Atomic object detection with reduced crosstalk

Abstract

The present invention is entitled atomic object detection with reduced crosstalk. Various embodiments provide methods, devices, systems or computer program products for performing atomic object reading / detection with reduced crosstalk. A controller is operably connected to a component of a system including a limiting device, the limiting device including an RF electrode defining an RF zero axis and a plurality of longitudinal electrodes. The component includes a voltage source and a manipulation source. The controller is configured to cause the atomic object being read and the adjacent atomic object to be restricted by the limiting device; and to cause the voltage source to provide a first control signal to the longitudinal electrode. The first control signal causes the longitudinal electrode to generate a push field, which is configured to cause the atomic object being read or one of the adjacent atomic objects to move away from the RF zero axis. The controller is further configured to cause the manipulation source to generate / provide a reading beam that is at least partially incident on the atomic object being read.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This patent application claims priority to U.S. patent application No. 63 / 088,064, filed on October 6, 2020, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Technical Field

[0003] Various embodiments relate to devices, systems, and methods related to detecting and / or reading atomic objects within an atomic object confinement device. For example, some exemplary embodiments relate to detecting and / or reading qubits of a quantum computer. Background Art

[0004] Quantum computing is the use of quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to perform calculations. Specifically, quantum bits (qubits) are turned on to cause and / or control the evolution of the quantum state of the qubits, thereby performing one or more calculations. In order to determine the results of one or more calculations, it is necessary to read and / or detect the quantum state of one or more of the qubits. However, when qubits adjacent to the qubits to be read and / or detected are decoded or otherwise interfered during the reading and / or detection of the qubits to be read and / or detected, crosstalk errors may occur. Through hard work, wisdom and innovation, many of the deficiencies of such existing reading and / or detection technologies have been solved by developing solutions constructed according to embodiments of the present invention, many examples of which are described in detail herein. Summary of the invention

[0005] Exemplary embodiments provide methods, systems, devices, computer program products, etc. for reducing crosstalk during atomic object reading and / or detection functions. For example, various embodiments correspond to quantum computers, such as trapped atomic object quantum computers, and perform qubit reading and / or detection functions in a manner that reduces and / or suppresses crosstalk errors. For example, the qubits of a quantum computer may be atoms and / or ions, which may be part of atomic and / or ionic crystals and / or groups. In various embodiments, the atomic objects are trapped and / or confined in atomic object confinement devices (such as ion traps, surface ion traps, etc.). The qubits can be read and / or detected by providing a reading beam (e.g., a laser beam having a frequency / wavelength resonant with a specific quantum transition of the atomic object used as a qubit) incident on the qubit to be read (e.g., an atomic object). For example, when a qubit (e.g., an atomic object) fluoresces in response to a reading beam incident thereon, the qubit is in one state (e.g., state 1), and when the qubit (e.g., an atomic object) does not fluoresce in response to a reading beam incident thereon, the qubit is in another state (e.g., state 0). For example, a reading beam may be configured to stimulate the qubit (e.g., an atomic object) to emit a particular frequency / wavelength when the qubit is in a particular state, and not stimulate emission of a particular frequency / wavelength if the qubit is not in a particular state.

[0006] However, photons from the read beam and / or stimulated emission emitted by the qubit being read and / or detected may be incident on a neighboring qubit (e.g., an atomic object). As used herein, a neighboring qubit (e.g., an atomic object) is a qubit (e.g., an atomic object) that is adjacent and / or adjacent to the qubit to be read and / or detected, and / or is sufficiently close to the qubit being read and / or detected so that photons from the read beam and / or stimulated emission emitted by the qubit being read and / or detected (or another neighboring qubit) may be incident on it. Various embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to reducing crosstalk errors caused by neighboring qubits that have photons from the read beam and / or stimulated emission emitted by the qubit being read and / or detected (or another neighboring qubit) incident thereon. For example, in various embodiments, neighboring qubits are inhibited from absorbing photons from the read beam and / or stimulated emission emitted by the qubit being read and / or detected (or another neighboring qubit). In various embodiments, small amplitude oscillations are imparted to neighboring qubits (e.g., atomic objects) and / or the qubit being read and / or detected (e.g., atomic object) such that photons having a frequency / wavelength resonant with the qubit being read and / or detected are non-resonant with respect to any neighboring qubits.

[0007] According to a first aspect, a method for atomic object reading and / or detection functions for reducing crosstalk is provided. In an exemplary embodiment, the method includes providing at least two atomic objects in a confinement device. The at least two atomic objects include an atomic object being read and at least one adjacent atomic object. The confinement device includes (a) one or more radio frequency (RF) electrodes defining an RF zero axis of the atomic object confinement device and (b) a plurality of longitudinal electrodes. The method also includes causing at least one voltage source to provide at least one first control signal to at least one longitudinal electrode of the plurality of longitudinal electrodes. The at least one first control signal causes the at least one longitudinal electrode to generate a push field, the push field being configured to cause one of the following: (a) the at least one adjacent atomic object moves in a direction transverse to the RF zero axis at the position of the at least one adjacent atomic object, or (b) the atomic object being read moves in a direction transverse to the RF zero axis at the position of the atomic object being read. The method also includes causing a manipulation source to generate and provide a reading beam that is at least partially incident on the atomic object being read.

[0008] In an exemplary embodiment, the method further comprises initiating execution of a quantum circuit using the at least two atomic objects within the atomic object confinement device; during the execution of the quantum circuit, identifying a read function to be executed, wherein the causing the at least one first control signal to be provided to the at least one longitudinal electrode and the causing the manipulation source to generate and provide the read beam is executed in response to identifying the read function to be executed; and continuing to execute the quantum circuit. In an exemplary embodiment, the method further comprises receiving a read result in response to the read beam being at least partially incident on the atomic object being read; and adjusting the quantum circuit based at least in part on the read result so that the adjusted quantum circuit is executed. In an exemplary embodiment, the method further comprises causing at least one second control signal to be provided to one or more longitudinal electrodes of the plurality of longitudinal electrodes, wherein the at least one second control signal causes the one or more longitudinal electrodes to generate an oscillating potential configured to cause the at least one neighboring atomic object to oscillate in a direction substantially parallel to a direction between the at least one neighboring atomic object and the atomic object being read.

[0009] In an exemplary embodiment, the at least one first control signal is configured to cause the push field to increase monotonically to a maximum field strength and then decrease monotonically to a minimum field strength. In an exemplary embodiment, the maximum field strength is in the range of 1050 volts / meter to 1250 volts / meter. In an exemplary embodiment, when the field strength decreases from the maximum field strength to the minimum field strength, the at least one adjacent atomic object moves toward the RF zero axis. In an exemplary embodiment, when one of (a) the at least one adjacent atomic object or (b) the atomic object being read is located outside the RF zero axis, (a) the at least one adjacent atomic object or (b) the atomic object being read exhibits oscillations in a direction transverse to the RF zero axis at the position of the at least one adjacent atomic object. In an exemplary embodiment, when the atomic object being read is located outside the RF zero axis, the frequency of the read beam is modulated so that in the oscillating reference frame of the atomic object being read, the frequency of the read beam is in a resonant state for a specific transition of the atomic object being read. In an exemplary embodiment, the frequency of the read beam is non-resonant with a specific transition of the at least one neighboring atomic object in a reference frame of the at least one neighboring atomic object.

[0010] In an exemplary embodiment, the method is performed by a controller of a system including the confinement device, a voltage source, and a manipulation source. In an exemplary embodiment, a processing device of the controller executes executable instructions stored by a memory of the controller to cause the controller to perform the method. In an exemplary embodiment, the system is a quantum computer. In an exemplary embodiment, the quantum computer is a trapped ion quantum computer, and the confinement device is an ion trap (such as a surface ion trap).

[0011] According to another aspect of the present disclosure, a controller is provided. The controller is operably connected to one or more components of a system including a confinement device. The confinement device includes (a) one or more radio frequency (RF) electrodes defining an RF zero axis of the atomic object confinement device and (b) a plurality of longitudinal electrodes. The one or more components of the system include (a) a voltage source and (b) a manipulation source. In an exemplary embodiment, the controller is configured to cause at least two atomic objects to be confined within the confinement device, the at least two atomic objects including the atomic object being read and at least one adjacent atomic object; and to cause the voltage source to provide at least one first control signal to at least one longitudinal electrode of the plurality of longitudinal electrodes. The at least one first control signal causes the at least one longitudinal electrode to generate a push field, the push field being configured to cause one of the following: (a) the at least one adjacent atomic object moves in a direction transverse to the RF zero axis at the position of the at least one adjacent atomic object, or (b) the atomic object being read moves in a direction transverse to the RF zero axis at the position of the atomic object being read. The controller is further configured to cause a manipulation source to generate and provide a reading beam that is at least partially incident on the atomic object being read.

[0012] In an exemplary embodiment, the controller is further configured to control the one or more components to cause the quantum circuit to begin executing using the at least two atomic objects within the atomic object confinement device; during the execution of the quantum circuit, identify a read function to be executed, wherein the causing the voltage source to provide the at least one first control signal to the at least one longitudinal electrode and the causing the manipulation source to generate and provide the read beam are executed in response to identifying the read function to be executed; and control the one or more components to cause the quantum circuit to continue to be executed. In an exemplary embodiment, the controller is further configured to receive a read result in response to the read beam being at least partially incident on the atomic object being read; and adjust the quantum circuit based at least in part on the read result so that the adjusted quantum circuit is executed. In an exemplary embodiment, the controller is further configured to cause the voltage source to provide at least one second control signal to one or more of the plurality of longitudinal electrodes, wherein the at least one second control signal causes the one or more longitudinal electrodes to generate an oscillating potential energy, the oscillating potential energy being configured to cause the at least one neighboring atomic object to oscillate in a direction substantially parallel to a direction between the at least one neighboring atomic object and the atomic object being read.

[0013] In an exemplary embodiment, the at least one first control signal is configured to cause the push field to increase monotonically to a maximum field strength and then decrease monotonically to a minimum field strength. In an exemplary embodiment, the maximum field strength is in the range of 1050 volts / meter to 1250 volts / meter. In an exemplary embodiment, when the field strength decreases from the maximum field strength to the minimum field strength, the at least one adjacent atomic object moves toward the RF zero axis. In an exemplary embodiment, when one of (a) the at least one adjacent atomic object or (b) the atomic object being read is located outside the RF zero axis, (a) the at least one adjacent atomic object or (b) the atomic object being read exhibits oscillation in a direction transverse to the RF zero axis. In an exemplary embodiment, when the atomic object being read is located outside the RF zero axis, the controller causes the manipulation source to modulate the frequency of the reading so that in the oscillating reference frame of the atomic object being read, the frequency of the reading beam is in a resonant state for a specific transition of the atomic object being read. In an exemplary embodiment, the frequency of the read beam is non-resonant with a specific transition of the at least one neighboring atomic object in a reference frame of the at least one neighboring atomic object.

[0014] In an exemplary embodiment, the controller is part of the system including the confinement device, the voltage source, and the manipulation source. In an exemplary embodiment, a processing device of the controller executes executable instructions stored by a memory of the controller to cause the controller to control the voltage source and the manipulation source so as to confine the at least two atomic objects in the confinement device via a confinement potential, provide the at least one first control signal to the at least one longitudinal electrode, and generate and provide the reading beam. In an exemplary embodiment, the system is a quantum computer. In an exemplary embodiment, the quantum computer is a trapped ion quantum computer, and the confinement device is an ion trap (such as a surface ion trap). In an exemplary embodiment, a filter configured to filter frequencies greater than a cutoff frequency so as not to be provided to a longitudinal electrode is configured to pass the second control signal to the longitudinal electrode, wherein the second control signal has a frequency greater than the cutoff frequency. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0015] Having thus generally described the invention, reference will now be made to the accompanying drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, and in which:

[0016] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the reading and / or detection function.

[0017] Figure 2is a schematic diagram of a read and / or detect function with reduced crosstalk according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0018] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of another reduced crosstalk reading and / or detection function according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0019] Figure 4 A top view of an exemplary atomic object confinement device that may be used in exemplary embodiments is provided.

[0020] Figure 5 is a flow chart of various processes, procedures, and / or operations that may be performed, for example, by a controller of an atomic object confinement device to perform read and / or detection functions with reduced crosstalk, according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0021] Fig. 6A and Figure 6B Graphs are provided that illustrate the effects of field strength of a push field that may be applied to neighboring qubits (e.g., atomic objects) and / or the qubit being read and / or detected, according to some exemplary embodiments.

[0022] Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of another reduced crosstalk reading and / or detection function according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0023] Figure 8 is a flow chart of various processes, procedures and / or operations that may be performed, for example, by a controller of an atomic object confinement device to perform read and / or detection functions with reduced crosstalk, according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0024] Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating an exemplary quantum computing system configured to perform one or more crosstalk-reducing reading and / or detection functions, according to various embodiments.

[0025] Fig.10 Schematic diagrams of exemplary controllers of quantum computers configured to perform one or more crosstalk-reduced reading and / or detection functions are provided according to various embodiments.

[0026] Fig.11 A schematic diagram of an exemplary computing entity of a quantum computer system that may be used in accordance with exemplary embodiments is provided. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0027] The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which some but not all embodiments of the present invention are shown. In fact, the present invention can be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments set forth herein; on the contrary, these embodiments are provided so that the present disclosure meets applicable legal requirements. Unless otherwise indicated, the term "or" (also represented as " / ") is used herein in both alternative and combined senses. The terms "exemplary" and "exemplary" are used for examples without indication of quality levels. Unless otherwise indicated, the terms "generally", "substantially" and "approximately" refer to within engineering and / or manufacturing tolerances and / or within user measurement capabilities. Throughout the content, similar reference numerals refer to similar elements.

[0028] In various embodiments, methods, devices, systems, computer program products, etc. for performing various read and / or detection functions that reduce crosstalk are provided. In various embodiments, at least two atomic objects are confined within an atomic object confinement device (also referred to herein as a confinement device). In various embodiments, the atomic objects are ions or atoms. In various embodiments, the atomic objects can be part of an atomic or ionic crystal that includes a qubit atomic object (e.g., a qubit ion) and a cooperatively cooled (SC) atomic object (e.g., a SC ion). In various embodiments, the confinement device is a trap or other device configured to confine the atomic object. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the atomic object is an ion, and the confinement device is an ion trap (e.g., a surface ion trap).

[0029] In various embodiments, the confinement device is configured to enable the execution of a read and / or detect function. Specifically, the read and / or detect function can be used to determine whether an atomic object is in a specific quantum state. Figure 1A schematic top view of an exemplary reading and / or detection function is provided. An atomic object 110 (e.g., 110A, 110B) is confined within a confinement region 100 of a confinement device. The exemplary confinement device includes at least one radio frequency (RF) electrode and a plurality of longitudinal electrodes. In various embodiments, at least one RF electrode generates a capture field configured to confine the atomic object 110 within the confinement region 100 of the confinement device. At least one RF electrode defines an RF zero axis 105 of the confinement region 100. In an exemplary embodiment, the RF zero axis 105 is a longitudinal axis of at least a portion of the confinement region 100. Generally speaking, the atomic object 110 is positioned along the RF zero axis 105. A reading beam 115 may be provided to the confinement region 100 so that the reading beam 115 is at least partially incident on the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected. In various embodiments, the reading beam 115 is incident on the atomic object being read and / or detected at a reading incident angle α. In various embodiments, the reading beam 115 is a laser beam characterized by a frequency / wavelength resonant with a specific transition of the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected. For example, the specific transition can be from a first state (e.g., qubit state 1) to another state (e.g., qubit state 0 or another quantum state of the atomic object). When the reading beam 115 is incident on the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected and the atomic object is in the first state, the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected fluoresces by emitting stimulated emission 120. In various embodiments, stimulated emission 120 is emitted at various emission angles θ by the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected. At least some of the stimulated emission 120 is detected by a detector 125. In various embodiments, the detector 125 communicates with a controller and / or other computing entity, which is configured to receive an indication of the detection of stimulated emission 120 by the detector 125.

[0030] However, photons from the reading beam 115 and / or stimulated emission 120 may be incident on the adjacent atomic object 110B. In various embodiments, the adjacent atomic object 110B and the atomic object being read and / or detected are atomic objects of the same kind and therefore have the same atomic structure. Therefore, the adjacent atomic object may absorb the photons of the reading beam 115 and / or stimulated emission 120, and thereby damage the quantum information stored by the adjacent atomic object (e.g., qubits may be debonded, etc.). As used herein, the adjacent atomic object 110B is an atomic object that is adjacent and / or adjacent to the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected, and / or is close enough to the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected so that photons from the reading beam 115 and / or stimulated emission 120 may be incident thereon. In various embodiments, a push field and / or an oscillating potential energy may be generated (e.g., via application of a control signal to at least one of the RF electrode and / or multiple longitudinal electrodes) and experienced by a neighboring atomic object 110B or one of the atomic objects 110A to be read and / or detected, so as to cause the atomic object experiencing the push field and / or the oscillating potential energy to oscillate and / or experience a small back-and-forth motion, which results in suppressing the neighboring atomic object 110B from absorbing photons from the reading beam 115 and / or stimulated emission 120. Specifically, the oscillation and / or small back-and-forth motion of the atomic object experiencing the push field and / or the oscillating potential energy causes the reading beam 115 and / or stimulated emission 120 to be non-resonant with respect to the neighboring atomic object 110B. In other words, in various embodiments, the oscillation and / or small back-and-forth motion of the atomic object experiencing the push field and / or the oscillating potential energy causes the reading beam 115 and / or stimulated emission 120 to be characterized by a frequency / wavelength that is not resonant with a specific transition of the neighboring atomic object 110B. For example, Figure 2 A schematic diagram of a neighboring atomic object 110B experiencing a push field 130 is provided, Figure 3 A schematic diagram of a proximate atomic object 110B experiencing an oscillating potential 145 is provided, and Figure 7 A schematic diagram of an atomic object 100A to be read and / or detected, experiencing a push field 130 and having a modulated read beam 115' incident thereon, is provided in accordance with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0031] When absorption of photons from the reading beam 115 and / or stimulated emission 120 is suppressed in various embodiments, crosstalk between the neighboring atomic object 110B and the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected is reduced. In an exemplary embodiment, absorption of photons from the reading beam 115 and / or stimulated emission 120 is suppressed by at least ten times. In an exemplary embodiment, absorption of photons from the reading beam 115 and / or stimulated emission 120 is suppressed by at least twenty times. In an exemplary embodiment, absorption of photons from the reading beam 115 and / or stimulated emission 120 is suppressed by about 30 times. In an exemplary embodiment, absorption of photons from the reading beam 115 and / or stimulated emission 120 is completely (e.g., 100%) suppressed.

[0032] Exemplary atomic object confinement device

[0033] Figure 4 A top view of an exemplary confinement device 400 that can be used to confine at least two atomic objects 110 is provided. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the confinement device is an ion trap (e.g., a surface ion trap) and the atomic objects are ions. In an exemplary embodiment, the confinement device 100 (e.g., a surface ion trap) is manufactured as a part of an ion trap chip and / or a part of an ion trap device and / or a package. In an exemplary embodiment, the confinement device 400 is at least partially defined by a plurality of RF electrodes 412 (e.g., 412A, 412B). In various embodiments, the confinement device 400 is at least partially defined by a plurality of sequences 414 (e.g., 414A, 414B, 414C) of longitudinal electrodes. Each sequence 414 of longitudinal electrodes includes a plurality of longitudinal electrodes 416. In an exemplary embodiment, each longitudinal electrode 416 and / or at least a non-empty subset of longitudinal electrodes 416 can be independently operated via applying a control signal thereto. In an exemplary embodiment, the confinement device 400 is a surface Paul trap with symmetrical RF electrodes 412. In various embodiments, the RF electrodes 412 and the longitudinal electrodes 416 generate potential energy and / or fields experienced by the atomic objects 110 within the confinement region 100 of the confinement device 400. Specifically, the RF electrodes 412 can be configured to define the confinement region 100 of the confinement device 400, and the longitudinal electrodes 416 can be configured to at least partially control the movement and / or motion of the atomic objects within the confinement region 100.

[0034] In various embodiments, the upper surface of the restriction device 400 has a flattened topology.For example, the upper surface of each RF electrode 412 in the plurality of RF electrodes 412 and the upper surface of each longitudinal electrode 416 in the plurality of sequences 414 of longitudinal electrodes can be substantially coplanar.

[0035] In various embodiments, the restriction device 400 includes and / or is at least partially defined by a plurality of RF electrodes 412. The RF electrodes 412 are formed with substantially parallel longitudinal axes 411 (e.g., 411A, 411B) and have substantially coplanar upper surfaces. For example, the RF electrodes 412 are substantially parallel so that the distance between the RF electrodes 412 is approximately constant along the length of the RF electrodes 412 (e.g., the RF electrode length along the longitudinal axis 411 of the RF electrode 412). For example, the upper surface of the RF electrode 412 may be substantially flush with the upper surface of the restriction device 400. In an exemplary embodiment, the plurality of RF electrodes 412 include two RF electrodes 412 (e.g., 412A, 412B). In various embodiments, the restriction device 400 may include a plurality of numbers of RF electrodes 412. For example, the confinement device 400 can be a two-dimensional ion trap including a plurality of numbers (e.g., pairs and / or groups) of RF electrodes 412, wherein each number (e.g., pairs and / or groups) of RF electrodes 412 have substantially parallel longitudinal axes 411. In an exemplary embodiment, a first number of RF electrodes 412 have longitudinal axes 411 that are substantially parallel to each other, a second number of RF electrodes 412 have longitudinal axes 411 that are substantially parallel to each other, and the longitudinal axes of the first number of RF electrodes are substantially non-parallel (e.g., transverse) to the longitudinal axes of the second number of RF electrodes. Figure 4 An exemplary one-dimensional restriction device 400 and / or a portion of a two-dimensional restriction device 400 is shown having two RF electrodes 412, but other embodiments may include additional RF electrodes in various configurations.

[0036] In various embodiments, two adjacent RF electrodes 412 may be separated from each other (e.g., insulated) by a longitudinal gap. In various embodiments, the restriction region 100 is at least partially above the longitudinal gap. For example, the longitudinal gap may define the restriction region 100 (in one or two dimensions). In various embodiments, the restriction region 100 may extend substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis 411 of the adjacent RF electrodes 412. For example, the longitudinal gap may extend substantially parallel to the x-axis, such as Figures 1 to 4 As shown. In an exemplary embodiment, the longitudinal gap may be at least partially filled with an insulating material (e.g., a dielectric material). In various embodiments, the dielectric material may be silicon dioxide (e.g., formed by thermal oxidation) and / or other dielectric materials and / or insulating materials. In various embodiments, the height of the longitudinal gap (e.g., in the x-direction) is approximately between 40 μm and 500 μm. In various embodiments, one or more sequences 414 of longitudinal electrodes (e.g., a second sequence 414B of longitudinal electrodes) may be disposed and / or formed within the longitudinal gap.

[0037] In an exemplary embodiment, a lateral gap may exist between adjacent and / or neighboring longitudinal electrodes 416 of one or more sequences 414 of electrodes. In an exemplary embodiment, the lateral gap may be an empty space and / or at least partially filled with a dielectric material to prevent electrical communication between adjacent and / or neighboring electrodes. In an exemplary embodiment, the lateral gap between adjacent and / or neighboring electrodes may be in the range of approximately 1 μm-10 μm.

[0038] In an exemplary embodiment, there is a longitudinal gap between the sequence of longitudinal electrodes 414 and the adjacent and / or neighboring RF electrodes 412. In an exemplary embodiment, the longitudinal gap may be at least partially filled with a dielectric material and / or an insulating material to prevent electrical communication between the longitudinal electrodes 416 in the sequence of electrodes 414 and the RF electrodes 412. In an exemplary embodiment, the longitudinal gap between the adjacent and / or neighboring electrodes may be in the range of approximately 1 μm-10 μm.

[0039] In various embodiments, the restriction device 400 can be at least partially defined by a plurality of sequences 414 of longitudinal electrodes (e.g., a first sequence 414A of longitudinal electrodes, a second sequence 414B of longitudinal electrodes, a third sequence 414C of longitudinal electrodes). Each sequence 414 of longitudinal electrodes is formed to extend substantially parallel to the substantially parallel longitudinal axis 411 of the RF electrode 412. For example, the plurality of sequences 414 of longitudinal electrodes can extend substantially parallel to the x-axis, such as Figure 4 As shown. In various embodiments, the plurality of sequences 414 of longitudinal electrodes include two, three, four, and / or another number of sequences 414 of longitudinal electrodes. In an exemplary embodiment, the confinement device 400 includes a plurality of sequences 414 of longitudinal electrodes. For example, the confinement device 400 shown is a one-dimensional ion trap including three sequences 414 of longitudinal electrodes. For example, the confinement device 400 can be a two-dimensional ion trap including a plurality of sequences 414 of longitudinal electrodes, each of the plurality of sequences of longitudinal electrodes extending substantially parallel to the substantially parallel longitudinal axes of the corresponding number of RF electrodes 412. In an exemplary embodiment, the first number of sequences 414 of longitudinal electrodes extend substantially parallel to the substantially parallel longitudinal axes 411 of the first number of RF electrodes 412, the second number of sequences 414 of longitudinal electrodes extend substantially parallel to the substantially parallel longitudinal axes 411 of the second number of RF electrodes 412, and the longitudinal axes of the first number of RF electrodes are substantially non-parallel (e.g., transverse) to the longitudinal axes of the second number of RF electrodes. In some embodiments, each longitudinal electrode 416 in the plurality of sequences 414 of longitudinal electrodes can be formed with a substantially coplanar upper surface that is substantially coplanar with an upper surface of the RF electrode 412 .

[0040] In an exemplary embodiment (e.g., Figure 4), a plurality of (e.g., a pair of) RF electrodes 412 may be formed between a first sequence 414A of longitudinal electrodes and a third sequence 414C of longitudinal electrodes, wherein a second sequence 414B of longitudinal electrodes extends along the longitudinal gap between the RF electrodes 412. For example, each sequence 414 of longitudinal electrodes may extend in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis 411 of the RF electrode 412 (e.g., in the x-direction). In various embodiments, the upper surface of the longitudinal electrode sequence 414 is substantially coplanar with the upper surface of the RF electrode 412.

[0041] In various embodiments, RF signals may be applied to RF electrodes 412 to generate electric and / or magnetic fields that are used to hold atomic objects (e.g., ions) trapped within confinement device 400 in directions transverse to the longitudinal direction (e.g., y and z directions) of confinement device 400. In various embodiments, control signals and / or voltages are applied to longitudinal electrodes 416 to generate a desired electric potential field within confinement region 100. For example, in various embodiments, a time-dependent, time-varying, time-evolving, and / or non-static direct current (DC) voltage may be applied to longitudinal electrodes 416 to generate a time-dependent, time-varying, time-evolving, and / or non-static electric potential field that causes atomic objects trapped within confinement device 400 to traverse corresponding trajectories to reach confinement region 100. For example, atomic objects may be moved between various regions of confinement device 400 so that various functions may be performed thereon. For example, atomic objects may be initialized, transmitted and / or stored, read and / or detected, etc., via a single qubit gate, via a dual / multi-qubit gate, etc. In an exemplary embodiment, the longitudinal electrode 416 is configured to generate a push field and / or an oscillating potential energy in response to a control signal applied thereto, the push field and / or the oscillating potential energy being configured to cause an atomic object experiencing the push field and / or the oscillating potential energy to experience oscillations and / or small back-and-forth motions. In various embodiments, the push field 130 is configured to push an atomic object away from the RF zero axis 105 of the confinement device 400 (which in an exemplary embodiment is co-located with the longitudinal axis 405 of the confinement region 100). An atomic object pushed away from the RF zero axis 105 will experience a potential energy (e.g., generated at least in part by applying an RF signal to the RF electrode 412) that causes the atomic object to oscillate and / or experience small back-and-forth motions in a direction transverse to (e.g., in an exemplary embodiment, perpendicular to) the RF zero axis 105 at a location of the atomic object along the RF zero axis 105 / longitudinal axis 405 of the confinement device 400. For example, pushing an atomic object radially away from the RF zero axis 105 (e.g., in the yz plane) will experience potential energy that causes the atomic object to move in the radial direction of the confinement region (e.g., in the y direction when the atomic object is pushed away from the RF zero axis 105 in the y direction, as shown in FIG. Figure 2 and Figure 7In various embodiments, the oscillating potential 145 is configured to cause the atomic objects experiencing the oscillating potential 145 to oscillate and / or experience small back-and-forth motions in a direction substantially parallel to the RF zero axis 105 / longitudinal axis 405 of the confinement device 400. For example, experiencing the oscillating potential will cause the atomic objects to oscillate in the longitudinal direction of the confinement region 100 (e.g., in the x-direction, as shown). Figure 3 shown) oscillates and / or undergoes small back and forth motions.

[0042] In various embodiments, the control signals and / or voltages applied to the longitudinal electrodes 416 are provided by one or more connected devices (e.g., Fig. 9 The controller 30 shown in the figure, etc.) is controlled via leads. For example, depending on the electrical monopole and / or dipole (or higher magnitude pole) strength of the atomic object (e.g., the charge in the case of an electrical monopole), the longitudinal voltage may be increased or decreased for the longitudinal electrode 416 near a particular atomic object to cause the particular atomic object to traverse the desired trajectory. For example, the controller 30 may control a voltage driver to cause the voltage driver to apply a control signal and / or a longitudinal voltage to the longitudinal electrode, thereby generating a time-dependent potential energy (e.g., a potential energy that evolves, changes, and / or varies over time) that causes the atomic objects within the confinement device 400 to traverse the desired trajectory. In various embodiments, the controller 30 may control a voltage driver (or other signal generator) to cause the voltage driver (or other signal generator) to generate an electric potential that causes one or more adjacent atomic objects 110B to oscillate or undergo a small back-and-forth motion so that crosstalk is reduced during the reading and / or detection function.

[0043] Depending on such factors as the electric monopole and / or dipole (or higher magnitude pole) strength (e.g., charge in the case of an electric monopole) of the atomic object and / or the shape and / or magnitude of the combined electric and / or magnetic fields, the atomic object may be stabilized at a particular distance (e.g., about 20 μm to about 200 μm) above the upper surface (e.g., the coplanar upper surface of the sequence of longitudinal electrodes 414 and the RF electrode 412) of the confinement device 400. To further aid in controlling the transport of the atomic object along a desired trajectory, in various embodiments, the confinement device 400 may be operated in a cryogenic chamber and / or vacuum chamber capable of cooling the confinement device 400 to a temperature below 124 Kelvin (e.g., below 100 Kelvin, below 50 Kelvin, below 10 Kelvin, below 5 Kelvin, etc.).

[0044] In various embodiments, the RF electrodes 412, the sequence of electrodes 414, and / or the confinement potential generated by the RF electrodes and / or the sequence of electrodes 414 define the confinement region 100 of the confinement device 400. In an exemplary embodiment, the RF electrodes 412 and / or the confinement potential generated by the RF electrodes define the confinement region 100 of the confinement device 400, and the longitudinal electrodes 416 control the movement and / or positioning of the atomic object 110 within the confinement region 100. In various embodiments, the RF electrodes 412, the sequence of electrodes 414, and / or the confinement potential generated by the RF electrodes and / or the sequence of electrodes 414 define the axis 405 of the confinement device 400. For example, the RF electrodes 412 and / or the confinement potential generated by the RF electrodes may define the axis 405 of the confinement device 400. In various embodiments, the confinement potential is generally used to align the atomic object 110 within the confinement device 400 along the RF zero axis 105 and / or the longitudinal axis 405 of the confinement device 400.

[0045] Exemplary Crosstalk Reduction Reading and / or Detection Functionality

[0046] In various embodiments, the controller 30 may control one or more actuators to cause a plurality of potential energy generating elements of the confinement device (e.g., the RF electrode 412 and the longitudinal electrode 416) to generate a time-dependent potential field (e.g., a potential field that evolves over time) that causes the atomic object 110 to be confined within the confinement region 100 of the confinement device 400. The exemplary quantum computer 910 and controller 30 are described elsewhere herein with respect to Fig. 9 and Fig.10 Described in more detail. The controller 30 may control one or more drivers (e.g., voltage source 50), a manipulation source 60 (e.g., a laser), etc. to cause a quantum circuit to be executed using at least two atomic objects 110 within the confinement device 400. A quantum circuit is a computational routine that includes coherent quantum operations performed on quantum data such as qubits (e.g., atomic objects 110). For example, a quantum circuit includes an ordered sequence of quantum gates. The execution and / or execution of a quantum circuit by a quantum computer causes the quantum computer to execute a corresponding algorithm. For example, in order to execute an algorithm and / or calculation, a quantum computer may execute and / or execute a quantum circuit, which includes first initializing two or more qubits (e.g., atomic objects 110) to an initial quantum state, then executing an ordered series of quantum gates and / or other operations on the two or more qubits, and finally reading and / or detecting the quantum state of at least one of the qubits to determine the achievement and / or result of executing the algorithm and / or calculation.

[0047] In an exemplary embodiment, a quantum circuit may include reading and / or detecting the quantum state of at least one of the qubits in the middle of the quantum circuit. For example, after executing one or more gates, the quantum state of one or more of the qubits may be read and / or detected, and then one or more additional gates may be executed. In an exemplary embodiment, one or more additional gates may be determined, modified, adjusted, selected, ordered, etc. based at least in part on the result of reading and / or detecting the quantum state of at least one qubit in the middle of the quantum circuit. During execution of the quantum circuit (e.g., in the middle of the quantum circuit), reading and / or detecting the quantum state of at least one qubit is enabled, and the reading and / or detecting function is configured to reduce the probability that quantum information / data stored by qubit 110B adjacent to qubit 110A being read and / or detected will be disturbed, interrupted, destroyed, etc. during the reading and / or detection of qubit 110A being read and / or detected. Figure 5 A flow chart is provided that illustrates a process, procedure, operation, etc., performed by the controller 30, e.g., to control a quantum computer and / or cause a quantum circuit to be implemented and / or executed, including an exemplary embodiment of a reduced crosstalk read and / or detection function 500. Specifically, the reduced crosstalk read and / or detection function 500 reduces and / or decreases the probability that quantum information / data stored by a neighboring qubit 110B is interfered with, interrupted, corrupted, etc. during reading and / or detection of the qubit 110A being read and / or detected. For example, the reduced crosstalk read and / or detection function 500 may suppress the neighboring qubit (e.g., the neighboring atomic object 110B) from absorbing photons from a read beam 115 and / or stimulated emission 120 when another qubit (e.g., the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected) is being read and / or detected.

[0048] Beginning with step / operation 502, the controller 30 causes the quantum computer 910 to begin implementing and / or executing a quantum circuit. For example, the controller 30 may receive quantum circuit and / or other executable instructions (e.g., received from the computing entity 10 via one or more wired and / or wireless networks) that cause the controller 30 to control one or more drivers to cause the voltage source 50, the manipulation source 60, and / or other components of the quantum computer 910 to begin executing a quantum circuit. For example, the controller 30 may cause at least two atomic objects 110 to be loaded into the confinement device 400, initialized to a specific qubit state (e.g., a known state within the defined qubit space of the atomic objects 110), and positioned in a specific location within the confinement device 400. The controller 30 may then cause one or more gates to be executed on the one or more atomic objects 110 (e.g., using one or more manipulation sources 60) such that the quantum state of the atomic object 110 evolves in a specific manner within the defined qubit space of the atomic object 110.

[0049] When the controller 30 implements and / or executes the quantum circuit, at step / operation 504, the controller 30 may determine that a read and / or detect function is to be performed on one or more atomic objects 110 so that the quantum state of the atomic object (e.g., whether the atomic object is in qubit state 0 or 1) can be determined. In an exemplary embodiment, the controller 30 may determine that the read and / or detect function is to be performed in the middle of the quantum circuit (e.g., after one or more gates have been executed and one or more gates will be executed after the read and / or detect function). In an exemplary embodiment, the controller 30 may determine that the read and / or detect function is to be performed at the end of the quantum circuit (e.g., after all gates of the quantum circuit have been executed). For example, the controller 30 may determine that the quantum circuit and / or executable instructions that cause the controller 30 to control components of the quantum computer 910 to execute the quantum circuit (including instructions and / or executable instructions for performing the read and / or detect function) are queued for execution by a processor and / or processing device of the controller 30.

[0050] The controller 30 may then execute executable instructions for performing the crosstalk-reducing reading and / or detection function 500 via the processing device 1005 of the controller 30. For example, at step / operation 506, the controller 30 may cause the voltage source 50 to provide a first control signal to one or more longitudinal electrodes 416, which causes one or more adjacent atomic objects 110B to experience the pushing field 130, such as Figure 2 As shown. In various embodiments, the pushing field 130 causes one or more adjacent atomic objects 110B to experience a radial force (e.g., in the y direction) away from the RF zero axis 105 and / or the longitudinal axis 405 of the confinement device 400. For example, the pushing field 130 may cause one or more adjacent atomic objects 110B to shift a displacement distance Δy from the RF zero axis 105 and / or the longitudinal axis 405. When the atomic object 110 leaves the RF zero axis 105, the atomic object 110 begins to experience oscillations within the confinement potential generated by the RF electrode 412 via application of an RF voltage (e.g., a voltage having an oscillation rate of an alternating current or a voltage in a frequency range of about 20 kHz to 300 GHz) to the RF electrode 412. The oscillations within the confinement potential cause the atomic object 100 to oscillate in a radial direction (e.g., in the y direction) and / or experience a small back and forth motion 135.

[0051] The displacement distance Δy is given by Given, where Q is the charge of the atomic object, E y is the electric field strength of the pushing field 130 in the y direction, m is the mass of the atomic object, and ω yis the harmonic limiting frequency (of the limiting potential energy) in the y direction. The amplitude A of the oscillation and / or small back and forth motion 135 is given by is given by, where Ω is the oscillation frequency of the RF voltage (eg, generated by voltage source 50) applied to the RF electrode 412. The modulation index n is then given by is given by, where λ is the wavelength of the reading beam 115 and / or stimulated emission 120, and is the angle of incidence (α) of the photons of the reading beam 115 relative to the atomic object 110 and / or the angle of incidence (θ) of the photons of the stimulated emission 120 relative to the atomic object. For example, the reading beam 115 has an angle of incidence α. In an exemplary embodiment, the angle of incidence of the reading beam 115 is in the range of 30-60° (e.g., α=30-60°). In various embodiments, the angle of incidence α provides a non-zero value of the cosine of α (e.g., α is not equal to 90°). In an exemplary embodiment, the angle of incidence of the stimulated emission 120 incident on the neighboring atomic object 110B is about θ=0.

[0052] At step / operation 508, the controller 30 causes at least one manipulation source 60 to generate and provide a reading beam 115. For example, the reading beam 115 can be a laser beam tuned to a specific transition of the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected. The reading beam 115 is provided (e.g., at an angle of incidence α) so that at least a portion of the reading beam 115 is incident on the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected. When the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected is in a specific qubit state (e.g., state 1), the reading beam 115 incident on the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected causes the atomic object 110A to emit stimulated emissions 120. Some of the stimulated emissions 120 are detected by the detector 125. When the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected is not in a particular qubit state (eg, in state 0 instead of state 1), the atomic object will not emit stimulated emission 120 in response to the read beam 115 being incident on the atomic object 110A.

[0053] Although a reading beam 115 is provided so that at least a portion of the reading beam 115 is incident on the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected, some of the reading beam 115 may be incident on one or more adjacent atomic objects 110B. When the adjacent atomic object 110B experiences oscillation and / or a small back-and-forth motion 135, the adjacent atomic object 110B regards the reading beam 115 as non-resonant with the specific transition of the atomic object. For example, due to the Doppler effect associated with the oscillation and / or small back-and-forth motion 135 of the adjacent atomic object 110B, in the reference frame of the adjacent atomic object 110B, the reading beam 115 is non-resonant with the specific transition of the adjacent atomic object. The modulation of the frequency of the reading beam 115 in the reference frame of the adjacent atomic object makes the sideband frequency greater than the natural line width (e.g., twice, ten times, etc.) of the specific transition. Therefore, the absorption of the photons of the reading beam 115 by the adjacent atomic object is suppressed.

[0054] For example, Fig. 6A The field strength (e.g., E y ) as a function of frequency modulation 135 on the absorption of photons from the reading beam 115. In the exemplary embodiment shown, when the field strength of the push field 130 is in the range of 1050-1250 V / m (e.g., 1150-1200 V / m), the resulting modulation index is about 2.4 (e.g., n≈2.4), and the power of the reading beam 115 is approximately zero in the reference frame of the neighboring atomic object 110B at the frequency / wavelength that resonates with the specific transition of the atomic object. In contrast, in the reference frame of the neighboring atomic object 110B, the power of the reading beam 115 exists in the frequency modulation sidebands. Therefore, the absorption of photons from the reading beam 115 by the neighboring atomic object 110B that undergoes oscillations and / or small back-and-forth motion 135 is suppressed. In other words, since the neighboring atomic object 110B witnesses the power of the reading beam 115 present in the frequency modulated sidebands, which are non-resonant with respect to the quantum transitions of the atomic object, the probability that the neighboring atomic object 110B absorbs a photon from the reading beam 115 is greatly reduced. Fig. 6A As shown, in the exemplary embodiment shown, when the field strength of the push field 130 is in the range of 1050-1250 V / m (e.g., 1150-1200 V / m), the absorption of photons from the reading beam 115 by the adjacent atomic object 110B is reduced to about 0.033. Figure 6BA graph is provided showing a suppression factor for suppressing the absorption of photons from the reading beam 115 by the neighboring atomic object 110B as a function of the field strength of the push field 130. In the exemplary embodiment shown, the suppression factor reaches a first maximum value of about 30 when the field strength of the push field 130 is in the range of 1050-1250 V / m (e.g., 1150-1200 V / m).

[0055] return Figure 5 At step / operation 510, the controller 30 may cause the voltage source 50 to provide a second control signal to the one or more longitudinal electrodes 416, which causes the one or more adjacent atomic objects 110B to experience the oscillating potential energy 145, such as Figure 3 As shown. In various embodiments, the oscillating potential energy causes one or more neighboring atomic objects 110B to experience an oscillating longitudinal force (e.g., in the x-direction and / or substantially parallel to the RF zero axis 105 and / or the longitudinal axis 405 of the limiting device 400). When the neighboring atomic object 110B feels the oscillation of the oscillating potential energy 145, the neighboring atomic object 110B begins to oscillate in the longitudinal direction (e.g., in the x-direction) and / or experiences a small back-and-forth motion 140. Generally speaking, the oscillating potential energy 145 is configured to cause the neighboring atomic object 110B to begin to oscillate and / or experience a small back-and-forth motion 140 in a direction substantially parallel to the direction between the neighboring atomic object 110B and the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected and / or includes a component substantially parallel to the direction.

[0056] Due to the oscillation and / or small back and forth motion 140, at least one component of the stimulated emission 120 that is substantially parallel to the atomic object 110A being read will travel to the neighboring atomic object 110B, and the stimulated emission 120 will be non-resonant for the quantum transition of the atomic object in the reference frame of the neighboring atomic object 110B. Therefore, the absorption of the stimulated emission 120 by the neighboring atomic object 110B is suppressed and / or reduced. The longitudinal electrode 416 can be controlled so that after a certain period of time (e.g., a period of time in which at least most of its expected stimulated emissions 120 have been emitted), the longitudinal electrode 416 stops generating the oscillating potential energy 145. In an exemplary embodiment, the intensity of the oscillating potential energy 145 can be reduced in at least a semi-smooth manner, rather than being suddenly turned off.

[0057] In an exemplary embodiment, the control signal provided to the longitudinal electrode 416 is filtered to reduce high frequency noise. In an exemplary embodiment, the filter used to filter the control signal provided to the longitudinal electrode 416 is configured to allow and / or pass a signal of a specific frequency so that the longitudinal electrode 416 can generate oscillating potential energy.

[0058] At step / operation 512, the controller 30 controls the magnetic field generator 70 to generate a magnetic field 170 such as having a magnetic field direction and a specific amplitude experienced by the neighboring atomic object 110B. In an exemplary embodiment, the magnetic field generator 70 is a permanent magnet, and the controller 30 does not need to control the magnetic field generator 70. In an exemplary embodiment, the magnetic field generator 70 is configured to generate and / or maintain a substantially stable magnetic field having a magnetic field direction and a specific amplitude during the entire operation of the quantum computer 910 and / or the execution of quantum circuits and / or algorithms. Therefore, in an exemplary embodiment, the controller 30 controls the magnetic field generator 70 to maintain the magnetic field 170 so that the neighboring atomic object 110B experiences the magnetic field 170 having a magnetic field direction and a specific amplitude. In various embodiments, the magnetic field direction experienced by the neighboring atomic object 110B is transverse to (e.g., not parallel to or antiparallel to) the gradient of the oscillating potential energy 145 and / or transverse to the axis defined by the small back and forth motion 135. For example, such as Figure 2 As shown, in an exemplary embodiment, the direction of the magnetic field experienced by the neighboring atomic object 110B is perpendicular to the gradient of the oscillating potential 145 and / or perpendicular to the axis defined by the small back and forth motion 135. In an exemplary embodiment, the direction of the magnetic field is generally and / or substantially parallel to the direction separating the neighboring atomic object 110B from the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected.

[0059] Due to the zero in the lobed emission pattern of π-polarized light caused by the atomic object, and the direction of the magnetic field that is generally and / or substantially parallel to the direction separating the adjacent atomic object 110B from the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected, any stimulated emission 120 (e.g., photons) emitted by the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected in the direction of the adjacent atomic object 110B will not have a π-polarization component (e.g., the π-polarization component will be substantially equal to zero). Since the probability of the adjacent atomic object 110B resonantly absorbing non-π-polarized light is very small (e.g., substantially and / or approximately equal to zero), the absorption of the photons of the stimulated emission 120 by the adjacent atomic object 110B is significantly suppressed and / or reduced. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the absorption of photons by the adjacent atomic object 110B is suppressed in the direction of the gradient of the oscillating potential energy 145 and / or the axis defined by the small back and forth motion 135, and is suppressed in the magnetic field direction of the magnetic field 170.

[0060] In various embodiments, steps / operations 506, 508, 510, and / or 512 may be performed in a semi-simultaneous and / or overlapping manner. For example, the field intensity of the radial push field may have a triangular wave pulse form over time, such that the field intensity of the radial push field increases to a maximum value and then decreases again. For example, the time evolution of the field intensity of the push field 130 may include a monotonic increase to a maximum value and then a monotonic decrease to a minimum value. When the field intensity of the push field 130 is approximately at its maximum value and / or slightly exceeds its maximum value, a reading beam 115 may be provided and / or applied. The field intensity of the push field 130 may then be reduced to a minimum value, thereby causing the adjacent atomic object 110B to return to the RF zero axis 105 and stop oscillating in the radial direction and / or undergoing a small back-and-forth motion 135. In an exemplary embodiment, the controller 30 may cause the longitudinal electrode 416 to generate an oscillating potential energy 145 prior to applying the reading beam 115 to the atomic object 110A being read or detected, such that when stimulated emission 120 is emitted by the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected, a neighboring atomic object 110B is undergoing oscillations and / or small back-and-forth motions 140.

[0061] In an exemplary embodiment, one or more cooling operations may be performed to cool the neighboring atomic object 110B. For example, cooling the neighboring atomic object 110B may be performed via direct cooling techniques, cooperative cooling (e.g., via cooperative cooling of atomic objects), etc. In an exemplary embodiment, the cooling operation may attenuate and / or suppress any residual oscillations and / or small back-and-forth movements of the neighboring atomic object 110B.

[0062] At step / operation 514, the controller 30 may receive the result of the reading. For example, the controller 30 may receive a signal from the detector 125 indicating whether the atomic object being read and / or detected is in a particular qubit state. For example, the signal from the detector 125 may indicate whether the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected is in a first state. The controller 30 may then adjust, modify, update, etc., the remainder of the quantum circuit based on whether the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected is in the first state. In an exemplary embodiment, multiple atomic objects may be read, and the controller 30 may adjust, modify, update, etc., the remainder of the quantum circuit based on the result of reading the multiple atomic objects. For example, during the process of executing and / or implementing the quantum circuit, the controller 30 may make changes to the remainder of the quantum circuit based on and / or in response to the result of reading and / or detecting one or more atomic objects.

[0063] At step / operation 516, the controller 30 controls various components of the quantum computer 910 to continue to execute and / or implement the quantum circuit. For example, the controller may cause the quantum computer 910 to continue to execute and / or implement the quantum circuit, which may be modified, adjusted, updated, etc. For example, the quantum computer 910 may continue to execute and / or implement the quantum circuit, including executing one or more gates, moving atomic objects within the restriction device 400, performing additional reading and / or detection functions (such as reading and / or detection functions that reduce crosstalk), etc. The controller 30 may then transmit one or more results of executing and / or implementing the quantum circuit to the computing entity 10 via one or more wired and / or wireless networks 20.

[0064] Another exemplary read and / or detect function to reduce crosstalk

[0065] Figure 7 A schematic diagram of another exemplary reduced crosstalk reading and / or detection function 800 is provided, as shown in FIG. Figure 8 As described. Specifically, a driving field 130 is applied to the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected, which causes the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected to move radially away from the RF zero axis 105 and experience oscillations and / or small back-and-forth motions in the radial direction (e.g., in the y direction). The frequency / wavelength of the reading beam 115′ can then be modulated so that in the reference frame of the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected, the reading beam 115′ is in a resonant state for a specific transition of the atomic object. However, in the corresponding reference frame of the adjacent atomic object 110B, the modulated reading beam 115′ will be non-resonant for the quantum transition of the adjacent atomic object.

[0066] Figure 8Flowcharts illustrating various processes, procedures, operations, etc., for operating a quantum computer to perform a quantum circuit (including a read and / or detection function 800 to reduce crosstalk) are provided according to exemplary embodiments. Beginning at step / operation 802, the controller 30 causes the quantum computer 910 to begin implementing and / or executing a quantum circuit. For example, the controller 30 may receive quantum circuit and / or other executable instructions (e.g., received from the computing entity 10 via one or more wired and / or wireless networks) that cause the controller 30 to control one or more actuators to cause the voltage source 50, the manipulation source 60, and / or other components of the quantum computer 910 to begin executing a quantum circuit. For example, the controller 30 may cause at least two atomic objects 110 to be loaded into the confinement device 400, initialized to a particular qubit state (e.g., a known state within a defined qubit space of the atomic objects 110), and positioned in a particular location within the confinement device 400. The controller 30 may then cause one or more gates to be executed on one or more atomic objects 110 (eg, using one or more manipulation sources 60 ) such that the quantum state of the atomic object 110 evolves in a particular manner within the defined qubit space of the atomic object 110 .

[0067] When the controller 30 implements and / or executes the quantum circuit, at step / operation 804, the controller 30 may determine that a read and / or detect function is to be performed on one or more atomic objects 110 so that the quantum state of the atomic object (e.g., whether the atomic object is in qubit state 0 or 1) can be determined. In an exemplary embodiment, the controller 30 may determine that the read and / or detect function is to be performed in the middle of the quantum circuit (e.g., after one or more gates have been executed and one or more gates will be executed after the read and / or detect function). In an exemplary embodiment, the controller 30 may determine that the read and / or detect function is to be performed at the end of the quantum circuit (e.g., after all gates of the quantum circuit have been executed). For example, the controller 30 may determine that the quantum circuit and / or executable instructions that cause the controller 30 to control components of the quantum computer 910 to execute the quantum circuit (including instructions and / or executable instructions for performing the read and / or detect function) are queued for execution by a processor and / or processing device of the controller 30.

[0068] The controller 30 may then execute executable instructions for performing the reduced crosstalk reading and / or detection function 800 via the processing device 1005 of the controller 30. For example, at step / operation 806, the controller 30 may cause the voltage source 50 to provide a first control signal to one or more longitudinal electrodes 416, which causes the atomic object 110A to be read and / or detected to experience the pushing field 130, such as Figure 7As shown. In various embodiments, the push field 130 causes the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected to experience a radial force (e.g., in the y direction) away from the RF zero axis 105 and / or the longitudinal axis 405 of the limiting device 400. For example, the push field 130 may cause the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected to shift a displacement distance Δy from the RF zero axis 105 and / or the longitudinal axis 405. When the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected leaves the RF zero axis 105, the atomic object 110A begins to experience oscillations within the confined potential energy generated by the RF electrode 412 via applying an RF voltage (e.g., a voltage with an oscillation rate of an alternating current or a voltage in a frequency range of about 20kHz to 300GHz) to the RF electrode 412. The oscillations within the confined potential energy cause the atomic object 100 to oscillate in a radial direction (e.g., in the y direction) and / or experience a small back and forth motion 135.

[0069] Similar to what was mentioned above, the displacement distance Δy is given by Given, where Q is the charge of the atomic object, E y is the electric field strength of the pushing field 130 in the y direction, m is the mass of the atomic object, and ω y is the harmonic limiting frequency (of the limiting potential energy) in the y direction. The amplitude A of the oscillation and / or small back and forth motion 135 is given by is given by, where Ω is the oscillation frequency of the RF voltage (eg, generated by voltage source 50) applied to the RF electrode 412. The modulation index n is then given by is given by, where λ is the wavelength of the modulated reading beam 115′, and is the incident angle of the photons of the modulated reading beam 115' relative to the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected. For example, the modulated reading beam 115' has an incident angle α. In an exemplary embodiment, the incident angle of the modulated reading beam 115' is in the range of 30-60° (e.g., α=30-60°).

[0070] At step / operation 808, the controller 30 causes at least one manipulation source 60 to generate and provide a modulated reading beam 115'. For example, in a reference frame of an atomic object 110A being read and / or detected that is oscillating and / or undergoing a small back-and-forth motion 135, the modulated reading beam 115' can be a laser beam tuned and modulated to a specific transition of the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected. For example, the frequency / wavelength of the reading beam can be modulated so that when the modulated reading beam 115' is incident on the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected, the frequency / wavelength of the reading beam resonates with the specific transition of the atomic object 110A. The modulated reading beam 115' is provided (e.g., at an angle of incidence α) so that at least a portion of the modulated reading beam 115' is incident on the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected. When the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected is in a particular qubit state (e.g., state 1), the modulated read light beam 115′ incident on the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected causes the atomic object 110A to emit stimulated emissions 120. Some of the stimulated emissions 120 are detected by the detector 125. When the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected is not in a particular qubit state (e.g., in state 0 instead of state 1), the atomic object will not emit stimulated emissions 120 in response to the modulated read light beam 115′ being incident on the atomic object 110A.

[0071] Although the modulated reading beam 115' is provided so that at least a portion of the modulated reading beam 115' is incident on the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected, some of the modulated reading beam 115' may be incident on one or more neighboring atomic objects 110B. However, when the modulated reading beam 115' is modulated to be in a resonant state in the reference frame of the atomic object being read and / or detected (which moves relative to the corresponding reference frame of the neighboring atomic object 110B), the modulated reading beam 115' is non-resonant with respect to the quantum transition of the neighboring atomic object 110B. Therefore, the absorption of the photons of the modulated reading beam 115' by the neighboring atomic object 110B is suppressed.

[0072] At step / operation 810, the controller 30 may cause the voltage source 50 to provide a second control signal to the one or more longitudinal electrodes 416, which causes the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected to experience an oscillating potential energy 145, similar to Figure 3As shown. In various embodiments, the oscillating potential energy causes the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected to experience an oscillating longitudinal force (e.g., in the x-direction and / or substantially parallel to the RF zero axis 105 and / or the longitudinal axis 405 of the limiting device 400). When the atomic object 110A being read feels the oscillation of the oscillating potential energy 145, the atomic object 110A begins to oscillate in the longitudinal direction (e.g., in the x-direction) and / or experiences a small back-and-forth motion 140. Generally speaking, the oscillating potential energy 145 is configured to cause the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected to begin to oscillate and / or experience a small back-and-forth motion 140 in a direction substantially parallel to a direction between an adjacent atomic object 110B and the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected and / or including a component substantially parallel to the direction.

[0073] Due to the oscillation and / or small back and forth motion 140, at least one component of the stimulated emission 120 that is substantially parallel to the atomic object 110A being read will travel to the neighboring atomic object 110B, and the stimulated emission 120 will be non-resonant for the quantum transition of the atomic object in the reference frame of the neighboring atomic object 110B. Therefore, the absorption of the stimulated emission 120 by the neighboring atomic object 110B is suppressed and / or reduced. The longitudinal electrode 416 can be controlled so that after a certain period of time (e.g., a period of time in which at least most of its expected stimulated emissions 120 have been emitted), the longitudinal electrode 416 stops generating the oscillating potential energy 145. In an exemplary embodiment, the intensity of the oscillating potential energy 145 can be reduced in at least a semi-smooth manner, rather than being suddenly turned off.

[0074] In various embodiments, steps / operations 806, 808, and / or 810 may be performed in a semi-simultaneous and / or overlapping manner. For example, the field intensity of the radial push field may have a triangular wave pulse form over time, such that the field intensity of the radial push field increases to a maximum value and then decreases again. For example, the time evolution of the field intensity of the push field 130 may include a monotonic increase to a maximum value and then a monotonic decrease to a minimum value. When the field intensity of the push field 130 is approximately at its maximum value and / or slightly exceeds its maximum value, a modulated reading beam 115′ may be provided and / or applied. The field intensity of the push field 130 may then be reduced to a minimum value, thereby causing the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected to return to the RF zero axis 105 and stop oscillating in the radial direction and / or undergoing a small back and forth motion 135. In an exemplary embodiment, the controller 30 may cause the longitudinal electrode 416 to generate an oscillating potential energy 145 before applying the modulated reading beam 115′ to the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected, so that when stimulated emission 120 is emitted by the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected, the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected is experiencing oscillations and / or small back and forth motions 140.

[0075] In an exemplary embodiment, one or more cooling operations may be performed to cool the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected. For example, cooling the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected may be performed via direct cooling techniques, co-cooling (e.g., via co-cooling the atomic object), etc. In an exemplary embodiment, the cooling operation may attenuate and / or suppress any residual oscillations and / or small back-and-forth movements of the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected.

[0076] In an exemplary embodiment, the controller 30 may control various components of the quantum computer 910 so that the longitudinal electrode 416 generates a push field 130 experienced by the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected and an oscillating potential energy 145 experienced by one or more neighboring atomic objects 110B, or vice versa. In various embodiments, the controller 30 may control various components of the quantum computer 910 so that the longitudinal electrode 416 generates a push field 130 experienced by the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected (or the neighboring atomic object 110B) and does not generate an oscillating potential energy.

[0077] At step / operation 812, the controller may receive the result of the reading. For example, the controller 30 may receive a signal from the detector 125 indicating whether the atomic object being read and / or detected is in a particular qubit state. For example, the signal from the detector 125 may indicate whether the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected is in a first state. The controller 30 may then adjust, modify, update, etc., the remainder of the quantum circuit based on whether the atomic object 110A being read and / or detected is in the first state. In an exemplary embodiment, multiple atomic objects may be read, and the controller 30 may adjust, modify, update, etc., the remainder of the quantum circuit based on the result of reading the multiple atomic objects. For example, during the process of executing and / or implementing the quantum circuit, the controller 30 may make changes to the remainder of the quantum circuit based on and / or in response to the result of reading and / or detecting one or more atomic objects.

[0078] At step / operation 814, the controller 30 controls various components of the quantum computer 910 to continue to execute and / or implement the quantum circuit. For example, the controller may cause the quantum computer 910 to continue to execute and / or implement the quantum circuit, which may be modified, adjusted, updated, etc. For example, the quantum computer 910 may continue to execute and / or implement the quantum circuit, including executing one or more gates, moving atomic objects within the restriction device 400, performing additional reading and / or detection functions (such as reading and / or detection functions that reduce crosstalk), etc. The controller 30 may then transmit one or more results of executing and / or implementing the quantum circuit to the computing entity 10 via one or more wired and / or wireless networks 20.

[0079] Technical advantages

[0080] Various embodiments provide technical solutions to the technical problem of reading and / or detecting atomic objects within a confinement device without interfering with quantum information / data stored and / or encoded by the quantum states of neighboring atomic objects within the confinement device. For example, crosstalk during a read and / or detect function may cause neighboring atomic objects to destabilize. Various embodiments provide a read and / or detect function with reduced crosstalk that retains quantum information / data stored by neighboring atomic objects during the read and / or detect function. Various embodiments enable the read and / or detect function to be performed in the middle of the implementation and / or execution of a quantum circuit (e.g., by a quantum computer) without destroying the quantum information / data stored by neighboring atomic objects during the execution of the read and / or detect function.

[0081] Thus, various embodiments provide technical improvements to the field of quantum computer operations (eg, for trapped ion quantum computers, etc.) and the field of reading and / or detecting atomic objects within atomic object confinement devices in applications that are sensitive to crosstalk.

[0082] Exemplary quantum computer including an ion trap device

[0083] As described above, in various embodiments, the crosstalk-reducing reading and / or detection functions are performed by the controller 30 of the quantum computer 910 . Fig. 9 A schematic diagram of an exemplary quantum computer system 900 including a confinement device 400 (eg, an ion trap) is provided according to an exemplary embodiment.

[0084] In various embodiments, the quantum computer system 900 includes a computing entity 10 and a quantum computer 910. In various embodiments, the quantum computer 910 includes a controller 30, a cryogenic chamber and / or a vacuum chamber 40 enclosing a confinement device 400, one or more manipulation sources 60, one or more voltage sources 50, one or more magnetic field generators 70 (e.g., 70A, 70B), an optical collection system 80, etc. In various embodiments, the controller 30 is configured to control the operation of the manipulation source 60, the voltage source 50, the magnetic field generator 70, the vacuum system and / or the cryogenic cooling system (not shown), etc. (e.g., control one or more drivers configured to cause the operation of these devices). In various embodiments, the controller 30 is configured to receive a signal (e.g., an electrical signal) generated and provided by the optical collection system 80.

[0085] In an exemplary embodiment, the one or more manipulation sources 60 may include one or more lasers (e.g., optical lasers, microwave sources, etc.). In various embodiments, the one or more manipulation sources 60 are configured to manipulate and / or cause controlled quantum state evolution of one or more atomic objects 110 within the confinement device 400. In an exemplary embodiment, at least one of the one or more manipulation sources 60 is configured to generate and provide a reading beam 115. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, where the one or more manipulation sources 60 include one or more lasers, the lasers may provide one or more laser beams to the confinement device within the cryogenic chamber and / or vacuum chamber 40 via a beam path 66 (e.g., 66A, 66B, 66C).

[0086] In various embodiments, the quantum computer 910 includes one or more voltage sources 50. For example, the voltage source can be an arbitrary wave generator (AWG) and / or other voltage signal generator. For example, the voltage source 50 can include a plurality of longitudinal voltage drivers and / or voltage sources and / or at least one RF driver and / or voltage source. In an exemplary embodiment, the voltage source 50 can be electrically coupled to a corresponding potential energy generating element (e.g., longitudinal electrode 416 and / or RF electrode 412) of the confinement device 400.

[0087] In various embodiments, the quantum computer 910 includes one or more magnetic field generators 70 (e.g., 70A, 70B). For example, the magnetic field generator may be an internal magnetic field generator 70A disposed inside the cryogenic chamber and / or vacuum chamber 40 and / or an external magnetic field generator 70B disposed outside the cryogenic chamber and / or vacuum chamber 40. In various embodiments, the magnetic field generator 70 includes a permanent magnet, a Helmholtz coil, an electromagnet, etc. In various embodiments, the magnetic field generator 70 is configured to generate a magnetic field at one or more regions of the atomic object confinement device 400, the magnetic field having a specific magnitude and a specific magnetic field direction in one or more regions of the atomic object confinement device 400.

[0088] In various embodiments, the quantum computer 910 includes an optical collection system 80 that is configured to collect and / or detect photons (e.g., stimulated emission 120) generated by qubits (e.g., during a read procedure). The optical collection system 80 may include one or more optical elements (e.g., lenses, mirrors, waveguides, fiber optic cables, etc.) and one or more photodetectors. In various embodiments, the photodetector may be a photodiode, a photomultiplier, a charge coupled device (CCD) sensor, a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) sensor, a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) sensor, and / or other photodetectors that are sensitive to light at an expected fluorescence wavelength of the qubits (e.g., atomic objects) of the quantum computer 910. In various embodiments, the detector may be connected to a qubit 1025 (see A / D converter 1025). Fig.10 ) etc. communicate electronically with the quantum system controller 30.

[0089] In various embodiments, the computing entity 10 is configured to allow a user to provide input to the quantum computer 910 (e.g., via a user interface of the computing entity 10) and receive output from the quantum computer 910, view output, etc. The computing entity 10 may communicate with a controller 30 of the quantum computer 910 via one or more wired or wireless networks 20 and / or via direct wired and / or wireless communications. In an exemplary embodiment, the computing entity 10 may convert, configure, format, etc. information / data, quantum computing algorithms (e.g., quantum circuits), etc. into a computing language, executable instructions, command sets, etc. that the controller 30 may understand, execute, and / or implement.

[0090] In various embodiments, the controller 30 is configured to control the voltage source 50, the magnetic field generator 70, the cryogenic system and / or vacuum system that controls the temperature and pressure within the cryogenic chamber and / or vacuum chamber 40, the manipulation source 60, and / or other systems that control various environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, etc.) within the cryogenic chamber and / or vacuum chamber 40, configured to manipulate and / or cause a controlled evolution of the quantum state of one or more atomic objects within the confinement device, and / or read and / or detect the quantum (e.g., qubit) state of one or more atomic objects within the confinement device. For example, the controller 30 may cause a controlled evolution of the quantum state of one or more atomic objects within the confinement device to execute a quantum circuit and / or algorithm. For example, the controller 30 may read and / or detect the quantum state of one or more atomic objects within the confinement device at one or more points during the execution of the quantum circuit. In various embodiments, the atomic objects confined within the confinement device are used as qubits of the quantum computer 910.

[0091] Exemplary Controller

[0092] In various embodiments, the confinement device 400 is incorporated into the quantum computer 910. In various embodiments, the quantum computer 910 also includes a controller 30 configured to control various elements of the quantum computer 910. For example, the controller 30 may be configured to control a voltage source 50, a cryogenic system and / or a vacuum system that controls the temperature and pressure within the cryogenic chamber and / or vacuum chamber 40, a manipulation source 60, a magnetic field generator 70, and / or other systems that control environmental conditions (e.g., temperature, humidity, pressure, etc.) within the cryogenic chamber and / or vacuum chamber 40, configured to manipulate and / or cause a controlled evolution of the quantum state of one or more atomic objects within the confinement device, and / or read and / or detect the quantum state of one or more atomic objects within the confinement device.

[0093] like Fig.10 As shown, in various embodiments, the controller 30 may include various controller elements, including a processing element 1005, a memory 1010, a driver controller element 1015, a communication interface 1020, an analog-to-digital converter element 1025, etc. For example, the processing element 1005 may include a programmable logic device (CPLD), a microprocessor, a co-processing entity, an application-specific instruction set processor (ASIP), an integrated circuit, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a programmable logic array (PLA), a hardware accelerator, other processing devices and / or circuits, etc. and / or a controller. The term circuit may refer to a complete hardware implementation or a combination of hardware and a computer program product. In an exemplary embodiment, the processing element 1005 of the controller 30 includes a clock and / or communicates with the clock.

[0094] For example, memory 1010 may include non-transitory memory such as volatile and / or non-volatile memory, such as one or more of the following: hard disk, ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, MMC, SD memory card, memory stick, CBRAM, PRAM, FeRAM, RRAM, SONOS, racetrack memory, RAM, DRAM, SRAM, FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, RDRAM, RIMM, DIMM, SIMM, VRAM, cache memory, register memory, etc. In various embodiments, memory 1010 may store qubit records corresponding to qubits of a quantum computer (e.g., stored in a qubit record data repository, a qubit record database, a qubit record table, etc.), calibration tables, executable queues, computer program code (e.g., one or more computer languages, a dedicated controller language, etc.), etc. In an exemplary embodiment, execution of at least a portion of the computer program code stored in the memory 1010 (e.g., by the processing element 1005) causes the controller 30 to perform one or more steps, operations, processes, procedures, etc. described herein for controlling one or more components of the quantum computer 910 (e.g., the voltage source 50, the manipulation source 60, the magnetic field generator 70, etc.) to cause controlled evolution of the quantum state of one or more atomic objects, detect and / or read the quantum state of one or more atomic objects, etc.

[0095] In various embodiments, the driver controller element 1015 may include one or more drivers and / or controller elements each configured to control one or more drivers. In various embodiments, the driver controller element 1015 may include a driver and / or a driver controller. For example, the driver controller may be configured to cause one or more corresponding drivers to be operated according to executable instructions, commands, etc. scheduled and executed by the controller 30 (e.g., by the processing element 1005). In various embodiments, the driver controller element 1015 may enable the controller 30 to operate the manipulation source 60. In various embodiments, the driver may be a laser driver; a vacuum component driver; a driver for controlling the flow of current and / or voltage applied to longitudinal, RF, and / or other electrodes for maintaining and / or controlling the limiting potential of the limiting device (and / or other drivers for providing driver action sequences and / or control signals to the potential generating elements of the limiting device); a cryogenic and / or vacuum system component driver; and the like. For example, the driver may control and / or include a longitudinal and / or RF voltage driver and / or a voltage source that provides a voltage and / or electrical signal to the longitudinal electrode 416 and / or the RF electrode 412. In various embodiments, the controller 30 includes means for transmitting and / or receiving signals from one or more detectors 125, such as optical receiver components (e.g., cameras, MEMs cameras, CCD cameras, photodiodes, photomultiplier tubes, etc.). For example, the controller 30 may include one or more analog-to-digital converter elements 1025 configured to receive signals from one or more detectors 125, optical receiver components, calibration sensors, etc.

[0096] In various embodiments, the controller 30 may include a communication interface 1020 for interacting and / or communicating with the computing entity 10. For example, the controller 30 may include a communication interface 1020 for receiving executable instructions, command sets, etc. from the computing entity 10, and providing the computing entity 10 with output received from the quantum computer 910 (e.g., from an optical collection system including one or more detectors 125) and / or the results of processing the output. In various embodiments, the computing entity 10 and the controller 30 may communicate via a direct wired and / or wireless connection and / or one or more wired and / or wireless networks 20.

[0097] Exemplary Computing Entities

[0098] Fig.11 An illustrative schematic diagram of an exemplary computing entity 10 that can be used in conjunction with embodiments of the present invention is provided. In various embodiments, computing entity 10 is configured to allow a user to provide input to quantum computer 910 (e.g., via a user interface of computing entity 10) and to receive, display, analyze, etc. output from quantum computer 910.

[0099] like Fig.11 As shown, the computing entity 10 may include an antenna 1112, a transmitter 1104 (e.g., a radio component), a receiver 1106 (e.g., a radio component), and a processing element 1108, which provides signals to the transmitter 1104 and receives signals from the receiver 1106, respectively. The signals provided to the transmitter 1104 and the signals received from the receiver 1106, respectively, may include signaling information / data in accordance with the air interface standard of the applicable wireless system to communicate with various entities such as the controller 30, other computing entities 10, etc. In this regard, the computing entity 10 may be capable of operating with one or more air interface standards, communication protocols, modulation types, and access types. For example, the computing entity 10 may be configured to receive and / or provide communications using a wired data transmission protocol, such as a fiber distributed data interface (FDDI), a digital subscriber line (DSL), Ethernet, an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), a frame relay, a data over the line service interface data specification (DOCSIS), or any other wired transmission protocol. Similarly, the computing entity 10 may be configured to communicate via a wireless external communications network using any of a variety of protocols, such as General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Code Division Multiple Access 2000 (CDMA2000), CDMA2000 1X (1xRTT), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA), Long Term Evolution (LTE), Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN), Evolution Data Optimized (EVDO), High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA), High Speed ​​Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), Wi-Fi Direct, 802.16 (WiMAX), Ultra Wideband (UWB), Infrared (IR) protocol, Near Field Communication (NFC) protocol, Wibree, Bluetooth protocol, wireless Universal Serial Bus (USB) protocol and / or any other wireless protocol. The computing entity 10 may use such protocols and standards to communicate using: Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Domain Name System (DNS), File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), TLS / SSL / Secure HTTP, Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), Network Time Protocol (NTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Telnet, Transport Layer Security (TLS), Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), Internet Protocol (IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP), Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), etc.

[0100] Via these communication standards and protocols, the computing entity 10 may communicate with various other entities using concepts such as Unstructured Supplementary Service Message / Data (USSD), Short Message Service (SMS), Multimedia Message Service (MMS), Dual Tone Multi-Frequency Signaling (DTMF), and / or Subscriber Identity Module Dial Pad (SIM Dial Pad). The computing entity 10 may also download changes, additional plug-ins, and updates, e.g., to its firmware, software (e.g., including executable instructions, applications, program modules), and operating system.

[0101] The computing entity 10 may also include a user interface device including one or more user input / output interfaces (e.g., a display 1116 and / or a speaker / speaker driver coupled to the processing element 1108 and a touch screen, keyboard, mouse, and / or microphone coupled to the processing element 1108). For example, the user output interface may be configured to provide an application, browser, user interface, interface, dashboard, screen, web page, page, and / or similar words as used herein that are interchangeably executed on the computing entity 10 and / or accessible via the computing entity to cause the display or auditory presentation of information / data and for interacting with it via one or more user input interfaces. The user input interface may include any of a number of devices that allow the computing entity 10 to receive data, such as a keypad 1118 (hard or soft), a touch display, a sound / voice or motion interface, a scanner, a reader, or other input device. In embodiments that include a keypad 1118, the keypad 1118 may include (or cause to be displayed) conventional numeric keys (0-9) and related keys (#, *) and other keys for operating the computing entity 10, and may include a complete set of alphabetic keys or a set of keys that may be enabled to provide a complete set of alphanumeric keys. In addition to providing input, the user input interface may also be used, for example, to activate or deactivate certain features, such as a screen saver and / or sleep mode. Through such input, the computing entity 10 may collect information / data, user interaction / input, etc.

[0102] The computing entity 10 may also include embedded and / or removable volatile storage or memory 1122 and / or non-volatile storage or memory 1124. For example, the non-volatile memory may be ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, MMC, SD memory card, memory stick, CBRAM, PRAM, FeRAM, RRAM, SONOS, racetrack memory, etc. The volatile memory may be RAM, DRAM, SRAM, FPM DRAM, EDO DRAM, SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, DDR2 SDRAM, DDR3 SDRAM, RDRAM, RIMM, DIMM, SIMM, VRAM, cache memory, register memory, etc. The volatile and non-volatile storage or memory may store databases, database instances, database management system entities, data, applications, programs, program modules, scripts, source code, object code, byte code, compiled code, interpreted code, machine code, executable instructions, etc. to implement the functions of the computing entity 10.

[0103] in conclusion

[0104] Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention set forth herein will occur to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the foregoing description and the teachings presented in the associated drawings. Therefore, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, and modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

Claims

1. A method, the method include: providing at least two atomic objects within a confinement device, the at least two atomic objects including the atomic object being read and at least one adjacent atomic object, the confinement device including (a) one or more radio frequency (RF) electrodes defining an RF zero axis of the atomic object confinement device and (b) a plurality of longitudinal electrodes; causing at least one first control signal to be provided to at least one longitudinal electrode of the plurality of longitudinal electrodes, wherein the at least one first control signal causes the at least one longitudinal electrode to generate a push field, the push field being configured to cause one of: (a) at least one neighboring atomic object to move in a direction transverse to the RF zero axis at the location of the at least one neighboring atomic object, or (b) the atomic object being read to move in a direction transverse to the RF zero axis at the location of the atomic object being read; as well as causing a manipulation source to generate and provide a reading beam that is at least partially incident on the atomic object being read; wherein, when the atomic object being read is located outside the RF zero axis, the controller causes the steering source to modulate the reading frequency so that in the oscillating reference frame of the atomic object being read, the frequency of the reading beam is in resonance with respect to a specific transition of the atomic object, and Wherein, in the reference frame of the at least one neighboring atomic object, the frequency of the read beam is non-resonant with a specific transition of the at least one neighboring atomic object.

2. A controller operably connected to one or more components of a system including a confinement device, the confinement device including (a) one or more radio frequency (RF) electrodes defining an RF zero axis of the atomic object confinement device and (b) a plurality of longitudinal electrodes, and the one or more components including (a) a voltage source and (b) a manipulation source, the controller being configured to: causing at least two atomic objects to be confined within the confinement device, the at least two atomic objects comprising the atomic object being read and at least one adjacent atomic object; causing the voltage source to provide at least one first control signal to at least one longitudinal electrode of the plurality of longitudinal electrodes, wherein the at least one first control signal causes the at least one longitudinal electrode to generate a push field, the push field being configured to cause one of: (a) at least one neighboring atomic object to move in a direction transverse to the RF zero axis at the location of the at least one neighboring atomic object, or (b) the atomic object being read to move in a direction transverse to the RF zero axis at the location of the atomic object being read; as well as causing a manipulation source to generate and provide a reading beam that is at least partially incident on the atomic object being read; wherein, when the atomic object being read is located outside the RF zero axis, the controller causes the manipulation source to modulate the reading frequency so that in the oscillating reference frame of the atomic object being read, the frequency of the reading beam is in resonance with respect to a specific transition of the atomic object, and Wherein, in the reference frame of the at least one neighboring atomic object, the frequency of the read beam is non-resonant with a specific transition of the at least one neighboring atomic object.

3. The controller according to claim 2, wherein the controller is further configured to: controlling the one or more components to cause a quantum circuit to begin executing using the at least two atomic objects within the atomic object confinement device; and during said execution of said quantum circuit, identifying a read function to be performed, wherein said causing said voltage source to provide said at least one first control signal to said at least one longitudinal electrode and said causing said manipulation source to generate and provide said read beam are performed in response to identifying said read function to be performed; and The one or more components are controlled to cause the quantum circuit to continue to be executed.

4. The controller according to claim 3, wherein the controller is further configured to: receiving a reading result in response to the reading beam being at least partially incident on the atomic object being read; The quantum circuit is adjusted based at least in part on the read result so that the adjusted quantum circuit is executed.

5. The controller according to claim 2, wherein the controller is further configured to: The voltage source is caused to provide at least one second control signal to one or more longitudinal electrodes among the plurality of longitudinal electrodes, wherein the at least one second control signal causes the one or more longitudinal electrodes to generate an oscillating potential energy, and the oscillating potential energy is configured to cause the at least one neighboring atomic object to oscillate in a direction substantially parallel to a direction between the at least one neighboring atomic object and the atomic object being read.

6. The controller of claim 2, wherein the at least one first control signal is configured to cause the pushing field to increase monotonically to a maximum field strength and then decrease monotonically to a minimum field strength. 7 . The controller of claim 6 , wherein the at least one adjacent atomic object moves toward the RF zero axis when the field strength decreases from the maximum field strength to the minimum field strength.

8. A controller according to claim 2, wherein when one of (a) the at least one neighboring atomic object or (b) the atomic object being read is located outside the RF zero axis, (a) the at least one neighboring atomic object or (b) the atomic object being read exhibits oscillation in a direction transverse to the RF zero axis.

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