Creating seismic depth grids using horizontal wells

Abstract

Methods, systems, and computer-readable media for performing operations including: clipping a seismic reference surface average velocity grid (SRSAV) in a hydrocarbon field to remove average velocity data from areas containing high-angle horizontal (HA / HZ) boreholes, wherein the seismic reference surface approximates a geologic reference surface; generating a borehole average velocity grid (BAV) along the HA / HZ boreholes based on (i) a depth grid (GRSD) of the geologic reference surface generated using HA / HZ borehole data, and (ii) a time grid (SRST) of the seismic reference surface; gridding the BAV using the clipped SRSAV to generate a hybrid seismic borehole average velocity grid (HSBAV) for the hydrocarbon field; and generating a hybrid seismic geologic depth grid (HSGD) for the hydrocarbon field based on the HSBAV and the SRST.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. patent application No. 16 / 503,134, filed on July 3, 2019, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Technical Field

[0003] The present disclosure relates to creating a depth grid of an oil and gas field. Background Art

[0004] Traditionally, vertical drilling has been used in oil and gas fields for oil and gas exploration and production. Recently, high-angle horizontal (HA / HZ) drilling has been adopted in oil and gas fields, particularly for optimizing oil recovery from reservoir zones or shale reservoirs. However, many current geological modeling techniques utilize data only from vertical wells. Furthermore, oil and gas fields with three-dimensional (3D) seismic survey coverage have struggled to perform well with HA / HZ well data. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Aspects of the subject matter described in this specification can be embodied in a method comprising the following operations: clipping a seismic reference surface average velocity grid (SRSAV) in an oil and gas field to remove average velocity data in an area containing high-angle horizontal (HA / HZ) boreholes, wherein the seismic reference surface approximates a geological reference surface; generating a borehole average velocity grid (BAV) along the HA / HZ boreholes based on (i) a depth grid (GRSD) of the geological reference surface generated using HA / HZ borehole data, and (ii) a time grid (SRST) of the seismic reference surface; gridding the BAV using the clipped SRSAV to generate a hybrid seismic borehole average velocity grid (HSBAV) for the oil and gas field; and generating a hybrid seismic geological depth grid (HSGD) for the oil and gas field based on the HSBAV and SRST.

[0006] The previously described embodiments may be implemented using: a computer-implemented method; a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-readable instructions for executing the computer-implemented method; and a computer system comprising a computer memory interoperably coupled to a hardware processor configured to execute the computer-implemented method / instructions stored on the non-transitory computer-readable medium. These and other embodiments may each optionally include one or more of the following features.

[0007] In a first aspect, wherein the SRST is measured according to a Seismic Reference Datum (SRD).

[0008] In a second aspect, wherein generating borehole average velocity data (BAV) based on (i) a depth grid (GRSD) of a geological reference surface generated using HA / HZ data, and (ii) a time grid (SRST) of a seismic reference surface includes: subtracting a seismic reference datum from the GRSD to convert the GRSD from a true vertical depth seafloor suggested TVDSS to a true vertical depth seismic reference datum TVDSRD.

[0009] In a third aspect, a seismic reference datum is added to the HSGD to convert the HSGD from a True Vertical Depth Seismic Reference Datum (TVDSRD) to a True Vertical Depth Seafloor Suggestion (TVDSS).

[0010] In a fourth aspect, wherein the SRSAV is generated by taking the ratio of the seismic reference surface depth grid (SRSD) to the SRST.

[0011] In a fifth aspect, wherein the GRSD is generated using two-dimensional (2D) conformal modeling.

[0012] In a sixth aspect, the subsurface of an oil and gas field is gridded using HSGD.

[0013] Although generally described as computer-implemented software embodied on a tangible medium for processing and transforming corresponding data, some or all aspects may be computer-implemented methods, or further included in corresponding systems or other devices for performing the described functions. These and other aspects and implementation details of the present disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the following description. Other features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from the description and drawings, as well as from the claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] Figure 1 Shown are a Seismic Reference Surface Depth (SRSD) grid and a Geological Reference Surface Depth (GRSD) grid in the subsurface, according to some embodiments.

[0015] Figure 2 Calculation of average seismic velocity in the subsurface is shown, according to some embodiments.

[0016] Figure 3A A map of an oil and gas field including HA / HZ drilling areas is shown, according to some embodiments.

[0017] Figure 3B A comparison of an SRSD grid and a GRSD grid for a HA / HZ drilling region is shown, according to some embodiments.

[0018] Figure 4A An SRSD grid for an oil and gas field is shown, according to some embodiments.

[0019] Figure 4B A seismic reference surface time (SRST) grid for an oil and gas field is shown, according to some embodiments.

[0020] Figure 4C A Seismic Reference Surface Average Velocity (SRSAV) grid for an oil and gas field is shown, according to some embodiments.

[0021] Figure 4D A tailored SRSAV grid for an oil and gas field is shown, according to some embodiments.

[0022] Figure 4E Shown are the average velocity of drilling (BAV) and the cropped SRSAV for the HA / HZ drilling zone, according to some embodiments.

[0023] Figure 4F A hybrid seismic borehole average velocity (HSBAV) grid is shown in accordance with some embodiments.

[0024] Figure 4G A hybrid seismic geology depth (HSGD) grid for an oil and gas field is shown, according to some embodiments.

[0025] Figure 5A 、 Figure 5B and Figure 5C A comparison of a SRSD grid, a GRSD grid, and a HSGD for an oil and gas field is shown, according to some embodiments.

[0026] Figure 6 A flow chart illustrating an example method for generating an HSGD grid according to some embodiments is shown.

[0027] Figure 7 A block diagram is shown of an example computer system for providing computing functionality associated with the algorithms, methods, functions, processes, procedures, and processes as described in this disclosure, according to some embodiments.

[0028] Like reference numerals and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] The following detailed description describes systems and methods for generating depth grids for hydrocarbon oil and gas fields including high-angle horizontal (HA / HZ) wells, and is presented to enable those skilled in the art to implement and use the disclosed subject matter in the context of one or more specific embodiments. Various modifications, changes, and permutations of the disclosed embodiments may be implemented and will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present disclosure, and the general principles defined may be applicable to other embodiments and applications. Therefore, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the embodiments described or shown, but should be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed.

[0030] For the purposes of this disclosure, "gridding" refers to a modeling technique that generates a mathematical representation of a three-dimensional (3D) surface on a two-dimensional (2D) plane. The generated representation is called a 2D grid. A topographic map showing the elevation shape of a surface is an example of a 2D grid. Typically, all surfaces below the ground have some degree of curvature. One way to model these surfaces is by generating a 2D grid of these surfaces. A 2D grid is defined by a projection / coordinate system, an origin (X, Y position), a value (Z), grid cell spacing, rotation, and range. Typically, all 2D grids for a given oil and gas field reservoir share these same properties and have different Z values, depending on the surface.

[0031] In one embodiment of gridding, one surface is used as the initial surface mesh from which all other surfaces in the subsurface are meshed. Typically, the initial surface, also known as the Geological Reference Surface (GRS), is located at or near the primary reservoir target for the field and typically contains the highest well penetration in the field. Grids are assembled into a reservoir model where each surface mesh maintains the correct shape relative to the GRS Depth (GRSD) grid.

[0032] In practice, there are two approaches for generating GRSD grids: (i) gridding the GRSD grid using only well data (e.g., GRS stratigraphic picks and grid control points (GCPs)), or (ii) gridding the GRSD grid using a seismic reference surface depth (SRSD) grid as a guide. GCPs are a collection of points along all boreholes (e.g., a set of XYZ scattered points). GCPs behave like stratigraphic picks, but they do not belong to a specific borehole. SRSD is a seismically derived depth grid that attempts to replicate GRSD and typically uses only vertical wells in the time-to-depth conversion process.

[0033] In theory, using the second method to make the GRSD grid consistent with the SRSD grid is advantageous because the area coverage of the SRSD grid is much larger than using well data alone. However, seismic depth grids typically have a high degree of uncertainty caused by various factors such as seismic resolution limitations and inaccurate velocity models. The uncertainty is significant when the SRSD grid is compared to the geological selection along the HA / HZ wells. Therefore, oil and gas fields containing HA / HZ wells are rarely executed with SRSD grids for these highly deviated wells. Because the GRSD is used as the initial gridding surface, if the determined depth of this surface is inaccurate relative to the SRSD grid, any resulting model will also be inaccurate. Therefore, using the SRSD grid to determine the GRSD grid is disadvantageous, especially in oil and gas fields that include HA / HZ boreholes.

[0034] There is a technique called 2D conformal modeling (2DCM) that combines well data and an SRSD mesh to generate a GRSD mesh. This technique is disclosed in the paper "SPE-188066-MS Designing and Validating 2D Reservoir Models," which is incorporated herein by reference. When applied correctly, 2DCM generates a GRSD mesh that performs formation selection and GCPs along all HA / HZ well paths while conforming to the SRSD mesh. After applying 2DCM along all HA / HZ wells, the resulting GRSD mesh is correctly formed along these wells. Because the GRSD mesh enforces GCPs along all HA / HZ well paths, the GRSD mesh generated using 2DCM is more accurate than the SRSD mesh. Therefore, when comparing the SRSD mesh to the GRSD mesh, there is a significant error associated with the SRSD mesh.

[0035] Regardless of the technique used to construct the GRSD mesh, the surface needs to accurately reflect the correct structure along all HA / HZ well paths.

[0036] Figure 1 1 shows an SRSD grid 104 and a GRSD grid 106 in a subsurface 100 according to some embodiments. In this example, the subsurface 100 is an oil and gas field that includes HA / HZ boreholes such as HA / HZ borehole 102. Figure 1As shown, there are significant differences between the SRSD grid 104 and the GRSD grid 106. In this example, the difference between the two grids exceeds 120 feet in some locations. Because a conformal gridding algorithm is used to transfer the shape of the SRSD grid to the GRSD grid, it can be concluded that if the SRSD grid is inaccurate along the HA / HZ well paths, it is likely to be equally inaccurate between wells. Because the SRSD grid is inaccurate in areas containing HA / HZ wells, models that rely on the SRSD grid are also inaccurate in these areas.

[0037] A method and system for generating an accurate depth grid for an oil and gas field including a HA / HZ well zone is disclosed. The depth grid is a hybrid depth grid that includes average velocity data derived from an SRSD grid and a GRSD grid. Specifically, the hybrid depth grid includes an SRSD grid in an area outside the HA / HZ well zone and includes a GRSD grid inside the HA / HZ well zone. In an embodiment, the method for generating the hybrid depth grid involves calculating the average borehole velocity derived from GRSD in the HA / HZ well zone (or well control). The method also includes calculating the average SRSD-derived velocity outside the HA / HZ well zone. The average velocity data is then gridded to generate an updated hybrid seismic borehole average velocity grid, which is then used to generate the hybrid depth grid.

[0038] Figure 2 Calculation of the average velocity in the subsurface 200 according to some embodiments is shown. Specifically, the average velocity of interest in the subsurface 200 is the average seismic velocity to the GRS. Typically, the average velocity in the subsurface is calculated using equation (1):

[0039] (1)

[0040] In equation (1), ΔDepth is the change in depth from the reference surface to the surface of interest, and ΔTWT is the two-way time change from the reference surface to the surface of interest. In this example, the reference surface is the seismic reference datum (SRD) 205. At the SRD 205, both time and depth are equal to 0. Therefore, the depth change is calculated from the seismic reference datum (SRD) 205 to the GRS. Because the depth of the GRS is estimated using the GRSD, the depth change is calculated from the SRD 205 to the GRSD 204. The two-way time change from the SRD 205 to the GRS is calculated using the seismic reference surface time (SRST) grid. As described below, the SRST grid indicates the travel time of the seismic wave to the SRSD ( Figure 2 not shown).

[0041] In an embodiment, the average velocity is calculated for each sampling length (N) along the true borehole length / total borehole length (THL). The sampling lengths may be at the same spacing as each seismic trace in the subsurface 200, but not at the exact location. More specifically, to calculate the average velocity for each sampling length (N), the time and depth grids are interpolated for each sampling length. Thus, the borehole average velocity (BAV) along the THL is THL )=GRSD THL / SRST THL .

[0042] Figure 3A A map 300 of an oil and gas field 302 including HA / HZ boreholes is shown according to some embodiments. Figure 3A 302 is represented by a line segment (e.g., line segment 304) applied to map 300. As shown by map 300, HA / HZ boreholes are clustered in an area referred to as HA / HZ borehole area 306. In practice, an SRSD grid is used to grid the subsurface of oil and gas field 302. However, as previously explained, the SRSD grid is inaccurate in HA / HZ borehole areas (e.g., HA / HZ borehole area 306).

[0043] Figure 3B A comparison of an SRSD grid and a GRSD grid for the HA / HZ drilling area 306 is shown in accordance with some embodiments. Figure 3B In the example, the shading in the different areas shows the difference in feet between the two grids. Figure 3B As shown, there are significant differences between the two meshes in many areas of the HA / HZ borehole region 306. Given that the GRSD mesh more accurately approximates the surface in the HA / HZ borehole region 306, the GRSD mesh can replace the traditional SRSD mesh in this region.

[0044] In an embodiment, to generate an accurate depth grid for the oil and gas field 302 (referred to as a hybrid depth grid), a seismic reference surface average velocity (SRSAV) grid is generated for the oil and gas field. The SRSAV is clipped to remove the average seismic velocity data in the HA / HZ borehole region 306. The borehole average velocity (BAV) along the HA / HZ borehole region 306 is then calculated based on the GRSD grid and the SRST grid for that region. The clipped portion of the SRSAV is replaced by the BAV, and the two velocity sets are gridded to form a hybrid HSBAV grid. The hybrid HSBAV grid is then used to generate the hybrid depth grid. These steps are described in detail in the accompanying drawings. Figure 4A-4G Shown in.

[0045] Figure 4A and Figure 4BA seismic reference surface depth (SRSD) grid 400 and a seismic reference surface time (SRST) grid 410 for an oil and gas field 302 are shown, according to some embodiments. The SRSD grid 400 indicates the delta depth from the seismic reference datum to the seismic reference surface, and the SRST grid 410 indicates the delta time to the seismic reference datum from the seismic reference surface. The SRSD grid 400 and the SRST grid 410 are used to generate an SRSAV grid. Specifically, the SRSAV grid is generated by sampling the SRSD grid and the SRST grid at discrete points. In some examples, the discrete points are not at the same location as the seismic traces, but can have the same spacing to avoid biasing the data used for gridding.

[0046] Figure 4C An SRSAV grid 420 for the oil and gas field 302 is shown according to some embodiments. Specifically, the SRSAV grid 420 indicates the average velocity between the seismic reference datum and the seismic reference plane. Once the SRSAV grid 420 is generated, the SRSAV 420 is cropped to remove the seismic average velocity data in the HA / HZ borehole region 306.

[0047] Figure 4D A cropped SRSAV grid 430 of the oil and gas field 302 is shown according to some embodiments. Figure 4D As shown, the seismic average velocity data is removed from the SRSAV grid of the HA / HZ borehole area. Once the SRSAV grid 430 is clipped, the GRSD grid of the area is used to calculate the borehole average velocity data for the HA / HZ borehole area 306. In the example, the borehole average velocity is calculated by first converting the GRSD grid from the true vertical depth seafloor (TVDSS) to the true vertical depth seismic reference datum (TVDSRD). Doing so moves the depth zero reference of the GRSD grid from sea level to the seismic reference datum. The conversion from TVDSS to TVDSRD is achieved by subtracting the seismic reference datum from the GRSD, as shown in equation (2):

[0048] (2)G TVDSRD = TVDSS –SRD

[0049] Note that GRSD is converted to TVDSRD only if the seismic data uses a floating datum as the time zero reference. However, no conversion is performed if the seismic data uses sea level as the time zero reference.

[0050] Once the GRSD grid is converted to TVDSRD, GRSD TVDSRDThe grid and the SRST 420 grid are then used to calculate the average drilling velocity along the HA / HZ borehole path in the HA / HZ borehole area 306. The resulting average drilling velocity (BAV) represents the average velocity per N meters along the HA / HZ borehole path. The BAV calculation is represented by equation (3):

[0051]

[0052] Figure 4E The average borehole velocity (BAV) 440 for the HA / HZ borehole region 306 is shown according to some embodiments. The BAV 440 represents the average velocity calculated in the HA / HZ borehole region 306 using the GRSD grid and the SRST grid.

[0053] Once the BAV data 440 is generated, it is gridded with seismic average velocity data outside the HA / HZ borehole region 306 to generate a hybrid seismic borehole average velocity (HSBAV) grid that indicates average velocities in the oil and gas field 302 .

[0054] Figure 4F A hybrid seismic borehole average velocity (HSBAV) grid 450 is shown according to some embodiments. Figure 4F As shown, HSBAV 450 indicates the average velocity across the oil and gas field 302 .

[0055] Once the HSBAV grid 450 is generated, a hybrid depth grid (HSGD) for the oil and gas field is generated. In an embodiment, the HSGD is generated by multiplying the HSBAV grid 450 by the SRST grid, as shown in equation (4):

[0056] (4)HGSD=HSBAV*SRST

[0057] Figure 4G A hybrid seismic and geological depth (HSGD) grid 460 for the oil and gas field 302 is shown, according to some embodiments. Figure 4G As shown, the HSGD grid 460 indicates the depth of the geological reference surface in the oil and gas field 302. Once the HSGD grid 460 is generated, if the HSGD grid 460 is in TVDSRD, the HSGD grid 460 is converted back to TVDSS. In an embodiment, by adding SRD to the HSGD TVDSRD And HSGD TVDSRD Converted to TVDSS, as shown in equation (5):

[0058] (5)HGSD TVDSS =HGSD TVDSRD +SRD

[0059] Figure 5A 、 Figure 5B and Figure 5C A comparison of the SRSD grid, the GRSD grid, and the HSGD grid for the oil and gas field 302, according to some embodiments, is shown. As shown in map 500, the difference between the SRSD grid and the GRSD grid is significant in most areas of the oil and gas field 302. Similarly, as shown in map 510, the difference between the HSGD grid and the SRSD grid is significant in most areas of the oil and gas field 302. However, as shown in map 520, the difference between HSGD and GRSD is not significant in the HA / HZ borehole area 306.

[0060] Figure 6 is a flow chart illustrating a method 600 for generating a hybrid seismic geologic depth (HSGD) grid according to some embodiments. For clarity of illustration, the following description generally describes the method 600 in the context of the other figures in this specification. For example, the method 600 may be generated by Figure 7 The computer system described herein is executed. However, it should be understood that method 600 can be performed, for example, by any suitable system, environment, software and hardware, or a combination of systems, environments, software and hardware, as appropriate. In some embodiments, the various steps of method 600 can be run in parallel, in combination, in a loop, or in any order.

[0061] At step 602, method 600 involves clipping a seismic reference surface average velocity (SRSAV) grid within a survey field to remove average velocity data for regions containing high-angle horizontal (HA / HZ) boreholes. The SRSAV is generated using a seismic reference surface time grid (SRST) and a seismic reference surface depth grid (SRSD) and indicates average seismic velocities within the field. The SRST and SRSD are generated using vertical well or borehole data. The SRSAV is clipped to remove average velocity data for regions within the field containing HA / HZ boreholes (i.e., the HA / HZ borehole region).

[0062] At step 604, method 600 involves generating borehole average velocity data (BAV) along the HA / HZ borehole based on (i) a depth grid of a geologic reference surface (GRSD) generated using HA / HZ borehole data, and (ii) a time grid of a seismic reference surface (SRST). The GRSD is generated using 2D conformal modeling (2DCM) that uses the HA / HZ borehole data to generate the GRSD, and indicates the depth grid of the geologic reference surface in the HA / HZ borehole region. The BAV is generated by taking the ratio of the GRSD to the portion of the SRST corresponding to the HA / HZ borehole region.

[0063] At step 606, method 600 involves gridding the BAV using the clipped SRSAV to generate a hybrid seismic borehole average velocity grid (HSBAV) for the exploration field. The HSBAV uses seismic average velocity and average velocity along the HA / HZ borehole to represent the average velocity in the oil and gas field. Specifically, the average velocity within the HA / HZ borehole region is represented by the BAV, and the average velocity outside the HA / HZ borehole region is represented by the seismic average velocity.

[0064] At step 608, method 600 involves generating a hybrid seismic-geological depth grid (HSGD) for the survey field based on the HSBAV and SRST. Specifically, the HSBAV is multiplied by the SRST to generate the HSGD. The HSGD indicates a depth grid relative to a geological reference surface (GRS) in the oil and gas field. Within the HA / HZ borehole region, the HSGD is based on HA / HZ borehole data, and outside the HA / HZ borehole region, the HSGD is based on seismic depth data.

[0065] Figure 7 is a block diagram illustrating an example computer system 700 for providing computing functions associated with the algorithms, methods, functions, processes, flows, and procedures described in the present disclosure, according to an embodiment. The computer 702 shown is intended to include any computing device (e.g., a server, a desktop computer, a laptop / notebook computer, a wireless data port, a smart phone, a personal data assistant (PDA), a tablet computing device), or one or more processors within such devices, or any other suitable processing device (including physical or virtual instances of computing devices (or both)). In addition, the computer 702 may include a computer that includes an input device (e.g., a keypad, a keyboard, or a touch screen or other device) that can accept user information and an output device that conveys information associated with the operation of the computer 702, including digital data, visual or audio information (or a combination of information), or a graphical user interface (GUI).

[0066] The computer 702 can function as a client, a network component, a server, a database or other persistent or any other component (or combination thereof) of a computer system for performing the subject matter described in this disclosure. The illustrated computer 702 is communicatively coupled to a network 730. In some implementations, one or more components of the computer 702 can be configured to operate in an environment (or combination of environments) including a cloud-based environment, a local or global environment, or other environments.

[0067] At a high level, the computer 702 is an electronic computing device operable to receive, send, process, store, or manage data and information associated with the described subject matter. According to some embodiments, the computer 702 may also include or be communicatively coupled to an application server, an email server, a web server, a cache server, or a streaming data server, or other server (or combination of servers).

[0068] Computer 702 may receive requests from a client application (e.g., an application executing on another computer) over network 730 and respond to the received request by processing the received request using an appropriate software application. Requests may also be sent to computer 702 from internal users (e.g., from a command console or through other appropriate access methods), external or third parties, other automated applications, and any other appropriate entity, person, system, or computer.

[0069] Each of the components of computer 702 can communicate using system bus 703. In some embodiments, any or all components (hardware or software (or a combination of hardware and software)) of computer 702 can use application programming interface (API) 712 or service layer 713 (or a combination of API 712 and service layer 713) to interact with each other or interface 704 (or a combination of both) via system bus 703. API 712 may include specifications for routines, data structures, and object classes. API 712 may be computer language independent or dependent and may refer to a complete interface, a single function, or even a set of APIs. Service layer 713 provides software services to computer 702 or other components communicatively coupled to computer 702 (whether or not shown). The functionality of computer 702 may be accessible to all service consumers using the service layer. Software services (e.g., those provided by service layer 713) provide reusable, defined functionality through defined interfaces. For example, the interface may be software written in JAVA, C++, or other suitable languages ​​that provide data in Extensible Markup Language (XML) format or other suitable formats. Although shown as an integrated component of computer 702, alternative embodiments may show API 712 or service layer 713 as a separate component relative to other components of computer 702 or communicatively coupled to other components of computer 702 (whether or not shown). In addition, any or all portions of API 712 or service layer 713 may be implemented as sub-modules or sub-modules of another software module, enterprise application, or hardware module without departing from the scope of this disclosure.

[0070] Computer 702 includes interface 704. Although Figure 7Although shown as a single interface 704, two or more interfaces 704 may be used depending on the specific needs, desires, or specific implementation of the computer 702. The interface 704 is used by the computer 702 to communicate with other systems (whether or not shown) connected to the network 730 in a distributed environment. Generally, the interface 704 includes logic encoded in software or hardware (or a combination of software and hardware) and is operable to communicate with the network 730. More specifically, the interface 704 may include software that supports one or more communication protocols associated with the communication, such that the network 730 or the hardware of the interface is operable to transmit physical signals within and outside the computer 702 shown.

[0071] Computer 702 includes processor 705. Although Figure 7 Although shown as a single processor 705, two or more processors may be used depending on the particular needs, desires, or particular implementation of the computer 702. Generally, the processor 705 executes instructions and manipulates data to perform the operations of the computer 702 and any algorithms, methods, functions, processes, procedures, and processes as described in this disclosure.

[0072] The computer 702 also includes a database 706 that can store data for the computer 702 or other components (whether or not shown) that can be connected to the network 730 (or a combination of both). For example, the database 706 can be internal memory, or a conventional, or other type of database that stores data consistent with the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the database 706 can be a combination of two or more different database types (e.g., a mix of internal memory and conventional databases) depending on the specific needs, desires, or specific implementation of the computer 702 and the described functionality. Although in Figure 7 While shown as a single database 706, two or more databases (of the same type or a combination of types) may be used depending on the particular needs, desires, or particular implementation and functionality of the computer 702. While the database 706 is shown as an integral component of the computer 702, in alternative implementations, the database 706 may be external to the computer 702.

[0073] The computer 702 also includes a memory 707 that can store data for the computer 702 or other components (whether or not shown) that can be connected to the network 730 (or a combination of both). For example, the memory 707 can be random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), optical storage, magnetic storage, etc., which stores data consistent with the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the memory 707 can be a combination of two or more different types of memory (e.g., a combination of RAM and magnetic storage), depending on the particular needs, desires, or specific implementation and described functionality of the computer 702. Although in Figure 7 Although shown as a single memory 707, two or more memories 707 (of the same type or a combination of types) may be used depending on the particular needs, desires, or particular implementation and described functionality of the computer 702. Although the memory 707 is shown as an integral component of the computer 702, in alternative implementations, the memory 707 may be external to the computer 702.

[0074] Application 708 is an algorithmic software engine that provides functionality (particularly with respect to the functionality described in this disclosure) according to the specific needs, expectations, or specific implementation of computer 702. For example, application 708 can be implemented as one or more components, modules, or applications. Furthermore, although shown as a single application 708, application 708 can be implemented as multiple applications 708 on computer 702. Furthermore, although shown as integrated with computer 702, in alternative implementations, application 708 can be external to computer 702.

[0075] There may be any number of computers 702 associated with or external to the computer system containing computer 702, each of which communicates via network 730. Furthermore, the terms "client," "user," and other appropriate terms may be used interchangeably as appropriate without departing from the scope of this disclosure. Furthermore, this disclosure contemplates that many users may use one computer 702, or that one user may use multiple computers 702.

[0076] The embodiments of the subject matter and functional operations described in this specification may be implemented in digital electronic circuits, in tangibly implemented computer software or firmware, in computer hardware, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents, or a combination of one or more of them. The embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification may be implemented as one or more computer programs, i.e., one or more modules of computer program instructions encoded on a tangible, non-transitory computer-readable computer storage medium for execution by a data processing device or for controlling the operation of the data processing device. Alternatively or additionally, the program instructions may be encoded in / on an artificially generated propagation signal (e.g., a machine-generated electrical, optical, or electromagnetic signal) that is generated to encode information for transmission to a suitable receiver device for execution by a data processing device. The computer storage medium may be a machine-readable storage device, a machine-readable storage substrate, a random or serial access memory device, or a combination of computer storage media.

[0077] The terms "data processing apparatus," "computer," or "electronic computer equipment" (or equivalents as understood by those skilled in the art) refer to data processing hardware, and include various devices, equipment, and machines for processing data, including, for example, a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple processors or computers. The apparatus may also be or also include a dedicated logic circuit, such as a central processing unit (CPU), an FPGA (field programmable gate array), or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit). In some embodiments, the data processing apparatus or dedicated logic circuit (or a combination of data processing apparatus or dedicated logic circuit) may be hardware-based or software-based (or a combination of hardware-based and software-based). The apparatus may optionally include code that creates an execution environment for a computer program, for example, code that constitutes a processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, or a combination of execution environments. The present disclosure contemplates the use of a data processing apparatus with or without a traditional operating system (e.g., LINUX, UNIX, WINDOWS, MAC OS, ANDROID, or IOS, or any other suitable traditional operating system).

[0078] Computer programs (which may also be referred to as or described as programs, software, software applications, modules, software modules, scripts, or codes) may be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, or declarative or procedural languages, and computer programs may be deployed in any form, including as separate programs or as modules, components, or subroutines, or other units suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program may, but need not, correspond to a file in a file system. A program may be stored in a portion of a file that stores other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple collaborative files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, subroutines, or code portions). A computer program may be deployed to execute on one computer or on multiple computers located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected via a communication network. Although the portions of the programs shown in the figures are shown as modules that implement various features and functions through various objects, or methods, or other processes, the program may alternatively include multiple submodules, third-party services, components, libraries, etc., as appropriate. Rather, the features and functionality of the various components may be combined into a single component as appropriate.The thresholds used to make computational determinations may be determined statistically, dynamically, or both statistically and dynamically.

[0079] The methods, processes, or logic flows described in this specification may be performed by one or more programmable computers executing one or more computer programs to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. The methods, processes, or logic flows may also be performed by, and apparatus may be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry (e.g., a CPU, FPGA, or ASIC).

[0080] The computer that is suitable for executing computer programs can be based on general or special microprocessors, both or any other type of CPU.Usually, CPU will receive instructions and data from read-only memory (ROM) or random access memory (RAM) or both.The essential element of a computer is a CPU for executing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data.Usually, a computer will also include one or more large-capacity storage devices (e.g., magnetic disks, magneto-optical disks or optical disks) for storing data, or be operably coupled so as to receive or send data or both from one or more large-capacity storage devices.However, a computer does not need to have these devices.In addition, a computer can be embedded in another device, for example, a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile audio or video player, a game console, a global positioning system (GPS) receiver or a portable storage device (e.g., a universal serial bus (USB) flash drive), and this is just to give a few examples.

[0081] Computer-readable media suitable for storing computer program instructions and data (transitory or non-transitory, as appropriate) include all forms of non-volatile memory, media, and storage devices, including, for example, semiconductor memory devices, such as erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), and flash memory devices; magnetic disks (e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks); magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM, DVD+ / -R, DVD-RAM, and DVD-ROM disks. Memory can store a variety of objects or data, including caches, classes, frameworks, applications, backup data, jobs, web pages, web page templates, database tables, knowledge bases storing dynamic information, and any other suitable information, including any parameters, variables, algorithms, instructions, rules, constraints, and references thereto. Memory can also include any other suitable data, such as logs, policies, security or access data, report files, and the like. The processor and memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated into, special-purpose logic circuitry.

[0082] To provide for user interaction, embodiments of the subject matter described herein may be implemented on a computer having a display device (e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube), LCD (liquid crystal display), LED (light emitting diode), or plasma monitor) for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and pointing device (e.g., a mouse, trackball, or trackpad) through which the user can provide input to the computer. A touch screen (e.g., a tablet computer surface with pressure sensitivity, a multi-touch screen using capacitive or electrical sensing, or other types of touch screens) may also be used to provide input to the computer. Other types of devices may also be used to provide for user interaction; for example, feedback provided to the user may be any form of sensory feedback, such as visual, auditory, or tactile feedback; and input from the user may be received in any form, including sound, voice, or tactile input. Furthermore, a computer may interact with a user by sending documents to or receiving documents from a device used by the user; for example, by sending a web page to a web browser on a user's client device in response to a request received from the web browser.

[0083] The term "graphical user interface" or "GUI" may be used in the singular or plural to describe one or more graphical user interfaces and each display of a particular graphical user interface. Thus, a GUI may refer to any graphical user interface, including but not limited to a web browser, a touch screen, or a command line interface (CLI) that processes information and efficiently presents the results to a user. Typically, a GUI may include a plurality of user interface (UI) elements, some or all of which are associated with a web browser, such as interactive fields, drop-down lists, and buttons. These and other UI elements may be related to or represent the functionality of a web browser.

[0084] Implementations of the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented in a computing system that includes a back-end component (e.g., a data server), or includes a middleware component (e.g., an application server), or includes a front-end component (e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a web browser through which a user can interact with implementations of the subject matter described in this specification), or any combination of one or more such back-end components, middleware components, or front-end components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of wired or wireless digital data communication (or combination of data communications) (e.g., a communication network). Examples of communication networks include a local area network (LAN), a radio access network (RAN), a metropolitan area network (MAN), a wide area network (WAN), Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WIMAX), a wireless local area network (WLAN) using, for example, 802.11a / b / g / n or 802.20 (or a combination of 802.11x and 802.20 or other protocols consistent with the present disclosure), all or a portion of the Internet, or any other communication system (or combination of communication networks) at one or more locations. The network may transport, for example, Internet Protocol (IP) packets, Frame Relay frames, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) cells, voice, video, data, or other suitable information (or combination of communication types) between network addresses.

[0085] A computing system may include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other.

[0086] Although this specification contains many specific implementation details, these implementation details should not be interpreted as limiting the scope of what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to a particular embodiment. In a single embodiment, specific features described in this specification in the context of independent embodiments may also be implemented in combination. Conversely, various features described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Furthermore, although previously described features may be described as functioning in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, in some cases, one or more features from the claimed combination may be deleted from the combination, and the claimed combination may refer to a subcombination or a variation of a subcombination.

[0087] Specific embodiments of the present subject matter have been described. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that other implementations, modifications, and permutations of the described embodiments are within the scope of the appended claims. Although operations are described in a particular order in the drawings or claims, this should not be construed as requiring that the operations be performed in the particular order shown or in a sequential order, or that all of the operations shown be performed (some operations may be considered optional), in order to achieve the desired results. In some cases, multitasking or parallel processing (or a combination of multitasking and parallel processing) may be advantageous and may be performed as appropriate.

[0088] Furthermore, the separation or integration of various system modules and components in the previously described embodiments should not be understood as requiring such separation or integration in all embodiments, and it should be understood that the described program components and systems can generally be integrated together in a single software product or packaged as multiple software products.

[0089] Therefore, the exemplary embodiments described above do not define or limit the present disclosure. Other changes, substitutions, and variations are possible without departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

[0090] Furthermore, any claimed embodiment is considered applicable to: at least one computer-implemented method; a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-readable instructions for performing the computer-implemented method; and a computer system comprising a computer memory interoperably coupled to a hardware processor configured to perform the computer-implemented method or the instructions stored on the non-transitory computer-readable medium.

Claims

1. A method for creating a seismic depth grid for an oil and gas field, comprising: trimming an average velocity grid SRSAV of a seismic reference surface in the oil and gas field to remove average velocity data from areas containing high-angle horizontal HA / HZ boreholes, wherein the seismic reference surface approximates a geological reference surface; generating a borehole average velocity grid BAV along the HA / HZ borehole based on (i) a depth grid GRSD of the geological reference surface generated using HA / HZ borehole data, and (ii) a time grid SRST of the seismic reference surface; gridding the BAV using the clipped SRSAV to generate a hybrid seismic borehole average velocity grid HSBAV for the oil and gas field; and Based on the HSBAV and the SRST, a hybrid seismic geological depth grid HSGD of the oil and gas field is generated by multiplying the HSBAV grid with the SRST grid.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein The SRST is measured based on a seismic reference datum SRD.

3. The method according to claim 1, wherein Generating borehole average velocity data BAV based on (i) a depth grid GRSD of the geological reference surface generated using HA / HZ data, and (ii) a time grid SRST of the seismic reference surface comprises: A seismic reference datum is subtracted from the GRSD to convert the GRSD from a true vertical depth seafloor suggestion (TVDSS) to a true vertical depth seismic reference datum (TVDSRD).

4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: A seismic reference datum is added to the HSGD to convert the HSGD from a true vertical depth seismic reference datum (TVDSRD) to a true vertical depth seafloor suggestion (TVDSS).

5. The method according to claim 1, wherein The SRSAV is generated by taking the ratio of the depth grid SRSD of the seismic reference surface to the SRST.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein The GRSD is generated using 2D conformal modeling.

7. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: The subsurface of the oil and gas field is gridded using the HSGD.

8. An apparatus for creating a seismic depth grid for an oil and gas field, comprising: one or more processors; as well as A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, coupled to the one or more processors and storing programming instructions for execution by the one or more processors, the programming instructions instructing the one or more processors to perform operations including: trimming an average velocity grid SRSAV of a seismic reference surface in the oil and gas field to remove average velocity data from areas containing high-angle horizontal HA / HZ boreholes, wherein the seismic reference surface approximates a geological reference surface; generating a borehole average velocity grid BAV along the HA / HZ borehole based on (i) a depth grid GRSD of the geological reference surface generated using HA / HZ borehole data, and (ii) a time grid SRST of the seismic reference surface; gridding the BAV using the clipped SRSAV to generate a hybrid seismic borehole average velocity grid HSBAV for the oil and gas field; and Based on the HSBAV and the SRST, a hybrid seismic geological depth grid HSGD of the oil and gas field is generated by multiplying the HSBAV grid with the SRST grid.

9. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein The SRST is measured based on a seismic reference datum SRD.

10. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein Generating borehole average velocity data BAV based on (i) a depth grid GRSD of the geological reference surface generated using HA / HZ data, and (ii) a time grid SRST of the seismic reference surface comprises: A seismic reference datum is subtracted from the GRSD to convert the GRSD from a true vertical depth seafloor suggestion (TVDSS) to a true vertical depth seismic reference datum (TVDSRD).

11. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein The operations further include: A seismic reference datum is added to the HSGD to convert the HSGD from a true vertical depth seismic reference datum (TVDSRD) to a true vertical depth seafloor suggestion (TVDSS).

12. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein The SRSAV is generated by taking the ratio of the depth grid SRSD of the seismic reference surface to the SRST.

13. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein The GRSD is generated using 2D conformal modeling.

14. The apparatus according to claim 8, wherein The operations also include gridding the subsurface of the oil and gas field using the HSGD.

15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions executable by a computer system to perform operations comprising: trimming an average velocity grid SRSAV of a seismic reference surface in the oil and gas field to remove average velocity data from areas containing high-angle horizontal HA / HZ boreholes, wherein the seismic reference surface approximates a geological reference surface; generating a borehole average velocity grid BAV along the HA / HZ borehole based on (i) a depth grid GRSD of the geological reference surface generated using HA / HZ borehole data, and (ii) a time grid SRST of the seismic reference surface; gridding the BAV using the clipped SRSAV to generate a hybrid seismic borehole average velocity grid HSBAV for the oil and gas field; and Based on the HSBAV and the SRST, a hybrid seismic geological depth grid HSGD of the oil and gas field is generated by multiplying the HSBAV grid with the SRST grid.

16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein: The SRST is measured based on a seismic reference datum SRD.

17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein: Generating borehole average velocity data BAV based on (i) a depth grid GRSD of the geological reference surface generated using HA / HZ data, and (ii) a time grid SRST of the seismic reference surface comprises: A seismic reference datum is subtracted from the GRSD to convert the GRSD from a true vertical depth seafloor suggestion (TVDSS) to a true vertical depth seismic reference datum (TVDSRD).

18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, the operations further comprising: A seismic reference datum is added to the HSGD to convert the HSGD from a true vertical depth seismic reference datum (TVDSRD) to a true vertical depth seafloor suggestion (TVDSS).

19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein: The SRSAV is generated by taking the ratio of the depth grid SRSD of the seismic reference surface to the SRST.

20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 15, wherein: The GRSD is generated using 2D conformal modeling.

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