-Rin2, 3) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin 2, 3 <= r < Rout 2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 3 <= r < Rin2, 4; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 4) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin2, 4 <= r < Rout2, 4; and power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r >= Rout2, 4. The lens of clauses 24 to 29, wherein:Rx = refractive correction prescription of the eye;SA = spherical aberration; a=0.9189;P=0.401;N = 5;Rin=0.7; Rout=1.43; Rin2, 1=1.9 ; Rout2, 1=2.17; Rin2, 2=2.56; Rout2, 2=2.83;Rin2, 3=3.22; Rout2, 3=3.48; Rin2, 4=3.87; Rout2, 4=4.14. Rin2, 5=4.53 ; Rout2, 5=4.79; al=2.016; a2=6.012; a3=8.011; a4=10.003; a5=12.01; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r < Rin; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+al* ((r-Rin) / (0.73)]Aa), if Rin <= r < Rout; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout <= r < Rin2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a2* ((r-Rin2, l) / (0.27)]AP), ifRin2, 1 <= r < Rout2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 1 <= r < Rin2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a3* ((r-Rin2, 2) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 2 <= r < Rout2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 2 <= r < Rin2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a4* ((r-Rin2, 3) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin 2, 3 <= r < Rout 2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 3 <= r < Rin2, 4; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 4) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 4 <= r < Rout2, 4; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 4 <= r < Rin2, 5; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 5) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 5 <= r < Rout2, 5; and power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r >= Rout2, 5. The lens of clauses 24 to 29, wherein:Rx = refractive correction prescription of the eye;SA = spherical aberration; a=0.4771;P=0.401;N = 5;Rin=0.71; Rout=1.64; Rin2, 1=2.25; Rout2, 1=2.41; Rin2, 2=3.00; Rout2, 2=3.16; Rin2, 3=3.75; Rout2, 3=3.91; Rin2, 4=4.5; Rout2, 4=4.66; al=2.016; a2=3.023; a3=4.034; a4=5.012; a5=6.002; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r < Rin; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+al* ((r-Rin) / (0.73)]Aa), if Rin <= r < Rout; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout <= r < Rin2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a2* ((r-Rin2, l) / (0.16)]AP), ifRin2, 1 <= r < Rout2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 1 <= r < Rin2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a3* ((r-Rin2, 2) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin2, 2 <= r < Rout2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 2 <= r < Rin2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a4* ((r-Rin2, 3) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin 2, 3 <= r < Rout 2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 3 <= r < Rin2, 4; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 4) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin2, 4 <= r < Rout2, 4; and power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r >= Rout2, 4. The lens of clauses 24 to 29, wherein:Rx = refractive correction prescription of the eye;SA = spherical aberration; a=0.4771;P=0.401;N = 5;Rin=0.71; Rout=1.64; Rin2, 1=1.9 ; Rout2, 1=2.17; Rin2, 2=2.56; Rout2, 2=2.83; Rin2, 3=3.22; Rout2, 3=3.48; Rin2, 4=3.87; Rout2, 4=4.14. Rin2, 5=4.53 ; Rout2, 5=4.79; al=2.016; a2=6.012; a3=8.011; a4=10.003; a5=12.01; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r < Rin;power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+al* ((r-Rin) / (0.73)]Aa), if Rin <= r < Rout; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout <= r < Rin2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a2* ((r-Rin2, l) / (0.27)]AP), ifRin2, 1 <= r < Rout2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 1 <= r < Rin2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a3* ((r-Rin2, 2) / (0.27)]A), if Rin2, 2 <= r < Rout2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 2 <= r < Rin2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a4* ((r-Rin2, 3) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin 2, 3 <= r < Rout 2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 3 <= r < Rin2, 4; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 4) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 4 <= r < Rout2, 4; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 4 <= r < Rin2, 5; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 5) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 5 <= r < Rout2, 5; and power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r >= Rout2, 5. The lens of clauses 24 to 29, wherein:Rx = refractive correction prescription of the eye;SA = spherical aberration; a=0.4771;P=0.401;N = 5;Rin=0.71; Rout=0.93; Rin2, 1=2.25; Rout2, 1=2.41; Rin2, 2=3.00; Rout2,2=3.16; Rin2, 3=3.75; Rout2, 3=3.91; Rin2, 4=4.5; Rout2, 4=4.66 ; al=2.016; a2=3.023; a3=4.034; a4=5.012; a5=6.002; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if r < Rin; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+al* ((r-Rin) / (0.22)]Aa), if Rin <= r < Rout; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout <= r < Rin2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a2* ((r-Rin2, l) / (0.16)]AP), ifRin2, 1 <= r < Rout2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 1 <= r < Rin2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a3* ((r-Rin2, 2) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin2, 2 <= r < Rout2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 2 <= r < Rin2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a4* ((r-Rin2, 3) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin 2, 3 <= r < Rout 2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 3 <= r < Rin2, 4;power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 4) / (0. 16)]AP), if Rin2, 4 <= r < Rout2, 4; and power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r >= Rout2, 4.35. The lens of clauses 24 to 29, wherein:Rx = refractive correction prescription of the eye;SA = spherical aberration; a=0.4771; =0.401;N = 5;Rin=0.71; Rout=0.93; Rin2, 1=1.9 ; Rout2, 1=2.17; Rin2, 2=2.56; Rout2, 2=2.83; Rin2, 3=3.22; Rout2, 3=3.48; Rin2, 4=3.87; Rout2, 4=4.14. Rin2, 5=4.53 ; Rout2, 5=4.79; al=2.016; a2=6.012; a3=8.011; a4=10.003; a5=12.01; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r < Rin; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+al* ((r-Rin) / (0.22)]Aa), if Rin <= r < Rout; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout <= r < Rin2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a2* ((r-Rin2, l) / (0.27)]A), ifRin2, 1 <= r < Rout2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 1 <= r < Rin2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a3* ((r-Rin2, 2) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 2 <= r < Rout2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 2 <= r < Rin2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a4* ((r-Rin2, 3) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin 2, 3 <= r < Rout 2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 3 <= r < Rin2, 4; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 4) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 4 <= r < Rout2, 4; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 4 <= r < Rin2, 5; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 5) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 5 <= r < Rout2, 5; and power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r >= Rout2, 5.36. The lens of clauses 1 to 35, wherein the first predetermined ADD power is based at least minimizing the shape metric of the foveal vision through-focus curve, and wherein the first predetermined ADD power increases with increased radial distance from thecenter axis based on at least minimizing the shape metric of the foveal vision through- focus curve.37. The lens of clauses 1 to 36, wherein herein the second predetermined ADD power is based on at least optimizing the peripheral blur anisotropy metric.38. A method of designing an ophthalmic lens for at least one of slowing or preventing the progression of myopia, comprising: determining a base power profde for the lens; determining a central power profile to modify the base power profile in a central optic zone of the lens surrounding a center axis of the lens and extending a first radius from the center axis, based on a refractive correction prescription and one or more center model parameters applied to a foveabased through-focus visual acuity flatness model, the central power profile comprising a first myopic defocus zone between a first predetermined radial distance from the center axis and a second predetermined radial distance from the center axis, the first myopic defocus zone comprising a first predetermined ADD power based at least on minimizing a shape metric of a foveal vision through-focus curve, wherein the first predetermined ADD power increases with increased radial distance from the center axis based on reducing a shape metric of the foveal vision through- focus curve; and determining a peripheral power profile to modify the base power profile in a peripheral optic zone of the lens surrounding the central optic zone and extending from the central optic zone to a lens edge, based on the refractive correction prescription and one or more peripheral model parameters applied to a peripheral blur anisotropy model, the peripheral power profile comprising one or more second myopic defocus zones each positioned at between a third predetermined radial distance from the center axis and a fourth predetermined radial distance from the center axis, and each comprising a secondpredetermined ADD power based on optimizing peripheral blur anisotropy metric, where the second predetermined ADD power increases with increased radial distance from the center axis up to a second radius; and determining whether the lens with a power profde comprising the determined center power profde and the determined peripheral power profde satisfies one or more threshold through-focus quality metrics and visual performance.39. The method of clause 38, further comprising, in response to determining the lens with the central power profde does not satisfy one or more threshold through-focus quality metrics and visual performance: determining a second central power profde to modify the base power profde in the central optic zone based on the refractive correction prescription and one or more second center model parameters having at least one second center model parameter different from the one or more center model parameters applied to the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model, the second central power profde comprising a third myopic defocus zone between a fifth predetermined radial distance from the center axis and a sixth predetermined radial distance from the center axis, the third myopic defocus zone comprising a third predetermined ADD power based on reducing the shape metric of the foveal vision through-focus curve, wherein the third predetermined ADD power increases with increased radial distance from the center axis based on reducing the shape metric of the foveal vision through-focus curve.40. The method of clauses 38 to 39, wherein the first predetermined radial distance is at least 0.5 millimeters (mm).41. The method of clauses 38 to 40, wherein the second predetermined radial distance is less than or equal to 1.5 mm.42. The method of clauses 38 to 41, wherein the first myopic defocus zone in the central optic zone has the first predetermined ADD power comprising first predetermined peak ADD power of at least 1.5 diopters (D).43. The method of clauses 38 to 42, wherein the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model comprises:where: power singlevision (D) = refractive correction prescription (D) + 'A spherical aberration (SA) (D / mm2) * r2(mm2);‘k’ is an ADD power coefficient;‘r’ is the radius from the center axis;‘Rin’ is the first predetermined radial distance from the center axis;‘Rout’ is the second predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘a’ is a foveal vision through-focus curve flatness parameter; and‘power’ is the “central zone power profile” as a function of radius from the center axis.44. The method of clause 43, wherein k is between 0 to 20.45. The method of clauses 38 to 44, wherein the first radius is at least 1.9 millimeters (mm).46. The method of clauses 38 to 45, wherein the one or more second myopic defocus zones in the peripheral optic zone each have a second predetermined ADD power comprising a second predetermined peak ADD power of at least 2.0 diopters (D).47. The method of clauses 38 to 46, wherein each of the first and the one or more second myopic defocus zones in the peripheral optic zone have a second predetermined ADD power more than the first predetermined ADD power.48. The method of clauses 38 to 47, wherein each \one or more second myopic defocus zones has an increasing amount of second predetermined ADD power as a function of increase in their respective radial distance from the center axis.49. The method of clauses 38 to 42 and clauses 45 to 48, wherein the peripheral blur anisotropy model comprises:where: power singlevision (D) = refractive correction prescription (D) + 'A spherical aberration (SA) (D / mm2) * r2(mm2) ‘r’ is the radius from the center axis;‘kj’ is an ADD power coefficient;‘N’ is number of the last second myopic defocus zone;‘j ’ is number of the one or more second myopic defocus zones, wherein j = 1 to ‘N’;‘nn’ is the first predetermined radial distance from the center axis;‘rout’ is the second predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘nn2’ is the third predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘rout2’ is the fourth predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘P’ is a foveal vision through-focus curve flatness parameter; and ‘power’ is the “peripheral zone power profile” as a function of radius from the center axis.The lens of clause 49, wherein k is between 0 to 20. The method of clause 43, wherein the peripheral blur anisotropy model comprises:where: power singlevision (D) = refractive correction prescription (D) + i spherical aberration (SA) (D / mm2) * r2(mm2) ‘r’ is the radius from the center axis;‘kj’ is an ADD power coefficient;‘N’ is number of the last second myopic defocus zone;‘j ’ is number of the one or more second myopic defocus zones, wherein j = 1 to ‘N’;‘nn’ is the first predetermined radial distance from the center axis;‘rOut’ is the second predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘nn2’ is the third predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘rout2’ is the fourth predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘P’ is a foveal vision through-focus curve flatness parameter; and ‘power’ is the “peripheral power profile” as a function of radius from the center axis.52. The lens of clause 51, wherein k is between 0 to 20.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. An ophthalmic lens, comprising: a center axis, and a shape defined by a lens outer peripheral edge; a power profile comprising a central optic zone power profile and a peripheral zone power profile; a central optic zone surrounding the center axis and extending a first radius from the center axis, and comprising the central zone power profile; a peripheral optic zone surrounding the central optic zone, the peripheral optic zone extending from the central optic zone to a lens edge, and comprising the peripheral zone power profile; the central zone power profile, comprising: a first myopic defocus zone between a first predetermined radial distance from the center axis and a second predetermined radial distance from the center axis, the first myopic defocus zone comprising a first predetermined ADD power based at least on reducing a shape metric of a foveal vision through-focus curve, wherein the first predetermined ADD power increases with increased radial distance from the center axis based on reducing the shape metric of the foveal vision through-focus curve; and the peripheral zone power profile, comprising: one or more second myopic defocus zones each positioned at between a third predetermined radial distance from the center axis and a fourth predetermined radial distance from the center axis, and each comprising a second predetermined ADD power based on optimizing a peripheral blur anisotropy metric, where the second predetermined ADD power increases with increased radial distance from the center axis up to a second radius.

2. The lens of claim 1, wherein the first myopic defocus zone is triangular-shaped as a function of the radial distance from the center axis.

3. The lens of claim 2, wherein a peak of the first myopic defocus zone is at a radial distance from the center axis closer to the second predetermined radial distance than the first predetermined radial distance.

4. The lens of claim 1, wherein the first predetermined radial distance is at least 0.5 millimeters (mm).

5. The lens of claim 4, wherein the second predetermined radial distance is less than or equal to 1.75 mm.

6. The lens of claim 1, wherein the second predetermined radial distance is less than or equal to 1.5 mm.

7. The lens of claim 1, wherein the first myopic defocus zone in the central optic zone has the first predetermined ADD power comprising a first predetermined peak ADD power of at least 1.5 diopters (D).

8. The lens of claim 1, wherein the central zone power profile is based on a central power profile function comprising:where: power singlevision (D) = refractive correction prescription (D) + 'A spherical aberration (SA) (D / mm2) * r2(mm2);‘k’ is an ADD power coefficient;‘r’ is the radius from the center axis;‘Rin’ is the first predetermined radial distance from the center axis;‘Rout’ is the second predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘a’ is a foveal vision through-focus curve flatness parameter; and‘power’ is the “central zone power profile” as a function of radius from the center axis.

9. The lens of claim 8, wherein k is between 0 to 20.

10. The lens of claim 8, wherein a is between 0.3 and 0.99.

11. The lens of claim 8, wherein the difference between Rout and Rin is between 0.1 millimeters (mm) to 0.8 mm12. The lens of claim 1, wherein the one or more second myopic defocus zones are each triangular-shaped as function of the radial distance from the center axis.

13. The lens of claim 1, wherein a peak of each of the one or more second myopic defocus zones is at a radial distance from the center axis closer to their third predetermined radial distance than their fourth predetermined radial distance.

14. The lens of claim 1, wherein the first radius is at least 1.9 millimeters (mm).

15. The lens of claim 1, wherein the one or more second myopic defocus zones in the peripheral optic zone each have the second predetermined ADD power comprising a second predetermined peak ADD power of at least 2.0 diopters (D).

16. The lens of claim 1, wherein each of the first and the one or more second myopic defocus zones in the peripheral optic zone have the second predetermined ADD power more than the first predetermined ADD power.

17. The lens of claim 1, wherein each one or more second myopic defocus zones has an increasing amount of second predetermined ADD power as a function of increase in their respective radial distance from the center axis.

18. The lens of claim 1, wherein, wherein the first myopic defocus zone and the one or more second myopic defocus zones each causes light passing therethrough to generate non-coaxial defocus forming a focal ring.

19. The lens of claim 1, wherein the one or more second myopic defocus zones, comprises: a first, second myopic defocus zone positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 1.9 millimeters (mm) and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 2.17 from the center axis; a second, second myopic defocus zone positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 2.56 mm and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 2.83 mm from the center axis; a third, second myopic defocus zone positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 3.22 and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 3.48 from the center axis; and a fourth, second myopic defocus zone positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 3.87 and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 4. 14 from the center axis.

20. The lens of claim 19, wherein the one or more second myopic defocus zones, wherein: the first, second predetermined ADD power comprising a first, second predetermined peak ADD power of is least 2.0 diopters (D); the second, second predetermined ADD power comprising a second, second predetermined peak ADD power of at least 3.0 D; the third, second predetermined ADD power comprising a third, second predetermined peak ADD power of at least 4.0 D; and the fourth, second predetermined ADD power comprising a fourth, second predetermined peak ADD power of at least 5.0 D.

21. The lens of claim 19, wherein the one or more second myopic defocus zones further comprises:a fifth, second myopic defocus zone positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 4.53 and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 4.79 from the center axis.

22. The lens of claim 1, wherein the one or more second myopic defocus zones, comprises: a first, second myopic defocus zone positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 2.25 millimeters (mm) and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 2.41 from the center axis; a second, second myopic defocus zone positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 3.00 mm and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 3.16 mm from the center axis; a third, second myopic defocus zone positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 3.75 and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 3.91 from the center axis; and a fourth, second myopic defocus zone positioned between a third predetermined radial distance greater >= 4.5 and a fourth predetermined radial distance less <= 4.66 from the center axis.

23. The lens of claim 22, wherein the one or more second myopic defocus zones, wherein: the first, second predetermined ADD power comprising a first, second predetermined peak ADD power of is least 2.0 diopters (D); the second, second predetermined ADD power comprising a second, second predetermined peak ADD power of at least 3.0 D; the third, second predetermined ADD power comprising a third, second predetermined peak ADD power of at least 4.0 D; and the fourth, second predetermined ADD power comprising a fourth, second predetermined peak ADD power of at least 5.0 D.

24. The lens of claim 1, wherein the peripheral zone power profile is based on a peripheral power profile function comprising:where: power singlevision (D) = refractive correction prescription (D) + i spherical aberration (SA) (D / mm2) * r2(mm2);‘kj’ is an ADD power coefficient;‘r’ is the radius from the center axis;‘N’ is number of the second myopic defocus zones;‘j ’ is number of the one or more second myopic defocus zones, wherein j = 1 to ‘N’;‘rin’ is the first predetermined radial distance from the center axis;‘rOut’ is the second predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘nn2’ is the third predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘rout2’ is the fourth predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘P’ is a foveal vision through-focus curve flatness parameter; and ‘power’ is the “peripheral zone power profile” as a function of radius from the center axis.

25. The lens of claim 24, wherein k is between 0 and 20.

26. The lens of claim 24, wherein is between 0.3 and 0.99.

27. The lens of claim 24, wherein the difference between Rout2, j and Rin2, j is between 0.1 millimeters (mm) to 0.4 mm.

28. The lens of claim 8, wherein the central zone power profile is based on a central power profile function comprising:where: power single-vision (D) = refractive correction prescription (D) + 'A spherical aberration (SA) (D / mm2) * r2(mm2);‘r’ is the radius from the center axis;‘k’ is an ADD power coefficient;‘Rin’ is the first predetermined radial distance from the center axis;‘Rout’ is the second predetermined radial distance from the center axis;‘a’ is a foveal vision through-focus curve flatness parameter; and ‘power’ is the “central zone power profile” as a function of radius from the center axis.

29. The lens of claim 28, wherein k is between 0 to 20.

30. The lens of claim 24, wherein:Rx = refractive correction prescription of the eye;SA = spherical aberration; a=0.9189;P=0.401;N = 5;Rin=0.7; Rout=1.43; Rin2, 1=2.25; Rout2, 1=2.41; Rin2, 2=3; Rout2, 2=3.16;Rin2, 3=3.75; Rout2, 3=3.91; Rin2, 4=4.5; Rout2, 4=4.66; al=2.016; a2=3.023; a3=4.034; a4=5.012; a5=6.002; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r < Rin; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+al* ((r-Rin) / (0.73)]Aa), if Rin < = r < Rout; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout <= r < Rin2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a2* ((r-Rin2, l) / (0. 16)]AP), ifRin2, 1 <= r < Rout2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 1 <= r < Rin2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a3* ((r-Rin2, 2) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin2, 2 <= r < Rout2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 2 <= r < Rin2, 3;power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a4* ((r-Rin2, 3) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin 2, 3 <= r < Rout 2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 3 <= r < Rin2, 4; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 4) / (0.16)]A), if Rin2, 4 <= r < Rout2, 4; and power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r >= Rout2, 4.

31. The lens of claim 24, wherein:Rx = refractive correction prescription of the eye;SA = spherical aberration; a=0.9189;P=0.401;N = 5;Rin=0.7; Rout=1.43; Rin2, 1=1.9 ; Rout2, 1=2.17; Rin2, 2=2.56; Rout2, 2=2.83;Rin2, 3=3.22; Rout2, 3=3.48; Rin2, 4=3.87; Rout2, 4=4.

14. Rin2, 5=4.53 ; Rout2, 5=4.79; al=2.016; a2=6.012; a3=8.011; a4=10.003; a5=12.01; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r < Rin; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+al* ((r-Rin) / (0.73)]Aa), if Rin <= r < Rout; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout <= r < Rin2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a2* ((r-Rin2, l) / (0.27)]AP), ifRin2, 1 <= r < Rout2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 1 <= r < Rin2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a3* ((r-Rin2, 2) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 2 <= r < Rout2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 2 <= r < Rin2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a4* ((r-Rin2, 3) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin 2, 3 <= r < Rout 2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 3 <= r < Rin2, 4; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 4) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 4 <= r < Rout2, 4; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 4 <= r < Rin2, 5; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 5) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 5 <= r < Rout2, 5; and power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r >= Rout2, 5.

32. The lens of claim 24, wherein:Rx = refractive correction prescription of the eye;SA = spherical aberration; a=0.4771;P=0.401;N = 5;Rin=0.71; Rout=1.64; Rin2, 1=2.25; Rout2, 1=2.41; Rin2, 2=3.00; Rout2, 2=3.16; Rin2, 3=3.75; Rout2, 3=3.91; Rin2, 4=4.5; Rout2, 4=4.66; al=2.016; a2=3.023; a3=4.034; a4=5.012; a5=6.002; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r < Rin; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+al* ((r-Rin) / (0.73)]Aa), if Rin <= r < Rout; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout <= r < Rin2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a2* ((r-Rin2, l) / (0.16)]AP), ifRin2, 1 <= r < Rout2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 1 <= r < Rin2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a3* ((r-Rin2, 2) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin2, 2 <= r < Rout2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 2 <= r < Rin2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a4* ((r-Rin2, 3) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin 2, 3 <= r < Rout 2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 3 <= r < Rin2, 4; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 4) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin2, 4 <= r < Rout2, 4; and power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r >= Rout2, 4.

33. The lens of claim 24, wherein:Rx = refractive correction prescription of the eye;SA = spherical aberration; a=0.4771;P=0.401;N = 5;Rin=0.71; Rout=1.64; Rin2, 1=1.9 ; Rout2, 1=2.17; Rin2, 2=2.56; Rout2, 2=2.83; Rin2, 3=3.22; Rout2, 3=3.48; Rin2, 4=3.87; Rout2, 4=4.

14. Rin2, 5=4.53 ; Rout2, 5=4.79; al=2.016; a2=6.012; a3=8.011; a4=10.003; a5=12.01; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r < Rin;power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+al* ((r-Rin) / (0.73)]Aa), if Rin <= r < Rout; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout <= r < Rin2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a2* ((r-Rin2, l) / (0.27)]AP), ifRin2, 1 <= r < Rout2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 1 <= r < Rin2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a3* ((r-Rin2, 2) / (0.27)]A), if Rin2, 2 <= r < Rout2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 2 <= r < Rin2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a4* ((r-Rin2, 3) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin 2, 3 <= r < Rout 2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 3 <= r < Rin2, 4; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 4) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 4 <= r < Rout2, 4; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 4 <= r < Rin2, 5; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 5) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 5 <= r < Rout2, 5; and power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r >= Rout2, 5.

34. The lens of claim 24, wherein:Rx = refractive correction prescription of the eye;SA = spherical aberration; a=0.4771;P=0.401;N = 5;Rin=0.71; Rout=0.93; Rin2, 1=2.25; Rout2, 1=2.41; Rin2, 2=3.00; Rout2,2=3.16; Rin2, 3=3.75; Rout2, 3=3.91; Rin2, 4=4.5; Rout2, 4=4.66 ; al=2.016; a2=3.023; a3=4.034; a4=5.012; a5=6.002; power = Rx+1 / 2 SA*rA2, if r < Rin; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+al* ((r-Rin) / (0.22)]Aa), if Rin <= r < Rout; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout <= r < Rin2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a2* ((r-Rin2, l) / (0.16)]AP), ifRin2, 1 <= r < Rout2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 1 <= r < Rin2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a3* ((r-Rin2, 2) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin2, 2 <= r < Rout2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 2 <= r < Rin2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a4* ((r-Rin2, 3) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin 2, 3 <= r < Rout 2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 3 <= r < Rin2, 4;power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 4) / (0.16)]AP), if Rin2, 4 <= r < Rout2, 4; and power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r >= Rout2, 4.

35. The lens of claim 24, wherein:Rx = refractive correction prescription of the eye;SA = spherical aberration; a=0.4771; =0.401;N = 5;Rin=0.71; Rout=0.93; Rin2, 1=1.9 ; Rout2, 1=2.17; Rin2, 2=2.56; Rout2, 2=2.83; Rin2, 3=3.22; Rout2, 3=3.48; Rin2, 4=3.87; Rout2, 4=4.

14. Rin2, 5=4.53 ; Rout2, 5=4.79; al=2.016; a2=6.012; a3=8.011; a4=10.003; a5=12.01; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r < Rin; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+al* ((r-Rin) / (0.22)]Aa), if Rin <= r < Rout; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout <= r < Rin2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a2* ((r-Rin2, l) / (0.27)]A), ifRin2, 1 <= r < Rout2, 1; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 1 <= r < Rin2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a3* ((r-Rin2, 2) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 2 <= r < Rout2, 2; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 2 <= r < Rin2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a4* ((r-Rin2, 3) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin 2, 3 <= r < Rout 2, 3; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 3 <= r < Rin2, 4; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 4) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 4 <= r < Rout2, 4; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if Rout2, 4 <= r < Rin2, 5; power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2+a5* ((r-Rin2, 5) / (0.27)]AP), if Rin2, 5 <= r < Rout2, 5; and power=Rx+l / 2 SA*rA2, if r >= Rout2, 5.

36. The lens of claim 1, wherein the first predetermined ADD power is based at least minimizing the shape metric of the foveal vision through-focus curve, and wherein the first predetermined ADD power increases with increased radial distance from the centeraxis based on at least minimizing the shape metric of the foveal vision through-focus curve.

37. The lens of claim 1, wherein herein the second predetermined ADD power is based on at least optimizing the peripheral blur anisotropy metric.

38. A method of designing an ophthalmic lens for at least one of slowing or preventing the progression of myopia, comprising: determining a base power profde for the lens; determining a central power profile to modify the base power profile in a central optic zone of the lens surrounding a center axis of the lens and extending a first radius from the center axis, based on a refractive correction prescription and one or more center model parameters applied to a foveabased through-focus visual acuity flatness model, the central power profile comprising a first myopic defocus zone between a first predetermined radial distance from the center axis and a second predetermined radial distance from the center axis, the first myopic defocus zone comprising a first predetermined ADD power based at least on minimizing a shape metric of a foveal vision through-focus curve, wherein the first predetermined ADD power increases with increased radial distance from the center axis based on reducing a shape metric of the foveal vision through- focus curve; and determining a peripheral power profile to modify the base power profile in a peripheral optic zone of the lens surrounding the central optic zone and extending from the central optic zone to a lens edge, based on the refractive correction prescription and one or more peripheral model parameters applied to a peripheral blur anisotropy model, the peripheral power profile comprising one or more second myopic defocus zones each positioned at between a third predetermined radial distance from the center axis and a fourth predetermined radial distance from the center axis, and each comprising a secondpredetermined ADD power based on optimizing peripheral blur anisotropy metric, where the second predetermined ADD power increases with increased radial distance from the center axis up to a second radius; and determining whether the lens with a power profde comprising the determined center power profde and the determined peripheral power profde satisfies one or more threshold through-focus quality metrics and visual performance.

39. The method of claim 38, further comprising, in response to determining the lens with the central power profde does not satisfy one or more threshold through-focus quality metrics and visual performance: determining a second central power profde to modify the base power profde in the central optic zone based on the refractive correction prescription and one or more second center model parameters having at least one second center model parameter different from the one or more center model parameters applied to the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model, the second central power profde comprising a third myopic defocus zone between a fifth predetermined radial distance from the center axis and a sixth predetermined radial distance from the center axis, the third myopic defocus zone comprising a third predetermined ADD power based on reducing the shape metric of the foveal vision through-focus curve, wherein the third predetermined ADD power increases with increased radial distance from the center axis based on reducing the shape metric of the foveal vision through-focus curve.

40. The method of claim 38, wherein the first predetermined radial distance is at least 0.5 millimeters (mm).

41. The method of claim 38, wherein the second predetermined radial distance is less than or equal to 1.5 mm.

42. The method of claim 38, wherein the first myopic defocus zone in the central optic zone has the first predetermined ADD power comprising a first predetermined peak ADD power of at least 1.5 diopters (D).

43. The method of claim 38, wherein the fovea-based through-focus visual acuity flatness model comprises:where: power singlevision (D) = refractive correction prescription (D) + 'A spherical aberration (SA) (D / mm2) * r2(mm2);‘k’ is an ADD power coefficient;‘r’ is the radius from the center axis;‘Rin’ is the first predetermined radial distance from the center axis;‘Rout’ is the second predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘a’ is a foveal vision through-focus curve flatness parameter; and‘power’ is the “central zone power profile” as a function of radius from the center axis.

44. The lens of claim 43, wherein k is between 0 to 20.

45. The method of claim 38, wherein the first radius is at least 1.9 millimeters (mm).

46. The method of claim 38, wherein the one or more second myopic defocus zones in the peripheral optic zone each have the second predetermined ADD power comprising a second predetermined peak ADD power of at least 2.0 diopters (D).

47. The method of claim 38, wherein each of the first and the one or more second myopic defocus zones in the peripheral optic zone have the second predetermined ADD power more than the first predetermined ADD power.

48. The method of claim 38, wherein each one or more second myopic defocus zones has an increasing amount of second predetermined ADD power as a function of increase in their respective radial distance from the center axis.

49. The method of claim 38, wherein the peripheral blur anisotropy model comprises:where: power singlevision (D) = refractive correction prescription (D) + 'A spherical aberration (SA) (D / mm2) * r2(mm2):‘r’ is the radius from the center axis;‘kj’ is an ADD power coefficient;‘N’ is number of the last second myopic defocus zone;‘j ’ is number of the one or more second myopic defocus zones, wherein j = 1 to ‘N’;‘nn’ is the first predetermined radial distance from the center axis;‘rOut’ is the second predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘nn2’ is the third predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘rout2’ is the fourth predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘P’ is a foveal vision through-focus curve flatness parameter; and ‘power’ is the “peripheral zone power profile” as a function of radius from the center axis.

50. The lens of claim 49, wherein k is between 0 to 20.

51. The method of claim 43, wherein the peripheral blur anisotropy model comprises:where: power singlevision (D) = refractive correction prescription (D) + i spherical aberration (SA) (D / mm2) * r2(nim2) ‘r’ is the radius from the center axis;‘kj’ is an ADD power coefficient;‘N’ is number of the last second myopic defocus zone;‘j ’ is number of the one or more second myopic defocus zones, wherein j = 1 to ‘N’;‘nn’ is the first predetermined radial distance from the center axis;‘rOut’ is the second predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘nn2’ is the third predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘rout2’ is the fourth predetermined radial distance from the center axis; and ‘P’ is a foveal vision through-focus curve flatness parameter; and ‘power’ is the “peripheral power profile” as a function of radius from the center axis.

52. The lens of claim 50, wherein k is between 0 to 20.

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