Slider rotor engine

Abstract

The invention discloses a slider-type rotor engine, and relates to the technical field of engines. The invention comprises a housing, a front cover and a rear cover, a rotor with a barrel-shaped body is rotatably arranged in the housing, a mandrel is fixedly connected to the rear cover, the outer side wall and the inner side wall of the barrel-shaped body are coaxial rotating body shapes, a through slot is provided on the barrel-shaped body, a slider is slidably arranged in the through slot, during the rotation of the rotor, the inner side wall and the outer side wall of the barrel-shaped body are always in contact with the outer side wall of the mandrel and the inner side wall of the housing at the second contact line and the first contact line respectively, and the two ends of the slider are always in contact with the outer side wall of the mandrel and the inner side wall of the housing respectively, an intake channel and a fourth channel are arranged on the rear cover, a first channel and a second channel are arranged on the mandrel, a groove and a third channel are arranged at a position on one side of the through slot on the outer side wall of the barrel-shaped body, and an exhaust channel and a spark plug are arranged on the housing. The invention can exhaust exhaust gas, reduce mechanical loss, and improve fuel thermal efficiency.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of engines, and more particularly to a slider-type rotor engine. Background Art

[0002] Most of the existing internal combustion engines use piston-connecting rod or triangular piston movement to obtain energy from the expansion force generated by fuel combustion and convert the gas expansion force into the force of crankshaft rotation. The thermal efficiency of fuel in existing internal combustion engines is only about 40%, and some are even lower. According to research, the main reasons for the low thermal efficiency of existing engine fuel are incomplete fuel combustion, mechanical loss, and exhaust loss.

[0003] Since traditional engines use valve-type intake and exhaust to exchange cylinder gas, exhaust gas will not be completely discharged and new mixed gas will be discharged with exhaust gas, causing fuel loss. Traditional engines use crankshaft connecting rods to push the piston to reciprocate and convert the expansion force of fuel combustion in the cylinder into the rotation force of the crankshaft through the crankshaft. Since the angle between the connecting rod and the crankshaft is constantly changing, the angle between the connecting rod and the crankshaft is 90 degrees, which is not conducive to output power at the beginning of fuel combustion. When the piston reaches the bottom point, it must overcome the inertia force of the piston going down and change to going up, causing mechanical loss, and the rotation of the valve mechanism consumes part of the power. In order to exhaust the exhaust gas cleanly at the end of work, traditional engines use early exhaust to exhaust, that is, the exhaust valve is opened before the piston reaches the bottom point. At this time, the pressure in the cylinder is still very high and even exceeds 14MPa. Causes heat loss of exhaust.

[0004] Therefore, how to make an engine with a new structure that can exhaust exhaust gas, reduce mechanical loss, and thus improve fuel thermal efficiency has become an urgent problem to be solved by those skilled in the art. Summary of the invention

[0005] The object of the present invention is to provide a slider-type rotary engine, which can exhaust exhaust gas, reduce mechanical loss, and thus improve the thermal efficiency of fuel.

[0006] In order to solve the above technical problems, the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions:

[0007] The present invention provides a slider-type rotor engine, comprising a shell, a front end cover and a rear end cover fixedly connected to the shell, a rotor with a barrel-shaped body rotatably arranged in the shell, a core shaft fixedly connected to the rear end cover, the outer side wall and the inner side wall of the barrel-shaped body are coaxial rotating body shapes, a through groove is provided on the side wall of the barrel-shaped body, a slider is slidably arranged in the through groove, during the rotation of the rotor, the inner side wall and the outer side wall of the barrel-shaped body are always in contact with the outer side wall of the core shaft and the inner side wall of the shell at a second contact line and a first contact line respectively, the two ends of the slider are always in contact with the outer side wall of the core shaft and the inner side wall of the shell respectively, a first cavity is formed between the inner side wall of the shell, the outer side wall of the barrel-shaped body, the inner bottom wall of the front end cover and the inner bottom wall of the rear end cover, A second cavity is formed between the inner side wall and the inner bottom wall of the barrel-shaped body, the outer side wall of the core shaft and the inner bottom wall of the rear end cover, an intake channel and a fourth channel are provided on the rear end cover, a first channel and a second channel are provided on the core shaft, the first end of the first channel is connected to the intake channel, the second end of the second channel is connected to the first end of the fourth channel, a groove and a third channel whose first end is connected to the groove are provided on the outer side wall of the barrel-shaped body at a position on one side of the through groove, the second end of the fourth channel is located on the rotation trajectory of the second end of the third channel, and an exhaust channel and a spark plug are provided on the outer shell at positions on both sides of the first contact line.

[0008] Optionally, the outer wall and the inner wall of the barrel-shaped body are both set to be cylindrical.

[0009] Optionally, the through groove penetrates the side wall of the barrel-shaped body in the radial direction, the inner wall of the shell and the outer wall of the core shaft are at the same distance in each radial direction of the barrel-shaped body, and the length between the two ends of the slider is a fixed length.

[0010] Optionally, both ends of the slider are convex arc surfaces and are in tangential contact with the inner wall of the shell and the outer wall of the core shaft respectively.

[0011] Optionally, one of the outer side wall of the core shaft and the inner side wall of the shell is configured as a body of revolution.

[0012] Optionally, the inner wall and the outer wall of the barrel-shaped body are both set to be cylindrical, and one of the outer wall of the core shaft and the inner wall of the shell is set to be cylindrical and is eccentrically arranged with respect to the barrel-shaped body.

[0013] Optionally, the length between the two ends of the slider is a retractable length.

[0014] Optionally, recessed grooves are provided at both ends of the sliding block, sealing strips are slidably provided in the recessed grooves, and a compression spring is provided between the bottom wall of the recessed grooves and the bottom wall of the sealing strip.

[0015] Optionally, the inner wall of the barrel-shaped body and the outer wall of the core shaft are similar rotational shapes, the outer wall of the barrel-shaped body and the inner wall of the shell are also similar rotational shapes, and the core shaft is coaxially arranged with the shell, and the barrel-shaped body and the core shaft are eccentrically arranged.

[0016] Optionally, the inner wall and outer wall of the barrel-shaped body, the outer wall of the core shaft, and the inner wall of the shell are all set to be cylindrical.

[0017] The technical solution provided by the present invention can include the following beneficial effects: the present invention includes a housing, a front cover and a rear cover, a rotor with a barrel-shaped body is rotatably arranged in the housing, a mandrel is fixedly connected to the rear cover, the outer wall and inner wall of the barrel-shaped body are coaxial rotating bodies, a through groove is provided on the side wall of the barrel-shaped body, a slider is slidably arranged in the through groove, the inner wall and outer wall of the barrel-shaped body are always in contact with the outer wall of the mandrel and the inner wall of the housing at the second contact line and the first contact line respectively during the rotation of the rotor, and the two ends of the slider are always in contact with the outer wall of the mandrel and the inner wall of the housing respectively, an intake channel and a fourth channel are arranged on the rear cover, a first channel and a second channel are arranged on the mandrel, a groove and a third channel are arranged on the outer wall of the barrel-shaped body at a position on one side of the through groove, and an exhaust channel and a spark plug are arranged on the housing at positions on both sides of the first contact line. It can exhaust exhaust gas, reduce mechanical loss, and thus improve the thermal efficiency of fuel. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments consistent with the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention.

[0019] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0020] Figure 1 is a perspective view of a slider-type rotor engine shown in some embodiments;

[0021] Figure 2 yes Figure 1 Exploded diagram of

[0022] Figure 3 yes Figure 1Cross-sectional views of the various parts;

[0023] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a slider shown in some embodiments;

[0024] Figure 5 is a cross-sectional schematic diagram when the rotor rotates to a first state;

[0025] Figure 6 is a cross-sectional schematic diagram when the rotor rotates to a second state;

[0026] Figure 7 is a cross-sectional schematic diagram when the rotor rotates to the third state;

[0027] Figure 8 is a cross-sectional schematic diagram when the rotor rotates to a fourth state;

[0028] Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of the distance between the inner side wall of the housing and the outer side wall of the core shaft shown in some embodiments.

[0029] In the figure: 1. outer shell; 2. front end cover; 3. rear end cover; 4. rotor; 5. core shaft; 6. slider; 7. spark plug; 8. first bearing; 9. second bearing; 11. first contact line; 12. exhaust channel; 13. first cavity; 31. intake channel; 32. fourth channel; 41. barrel; 42. rotating shaft; 51. first channel; 52. second channel; 53. second contact line; 54. second cavity; 61. recessed groove; 62. sealing strip; 63. compression spring; 411. through groove; 412. groove; 413. third channel. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0030] Here, exemplary embodiments will be described in detail, and examples thereof are shown in the accompanying drawings. When the following description refers to the accompanying drawings, unless otherwise indicated, the same numbers in different drawings represent the same or similar elements. In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that the orientation or position relationship indicated by the terms "center", "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "inner", "outer", "front", "back", etc. is based on the orientation or position relationship shown in the accompanying drawings, which is only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore cannot be understood as a limitation of the present invention. Specifically, "front" and "back" refer to the direction perpendicular to the paper. The embodiments described in the following exemplary embodiments do not represent all embodiments consistent with the present invention. On the contrary, they are only examples of devices or methods consistent with some aspects of the present invention.

[0031] To make the purpose, technical solution and advantages of the present invention clearer, the technical solution of the present invention will be described in detail below. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, rather than all the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other implementation methods obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work belong to the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0032] The following is an explanation of the embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings. In addition, the embodiments shown below do not limit the invention described in the claims. In addition, the entire contents of the configurations shown in the following embodiments are not limited to the solutions required as the invention described in the claims.

[0033] Reference Figure 1-Figure 9 The present invention comprises a housing 1, a front cover 2 and a rear cover 3 fixedly connected to the housing 1. A rotor 4 with a barrel 41 is rotatably arranged in the housing 1. Specifically, as Figure 3As shown, the rotor 4 includes a rotating shaft 42 and a barrel-shaped body 41. A bearing hole is provided on the front cover 2, and a first bearing 8 and a second bearing 9 are provided in the bearing hole. The rotating shaft 42 cooperates with the first bearing 8 and the second bearing 9 to form a rotating connection. The rear cover 3 is fixedly connected with the core shaft 5. The outer wall and the inner wall of the barrel-shaped body 41 are coaxial rotating bodies. A through groove 411 is provided on the side wall of the barrel-shaped body 41. A slider 6 is slidably provided in the through groove 411. During the rotation of the rotor 4, the inner wall and the outer wall of the barrel-shaped body 41 are always in contact with the outer wall of the core shaft 5 and the inner wall of the outer shell 1 at the second contact line 53 and the first contact line 11 respectively, and the two ends of the slider 6 are always in contact with the outer wall of the core shaft 5 and the inner wall of the outer shell 1 respectively. A first cavity 13 is formed between the inner wall of the housing 1, the outer wall of the barrel 41, the inner bottom wall of the front end cover 2 and the inner bottom wall of the rear end cover 3. A second cavity 54 is formed between the inner wall and the inner bottom wall of the barrel 41, the outer wall of the core shaft 5 and the inner bottom wall of the rear end cover 3. The rear end cover 3 is provided with an air inlet channel 31 and a fourth channel 32. The core shaft 5 is provided with a first channel 51 and a second channel 52 whose first ends are respectively connected to the second cavity 54 at both sides of the second contact line 53. The first channel 51 and the second channel 52 can be set as cylindrical blind holes extending from the bottom surface of the core shaft 5 along its axial direction, the first end is a plurality of through holes arranged at intervals from the side wall of the core shaft 5 to the first channel 51 or the second channel 52, the second end is an opening located on the bottom surface of the core shaft 5, the second end of the first channel 51 is connected to one end of the intake channel 31 (the other end of the intake channel 31 is used to be connected to the carburetor), the second end of the second channel 52 is connected to the first end of the fourth channel 32, and a groove 412 and a third channel 413 whose first end is connected to the groove 412 are provided on the outer side wall of the barrel-shaped body 41 at a position on one side of the through groove 411, the second end of the fourth channel 32 is located on the rotation trajectory of the second end of the third channel 413, when the rotor 4 rotates to the second end of the third channel 413 and the second end of the fourth channel 32 have a aligned portion, the two are connected, and when the two are completely staggered, the second end of the fourth channel 32 is closed by the bottom wall of the barrel-shaped body 41. An exhaust passage 12 and a spark plug 7 are respectively provided on the housing 1 at positions on both sides of the first contact line 11 .

[0034] It should be noted that the inner wall of the barrel 41 and the outer wall of the mandrel 5, the outer wall of the barrel 41 and the inner wall of the shell 1, the inner bottom wall of the barrel 41, the outer bottom wall of the mandrel 5, the inner bottom wall of the front end cover 2 of the outer bottom wall of the barrel 41, the opening end surface of the barrel 41 and the inner bottom wall of the rear end cover 3 all form friction seals at the second contact line 53 and the first contact line 11. The connection between the front end cover 2, the rear end cover 3 and the shell 1 is also sealed, which can be achieved by controlling the processing accuracy, or by sealing devices in the prior art (such as sealing strips, sealing rings, sealing pads, etc.).

[0035] Working principle: Figure 5-8 As shown, the rotor 4 rotates clockwise, the contact line between the slider 6 and the outer wall of the core shaft 5 and the second contact line 53 divides the second cavity 54 into an air intake cavity (located at the rear in the clockwise direction) and a compression cavity (located at the front in the clockwise direction), and the contact line between the slider 6 and the inner wall of the outer shell 1 and the first contact line 11 divides the first cavity 13 into a working cavity (located at the rear in the clockwise direction) and an exhaust cavity (located at the front in the clockwise direction). Figure 5 When the middle rotor 4 rotates clockwise under the action of the gas mixture, the space of the intake chamber gradually increases and the pressure decreases, and the gas mixture formed in the vaporizer is sucked in through the first channel 51 and the intake channel 31. At the same time, the volume of the compressed air chamber gradually decreases, and the gas mixture inside it is compressed and enters the fourth channel 32 through the second channel 52 (at this time, the second end of the fourth channel 32 abuts against the end face of the barrel 41 to form a friction seal and is completely offset from the intake port of the third channel 413). Figure 6 In the process, the rotor 4 continues to rotate clockwise, the slider 6 passes through the exhaust channel 12, the exhaust ends, the working chamber is connected to the exhaust channel 12, the work ends, the compression chamber continues to compress the fuel gas mixture, and the intake chamber continues to inhale the fuel gas mixture. Figure 7 The middle rotor 4 continues to rotate clockwise. When the compression of the compression chamber is close to the end, the second end of the third channel 413 located on the bottom surface of the barrel body 41 and the second end of the fourth channel 32 located on the rear end cover 3 are aligned and connected, so that the compressed gas mixture in the compression chamber quickly rushes into the combustion chamber (the groove 412 and the inner wall of the shell 1 are formed). When the rotor 4 continues to rotate clockwise, the second end of the third channel 413 and the second end of the fourth channel 32 are completely offset and the gas compression ends. At this time, the spark plug 7 ignites and ignites the gas mixture in the combustion chamber. The combustion and expansion of the gas mixture push the slider 6 and the rotor 4 to rotate clockwise, and the exhaust chamber space gradually becomes smaller and the exhaust gas in the exhaust chamber is discharged through the exhaust channel 12. Figure 8 In the process, the rotor 4 and the slider 6 continue to rotate clockwise until the compression of the compression chamber ends, and the air intake of the intake chamber begins, entering the next cycle.

[0036] The slider-type rotary engine has a compact structure, and the valve mechanism and cooling mechanism of the traditional slider-type rotary engine are eliminated to make the structure simpler. In addition, the intake, compression, power, and exhaust are relatively independent, so that the exhaust is clean and the intake is sufficient. When the fuel is burned and expanded, the force directly pushes the slider 6 to rotate the rotor 4, which improves the fuel utilization rate. The structure of separating the compressed air chamber from the power chamber makes the volume of the power chamber larger than that of the compressed air chamber, maximizes the use of the expansion force of the fuel combustion, reduces the pressure during exhaust, and improves the thermal efficiency of the fuel, thereby achieving the purpose of saving fuel.

[0037] It is preferred that the volume of the first cavity 13 is larger than that of the second cavity 54. The second cavity 54 is for air intake compression, and the first cavity 13 is for work exhaust. The volume of the first cavity 13 is larger than that of the second cavity 54, so that the volume of fuel expansion is larger than the volume of compression, and the work cavity is located on the outer circle of the rotor 4, so that the force arm of the slider 6 acting on the rotor 4 is longer and the output torque is greater.

[0038] The outer side wall and the inner side wall of the barrel-shaped body 41 are both set to be cylindrical. The cylindrical shape is simple to make. Of course, it can also be a truncated cone shape, or a rotating body of any other shape.

[0039] The through groove 411 penetrates the side wall of the barrel body 41 in the radial direction, the inner wall of the housing 1 and the outer wall of the core shaft 5 are at equal distances in each radial direction of the barrel body 41, and the length between the two ends of the slider 6 is fixed. Fig. 9 As shown, a cross-sectional view of the outer wall of the core shaft 5 (which can be set to a cylindrical shape or other shapes) and the inner wall of the outer shell 1 (non-cylindrical) at a certain position, in which the distance from the outer circumference to the inner circumference in each radial direction along the barrel-shaped body 41 is equal (all A).

[0040] Both ends of the slider 6 are convex arc surfaces and are in tangential contact with the inner wall of the housing 1 and the outer wall of the core shaft 5 respectively.

[0041] One of the outer side wall of the core shaft 5 and the inner side wall of the housing 1 is configured in the shape of a body of revolution.

[0042] The inner wall and the outer wall of the barrel-shaped body 41 are both cylindrical, and one of the outer wall of the core shaft 5 and the inner wall of the shell 1 is cylindrical and is eccentric to the barrel-shaped body 41 .

[0043] The length between the two ends of the slider 6 is a retractable length. For example, the two ends of the slider 6 are set to elastic materials to ensure that the two ends are always in contact with the outer wall of the core shaft 5 and the inner wall of the shell 1 and form a friction seal. In this case, the distances from the outer wall of the core shaft 5 to the inner wall of the shell 1 along each radial direction of the barrel 41 may not be equal. For example, the outer wall of the core shaft 5 and the inner wall of the shell 1 are coaxially arranged cylindrical, and the barrel 41 is a cylindrical eccentrically arranged with the core shaft 5.

[0044] The slider 6 is provided with a recessed groove 61 at both ends, a sealing strip 62 is slidably provided in the recessed groove 61, and a compression spring 63 is provided between the bottom wall of the recessed groove 61 and the bottom wall of the sealing strip 62. Figure 4 As shown, this ensures that the sealing strip 62 is always in contact with the inner wall of the housing 1 and the outer wall of the core shaft 5 to form a friction seal.

[0045] The inner wall of the barrel 41 and the outer wall of the core shaft 5 are similar to the shape of a body of revolution, and the outer wall of the barrel 41 and the inner wall of the shell 1 are also similar to the shape of a body of revolution, and the core shaft 5 and the shell 1 are coaxially arranged, and the barrel 41 and the core shaft 5 are eccentrically arranged.

[0046] The inner wall and outer wall of the barrel-shaped body 41 , the outer wall of the core shaft 5 , and the inner wall of the outer shell 1 are all set to be cylindrical.

[0047] It should be noted that the above technical features can be superimposed on each other.

[0048] It can be understood that the same or similar parts of the above embodiments can be referenced to each other, and the contents not described in detail in some embodiments can refer to the same or similar contents in other embodiments.

[0049] Although the embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described above, it is to be understood that the above embodiments are exemplary and are not to be construed as limitations of the present invention. A person skilled in the art may change, modify, replace and vary the above embodiments within the scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A slider-type rotor engine, It is characterized in that The invention comprises a housing (1), a front end cover (2) and a rear end cover (3) fixedly connected to the housing (1); a rotor (4) with a barrel-shaped body (41) is rotatably arranged in the housing (1); a core shaft (5) is fixedly connected to the rear end cover (3); the outer side wall and the inner side wall of the barrel-shaped body (41) are coaxial rotating bodies; a through groove (411) is provided on the side wall of the barrel-shaped body (41); a slider (6) is slidably arranged in the through groove (411); during the rotation of the rotor (4), the barrel-shaped body (41) is rotated. The inner wall and the outer wall are always in contact with the outer wall of the core shaft (5) and the inner wall of the shell (1) at the second contact line (53) and the first contact line (11), respectively; the two ends of the slider (6) are always in contact with the outer wall of the core shaft (5) and the inner wall of the shell (1), respectively; the inner wall of the shell (1), the outer wall of the barrel-shaped body (41), the inner bottom wall of the front end cover (2) and the inner bottom wall of the rear end cover (3) form a first cavity (13); the inner wall of the barrel-shaped body (41) A second cavity (54) is formed between the inner bottom wall, the outer side wall of the core shaft (5) and the inner bottom wall of the rear end cover (3); an air inlet channel (31) and a fourth channel (32) are provided on the rear end cover (3); a first channel (51) and a second channel (52) are provided on the core shaft (5), the first ends of which are respectively connected to the second cavity (54) at positions on both sides of the second contact line (53); the second end of the first channel (51) is connected to the air inlet channel (31); the second end of the second channel (52) is connected to the air inlet channel (31); The second end is connected to the first end of the fourth channel (32); a groove (412) and a third channel (413) whose first end is connected to the groove (412) are provided on the outer wall of the barrel-shaped body (41) at a position on one side of the through groove (411); the second end of the fourth channel (32) is located on the rotation track of the second end of the third channel (413); and an exhaust channel (12) and a spark plug (7) are respectively provided on the housing (1) at positions on both sides of the first contact line (11); The outer side wall and the inner side wall of the barrel-shaped body (41) are both arranged in a cylindrical shape; The length between the two ends of the slider (6) is a retractable length.

2. The slider-type rotary engine according to claim 1, It is characterized in that The through groove (411) penetrates the side wall of the barrel-shaped body (41) in the radial direction, the inner wall of the outer shell (1) and the outer wall of the core shaft (5) are at equal distances in each radial direction of the barrel-shaped body (41), and the length between the two ends of the slider (6) is a fixed length.

3. The slider-type rotary engine according to claim 2, It is characterized in that Both ends of the slider (6) are convex arc surfaces and are in tangential contact with the inner wall of the outer shell (1) and the outer wall of the core shaft (5) respectively.

4. The slider-type rotary engine according to claim 2, It is characterized in that One of the outer side wall of the core shaft (5) and the inner side wall of the outer shell (1) is configured as a body of revolution.

5. The slider-type rotary engine according to claim 4, It is characterized in that The inner wall and the outer wall of the barrel-shaped body (41) are both arranged in a cylindrical shape, and one of the outer wall of the core shaft (5) and the inner wall of the outer shell (1) is arranged in a cylindrical shape and is arranged off-axis with respect to the barrel-shaped body (41).

6. The slider-type rotary engine according to claim 1, It is characterized in that The two ends of the slider (6) are provided with recessed grooves (61), a sealing strip (62) is slidably provided in the recessed groove (61), and a compression spring (63) is provided between the bottom wall of the recessed groove (61) and the bottom wall of the sealing strip (62).

7. The slider-type rotary engine according to claim 6, It is characterized in that The inner wall of the barrel-shaped body (41) and the outer wall of the core shaft (5) are similar to the shape of a body of revolution, and the outer wall of the barrel-shaped body (41) and the inner wall of the outer shell (1) are also similar to the shape of a body of revolution, and the core shaft (5) and the outer shell (1) are coaxially arranged, and the barrel-shaped body (41) and the core shaft (5) are eccentrically arranged.

8. The slider-type rotary engine according to claim 7, It is characterized in that The inner wall and the outer wall of the barrel-shaped body (41), the outer wall of the core shaft (5), and the inner wall of the outer shell (1) are all arranged in a cylindrical shape.

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