A SARS-cov-2 nucleocapsid protein-specific VNAR isolated from a naÏve phage library
A non-immunized phage-displayed vNAR library from bamboo sharks addresses the limitations of immunized libraries by providing efficient, ethical, and cost-effective SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein-specific vNARs with enhanced specificity and affinity.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/135498
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-29
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-04
AI Technical Summary
Existing shark vNAR libraries require immunization processes that are time-consuming and raise ethical concerns, limiting their application for diverse antigen targeting and research.
A phage-displayed vNAR library is constructed from white-spotted bamboo sharks without prior immunization, enabling the isolation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein-specific vNARs through biopanning, which are highly specific and stable, with unique features like high affinity and tissue penetration.
The method provides a diverse range of binders that recognize more epitopes, reduces time and cost, and avoids ethical concerns, while the isolated vNARs demonstrate high specificity and affinity to SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein, suitable for therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Figure CN2024135498_04062026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
A SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein-specific vNAR isolated from a na*ve phage libraryFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This application relates to a vNAR, which is isolated from a phage library and is SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein-specific.BACKGROUND
[0002] As shark vNAR (variable domain of the new antigen receptor) has emerged as an up-rising star in novel antibody-based therapies, multiple studies have reported their vNAR with potential disease treatment functions, such as treating the tumour, malaria, CoV-ID19, Ebola hemorrhagic fever, CNS diseases, and inflammation. While these vNARs were generated from immunized shark vNAR libraries, in which the immunization process causes about 6 months and requires long-term animal maintenance. Thus, there is a need to develop a library without the immunization process, which can be used for selecting multiple antigens for future needs.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0003] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]A first aspect of this application relates to an isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprising CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 2 and CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 3.
[0004] [Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]According to the first aspect of this application, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises FW1 having an amino acid sequence that is identical or at least 90%homologous to the SEQ ID No. 4. In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises FW2 having an amino acid sequence that is identical or at least 90%homologous to the SEQ ID No. 5. In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises FW3a having an amino acid sequence that is identical or at least 90%homologous to the SEQ ID No. 6. In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises FW3b having an amino acid sequence that is identical or at least 90%homologous to the SEQ ID No. 7. In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises FW4 having an amino acid sequence that is identical or at least 90%homologous to the SEQ ID No. 8. In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises HV2 having an amino acid sequence that is identical or at least 90%homologous to the SEQ ID No. 9. In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises HV4 having an amino acid sequence that is identical or at least 90%homologous to the SEQ ID No. 10. In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises an amino acid sequence that is identical or at least 90%homologous to the SEQ ID No. 1. In some embodiments, the single domain antibody specifically binds to SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleocapsid protein with a binding affinity in the order of magnitude at about 10-8 –10-7 M. In some embodiments, the vNAR single domain antibody is isolated from a phage-displayed vNAR library without prior immunization. In some embodiments, the phage-displayed vNAR library is generated from a white-spotted bamboo shark.
[0005] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025][Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]Another aspectthis application relates to a process for preparing the isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to this application, which comprises:isolating cells or tissues from a whit-spotted bamboo shark without immunization;extracting RNA from the isolated cells or tissues;constructing a vNAR library via phase display; andbiopanning SARS-CoV-2 wild type nucleocapsid protein-specific vNARs.
[0006] Another aspect of this application relates to a nucleic acid or nucleotide sequence encoding an isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to this application.
[0007] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]A further aspect of this application relates to a construct comprising the nucleic acid according to this application.
[0008] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]Another aspect of this application relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to this application.
[0009] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025][Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]A yet another aspect of this application relates to a method for treating SARS-CoV-2 wild type in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to this application to the subject.
[0010] [Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]Another embodiment of this application relates to a kit for detecting SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleocapsid protein, comprising an isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to this application.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] Fig. 1A shows a schematic diagram illustrating procedures of phage library construction and biopanning for antigen-specific vNAR isolation;
[0012] Fig. 1B are images illustrating the library size of the 6 transformants according to an example of this application. E+08 dilution of the recovered transformations were scattered on an ampicillin selective plate for library size determination;
[0013] Fig. 1C is a table showing the results of library size of the 6 transformants in Fig. 1B;
[0014] Fig. 1D is an image showing clone PCR of the shark vNAR TG1 library for Quality Control (QC) ;
[0015] Fig. 1E is a diagram showing representative vNAR sequences from the phage library for QC;
[0016] [Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]Fig. 2A is a graph showing Polyclonal phage ELISA against SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleocapsid protein indicates the successful enrichment of the antigen-specific vNARs during panning;
[0017] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025][Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]Fig. 2B are images showing results of SARS-CoV-2 wild type nucleocapsid protein-specific binders screening ELISA;
[0018] Fig. 2C is a table showing the list of the 27 antigen-specific binder candidates from each screening plates;
[0019] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]Fig. 2D is a graph showing binder candidates verification by periplasmic extract ELISA, which indicates R0P1C11 and R2’P1G4 should be the candidate for further study;
[0020] Fig. 3 are images showing SDS-PAGE and WB analysis of R2’ P1G4 purified by nickle affinity chromatography;
[0021] [Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]Fig. 4A is a graph showing binding curves of R2’P1G4 against SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleoprotein for the determination of ELISA EC50, triplicates are set for each well test; and
[0022] [Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]Fig. 4B is a graph showing SPR sensorgram of R2’P1G4 binding with SARSCoV-2 Wild type nucleoprotein.
[0023] The figures herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not necessarily drawn to scale.DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0024] Unless otherwise specifically provided, all tests herein are conducted at standard conditions which include a room and testing temperature of 25 ℃, sea level (1 atm. ) pressure, pH 7, , and all measurements are made in metric units. Furthermore, all percentages, ratios, etc. herein are by weight, unless specifically indicated otherwise. It is understood that unless otherwise specifically noted, the materials compounds, chemicals, etc. described herein are typically commodity items and / or industry-standard items available from a variety of suppliers worldwide.I. Definitions
[0025] Unless otherwise defined, all technical terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one skilled in the art to which the invention belongs.
[0026] The term “antigen” refers to a substance that may bind with an antibody or antibody fragment. In general, antigens may be endogenous and generated under normal or abnormal conditions. Abnormal conditions means that the conditions when a subject, in particular a mammal or a human, is suffering from an illness or a disease such as cancer and inflammatory disease. The antigen may be an artificial substance, such as an organic dye or a fluorescent molecule, which is capable of binding to the corresponding antibody. In an embodiment, the antigen is a metabolic product generated in a subject suffering from a disease. In another embodiment, the antigen is an organic dye or fluorescent molecule such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) .
[0027] The term “antibody” or “antibody moiety” refers to an intact antibody molecule. The antibody may be expressed by a polynucleotide sequence encoding the antibody sequence. This molecule could be in the form of a full-length immunoglobulin and an antibody fragment including but not limited to the single domain antibody (sdAb) , variable domain of a sdAb (vHH, vNAR) , and the combination constructs of these fragments.
[0028] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]The term “vNAR” means the variable domain of the immunoglobulin new antigen receptor (IgNAR) derived from cartilaginous fish (especially the shark) .
[0029] The term “single domain antibody” refers to an antibody fragment which comprises or consists of a single monomeric variable antibody domain. sdAb is also called a nanobody. In general, sdAb has a size of 12 kDa to 15 kDa and has an affinity to bind to a specific antigen. sdAb is sensitive to heat and concentration of urea. The low molecular size and high specificity towards antigens make sdAb an effective tool for diagnosis and therapeutic applications. Compared to regular antibodies, sdAb has higher stability and specificity, in particular to bind to hidden antigens which may not be bound by the whole intact antibody.
[0030] As used herein, “FW1” , “FW2” , “FW3a” , “FW3b” , “FW4” refer to Frame-work Regions of the single domain antibody; “CDR1” , “CDR2” and “CDR3” are Complementarity Determining Regions of the single domain antibody; “HV2” and “HV4” are Hypervariable Regions of the single domain antibody
[0031] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]As used herein, “homologous” means sequence similarity. For example, “at least 90%homologous” means at least 90%of two sequences are the same. As used herein, the term “homology” generally refers to the percentage of amino acid residues in a sequence that are identical with the residues of the reference polypeptide with which it is compared, after aligning the sequences and in some embodiments after introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent homology, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity. Thus, the percent homology between two amino acid sequences is equivalent to the percent identity between the two sequences. Neither N-or C-terminal extensions, tags or insertions shall be construed as reducing identity or homology. Methods and computer programs for the alignment are well known. The percent identity between two amino acid sequences can be determined using well known mathematical algorithms.
[0032] As used herein, “specific binding” or “specifically bind to” refers to the antibody binds to a particular antigen and not other antigens.
[0033] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]As used herein, “bind” , “binding” means the antibody attacks the antigen by binding to it.
[0034] As used herein, “binding affinity” means the strength of a molecule binds to the other, such as the antibody binds to the antigen. The strength is quantitatively measured using KD, whose unit is the mole (M) . For example, “sub-nanomolar binding affinity” means the order of magnitude for the binding affinity is at about 10-8-10-7 M.
[0035] As used herein, “phage-displayed vNAR library” refers to a phage library that displays vNARs constructed from unimmunized cartilaginous fish.
[0036] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]As used herein, “immunization” means the process of producing antibodies by administration of a molecule into a person or animal body.
[0037] [Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]The term “SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleocapsid protein” or “SARS-CoV-2 Wild type N protein” refers to the nucleocapsid protein from the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 virus.II. Phage-displayed vNAR Library
[0038] An embodiment of this application relates to a method for constructing a phage-displayed vNAR library by using RNA extracted from a white-spotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) without prior immunization.
[0039] Without intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that a vNAR library can provide a higher diversity of binders that recognize more epitopes; the method according to this application can save time and cost because it does not require the immunization process; and the method does not raise many ethical considerations regarding animal welfare when compared to an immune library. It is also believed that this application may enrich the study on vNAR library, which is less studied compared to the vHH library.
[0040] In structure, vNAR lacks a large portion of residues in the FW2 and CDR2 regions giving it a smaller molecular size of about 12 kDa compared to vHH, and also higher tissue penetration inherit (Greenberg, et al. A new antigen receptor gene family that undergoes rearrangement and extensive somatic diversification in sharks. Nature 374, 168-173 (1995) and Feng, et al. Construction and next-generation sequencing analysis of a large phage-displayed VNAR single-domain antibody library from six nurse sharks. Antibody Therapeutics 2, 1-11 (2019) ) . In terms of stability, vNAR possesses non-canonical cysteines that form disulfide bounds which change the morphology of variable loops and improves stability; these non-canonical cysteine residues also categorize vNAR types according to their number and position (Juma, et al. Shark New Antigen Receptor (IgNAR) : Structure, Characteristics and Potential Biomedical Applications. Cells 10, 1140 (2021) ) . Besides, vANR has high specificity and affinity to its antigen because it refers to bind antigen cleft to increase the interaction area that is inaccessible to conventional antibodies (Matz, et al. Shark IgNAR-derived binding domains as potential diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Developmental &Comparative Immunology 90, 100-107 (2019) ) . Combining all these merits, vNAR has become aroused the interest of innovative antibodies in applications.
[0041] The white spotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) is one inshore demersal species in the cartilaginous category with a lifespan of 25 years in the wild that mainly inhabits tropical and subtropical coastal sea area of the Indo-Pacific region including China, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, India, and Japan. It can be easily found in many coastal areas in China such as Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, and Hong Kong SAR, which makes it a highly accessible animal. Apart from good accessibility, the white spotted bamboo shark is small, tender, vigorous, and with high husbandry potential compared to other shark species. These properties make the white-spotted bamboo shark a suitable research animal model for this application.
[0042] In some embodiments, the RNA used for constructing the phage-displayed vNAR library is extracted from blood, brain, eye, gill, liver, spleen, pancreas, and spiral valve of the white-spotted bamboo sharks. Without intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that vNAR is distributed in these organs or tissues of the white-spotted bamboo sharks. In some embodiments, the RNA is extracted from the whole blood of the white-spotted bamboo shark. The whole blood is drawn from the caudal vein and centrifuged to separate the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma for subsequent use.
[0043] The other un-specified procedures for constructing the phage-displayed vNAR library according to in this application are conventional and known to persons of ordinary skills in the art.III. vNAR Single Domain Antibody
[0044] An embodiment of this application relates to an isolated vNAR single domain antibody including CDR1 having an amino acid sequence that is identical or at least about 90%(e.g., at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, etc. ) homologous to GSNNFLYK (SEQ ID No. 2) and CDR3 having an amino acid sequence that is identical or at least about 90% (e.g., at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, etc. ) homologous to KAYIKRQLGCASSGDE (SEQ ID No. 3) . In some embodiments herein, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody includes CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 2 and CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 3.
[0045] [Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]Without intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that vNARs have unique features and advantages which are superior to conventional monoclonal antibodies, such as nano-size, readily re-formatted, superior tissue penetration ability, great stability and solubility, and potential to reach into recessive epitopes, easy expression in prokaryotic cells. The isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to this application is the first-reported vNARs isolated from a white-spotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiasum) vNAR library that targets SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleocapsid protein. In addition, it is believed that the isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to this application is highly water soluble (see data on vNAR purification in the example) . For delivery routes such as subcutaneous injection, antibodies need to be formulated in high concentrations to deliver the required dose in a small injection volume. Without intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that water-soluble antibodies are able to meet this requirement, thereby reducing injection volume. Water-soluble antibodies reduce the aggregation tendency hence is friendly to storage environment and can prolong the shelf-life. Moreover, based on our data on functional characterization, the EC50 and KD of our isolated vNAR are relatively low compared to existing vNARs isolated from libraries, suggesting a good affinity to the antigen. It is also believed that no SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein-specific vNAR has been reported before.
[0046] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody further comprises FW1, FW2, Fw3a, Fw3b, Fw4, HV2, and HV4 regions. Specifically, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody has the structureFW1-CDR1-FW2-HV2-FW3a-HV4-FW3b-CDR3-FW4.
[0047] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises FW1 having a sequence that is identical or at least about 90% (e.g., at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99%, etc. ) homologous to the sequence QVQLQESERVEQTPTTTTKEAGESLTINCVLK (SEQ ID No. 4) . In an embodiment herein, the vNAR single domain antibody comprises FW1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No.4
[0048] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises FW2 having a sequence that is identical or at least about 90% (e.g., at least about 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, etc. ) homologous to the sequence SHWYFT (SEQ ID No. 5) . In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises FW2 having an aminio acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 5.
[0049] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises FW3a having a sequence that is identical or at least 90% (e.g., at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, etc. ) homologous to the sequence GRYSVTM (SEQ ID No. 6) . In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises FW3a having an aminio acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 6.
[0050] In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises FW3b having a sequence that is identical or at least 90% (e.g., at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, etc. ) homologous to the sequence SFSLRISDLRVEDSGTYHC (SEQ ID No. 7) . In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises FW3b having an aminio acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 7.
[0051] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises FW4 having a sequence that is identical or at least 90% (e.g., at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, etc. ) homologous to the sequence GGGTLLTVNP (SEQ ID No. 8) . In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises FW4 having an aminio acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 8.
[0052] In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises HV2 having a sequence that is identical or at least 90% (e.g., at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, etc. ) homologous to the sequence KKGATKKERLTNG (SEQ ID No. 9) . In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises HV2 having an aminio acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 9.
[0053] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises HV4 having a sequence that is identical or at least 90% (e.g., at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, etc. ) homologous to the sequence NKASK (SEQ ID NO. 10) . In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises HV4 having an aminio acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 10.
[0054] In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises an amino acid sequence that is identical or at least about 90% (e.g., at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99%, etc. ) homologous to SEQ ID No. 1.
[0055] In some embodiment, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises an amino acid sequence that is identical to SEQ ID No. 1. As this sequence naturally exists in animal, it is believed that it may be obtained without complex procedures.
[0056] [Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody specifically binds to SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleocapsid protein with a sub-nanomolar binding affinity. Without intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that high affinity of the vNAR makes it a potential tool for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleocapsid protein, or maybe a potential therapeutic tool for SARS-CoV-2.
[0057] [Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]In some embodiments, the binding affinity between the isolated vNAR single domain antibody and SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleocapsid protein can be quantified with equilibrium dissociation constant KD. KD is calculated as KD (nM) = Kd (1 / s) / Ka (1 / Ms) , where Kd is the dissociation constant and Ka is the association constant. In some embodiment, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody specifically binds to SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleocapsid protein with KD of about 0.5 μM to about 0.7 μM (e.g., 0.60 μM, 0.65 μM, 0.698 μM, etc. ) .
[0058] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025][Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody has an EC50 of about 15 nM to about 20 nm, for example, about 16.0 nM, about 16.36 nM, about 16.5 nM, or about 17 nM, against SARS-CoV-2 wild type nucleocapsid protein.
[0059] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody can be expressed in different strains such as E. coli TG1 strain cells, BL21 DE3, Rosetta, WK6, ER2566, Shuffle T7, BJ5183. In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody can be expressed the E. coli TG1 strain, which is the strain used in the library construction and is also compatible for protein expression.
[0060] In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody is isolated from a phage-displayed vNAR library without prior immunization.
[0061] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]In some embodiments, the phage-displayed vNAR library is generated from a white-spotted bamboo shark. The white-spotted bamboo shark is a small animal model that can be easily accessed along China’s coastline. It is also cheap and easy to culture.
[0062] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]Another embodiment of this application relates to a process for preparing an isolated vNAR single domain antibody, which comprises:- isolating cells or tissues from a whit-spotted bamboo shark without immunization;- extracting RNA from the isolated cells or tissues;- constructing a vNAR library via phase display; and- biopanning antigen-specific vNARs.
[0063] Without intending to be bound by theory, it is believed that the method for preparing the isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to this application may provide several advantages such as: (1) the antibody isolated in this way can provide a higher diversity of binders that recognize more epitopes; (2) this process can save time and cost because it does not require the immunisation process; (3) this process does not raise many ethical considerations regarding animal welfare when compared to an immune library; (4) this process may enrich the study on vNAR library, which is less studied compared to the vHH library.
[0064] [Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]The present application surprisingly found that the vNAR single domain antibody isolated from a white-spotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiasum) vNAR library specifically targets SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleocapsid protein.
[0065] In some embodiments, the process for preparing the isolated vNAR single domain antibody further comprises the steps of isolating and purifying the antigen-specific vNARs. The methods in relation to these steps are conventionally known to technicians in this field.
[0066] [Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody has the features and properties described herein. In some embodiments, the isolated vNAR single domain antibody is specific to the SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleocapsid protein.
[0067] The method for constructing the vNAR library via phase display has been described herein above.IV. Others
[0068] An embodiment of this application relates to a nucleic acid or nucleotide sequence encoding an isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to this application.
[0069] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]An embodiment of this application relates to a construct comprising the nucleic acid according to this application.
[0070] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]An embodiment of this application relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising an isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to this application and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0071] [Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]An embodiment of this application relates to a method for treating SARS-CoV-2 Wild type in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition herein or an isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to this application to the subject.
[0072] [Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]An embodiment of this application relates to a kit for detecting SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleocapsid protein, which comprises an isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to this application.Examples
[0073] Example 1: Construction of phage-displayed vNAR library
[0074] 1.1 Animals and husbandry
[0075] Adult whit-spotted bamboo sharks (Chiloscyllium plagiasum) are wildly captured from the coastal area of Xiamen, Fujian Province, China and maintained in a 10m x 3m pisciculture pond filled with preconditioned natural seawater and supplemented with air supply for the adaptive phase (5 -7 days) to avoid post-captivity stress response. The body length of sharks is 60 -85 cm. All animal-related experiments are performed in accordance with protocols approved by the Department of Health of Hong Kong.
[0076] 1.2 Shark PBMCs collection
[0077] After the adaptive phase, the sharks are anesthetisied with MS-222 (0.1g / L seawater) prior to performing the bleeding. The whole blood is drawn from the caudal vein and centrifuged at 300g for 5 min to separate the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma for subsequent analysis. All samples collected are stored at -80 ℃.
[0078] 1.3 Construction of phage-displayed vNAR library
[0079] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]Total RNAs are extracted from the PBMCs of bamboo sharks and then reverse transcribed to cDNA following the protocol of SuperScript III First-Strand Synthesis System (Invitrogen, 18080051) . The vNAR DNAs are amplified by two steps of PCR. The primer pairs for the first-step PCR are as follows: NAR001 (5′-GYGCAGAAACAATGAATATTTTCT-3′) (SEQ ID NO. 11) and NAR002 (5′-GGATAGTAYCCGSTRATSAGACA-3′) (SEQ ID NO. 12) . The primer pairs for the second-step PCR are as follows: vNAR_For (5′-GATGTGCAGCTG CAGGAGGGGTTGAACAAACACCGACA-3′) (SEQ ID NO. 13) and vNAR_Back (5′-CTA GTGCGGCCGCAATCCATTTGCCCTCTGTTCT-3′) (SEQ ID NO. 14) . For the detailed steps of PCR, references can be made to Wei et al., Bamboo Shark as a Small Animal Model for Single Domain Antibody Production, Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 08 December 2021, Volume 9.
[0080] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]After two steps of PCR, the PCR products are performed with clean-up using a QIAEXII gel extraction kit (QIAGEN, 20051) . The purified vNAR DNAs and the phagemid pMECS are double-digested by restriction endonucleases PstI-HF (NEB, R3140M) and NotI-HF (NEB, R3189M) respectively at 37 ℃ overnight. Next, the digestion products are performed with clean-up using QIAquick gel extraction kit (QIAGEN, 28706) . The purified vNAR DNAs are ligated into the pMECS vector by T4 DNA ligation (1ug vNAR DNA, 3ug pMECS, 10U T4 DNA ligase in 200ul ligation buffer) at 16 ℃ for overnight. The ligation reaction is used for transformation after heat inactivation at 70 ℃ for 15 mins. Electroporation is carried out in a 0.1cm gap cuvette using 1ul ligation reaction in 25ul of E. coli TG1 electrocompetent cells (Lucigen, ER2738) . The TG1 cells are then plated on Amp selective medium to generate a vNAR library of more than 107 individual transformants. Following this, the TG1 cells are collected for the subsequent phage display and panning. In particular, the TG1 cells bearing the phagemid library (~1010 cells) are cultured in 2xTY / Amp-Glu medium (16g tryptone, 10g yeast extract, 5g NaCl, 100ug / ml Amp, 2%D-glucose in 1 L MilliQ water) at 37 ℃ for 3 h. Then the cells are infected with M13K07 helper phages (NEB, N0315S) at multiplicity of infection of about 20 to produce a phage-displayed vNAR library.
[0081] 1.4 Results
[0082] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]6 transformants are prepared to construct the TG1 libraries and the vNAR-phage library has an average library size of 1.58 x E+09 cfu / ml (Fig. 1B, 1C) . Single clones are selected for clone PCR (the second-step PCR as described under item 1.3 above) to detect the insertion efficiency of vNAR DNA into the plasmid (Fig. 1D) and the result shows that the insertion efficiency is 100%. Several clones are also amplified for sanger sequencing (acommercial service provided by Sangong Biotech (Shanghai) ) to further confirm the quality of the library (Fig. 1E) . Both the clone PCR and sanger sequencing results suggesting a high quality of the prepared phage library. After rescuing the phage library from the TG1 transformant, a phage-displayed vNAR library got a concentration of 1.28 x E+14 pfu / ml of phages (data not shown) .
[0083] [Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]Example 2: Biopanning and Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleocapsid protein-specific vNARs
[0084] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]2.1 Biopanning
[0085] The phage-displayed vNAR library obtained in Example 1 is used for panning. After an over-night culture, the amplified phage particles are precipitated using PEG / NaCl solution (20%polyethylene glycol 6000, 2.5M NaCl in MilliQ water) at 4 ℃ for 1 h. About 1x1011 phage particles are incubated in each SARS-CoV-2 N protein-coated well of MaxiSorp plate (BioLegend, 423501) for vNAR binding with SARS-CoV-2 N at room temperature for 2 h. The unbound phage particles are washed away by PBS / 0.05%Tween and the antigen-bound phages are eluted for the consecutive rounds of panning using the same protocols mentioned above. A total of three to four rounds of panning is sufficient to enrich antigen-specific phage particles.
[0086] 2.2 Phage ELISA
[0087] [Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]The phage ELISA is used for assessing the enrichment of antigen-specific phage particles. 100ng SARS-CoV-2 Wild type N protein is coated per well at 4 ℃ for overnight and then blocked with 5%skimmed milk-PBS at room temperature for 3 h. The phage particles amplified after each round of panning are diluted into 2x1010 phages in 100 ul 3%skimmed milk-PBS and then incubated in wells at room temperature for 2 h. Anti-M13 mAb HRP conjugate (Abcam, ab50370) diluted 1: 3000 in 5%skimmed milk-PBS is then added for incubating at room temperature for 1 h. The ELISA is developed with TMB substrate (Abcam, ab171522) and then read at 450 nm.
[0088] 2.3 Identification of antigen-specific vNARs
[0089] 96~192 TG1 clones randomly picked from LB-Amp agar plates are individually cultured in 1 ml TB-Amp medium (1.15g KH2PO4, 8.2g K2HPO4.3H2O, 6g tryptone, 12g yeast extract, 2ml glycerol, 100ug / ml Amp in 0.5L MilliQ water) in each well of a 96-deep-well plate. Steak the same cells on a reference master LB-Amp-Glu plate for temporary cell conservation. Incubate the 96-deep-well plate at 37 ℃ with shaking at 250rpm for 3~5h until OD600 growing to 0.6. Then add 1μl 1M IPTG to induce the vNAR expression overnight at 37 ℃ with shaking at 200rpm. Next morning, centrifuge the plate to pellet bacteria and then use TES-TES / 4 buffers (TES: 0.2M Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.5mM EDTA, 0.5M sucrose; TES / 4: 1 volume TES buffer, 3 volumes MilliQ water) to lysis the cells following the protocol from Pardon et al. (2014) 17. Then the supernatant of cell lysate is used to perform ELISA to identify SARS-CoV-2 N protein specific clones. The procedures for ELISA refer to the section 2.2.
[0090] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]2.4 vNAR expression and purification
[0091] TG1 cells bearing the vNAR expression plasmid are cultured in 0.5L TB-Amp medium (1.15g KH2PO4, 8.2g K2HPO4.3H2O, 6g tryptone, 12g yeast extract, 2ml glycerol, 100ug / ml Amp in 0.5L MilliQ water) at 16 ℃ for overnight under the 1mM IPTG induction. For cell lysis, the cell pellet collected by centrifuge are firstly resuspended in 8 ml TES buffer (0.2M Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 0.5mM EDTA, 0.5M sucrose) at 4 ℃ for 6 h with rotation at 200 rpm and then mixed in 16ml TES / 4 buffer (1 volume TES buffer, 3 volumes MilliQ water) at 4 ℃ for 2 h with rotation at 200 rpm. After centrifuge, the supernatant is collected and the pellet can be performed with a second cell lysis in TES-TES / 4 buffer. Next, the periplasmic extracts are filtered by 0.22μm syringe filters (Merck, SLGS033SB) and then added with 1ml IMAC nickel resin (Bio-Rad, 1560135) for affinity capture of His-tagged nanobodies. After an overnight gentle shaking at 4 ℃, the nickel resin is collected by gravity and washed with 30ml PBS by draining at gravity. The protein is eluted in 5ml PBS-Imidazole buffer (150mM imidazole in PBS) . The imidazole can be removed by Amicon Ultra 3kDa Centrifugal Filters (Merck, UFC900308) and the protein can be further purified using size exclusion chromatography. The protein purity is checked by CBB-stained SDS-PGAGE gel (Fig. 3) .
[0092] For non-reducing 5%SDS-PAGE gel, 1 μl of plasma is heated at 65℃ for 10 min in a SDS-loading buffer (50mM Tris-Cl pH6.8, 2%SDS, 0.1%bromophenol blue, and 10%glycerol) without any reducing agents; for reducing 10%SDS-PAGE gel, 1 μl of plasma is boiled at 100℃ for 5 min in the SDS-loading buffer with 100mM DTT. The gels are run in a SDS-running buffer (3.03 g Tris base, 14.44 g glycine, and 1 g SDS in 100 ml of MilliQ-filteredH2O) at 120 V for 1-2 h.
[0093] For Coomassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining, the gel is soaked in 100 ml of a gel-fixing buffer (50%ethanol with 10%acetic acid in MilliQ water) for 1 h and then in 100 ml of a gelwashing buffer (50%methanol with 10%acetic acid in MilliQ water) at RM overnight with gentle agitation. Then the gel is stained in a CBB-staining buffer (0.1%CBB R350, 20%methanol, and 10%acetic acid in MilliQ water) at RM for 3-4 h. The gel is washed with the gel-washing buffer several times until clear bands appeared and then equilibrated in a storage buffer (5%acetic acid in MilliQ water) for 1 h before visualizing protein bands. The result is shown in Fig. 3.
[0094] For Western blot, SDS-PAGE gels are blotted onto 0.45 μm PVDF membranes (Millipore) using the Mini Trans-blot system (Bio-Rad) at 4℃ overnight. The membranes are then blocked with 5%skimmed milk-TBST at RM for 3 h. The blocked membranes are probed with rabbit anti-IgNAR pAb (GeneTex, GTX128445) diluted 1: 3,000 in 5%skimmed milk-TBST at 4℃ overnight, followed by goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody HRP conjugate (Vector Laboratories, PI-1000-1) diluted 1: 5,000 in 5%skimmed milk-TBST. Similarly, the blocked membranes are probed with anti-IgW [V43] (Vertebrate Antibodies, #153309) or anti-IgM [Z69] (Vertebrate Antibodies, #153475) , followed by horse anti-mouse IgG antibody HRP conjugate (Vector Laboratories, PI-2000-1) . The membranes are washed in TBST four times prior to detection with the WesternBright Quantum kit (Advansta, K-12042-D10) . For detecting vNARs and VHHs, mouse anti-His tag mAb HRP conjugate (Sino Biological, 105327-MM02T-H) is diluted 1: 3,000 in 5%skimmed milk-PBS for membrane incubation. The result is shown in Fig. 3.
[0095] [Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]2.5 Results
[0096] [Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]Antigen-specific vNARs can be retrieved by successive rounds of selection and their functions are then validated by ELISA and SPR. Four rounds of panning against SARSCoV-2 Wild type nucleocapsid protein are conducted. An obvious enrichment of N protein-bound clones is observed during panning, as shown by the increasing values of polyclonal phage ELISA against it (Fig. 2A) .
[0097] Based on the periplasmic extract ELISA data, a total of 27 N protein-positive vNAR candidates are identified from 576 randomly-selected clones from the original to 3rd panning rounds (Fig. 2B, 2C) . Finally, R0P1C11 and R2’ P1G4 show the highest OD450nm value with an antigen / NC ratio above 2.0 (Fig. 2D) , hence R0P1C11 and R2’ P1G4 are used for further study.
[0098] Clones R0P1C11 and R2’ P1G4 are processed for vNAR purification via prokaryotic expression. R2’ P1G4 is successfully purified and the CBB and WB results indicate good solubilities (Fig. 3) .
[0099] [Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]Example 3: Characterization of SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleocapsid protein-specific vNARs
[0100] 3.1 Antigen-antibody reactivity ELISA
[0101] [Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]For EC50 determination of vNARs, 100ng SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleocapsid protein is coated per well and blocked with 5%skimmed milk-PBS. Two-fold serial dilutions of purified His-tagged vNARs (100.5 to 104 nM) are prepared in 5%skimmed milk-PBS and then incubated at room temperature for 2 h. Mouse anti-His tag mAb HRP conjugate (Sino Biological, 105327-MM02T-H) diluted 1: 3000 in 5%skimmed milk-PBS is then added for incubating at room temperature for 1 h. The ELISA is developed with TMB substrate (Abcam, ab171522) and then read at 450 nm. Fig. 4 shows the binding curves of R2’P1G4 against SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleoprotein for the determination of ELISA EC50.
[0102] 3.2 SPR for KD determinations
[0103] [Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]The kinetics binding and dissociation process between nanobody and antigen is monitored with surface plasmon resonance (SPR) by Biacore T200 (Cytiva, USA) . Briefly, One-minute pulse of the Ni solution (0.5 mM NiCl2 in water) is injected to saturate the NTA chip with nickel. Then, his-tagged nanobodies (20μg / ml in HBS-P buffer: 0.01 M HEPES pH 7.4, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.005%v / v Surfactant P20) are captured on the flow cell of Sensor Chip NTA (Cytiva, 28994951) . Next, a serial of double-folds dilution of SARS-CoV-2 Wild type N protein are injected and the sensorgrams are globally fitted with a floating Rmax using the built-in evaluation software. The binding and dissociation time are set at 120s and 300s, respectively. Lastly, the regeneration solution (350 mM EDTA) is used to remove nickel and any chelated molecules on the chip surface. The binding affinity (KD) is calculated as KD (nM) = Kd (1 / s) / Ka (1 / Ms) , where Kd is the dissociation constant and Ka is the association constant.
[0104] 3.3 Results
[0105] [Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]The EC50 value and binding affinity (KD) of R2’P1G4 are measured by ELISA and SPR, respectively (Fig. 4A and 4B) . R2’P1G4 has an EC50 of 16.36 nM against SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleocapsid protein (Fig. 4A) and a KD of 0.698 μM with a Ka of 1.41 x E+04 1 / Ms, a Kd of 9.84 x E-03 1 / sat a Chi2 of 0.829 (Fig. 4B) .
[0106] In summary, the present application has successfully constructed a high-quality phage-displayed vNAR library from a white-spotted bamboo shark without immunization and demonstrated the potential of the phage library in isolating SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein-specific vNARs. And it is also compatible for the isolation of other antigens.
[0107] It should be understood that the above only illustrates and describes examples whereby the present invention may be carried out, and that modifications and / or alterations may be made thereto without departing from the spirit of the invention.
[0108] It should also be understood that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately, or in any suitable subcombination.
[0109] All references specifically cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. However, the citation or incorporation of such a reference is not necessarily an admission as to its appropriateness, citability, and / or availability as prior art to / against the present invention.
Claims
1.[Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025]An isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprising CDR1 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 2 and CDR3 having an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID No. 3.2.The isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to claim 1, wherein the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises FW1 having an amino acid sequence that is identical or at least 90%homologous to the SEQ ID No. 4.3.The isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises FW2 having an amino acid sequence that is identical or at least 90%homologous to the SEQ ID No. 5.4.The isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises FW3a having an amino acid sequence that is identical or at least 90%homologous to the SEQ ID No. 6.5.The isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises FW3b having an amino acid sequence that is identical or at least 90%homologous to the SEQ ID No. 7.6.The isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises FW4 having an amino acid sequence that is identical or at least 90%homologous to the SEQ ID No. 8.7.The isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises HV2 having an amino acid sequence that is identical or at least 90%homologous to the SEQ ID No. 9.8.The isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises HV4 having an amino acid sequence that is identical or at least 90%homologous to the SEQ ID No. 10.9.The isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the isolated vNAR single domain antibody comprises an amino acid sequence that is identical or at least 90%homologous to the SEQ ID No. 1.10.The isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to any of claims 1 to 9, wherein the vNAR single domain antibody is isolated from a phage-displayed vNAR library without prior immunization.11.The isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to claim 10, wherein the phage-displayed vNAR library is generated from a white-spotted bamboo shark.12.[Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]The isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to any of claims 1 to 11, wherein the single domain antibody specifically binds to SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleocapsid protein.13.[Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]The isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to any of claims 1 to 12, wherein the single domain antibody specifically binds to SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleocapsid protein with a binding affinity of KD ranging from about 0.5 × 10-6 to about 1.0 × 10-6 M.14.[Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]The isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to any of claims 1 to 13, wherein the single domain antibody has an EC50 from about 10 to 20 nM against SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleocapsid protein.15.[Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]A process for preparing the isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to any of claims 1 to 14, comprising:a. isolating cells or tissues from a white-spotted bamboo shark without immunization;b. extracting RNA from the isolated cells or tissues;c. constructing a vNAR library via phase display using the extracted RNA; andd. biopanning SARS-CoV-2 Wild type nucleocapsid protein-specific vNARs.16.A nucleic acid or nucleotide sequence encoding an isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to any of claims 1 to 14.17.A construct comprising the nucleic acid according to claim 16.18.A pharmaceutical composition comprising an isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to any of claims 1 to 14.19.[Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025][Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]A method for treating SARS-CoV-2 wild type in a subject, comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of an isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to any of claims 1 to 14 to the subject.20.[Rectified under Rule 91, 20.05.2025][Corrected under Rule 26, 20.05.2025]A kit for detecting SARS-CoV-2 wild type nucleocapsid protein, comprising an isolated vNAR single domain antibody according to any of claims 1 to 14.