Energy storage air-cooled battery pack

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of energy storage air-cooled battery pack. Including box and the battery module, crank slider mechanism and turnover door mechanism arranged in box;Wherein turnover door mechanism is set in the front side of battery module, crank slider mechanism is set in the top of battery module, battery pack air inlet is set on the front side of box, battery pack air outlet is set on the top cover of box;The mechanical movement of two turnover door mechanism and crank slider mechanism periodically changes the air duct in battery pack, so that the airflow flowing through each cell in battery module flows reciprocatingly in positive and negative directions.The application can reduce the temperature difference of cell, improve the temperature uniformity of battery pack, to realize the high rate operation of battery pack.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The application belongs to the technical field of power batteries, and particularly relates to an energy storage air-cooled battery pack. BACKGROUND

[0002] To promote the development of the "double carbon" strategic goal, the proportion of renewable energy power generation and smart grid industry in the electricity consumption of various industries is increasing, and energy storage technology is the key to the continuity, adjustability and stability of renewable energy power generation. Therefore, there is an urgent need for energy storage containers with high energy density and strong battery balancing.

[0003] The traditional battery pack air-cooling system utilizes one-way airflow, which enters from the inlet of the battery cooling system and finally flows out from the outlet. Due to the influence of convective heat transfer between the airflow and the battery cells, the temperature of the airflow gradually increases along the airflow direction, and the convective heat transfer effect between the airflow and the battery cells gradually weakens. In particular, the temperature difference between the downstream battery cells near the outlet and the battery cells near the airflow inlet is large. Moreover, in high-energy-density battery packs, the number of battery cells is larger, and the temperature gradient effect of the battery cells in the airflow direction is more obvious, thereby causing poor consistency of the battery pack and possibly failing to support high-rate operation of the battery pack. SUMMARY

[0004] To solve the above problems, the purpose of the present application is to provide an energy storage air-cooled battery pack to solve the problem of temperature gradient effect of battery cells in the airflow direction caused by one-way airflow in the current air-cooled battery pack, poor overall consistency of the battery pack, and inability to operate at high rates.

[0005] To achieve the above purpose, the application adopts the following technical solutions:

[0006] The energy storage air-cooled battery pack provided by the embodiment of the present application comprises a box body and a battery module arranged in the box body, and further comprises a crank slider mechanism and a turnover door mechanism. The turnover door mechanism is arranged on the front side of the battery module, the crank slider mechanism is arranged above the battery module, the battery pack air inlet is arranged on the front side of the box body, and the battery pack air outlet is arranged on the top cover of the box body. The mechanical movement of the turnover door mechanism and the crank slider mechanism periodically changes the air duct in the battery pack, so that the airflow flowing through each battery cell in the battery module changes reciprocally in forward and reverse directions.

[0007] In one possible implementation, the crank slider mechanism is composed of a power shaft, a crank, a connecting rod, a connecting rod shaft and a partition plate. The power shaft is located behind the battery module, the crank is located at the top end of the power shaft and can be driven by the power shaft to rotate stably at a low speed under the support of an external power source, the connecting end of the crank extends to the rear end of the connecting rod, the extending end of the connecting rod is connected to the partition plate, and the partition plate is arranged at the air outlet of the top cover of the box body.

[0008] In one possible implementation, a first transverse U-shaped slot is provided at the rear end of the connecting rod, and a second transverse U-shaped slot is provided at the center of the partition. When the crankshaft rotates, the extended end of the crank slides back and forth in the first transverse U-shaped slot, while driving the connecting rod to swing back and forth at a certain angle around the connecting rod shaft. While the connecting rod swings, the extended end of the connecting rod slides in the second transverse U-shaped slot and drives the partition to slide back and forth at the air outlet of the top cover of the housing.

[0009] In one possible implementation, a gear rack is machined at the tail end of one side of the partition near the front of the housing;

[0010] The flip-up door mechanism consists of a flip-up baffle and a baffle gear. The flip-up baffle is located on the front side of the battery module, with one side being a vertical shaft and positioned at the center of the front side of the battery module. The baffle gear is located at the top of the flip-up baffle shaft and is used to mesh with the gear rack on the partition to drive the flip-up baffle to swing back and forth at a 90° angle.

[0011] In one possible implementation, a circular ventilation hole is provided on the front side of the housing to form an air inlet for the battery pack, and an axial flow fan is installed at the position corresponding to the circular ventilation hole to cool the internal battery cells.

[0012] A rectangular ventilation hole is provided in the front half of the top cover of the housing near the front side of the housing. When the battery pack is working, the partition in the crank-slide mechanism slides on the rectangular ventilation hole and stops at the left or right end of the rectangular ventilation hole, always blocking half of the ventilation hole. The unblocked ventilation hole part constitutes the air outlet of the battery pack.

[0013] In one possible implementation, the energy storage air-cooled battery pack provided in this embodiment of the invention further includes a central air duct plate and side air duct plates. The central air duct plate is located at the center of the housing and is parallel to the left and right sides of the housing, dividing the battery module inside the battery pack into two symmetrical parts. The side air duct plates are symmetrically located at the left and right ends of the front side of the battery module.

[0014] The air duct inside the battery pack is formed by the combined action of the central air duct plate, the side air duct plates, the partition in the crank-slide mechanism, and the flip-up baffle in the flip-up door mechanism.

[0015] In one possible implementation, the battery module contains multiple battery cells connected in series via a connecting bar; the multiple battery modules are connected in series via a main connecting bar to ultimately form a battery pack with a total positive electrode and a total negative electrode and a high energy density.

[0016] In one possible implementation, cell cover plates are arranged at both the top and bottom of the battery module, and the cell cover plates have grid-arranged grooves that match each cell.

[0017] In one possible implementation, the battery module is provided with fastening baffles on the leftmost and rightmost sides, and the fastening baffles are aligned with the large face of the battery cell, and flat walls are processed on all four sides.

[0018] The battery module is equipped with multiple support frames at its bottom. The support frames and the fastening baffles are respectively connected to the housing by fasteners to ensure that the battery cells are positioned correctly.

[0019] In one possible implementation, a thermally conductive adhesive layer is encapsulated between the fastening baffle and the battery cell.

[0020] The advantages and beneficial effects of this invention are:

[0021] The present invention provides an energy storage air-cooled battery pack, which adopts a crank-sliding plate mechanism and a flip-door mechanism. The mechanical movement of the two mechanisms periodically changes the air duct inside the battery pack, causing the airflow through each cell in the battery module to change back and forth, thereby reducing the temperature difference between the cells and improving the temperature uniformity of the battery pack, so as to achieve high-rate operation of the battery pack.

[0022] Other features and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the following description, and will be apparent in part from the description, or may be learned by practicing the invention. The objects and other advantages of the invention may be realized and obtained by means of the structures particularly pointed out in the written description and the accompanying drawings.

[0023] The technical solution of the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments. Attached Figure Description

[0024] The accompanying drawings are provided to further illustrate the invention and form part of the specification. They are used in conjunction with embodiments of the invention to explain the invention and do not constitute a limitation thereof. In the drawings:

[0025] Figure 1 This is an isometric view of an energy storage air-cooled battery pack after removing the top cover, according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0026] Figure 2 This is an isometric view of the top cover of an energy storage air-cooled battery pack according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0027] Figure 3 This is an isometric view of multiple battery modules within an energy storage air-cooled battery pack according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 4 for Figure 3Top view;

[0029] Figure 5 for Figure 3 The front view;

[0030] Figure 6 This is an isometric drawing of the crank-slide mechanism;

[0031] Figure 7 This is an isometric view of the tilting door mechanism.

[0032] In the diagram: 1 is the housing, 2 is the battery management module, 3 is the circular ventilation hole, 50 is the rectangular ventilation hole, 5 is the top cover of the housing, 6 is the axial flow fan, 7 is the battery module, 8 is the battery cell, 9 is the connecting bar, 10 is the cover plate, 11 is the main connecting bar, 12 is the support frame, 13 is the fastening baffle, 15 is the main positive terminal, 16 is the main negative terminal, 17 is the crank-slide mechanism, 18 is the power shaft, 19 is the crank, 20 is the connecting rod, 201 is the first transverse U-shaped slot, 202 is the second transverse U-shaped slot, 21 is the connecting rod shaft, 22 is the partition, 220 is the gear rack, 23 is the flip door mechanism, 24 is the flip baffle, 25 is the gear, 27 is the central air duct plate, and 28 is the side air duct plate. Detailed Implementation

[0033] In the description of this invention, it should be understood that the terms "center," "longitudinal," "lateral," "length," "width," "thickness," "upper," "lower," "front," "rear," "left," "right," "vertical," "horizontal," "top," "bottom," "inner," "outer," "clockwise," and "counterclockwise," etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing this invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on this invention.

[0034] Furthermore, the terms "first" and "second" are used for descriptive purposes only and should not be construed as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of technical features indicated. Thus, a feature defined as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include one or more of that feature. In the description of this invention, "a plurality of" means two or more, unless otherwise explicitly specified.

[0035] In this invention, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, the terms "installation," "connection," "linking," and "fixing," etc., should be interpreted broadly. For example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral connection; they can refer to a mechanical connection or an electrical connection; they can refer to a direct connection or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; and they can refer to the internal connection of two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention according to the specific circumstances.

[0036] The preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the preferred embodiments described herein are for illustration and explanation only and are not intended to limit the present invention.

[0037] The present invention provides an energy storage air-cooled battery pack, which adopts a crank-sliding plate mechanism and a flip-door mechanism. The mechanical movement of the two mechanisms periodically changes the air duct inside the battery pack, causing the airflow through each cell in the battery module to change back and forth, thereby reducing the temperature difference between the cells and improving the temperature uniformity of the battery pack, so as to achieve high-rate operation of the battery pack.

[0038] See Figures 1 to 2 As shown, the energy storage air-cooled battery pack includes a housing 1 and battery modules 7, a crank-slide mechanism 17, and a flip-door mechanism 23 arranged inside the housing 1. The flip-door mechanism 23 is located on the front side of the battery modules 7, the crank-slide mechanism 17 is located above the battery modules 7, the battery pack air inlet is located on the front side of the housing 1, and the battery pack air outlet is located on the top cover 5 of the housing. The formation of the battery pack air duct is related to the flip-door mechanism 23 and the crank-slide mechanism 17. Through the periodic change of their mechanical movement, the air duct inside the battery pack causes the airflow through each cell in the battery module 7 to change back and forth in a reciprocating manner, so as to effectively ventilate each cell in the battery module 7.

[0039] See Figure 1 As shown, in this embodiment of the invention, a circular ventilation hole 3 is provided on the front side of the housing 1, forming an air inlet for the battery pack. An axial flow fan 6 is installed at the corresponding position of the ventilation hole 3 to cool the internal battery cells. At the same time, a battery management module 2 is also provided on the front side of the housing 1 to monitor and manage various operating parameters of the battery cells. The battery management module 2 is adjacent to the circular ventilation hole 3, ensuring that the two are compactly and rationally distributed on the front side of the housing 1.

[0040] See Figure 2As shown in the embodiment of the present invention, a rectangular ventilation hole 50 is provided in the front half of the top cover 5 of the housing. The rectangular ventilation hole 50 and the partition 22 in the crank slider mechanism 17 are combined to form the battery pack air outlet. When the battery pack is working, the partition 22 slides on the rectangular ventilation hole 50 and stops at the left or right end of the ventilation hole 50, always blocking half of the ventilation hole. The unblocked ventilation hole portion constitutes the battery pack air outlet.

[0041] Combination Figure 1 , Figure 2 and Figure 6 As shown, in this embodiment of the invention, the crank-sliding mechanism 17 consists of a power shaft 18, a crank 19, a connecting rod 20, a connecting rod shaft 21, and a partition 22. The power shaft 18 is located behind the battery module 7, and the crank 19 is located at the top of the power shaft 18, rotating stably at a low speed under the support of an external power source. The extended end of the crank 19 is connected to the rear end of the connecting rod 20, and the extended end of the connecting rod 20 is connected to the partition 22. The partition 22 is located at the rectangular ventilation hole 50 of the top cover 5 of the housing. A gear rack 220 is machined at the tail end of one side of the partition 22 near the front of the housing 1.

[0042] See also Figure 6 As shown, a first transverse U-shaped slot 201 is provided at the rear end of the connecting rod 20. When the crank 19 shaft rotates, the extended end of the crank 19 slides back and forth in the first U-shaped slot 201. A second transverse U-shaped slot 202 is provided at the center of the partition plate 22. The arrangement of the second transverse U-shaped slot 202 can support the sliding and structural fit of the extended end of the connecting rod 20 in the slot 202 when the connecting rod 20 swings back and forth. It is assumed that when the swing angle of the connecting rod 20 is the largest, the extended end of the connecting rod 20 is exactly at the center of the partition plate 22. This is because when the connecting rod swings back and forth, its length in the horizontal direction is: rod length * cosine of the swing angle. When the swing angle is 0°, the horizontal length is the longest, and the extended end of the connecting rod will be at the front end of the slot. Similarly, when the swing angle is the largest, the extended end of the connecting rod is at the rear end of the slot, which is exactly at the center of the partition plate 22.

[0043] See Figure 7 As shown in the embodiment of the invention, the flip-up door mechanism 23 consists of a flip-up baffle 24 and a baffle gear 25. One side of the flip-up baffle 24 is vertically oriented, and the top of the baffle gear 25 is positioned to mesh with the gear rack 220 on the partition 22. The flip-up baffle 24 is located on the front side of the battery module 7, and the shaft of the flip-up baffle 24 is arranged at the center of the front side of the battery module 7. When the battery pack is working, it drives the flip-up baffle 24 to swing back and forth at a 90° angle.

[0044] Specifically, under the action of the crank 19 extending end sliding back and forth in the first U-shaped slot 201 of the connecting rod 20, the connecting rod 20 will be able to swing back and forth at a certain angle around the connecting rod shaft 21. The maximum swing angle is related to the diameter of the crank 19. While the connecting rod 20 swings, the extending end of the connecting rod slides in the second U-shaped slot 202 of the partition 22 and drives the partition 22 to slide back and forth on the rectangular ventilation hole 50 of the top cover 5 of the housing. Meanwhile, the gear rack 220 at the rear of the side of the partition 22 acts on the baffle gear 25, which can realize the reciprocating swing and flipping of the flipping baffle 24 at a 90° angle.

[0045] Furthermore, a central air duct plate 27 is provided inside the housing 1, parallel to the left and right sides of the housing 1 and located at the center of the housing 1, dividing the battery module 7 inside the battery pack into two symmetrical parts. Considering that the bottom of the support frame 12 and the central air duct plate 27 have overlapping parts in structure, the central air duct plate 27 is cut and processed at corresponding positions according to the specific structure of the support frame 12 to ensure assembly alignment. On the front side of the battery module 7, side air duct plates 28 are also symmetrically arranged at the left and right ends respectively. The air duct inside the battery pack is formed by the combined action of the central air duct plate 27, the side air duct plates 28, the partition 22 in the crank-slide mechanism 17, and the flip baffle 24 in the flip door mechanism 23.

[0046] When the battery pack is operating, the overall airflow of the battery pack is arranged with air intake at the front and exhaust at the top, and the internal airflow through the battery module 7 forms a U-shape. When the flip baffle 24 swings back and forth at a 90° angle, it forms a complete closed wall with the side airflow plate 28 on the left and the battery management module 2 respectively, thereby controlling the periodic change of the airflow within the battery pack. Under the action of the flip baffle 24, the airflow changes back and forth between the states of "air intake in the left half of the battery module 7 and exhaust from the right side of the top rectangular vent 50" and "air intake in the right half of the battery module 7 and exhaust from the left side of the top rectangular vent 50", causing the airflow through each cell in the battery module 7 to change back and forth in both directions.

[0047] See Figures 3 to 5 As shown in the embodiment of the present invention, the battery module 7 contains multiple battery cells 8, which are connected in series via connecting bars 9. The battery modules 7 are connected in series via a total connecting bar 11, ultimately forming a battery pack with a total positive electrode 15 and a total negative electrode 16 and a high energy density.

[0048] Furthermore, cell cover plates 10 are arranged on the top and bottom of the battery module 7. According to the number and position of the cells 8 in the battery module, the cell cover plate 10 has grid-arranged grooves that match each cell 8. Each groove has openings at the corresponding positions of the positive and negative terminals of the cell 8 that match the shape of the positive and negative terminals, which play a role in protecting and positioning the cells.

[0049] Furthermore, multiple fastening baffles 13 are arranged on the leftmost and rightmost sides of the multiple battery modules 7. The fastening baffles 13 are aligned with the large surface of the battery cells 8 and have flat walls on all four sides. Two small holes are opened at the front and rear ends of the upper and lower walls, respectively. Multiple support frames 12 are installed below the multiple battery modules 7, respectively, at the front end, rear end of the battery modules 7 and at corresponding positions between two battery cells 8 inside the battery modules 7. Two small holes are opened at the left and right ends of the support frames 12, which are arranged coaxially with the small holes on the fastening baffles 13, so that the support frames 12 and fastening baffles 13 are respectively positioned and connected to the housing 1 by fasteners. This ensures that the battery cells 8 are positioned and securely fixed and do not shift, while also providing a reasonable gap between the battery cells 8, allowing the airflow inside the battery pack to effectively pass over the large surface of the battery cells 8, achieving better heat dissipation of the battery cells.

[0050] Furthermore, a thermally conductive adhesive layer (not shown in the figure) is arranged between each fastening baffle 13 and the battery cell 8. The elasticity and mechanical properties of the thermally conductive adhesive layer can effectively buffer the impact of external mechanical impacts on the internal battery cell 8 and other components, providing shock resistance. At the same time, it can also improve the uniformity of heat distribution in the mainstream direction of the airflow, optimizing the heat dissipation performance of the airflow within the battery pack. In addition, it also has the functions of dust prevention and insulation.

[0051] In summary, the energy storage air-cooled battery pack provided by this embodiment of the invention employs a crank-sliding plate mechanism and a flip-door mechanism. Through the mechanical movement of these two mechanisms, the airflow ducts within the battery pack are periodically changed, causing the airflow through each cell in the battery module to reciprocate between forward and reverse directions. This overcomes the deficiency of unidirectional air cooling, where the convective heat transfer effect between the airflow and the cells gradually weakens. At the same time, the periodic flow reversal also facilitates the repeated disturbance and redistribution of the thermal boundary layer around the cells, further enhancing heat transfer. Ultimately, this reduces the temperature difference between the cells, improves the temperature uniformity of the battery pack, and enables the battery pack to operate at high rates.

[0052] The above description is merely a specific embodiment of the present invention. Under the teachings of the present invention, those skilled in the art can make other improvements or modifications based on the above embodiments. Those skilled in the art should understand that the above specific description is only to better explain the purpose of the present invention, and those skilled in the art can make various modifications and variations to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Thus, if these modifications and variations of the present invention fall within the scope of the claims of the present invention and their equivalents, the present invention also intends to include these modifications and variations.

Claims

1. An energy storage air-cooled battery pack, comprising a housing (1) and battery modules (7) arranged within the housing (1), characterized in that, It also includes a crank-slide mechanism (17) and a flip-door mechanism (23); the flip-door mechanism (23) is located on the front side of the battery module (7), the crank-slide mechanism (17) is located above the battery module (7), the battery pack air inlet is located on the front side of the housing (1), and the battery pack air outlet is located on the top cover (5) of the housing; the mechanical movement of the flip-door mechanism (23) and the crank-slide mechanism (17) periodically changes the air duct inside the battery pack, so that the airflow through each cell in the battery module (7) changes back and forth in a reciprocating manner; The flip door mechanism (23) also includes a flip baffle (24), and the energy storage air-cooled battery pack also includes a side air duct plate (28). When the flip baffle (24) swings back and forth at a 90° angle, it forms a complete closed wall with the side air duct plate (28) on the left and the battery management module (2) respectively, so as to control the periodic change of the air duct in the energy storage air-cooled battery pack. The crank-slide mechanism (17) includes a partition (22), which is disposed at the air outlet of the top cover (5) of the housing; The energy storage air-cooled battery pack also includes a central air duct plate (27), which is located at the center of the box (1) and parallel to the left and right sides of the box (1), dividing the battery module (7) inside the battery pack into two symmetrical parts; the side air duct plates (28) are symmetrically located at the left and right ends of the front side of the battery module (7); The air duct inside the energy storage air-cooled battery pack is formed by the combined action of the central air duct plate (27), the side air duct plate (28), the partition plate (22) in the crank-slide mechanism (17), and the flip baffle (24) in the flip door mechanism (23).

2. The energy storage air-cooled battery pack according to claim 1, characterized in that, The crank-slide mechanism (17) also includes a power shaft (18), a crank (19), a connecting rod (20), and a connecting rod shaft (21); the power shaft (18) is located behind the battery module (7), the crank (19) is located at the top of the power shaft (18), and can be driven by the power shaft (18) to rotate stably at low speed with the support of an external power source; the extended end of the crank (19) is connected to the rear end of the connecting rod (20), and the extended end of the connecting rod (20) is connected to the partition (22).

3. The energy storage air-cooled battery pack according to claim 2, characterized in that, The connecting rod (20) has a first transverse U-shaped slot (201) at its rear end, and the partition plate (22) has a second transverse U-shaped slot (202) at its center. When the crank (19) shaft rotates, the extended end of the crank (19) slides back and forth in the first transverse U-shaped groove (201), while driving the connecting rod (20) to swing back and forth at a certain angle around the connecting rod shaft (21); while the connecting rod (20) swings, the extended end of the connecting rod (20) slides in the second transverse U-shaped groove (201) and drives the partition (22) to slide back and forth at the air outlet of the top cover (5) of the box.

4. The energy storage air-cooled battery pack according to claim 2, characterized in that, The partition (22) has a gear rack (220) machined at the tail end of one side near the front of the box (1); The flip door mechanism (23) also includes a baffle gear (25). The flip baffle (24) is located on the front side of the battery module (7), with one side being a vertical shaft. It is arranged at the center of the front side of the battery module (7). The baffle gear (25) is located at the top of the shaft of the flip baffle (24) and is used to mesh with the gear rack (220) on the partition (22) to drive the flip baffle (24) to swing back and forth at a 90° angle.

5. The energy storage air-cooled battery pack according to claim 2, characterized in that, The front side of the housing (1) is provided with a circular ventilation hole (3) to form the air inlet of the battery pack. An axial flow fan (6) is installed at the position corresponding to the circular ventilation hole (3) to cool the internal battery cells. The top cover (5) of the housing has a rectangular ventilation hole (50) in the front half of the front side of the housing (1). When the battery pack is working, the partition (22) in the crank-slide mechanism (17) slides on the rectangular ventilation hole (50) and stops at the left or right end of the rectangular ventilation hole (50), always blocking half of the ventilation hole. The unblocked ventilation hole part constitutes the air outlet of the battery pack.

6. The energy storage air-cooled battery pack according to claim 1, characterized in that, The battery module (7) contains multiple cells (8), which are connected in series via a connecting bar (9); the multiple battery modules (7) are connected in series via a main connecting bar (11) to form a battery pack with a main positive electrode (15) and a main negative electrode (16) and a high energy density.

7. The energy storage air-cooled battery pack according to claim 6, characterized in that, The battery module (7) is provided with cell cover plates (10) at both the top and bottom. The cell cover plates (10) have grooves arranged in a grid pattern to match each cell.

8. The energy storage air-cooled battery pack according to claim 6, characterized in that, The battery module (7) is provided with fastening baffles (13) on the leftmost and rightmost sides. The fastening baffles (13) are aligned with the large surface of the battery cell (8) and have flat walls on all four sides. The battery module (7) has multiple support frames (12) at its bottom. The support frames (12) and the fastening baffle (13) are respectively connected to the housing (1) by fasteners to ensure that the battery cell (8) is positioned without deviation.

9. The energy storage air-cooled battery pack according to claim 8, characterized in that, A thermally conductive adhesive layer (14) is encapsulated between the fastening baffle (13) and the battery cell (8).

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