A housing for a head for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation at a target and a method of manufacturing a housing for a head for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation at a target

Abstract

An enclosure for a head for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation toward a target is provided, the enclosure comprising: an inlet for receiving a fluid; a cavity for enclosing at least one component for controlling an optical path of the beam of radiation within the marking head; an outlet for the fluid; a first passageway defining a first fluid path from the inlet to the cavity; and a second passageway defining a second fluid path from the cavity to the outlet. The enclosure and the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation further define a third passageway between the first passageway and the second passageway when the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation is enclosed within the cavity. The first passageway, the second passageway, and the third passageway are configured to isolate the fluid from the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head. A method of manufacturing a head for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation toward a target is also provided.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present invention relates to a housing for a head for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation at a target and to a method of manufacturing a head for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation at a target. BACKGROUND

[0002] Radiation marking systems, for example laser marking systems, can be used in production lines for various types of articles or products - for example, they can be used to print bar codes, unique identification marks, expiry dates or other information on articles passing through the production line.

[0003] Laser marking systems comprise a laser source for providing a laser beam and a marking head for directing the laser beam at a product. The marking head houses a number of components required to safely and effectively direct the laser beam at the product.

[0004] Given the number and size of the components required to safely and effectively direct and project the laser beam at the product, the marking head is typically large and bulky. It would be desirable to provide a smaller marking head. However, a smaller head imposes additional constraints on the marking head and system. The components within the marking head generate a significant amount of heat, and a smaller marking head means that there is less space to dissipate the heat. This can lead to problems of the components and / or the marking head overheating and / or potential damage thereto.

[0005] Furthermore, when the laser beam is projected at the product, the interaction of the radiation with the product can result in the production of matter, for example gaseous matter such as smoke and / or solid matter such as particulate debris. If this matter is not effectively dissipated, the smoke can be unpleasant and / or harmful to the user, and any solid matter can be deflected upwards back to the marking head, potentially causing damage to the marking head.

[0006] It would be desirable to provide an effective cooling system for a head for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation at a target. It would be desirable to provide a housing for a head for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation at a target, in particular a compact housing, which alleviates or overcomes one or more of the above-mentioned problems. SUMMARY

[0007] According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a housing for a head for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation at a product, the housing comprising:

[0008] an inlet for receiving a fluid;

[0009] a cavity for enclosing at least one component for controlling an optical path of the beam of radiation within the head;

[0010] an outlet for the fluid;

[0011] a first channel defining a first fluid path from the inlet to the cavity; and

[0012] a second channel defining a second fluid path from the cavity to the outlet;

[0013] wherein, when the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the radiation beam is enclosed within the cavity, the housing and the at least one component further define a third channel between the first channel and the second channel; and

[0014] wherein the first channel, the second channel and the third channel are configured to isolate the fluid from the optical path of the radiation beam within the head.

[0015] Thus, the third channel defines a fluid path through the cavity and around the outer surface of the component. When cooling fluid, such as compressed air, is received by the housing and flows through the third channel, the cooling fluid passes over the component to cool it.

[0016] The housing for a marking head having this particular configuration provides a more compact marking head, which is highly advantageous.

[0017] The housing is provided with a cavity designed to enclose a component of the marking head responsible for generating most of the heat residing in the marking head, in particular an actuator for controlling the position of a mirror directing the radiation beam through the marking head. By directing cooling fluid to this particular component, the cooling provided will have a greater impact on reducing the overall temperature of the marking head.

[0018] Furthermore, the cavity and the first and second channels are arranged in such a way that the third channel is created solely by providing the housing and the component itself. Since the third channel is created by providing the component itself, the third channel has to enclose the outer surface of the component at which the third channel is intended to provide cooling. This reduces the number of parts required to cool this component.

[0019] The housing enables such cooling of the cooling fluid, in particular compressed air, to be performed while isolating the cooling fluid from the optical path of the radiation beam to prevent any interference with the radiation beam, and thus any complications that can arise as a result of any such interference.

[0020] Thus, the housing provides an efficient path for cooling fluid, in particular compressed air, to pass from the inlet over the component to be cooled and towards the outlet to dissipate heat within the marking head.

[0021] As such, the housing thus provides an improved cooling system for a marking head of a radiation marking system that allows components of the marking head to be placed closer together within the marking head without overheating. Since the components of the marking head can be placed closer together, the housing and thus the marking head can be manufactured more compactly.

[0022] The cavity can be configured to enclose the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the radiation beam within the head.

[0023] The housing can be configured to cooperate with a support member for supporting the at least one component within the cavity, wherein the housing is configured to cooperate with the support member and the at least one component for enclosing the at least one component within the cavity.

[0024] The at least one component can need to be supported in some way within the head. Thus, by defining the passage for cooling the at least one component using the support member (which can be needed in any case), the number of required parts can be reduced, allowing a more compact head to be provided.

[0025] The support member can comprise a recessed portion for cooperating with the cavity and the at least one component when the support member supports the at least one component within the cavity, wherein the housing, the at least one component and the support member define at least a portion of a third passage, and / or wherein the cavity and the recessed portion provide the third passage. The housing, the at least one component and the support member can define the third passage.

[0026] This can provide an efficient way of defining a passage for cooling the at least one component. As the support member can extend around the entire outer surface of the at least one component, it can provide a longer fluid path and thus enhanced cooling.

[0027] The housing can comprise a second cavity for enclosing at least one second component for controlling the optical path of the laser beam within the marking head, and wherein the housing defines a fourth passage defining a fluid path from the third passage to the second passage, and wherein the fourth passage is fluidly connected to the second cavity, wherein the first passage, the second passage, the third passage and the fourth passage are configured to isolate fluid from the optical path of the radiation beam within the head.

[0028] This can provide a particularly efficient cooling system for the head. The actuators for controlling the optical path of the laser beam through the head can operate at very high frequencies, generating a significant amount of heat. By providing a housing capable of directing fluid to both actuators, a greater cooling effect can be achieved. This can be particularly effective when the head has a parallel actuator configuration, as the head can be made more compact, the actuators can be placed closer together, and thus can require enhanced cooling.

[0029] The second cavity can be configured to enclose the at least one second component for controlling the optical path of the radiation beam within the head.

[0030] When the at least one second component for controlling the optical path of the radiation beam is enclosed within the second cavity, the housing and the at least one second component define a fifth channel between the fourth channel and the second channel, wherein the first channel, the second channel, the third channel, the fourth channel and the fifth channel are configured to isolate the fluid from the optical path of the radiation beam within the head.

[0031] As the fifth channel can be created by providing the component itself, the fifth channel has to enclose the outer surface of the component at which the fifth channel is intended to provide cooling. This can reduce the number of parts required to cool the component. Thus, the fifth channel can define a fluid path through the second cavity and around the outer surface of the second component. When cooling fluid, such as compressed air, is received by the housing and flows through the fifth channel, the cooling fluid passes the second component to cool it.

[0032] The first cavity can define a first longitudinal axis, and the second cavity can define a second longitudinal axis, and wherein the first longitudinal axis can be substantially parallel to the second longitudinal axis and / or a longitudinal axis of the head.

[0033] This can provide a parallel actuator configuration as mentioned above, wherein the actuators can be placed closer together and thus can require enhanced cooling.

[0034] The third channel can extend around an entire circumference of the at least one first component. The fifth channel can extend around an entire circumference of the at least one second component.

[0035] The outlet can be fluidly connected to the directing portion, and the directing portion can be arranged to receive fluid from the outlet and direct the fluid at a predetermined angle relative to the optical element and across the optical element through which radiation is emitted from the head. The directing portion can be arranged to receive fluid from the outlet and direct the fluid at a predetermined angle and towards emitted radiation relative to a plane of the optical element comprising the head through which radiation is emitted from the head. Towards can be used to mean "in the direction of".

[0036] Thus, the directing portion can be used to provide an effective air knife, for example, across the optical element through which radiation is emitted from the head. Across can mean towards the emitted radiation. This can prevent particulate matter from being deflected upwards back and onto, for example, the optical element, and / or can help to dissipate harmful and / or unpleasant smoke generated by projecting the beam onto the product. Thus, the cooling system can have a dual purpose as the fluid can be used for cooling, as well as for generating an effective air knife at the outlet.

[0037] The predetermined angle can be relative to a plane comprising the outlet.

[0038] The outlet can comprise a valve. This can help to prevent particulate matter from entering the housing through the outlet.

[0039] The directing portion can comprise at least one surface arranged at a predetermined angle. The at least one surface can be arranged to receive fluid from the outlet and direct the fluid at a predetermined angle relative to and across an optical element through which radiation is emitted from the head. Across can mean towards the emitted radiation.

[0040] The inventors have found that this can be a simple but effective way of generating a gas knife at the outlet. When a gas knife is generated in this way, turbulence around the gas knife can be minimised.

[0041] The head can define a longitudinal axis, and the head can be configured to direct the beam of radiation out of the head in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis, and the predetermined angle can be substantially 45 degrees relative to a plane comprising the optical element through which radiation is emitted from the head.

[0042] The inventors have found that this angle can generate a very effective gas knife for a head having a straight configuration. When a gas knife is generated in this way, turbulence around the gas knife can be minimised. This reduces the opportunity for turbulent gas flows which can direct particulate matter onto the optical element.

[0043] The predetermined angle can be between 40 and 50 degrees relative to a plane comprising the optical element through which radiation is emitted from the head.

[0044] The head can define a longitudinal axis, and wherein the head is configured to direct the beam of radiation out of the head in a direction substantially transverse to the longitudinal axis, and wherein the predetermined angle is substantially 60 degrees relative to a plane comprising the optical element through which radiation is emitted from the head. This can correspond to an angle of 30 degrees relative to an optical axis of the head from which the beam of radiation is emitted.

[0045] The inventors have found that this angle can generate a very effective gas knife for a head having a right angle or 90 degree configuration. When a gas knife is generated in this way, turbulence around the gas knife can be minimised.

[0046] The predetermined angle can be between 55 and 65 degrees relative to a plane comprising the optical element through which radiation is emitted from the head.

[0047] For a head having a straight configuration, the predetermined angle relative to a plane comprising the optical element can be greater.

[0048] The at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of electromagnetic radiation within the head can be for steering the beam of electromagnetic radiation within and / or through the head. The at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of electromagnetic radiation within the head can be a first actuator. The at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of electromagnetic radiation within the head can be a first actuator configured to rotate a first optical element of the radiation steering mechanism about a first axis of rotation. The first actuator can comprise a galvanometer motor.

[0049] The at least one second component for controlling the optical path of the beam of electromagnetic radiation within the head can be for steering the beam of electromagnetic radiation within and / or through the head. The at least one second component for controlling the optical path of the beam of electromagnetic radiation within the head can be a second actuator. The at least one second component for controlling the optical path of the beam of electromagnetic radiation within the head can be a second actuator configured to rotate a second optical element about a second axis of rotation. The first actuator can comprise a galvanometer motor.

[0050] The electromagnetic radiation can be laser light. The head can be a marking head. The head can be a drilling system for drilling a product or a welding system for welding a product.

[0051] The housing and / or head can be configured to receive the beam of electromagnetic radiation from an external source external to the housing and / or head. The housing and / or head can be configured to receive the beam of electromagnetic radiation from an external source of radiation external to the housing and / or head. The source of radiation for providing the beam of electromagnetic radiation to the head and / or housing can be external to the head and / or housing.

[0052] The fluid can comprise air. The fluid can be air. The fluid can comprise compressed air. The fluid can be compressed air.

[0053] The target can be a product and the product can be on a production line.

[0054] According to a second aspect of the present application there is provided a head for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation at a target, the head comprising:

[0055] (a) a housing for the head, the housing comprising:

[0056] an inlet for receiving a fluid;

[0057] a cavity for enclosing at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of electromagnetic radiation within the head;

[0058] an outlet for the fluid;

[0059] a first channel defining a first fluid path from the inlet to the cavity; and

[0060] a second channel defining a second fluid path from the cavity to the outlet; and

[0061] (b) the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the marking head, wherein, when the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation is enclosed within the cavity, the housing and the at least one component further define a third channel between the first channel and the second channel; and

[0062] wherein the first channel, the second channel, and the third channel are configured to isolate the fluid from the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head.

[0063] The head can comprise a support member for supporting the at least one component within the cavity, wherein the support member is configured to cooperate with the housing and the at least one component for enclosing the at least one component within the cavity.

[0064] The support member can comprise a recessed portion for cooperating with the cavity and the at least one component when the support member supports the at least one component within the cavity, and wherein the housing, the at least one component, and the support member can define at least a portion of the third channel, and / or wherein the cavity and the recessed portion provide at least a portion of the third channel.

[0065] The housing can comprise a second cavity for enclosing at least one second component for controlling the optical path of the beam of laser light within the marking head, and the housing can define a fourth channel defining a fluid path from the third channel to the second channel, and the fourth channel can be arranged to communicate the fluid to the second cavity. The first channel, the second channel, the third channel, and the fourth channel can be configured to isolate the fluid from the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head.

[0066] The head can further comprise the at least one second component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head.

[0067] When the at least one second component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation is enclosed within the second cavity, the housing and the at least one second component can define a fifth channel between the fourth channel and the second channel.

[0068] The first cavity can define a first longitudinal axis, and the second cavity can define a second longitudinal axis, and wherein the first longitudinal axis can be substantially parallel to the second longitudinal axis and / or a longitudinal axis of the head.

[0069] The head can comprise an optical element assembly for emitting a radiation beam from the head, wherein the optical element assembly can comprise a first optical element arranged to receive a radiation beam to be emitted from the head and a second optical element arranged to cover the first optical element and receive the radiation beam emitted from the first optical element for emitting the radiation beam from the head.

[0070] The first optical element can be integrally formed with the head. The second optical element can be detachably connectable to the head. The second optical element can be mounted to the head, for example, by using a screw. A plane of the first optical element can be parallel to a plane of the second optical element.

[0071] Providing the second optical element in this way can protect the first optical element, which maintains the integrity of the internal components of the head. Providing an additional optical element covering the first optical element can prevent any particulate matter from contacting the first optical element. The second optical element being detachable can also make it easy to replace, for example, if particulate matter scratches or attaches to a surface of the second optical element.

[0072] The head can comprise an optical element through which radiation is emitted from the head. The head can comprise a directing portion arranged to receive fluid from the outlet and direct the fluid at a predetermined angle relative to the optical element of the head through which radiation is emitted from the head and across the optical element. The head can comprise a directing portion arranged to receive fluid from the outlet and direct the fluid at a predetermined angle relative to a plane of the optical element of the head through which radiation is emitted from the head and towards the emitted radiation.

[0073] The directing portion can comprise at least one surface arranged at a predetermined angle. The at least one surface can be arranged to receive fluid from the outlet and direct the fluid at a predetermined angle relative to the optical element and across the optical element. Across can mean towards the emitted radiation. The at least one surface can define a cylindrical pipe or conduit arranged at a predetermined angle.

[0074] The head can define a longitudinal axis, and the head can be configured to direct the radiation beam out of the head in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis, and wherein the predetermined angle can be substantially 45 degrees relative to a plane comprising the optical element.

[0075] The head can comprise a cover for the outlet, and the cover can comprise a directing portion. The directing portion can comprise an angled or diagonal hole or through hole through the cover. The directing portion can be a diagonal hole or through hole defined in the cover.

[0076] The cover can be an effective way of preventing particulate and / or gaseous matter from entering the outlet, while also providing an effective air knife as discussed herein. The cover can be shrouded.

[0077] The head can define a longitudinal axis, and wherein the head can be configured to direct the beam of radiation out of the head in a direction substantially transverse to the longitudinal axis, and wherein the predetermined angle can be substantially 60 degrees relative to a plane comprising the optical element through which the radiation is emitted from the head.

[0078] The at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head can be a first actuator configured to rotate the first optical element of the radiation steering mechanism about a first rotational axis. The first actuator can comprise a galvanometer motor.

[0079] The at least one second component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head can be a second actuator configured to rotate the second optical element about a second rotational axis. The second actuator can comprise a galvanometer motor.

[0080] The electromagnetic radiation can be laser light. The head can be a marking head. The housing and / or the head can be configured to receive the beam of electromagnetic radiation from an external source external to the housing and / or the head. The housing and / or the head can be configured to receive the beam of electromagnetic radiation from an external source of radiation external to the housing and / or the head. The source of radiation for providing the beam of electromagnetic radiation to the head and / or the housing can be external to the head and / or the housing.

[0081] According to a third aspect of the present application, there is provided an electromagnetic radiation system for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation at a target, the system comprising:

[0082] (a) a cabinet comprising a source of radiation for providing a beam of electromagnetic radiation and a source of fluid for providing a cooling fluid; and

[0083] (b) a head connected to the cabinet, the head for directing the beam of radiation at the target and for receiving the cooling fluid for cooling at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head, the head comprising:

[0084] (i) a housing for the head, the housing comprising:

[0085] an inlet for receiving the fluid;

[0086] a cavity for enclosing the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head;

[0087] an outlet for the fluid;

[0088] a first channel defining a first fluid path from the inlet to the cavity; and

[0089] a second channel defining a second fluid path from the cavity to the outlet; and

[0090] (ii) the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head, wherein, when the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation is enclosed within the cavity, the housing and the at least one component further define a third passageway between the first passageway and the second passageway; and

[0091] wherein the first passageway, the second passageway and the third passageway are configured to isolate the fluid from the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head.

[0092] According to a fourth aspect of the present application, there is provided a method of manufacturing a head for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation towards a target, the method comprising:

[0093] (a) providing a housing for the head, the housing comprising:

[0094] an inlet for receiving a fluid;

[0095] a cavity for enclosing at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head;

[0096] an outlet for the fluid;

[0097] a first passageway defining a first fluid path from the inlet to the cavity; and

[0098] a second passageway defining a second fluid path from the cavity to the outlet; and

[0099] (b) enclosing the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the cavity such that the housing and the at least one component further define a third passageway between the first passageway and the second passageway; wherein the first passageway, the second passageway and the third passageway are configured to isolate the fluid from the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head.

[0100] The method can comprise providing a support member for supporting the at least one component within the cavity, wherein the support member is configured to cooperate with the housing and the at least one component for enclosing the at least one component within the cavity, and wherein enclosing the at least one component within the cavity comprises arranging the support member to cooperate with the housing and the at least one component.

[0101] The method can comprise providing a support member for supporting the at least one component within the cavity, wherein the support member is configured to cooperate with the housing and the at least one component for enclosing the at least one component within the cavity, and wherein enclosing the at least one component within the cavity comprises arranging the support member to cooperate with the housing and the at least one component.

[0102] The support member can comprise a recessed portion for cooperating with the cavity and the at least one component when the support member supports the at least one component within the cavity,

[0103] And arranging the support member within the head can comprise cooperating the recessed portion with the cavity and the at least one component to provide at least a portion of the third passageway, and wherein the housing, the at least one component, and the support member define at least a portion of the third passageway.

[0104] The housing can comprise a second cavity for enclosing at least one second component for controlling an optical path of a radiation beam within the head, and the method can comprise enclosing the at least one second component for controlling the optical path of the radiation beam within the second cavity such that the housing and the at least one second component define a fifth passageway between the third passageway and the second passageway, wherein the first passageway, the second passageway, the third passageway, and the fifth passageway can be configured to isolate fluid from the optical path of the radiation beam within the head.

[0105] The first cavity can define a first longitudinal axis, and the second cavity can define a second longitudinal axis, and the first longitudinal axis can be substantially parallel to the second longitudinal axis and a longitudinal axis of the head.

[0106] The method can comprise providing the head with an optical element assembly for emitting a radiation beam from the head, wherein the optical element assembly can comprise a first optical element arranged to receive a radiation beam to be emitted from the head and a second optical element arranged to cover the first optical element and receive the radiation beam emitted from the first optical element for emitting the radiation beam from the head.

[0107] The method can comprise providing the head with an optical element through which radiation is emitted from the head; and arranging a directing portion on the head to receive fluid from the outlet and direct the fluid at a predetermined angle relative to the optical element and across the optical element towards the emitted radiation. Across can mean towards the emitted radiation.

[0108] The method can comprise providing the head with an optical element through which radiation is emitted from the head; and arranging a directing portion on the head to receive fluid from the outlet and direct the fluid at a predetermined angle relative to a plane comprising the optical element towards the emitted radiation.

[0109] The directing portion can comprise at least one surface for directing the fluid at the predetermined angle.

[0110] The head can define a longitudinal axis, and wherein the head is configured to direct the radiation beam out of the head in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis, and wherein the predetermined angle is substantially 45 degrees relative to a plane comprising the optical element.

[0111] The method can comprise arranging the cap over the outlet on the head, wherein the cap can comprise a directing portion.

[0112] The head can define a longitudinal axis, and the head can be configured to direct the beam of radiation out of the head in a direction substantially transverse to the longitudinal axis, and wherein the predetermined angle can be substantially 60 degrees relative to a plane of the optical element comprising the head.

[0113] The at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head can be a first actuator configured to rotate a first optical element of the radiation steering mechanism about a first rotational axis. The first actuator can comprise a galvanometer motor.

[0114] The at least one second component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head can be a second actuator configured to rotate a second optical element about a second rotational axis. The second actuator can comprise a galvanometer motor.

[0115] The head can be a marking head. The head can be a drilling system for drilling a product or a welding system for welding a product.

[0116] According to a fifth aspect of the present application, there is provided a method of manufacturing an electromagnetic radiation system for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation at a target, the method comprising:

[0117] (a) manufacturing a marking head for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation at a target, comprising:

[0118] (i) providing a housing for the head, the housing comprising:

[0119] an inlet for receiving a fluid;

[0120] a cavity for enclosing at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head;

[0121] an outlet for the fluid;

[0122] a first channel defining a first fluid path from the inlet to the cavity; and

[0123] a second channel defining a second fluid path from the cavity to the outlet; and

[0124] (ii) enclosing the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the cavity such that the housing and the at least one component further define a third channel between the first channel and the second channel; wherein the first channel, the second channel and the third channel are configured to isolate the fluid from the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head; and

[0125] (b) connecting the head to a chassis, the chassis comprising a radiation source for providing a beam of radiation and a fluid source for providing a cooling fluid to the head to cool the at least one component for controlling an optical path of the beam of radiation within the head.

[0126] According to a first example, there is provided a head for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation towards a target, the head comprising:

[0127] an inlet for fluid;

[0128] an outlet for discharging fluid from the head;

[0129] one or more channels fluidically connecting the inlet and the outlet; and

[0130] an optical element adjacent the outlet through which the beam of radiation is emitted from the head;

[0131] wherein the outlet comprises a directing portion arranged to receive fluid from the one or more channels and direct the fluid across and at a predetermined angle relative to the optical element. Across can mean towards the emitted radiation.

[0132] The fluid can be air. The fluid can be compressed air. This can generate an effective air knife as described herein to prevent particulate matter from being deflected upwards back and onto, for example, the optical element, and / or can help dissipate harmful and / or unpleasant smoke generated by projecting the beam onto the target.

[0133] According to a second example, there is provided a cap or cover comprising an outlet for discharging fluid from a head for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation towards a target, wherein the outlet comprises a directing portion arranged to receive fluid from the head and direct the fluid across and at a predetermined angle relative to an optical element of the head through which the beam of radiation is emitted from the head.

[0134] The head and cap of these examples, and any features thereof, can comprise any one or more features of the head and cap or features thereof as described herein in relation to other examples, aspects or embodiments. The head and cap or cover of these examples can be provided without providing a cooling system or cooling path through the head as described herein.

[0135] Features of an aspect or embodiment or example as described and / or illustrated herein can be provided in combination with any other aspect or embodiment or example or features thereof as described and / or illustrated herein, as appropriate and applicable. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0136] The drawings are not intended to be to scale. In the drawings, like or similar components throughout the figures are denoted by the same number. In order to clarify, not every component can be labeled in every drawing. Embodiments of the present application will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the attached figures in which:

[0137] Figure 1 schematically depicts a cross-sectional view of an example laser marking system;

[0138] Figure 2 schematically depicts a cross-sectional view of a marking head of a laser marking system; Figure 1

[0139] Figure 3 schematically depicts a cross-sectional view of a marking head of a laser marking system; Figure 1

[0140] Figure 4 schematically depicts a cross-sectional view of a laser marking system umbilical assembly; Figure 1

[0141] Figure 5 schematically depicts a cross-sectional view of a marking head, the cross-sectional view indicating an optical path through the marking head and a fluid flow through the marking head;

[0142] Figure 6 schematically depicts a partially cutaway perspective view of a marking head housing, the partially cutaway perspective view indicating a fluid inlet of the housing;

[0143] Figure 7 schematically depicts a perspective view of a marking head connected to an umbilical;

[0144] Figure 8 schematically depicts a partially cutaway cross-sectional view of a marking head housing received in a marking head, the partially cutaway cross-sectional view indicating first and second cavities;

[0145] Figure 9 schematically depicts a partially cutaway cross-sectional view of a marking head housing, the partially cutaway cross-sectional view indicating a portion of a fluid flow path through the housing;

[0146] Figure 10A schematically depicts a partially cutaway cross-sectional view of a marking head housing, the partially cutaway cross-sectional view indicating a first support member;

[0147] Figure 10B schematically depicts a partially cutaway cross-sectional view of a marking head housing, the partially cutaway cross-sectional view indicating a second support member;

[0148] Figure 11 ​​​Schematically depicts a partial cutaway cross-sectional view of the marking head housing, the partial cutaway cross-sectional view indicating a first and second opening of a first cavity;

[0149] Figure 12A Schematically depicts a partial cutaway cross-sectional view of the marking head housing, the partial cutaway cross-sectional view indicating a third opening of a second cavity;

[0150] Figure 12B Schematically depicts a partial cutaway cross-sectional view of the marking head housing, the partial cutaway cross-sectional view indicating a fourth and fifth opening in a second support member;

[0151] Figure 13 Schematically depicts a partial cutaway perspective view of the marking head housing, the partial cutaway perspective view indicating a fluid inlet of the housing;

[0152] Figure 14 Schematically depicts a partial cutaway perspective view of an end of the marking head, the partial cutaway perspective view indicating a shroud cap and optical element through which radiation is emitted from the head;

[0153] Figure 15 Schematically depicts an outlet of the marking head housing, the figure indicating a shroud cap and optical element through which radiation is emitted from the head;

[0154] Figure 16a and Figure 16b shows graphical results of an airflow simulation indicating an air knife produced by a marking head having a straight configuration, in which air is forced to flow at a 45° angle;

[0155] Figure 17 schematically depicts a marking head having a right angle or 90° configuration;

[0156] Figure 18 schematically depicts a cap or cover for an outlet of a marking head having a right angle or 90° configuration, indicating a duct or channel through the cap or cover;

[0157] Figure 19A and Figure 19B shows graphical results of an airflow simulation indicating an air knife produced by a marking head having a right angle or 90° configuration, in which air is forced to flow at a 60° angle;

[0158] Figure 20 schematically illustrates how a duct or channel as indicated in Figure 18 may be produced in a cap or cover;

[0159] Figure 21 schematically depicts a perspective view of a cap or cover for an outlet of a marking head having a right angle or 90° configuration, the figure indicating an aperture of the cap or cover;

[0160] Figure 22 Various views of a cap or cover for the outlet of a marking head having a right angle or 90° configuration are schematically depicted, including some without dimensional geometry;

[0161] Figure 23 A perspective view of a cap or cover for the outlet of a marking head having a right angle or 90° configuration is schematically depicted, the figure indicating the hole of the cap and the expected air flow out of the hole. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0162] The aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are not limited to the details of the components and arrangements for the constructions and instrumentalities set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The aspects and embodiments disclosed herein are capable of being practiced or being carried out in various ways.

[0163] The aspects and embodiments disclosed herein include laser systems such as laser scanning or marking systems, although aspects can also include other laser systems such as laser drilling systems, laser welding systems, etc. Laser systems can be used in production lines for various types of articles or products. Laser marking systems can be used to imprint bar codes, unique identification marks, expiration dates, or other information on articles passing through the production line. In some implementations, fiber lasers can be used in the laser marking system. Fiber lasers can produce a beam of light within a range of wavelengths depending on the active element used, but typically range from about 1000 nm to 2100 nm. Lasers used in laser marking systems typically operate at laser power levels of tens of watts, although kilowatt laser power levels are possible. The lasers can be pulsed or operate as a continuous wave. Typically, pulsed operation is used for low power applications such as marking and coding, while continuous wave operation is used for high power applications such as cutting and welding.

[0164] However, laser systems are not limited to fiber lasers, and other forms of lasers can be used, including bulk solid state lasers, gas lasers, diode lasers, dye lasers, etc.

[0165] Figure 1 A cross-sectional view of a laser marking system 100 according to an embodiment of the present application is schematically depicted. The laser marking system 100 includes an electromagnetic radiation source, such as a laser source 110 for providing a laser beam and a marking head 120 for projecting the laser beam toward a product 130. The laser source 110 and the marking head 120 are connected by a umbilical cable assembly 140 that transmits the laser beam from the laser source 110 to the marking head 120. The laser beam can be received by a collimator located within the marking head 120. Reference is made below to Figure 2 The marking head 120 is described in more detail, and reference is made below to Figure 4 The umbilical cable is described in more detail.

[0166] The laser marking system 100 also includes an optical isolator 150 between the laser source 110 and the umbilical 140, such that the optical path of the laser beam provided by the laser source 110 passes through the optical isolator 150 before entering the umbilical 140. The laser source 110 and the optical isolator can be housed within a cabinet 160. The cabinet and additional components that can be contained within the cabinet are described below with reference to Figure 3 The cabinet and additional components that can be contained within the cabinet are described below with reference to

[0167] The optical path of the laser beam from the laser source 110 to the product 130 is schematically illustrated in Figure 1 in FIG. 3. A first optical path 170a is defined between the output of the laser source 110 and the optical isolator 150. The first optical path can be provided by an optical fiber such as a fiber amplifier. A second optical path 170b is defined through the optical isolator 150. The second optical path 170b allows light to be transmitted from the laser source 110 to the umbilical 140, but prevents light from being transmitted from the umbilical 140 to the laser source 110. Thus, the optical isolator prevents light received by the marking head 120 in the umbilical (e.g., reflected light emitted from the print head) from entering the laser source 110 and prevents damage to the laser source 110.

[0168] A third optical path 170c is defined through the umbilical 140. The third optical path can be provided by another optical fiber such as a delivery fiber (sometimes referred to as a passive fiber). A fourth optical path 170d is defined through the marking head, and a fifth optical path 170e is defined from the marking head to the product 130. The fourth optical path generally includes one or more components that allow the optical path to be modified as the laser beam passes through the marking head. Modification of the fourth optical path 170d within the marking head results in the fifth optical path 170e also being modified, such that the fifth optical path intersects the product in one of a plurality of marking locations. Thus, the laser beam emitted from the laser source 110 can be controlled in order to mark the product 130 (or in other embodiments provide cutting or welding of a surface) in any of a plurality of marking locations. It should be appreciated that the other optical paths 160a-160e can also include additional components within or between components that modify the optical path.

[0169] In use, the controller converts the marking instructions into control signals for the laser source 110 and the marking head 120 to provide laser marking on the surface of the product.

[0170] In fiber lasers, the laser light can be effectively guided within a fiber core that can be as small as 9 microns in diameter. The combination of fiber-based components is relatively simple, such that the laser light can be relatively easily directed between the fiber-based components of a laser marking system. In contrast, once the laser light leaves the fiber and becomes free-space laser light, it is difficult to refocus it in a precise and stable manner, e.g., to couple it back into a 9 micron fiber core. Optical isolators are typically made of three different components that require the light to be transmitted through free space. Thus, a typical fiber laser marking system is configured such that the optical isolator is disposed at the marking head, such that the light is transmitted through fiber-based components until it leaves the fiber-based components into free space at the marking head at the optical isolator, where it is then controlled by the marking head, which is also in free space. However, the inventors have recognized that disposing the optical isolator apart from the marking head allows for a significant improvement in the size of the marking head given the typical size requirements of the optical isolator.

[0171] Figure 2 An enlarged cross-sectional view of a marking head 120 is schematically depicted. Figure 1 The marking head 120 includes a receiving portion 210 for receiving a laser beam from the umbilical 140 into the marking head, a steering mechanism 220 configured to modify the optical path of the laser beam through the marking head, and an optical element 230 through which the laser beam exits the marking head toward the product 130. The steering mechanism 220 allows the laser beam to be directed toward the product so as to intersect the product in one of a plurality of marking locations and mark the product in one of a plurality of marking locations.

[0172] The receiving portion 210 can include a fiber collimator configured to receive the laser beam from the umbilical and adjust the radiation in a desired manner before directing it to other components of the marking head, such as the steering mechanism 220, which can steer the radiation exiting the marking head in a desired manner.

[0173] In some embodiments, the steering mechanism 220 is configured to have a compact form factor. For example, the steering mechanism 220 can include first and second actuators configured to rotate a respective optical element. The first and second actuators can be, for example, first and second galvanometers. The rotation axes of the first and second drive mechanisms can be parallel. The rotation axes can also be parallel to the incident laser beam. One type of steering mechanism that allows for a compact form factor is described in International Patent Publication No. WO 2019 / 101886, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0174] The marking head 120 may be substantially cylindrical. The marking head 120 may have a first dimension of less than about 400 mm in a first direction and a second dimension of less than about 60 mm in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction. The marking head 120 may have a third dimension of less than about 60 mm in a third direction perpendicular to the first and second directions. Separating the optical isolator from the marking head allows for a compact shape factor that was previously impossible.

[0175] The marking head 120 may also include various other components. For example, the marking head 120 may include a focus modifier 240 configured to adjust the focal plane of the laser marking system 100. The marking head 120 may also include an outlet 250 for discharging compressed air from the marking head to form an air knife. The marking head 120 may also include focusing optics (not shown). The laser marking system may also include a detector configured to detect the presence of a product 130. For example, the detector may include a camera. The marking head may be fitted with radiation shielding (not shown).

[0176] The marking head 120 may include a cooling system for providing cooling to components (e.g., actuators of the steering mechanism 220 and / or focus modifier 240). The cooling system may be configured to cool the components of the marking head 120 using fluid supplied to the marking head. Fluid may be provided to cool at least one component of the marking head 120 while isolating the fluid from the optical path of the laser, for example by providing a fluid flow path through the housing of the marking head 120 intersecting the component to be cooled. The component may intersect the fluid flow path through the housing to provide a portion of the fluid flow path. Fluid may be discharged from the marking head 120 from an outlet 250. The outlet 250 may be configured to discharge fluid from the marking head to reduce the interaction of material generated by the interaction of the laser beam with the surface of the product and the printing head (e.g., via an air knife). That is, the same fluid used to cool components within the marking head may also be used as an air knife. It should be appreciated that cooling components within the marking head 120 may be advantageous by providing the marking head with a compact form permitted by the subject matter described herein.

[0177] Now for reference Figure 3 It shows more details Figure 1 The housing 160 houses the laser source 110 and the optical isolator 150, as described above. The housing may additionally house a cooling system 310 configured to generate a fluid flow for cooling components within the marking head 120. The cooling system may include, for example, an air compressor, and the fluid may be compressed air, although it should be appreciated that fluids other than air may be used. See below for reference. Figure 4The fluid can be provided to the marking head via the umbilical, or can be delivered to the marking head via a fluid path separate from the umbilical. For example, the fluid can be provided at a flow rate of about 20 liters per minute. The fluid can additionally be used to reduce material generated by the interaction of the laser beam with the surface of the product from interacting with the print head (e.g., by the gas knife as described above with reference to Figure 2

[0178] The cooling system 310 can additionally be configured to provide cooling to the laser source 110. For example, the cooling system 310 can be configured to direct a flow of fluid to the laser source 110, and thus provide cooling to the laser source 110. The fluid can be provided to the laser source 110 after being filtered. The fluid can be provided to the laser source 110 before the fluid is used to cool the marking head 120. The fluid provided to the laser source can be provided at a greater flow rate than the fluid provided to the marking head in order to provide effective cooling. The flow rate required to cool the laser source 110 can depend at least in part on the distribution of heat loads on the laser source 110, the duty cycle of the laser source 110, etc. In some embodiments, the cooling system 310 can use a portion of the fluid used to cool the laser source to also cool components in the marking head.

[0179] The cooling system 310 can include a fan 320 configured to generate a flow of extraction fluid. The cooling system 310 can include a filter 330 configured to filter the fluid. The filter 300 can be replaceable after a given amount of material has been collected. The filter 300 can include multiple filters configured to filter the fluid according to the use of the fluid. For example, fluid used for cooling can be filtered by a first filter. In some embodiments, fluid used to extract material from the marking head can be returned to the cabinet and reused for cooling. In the case where such air recirculation is used, additional and / or dedicated filters can be required to extract material from the air before the air is reused for cooling. In some embodiments, three filters can be applied, a first filter for filtering cooling air for the marking head, a second filter for filtering cooling air for the system (laser source, power supply, electronics), and another dedicated filter for filtering air used to extract material from the marking head.

[0180] The cabinet 160 can include a cooling device 340 configured to cool the fluid before it is directed to the laser source. The cooling device 340 can for example include a compressor or a heat exchanger.

[0181] ​The chassis 160 can also include a power supply 350 configured to provide power to the laser source 110. The cooling system 310 can be configured to provide cooling to the power supply 350. The chassis 160 can also include a controller 360 for controlling the laser source 110, the cooling system 310, and / or the marking head 120. The cooling system 310 can be configured to provide cooling to the controller 270.

[0182] Figure 4 A cross-sectional view of the umbilical assembly 140 is schematically depicted Figure 1 . The umbilical assembly 140 includes an umbilical housing 410 that houses one or more conduits for transmitting one or more components from the chassis 160 to the marking head 120. The one or more conduits include an optical fiber 420 for transmitting a laser beam. The one or more conduits can also include an electrically conductive cable 430. The one or more conduits can also include a tube 440 for transmitting a fluid, such as a fluid for cooling one or more components of the marking head described above.

[0183] The umbilical housing 410 can include a unitary tube formed from a single extruded tube. That is, the umbilical housing 410 can have only openings at either end, but can otherwise have no additional openings. The inner diameter of the umbilical housing is large enough to accommodate the collimator 210 of the marking head of the laser marking system shown in Figure 2 . The collimator, isolator, and optical fiber 420 can constitute an optical assembly. The optical assembly can be manufactured such that separation of the collimator and / or isolator from the optical fiber 420 after manufacture of the optical assembly can not be possible after manufacture. During manufacture of the laser marking system, the unitarily formed optical assembly can be provided. The collimator can pass through the umbilical housing and be configured within the marking head 120, and the isolator can be configured within the chassis 160. By positioning the isolator in the chassis, the inner diameter of the umbilical housing can be relatively small, as a relatively small collimator can pass through the umbilical housing while maintaining the connection between the collimator and the isolator.

[0184] The umbilical assembly 140 can be reversibly connectable to the marking head 120 of the laser marking system 100 shown in Figure 1 . The umbilical assembly can be reversibly connectable to the chassis 160 of the laser marking system 100 shown in Figure 1 . The umbilical assembly 140 can be reversibly sealed to the marking head 120 and the chassis 160 of the laser marking system 100 shown in Figure 1 . The outer surface of the umbilical housing 410 can include a chemical resistant material and / or a heat resistant material and / or a water impermeable material and / or a sanitary material. The outer surface of the umbilical housing 410 can be smooth.

[0185] The electrically conductive cable 430 can be configured to, for example, transmit a control signal from the controller 360 (Figure 3 As shown) to the steering mechanism 220 ( Figure 2 (As shown in the diagram) transmits control signals. The conductive cable 430 can be configured to transmit one or more sensor signals, such as from components like a galvanometer and / or sensor located within the marking head, to the controller 360 and / or the user interface of the laser marking system 100. For example, a signal can be transmitted from the galvanometer to the controller, indicating the galvanometer's position to provide position feedback to the controller. The conductive cable 430 can also be configured to transmit power and signals to other components within the marking head, such as from the power supply unit 350 (as shown in the diagram). Figure 1 (as shown) transmitted to focus modifier 240 ( Figure 2 (as shown in the image).

[0186] The laser marking system 100 may also include a user interface, such as a graphical user interface. The user interface may be part of the controller 360. For example, the user interface may include a screen for providing visual signals to a user and / or a speaker for providing audio signals to a user. The laser marking system 100 may include a transceiver for remote control of the laser marking system 100. The laser marking system 100 may include a connection (e.g., an Internet connection via Ethernet) for integration with other devices (e.g., on a production line where the laser marking system is part) via the Internet of Things.

[0187] The laser marking process may include providing radiation to the umbilical cable assembly 140 by connecting a radiation source, such as a fiber laser, to the umbilical cable assembly 140. The connection between the radiation source and the umbilical cable assembly is facilitated by an optical isolator 150. The umbilical cable assembly 140 may be connected to a marking head 120. The optical fibers of the umbilical cable assembly 140 may guide the radiation to a collimator of the marking head 120.

[0188] The separation of the isolator from the collimator allows the isolator to be located outside the marking head 120, thereby enabling the use of a small, lightweight marking head 120 instead of the bulky and heavy known marking heads. The steering mechanism 220 also provides a compact way to control the radiation leaving the marking head 120, which allows for a further compact form factor for the marking head 120.

[0189] Radiation can exit the marking head 120 and be incident on the product 130. This radiation can mark, etch, or otherwise interact with desired portions of the surface of the product 130 to alter the appearance of the product 130.

[0190] The umbilical assembly 140 also advantageously transfers control signals, power, sensor signals, etc. between components of the cabinet 160 (e.g., the laser source 110 and / or the controller 360) and the marking head 120, while being sufficiently flexible to easily reposition the marking head 120 relative to the production line. The provision of an isolator separate from the print head allows the collimator to pass through an integral umbilical housing. The provision of an integral umbilical housing can allow the provision of an umbilical assembly that meets international protection class standards ("IP," sometimes referred to as Ingress Protection Class), which laser marking systems have not previously achieved. For example, a laser marking system can be provided in which the umbilical and marking head meet IP65 to IP69 standards. This can be advantageous in a variety of environments in which laser marking is desired.

[0191] In some cases, for example, a laser marking head can be retrofitted into a system previously using a continuous inkjet marking head of similar size. Retrofitting the system to include a laser marking head instead of a continuous inkjet marking head can reduce the cost of ownership of the system by reducing the need to purchase additional components, such as components for positioning the marking head on a production line.

[0192] A laser marking head as disclosed herein can weigh about 0.5 kg, about one tenth the weight of many existing systems. The form factor, size, and weight of aspects and embodiments of the laser scanner / marker systems disclosed herein facilitate easier manipulation of the disclosed laser scanner / marker systems. For example, the marking head of a laser scanner / marker system including a housing can be mounted on a movable assembly. The movable assembly can be, for example, a robotic arm that can be moved to follow the contours of a three-dimensional object, such as a bottle, while maintaining the same focal distance, for example about 5 mm from the surface of the object. The ability of the marking head of the laser scanner / marker system to move relative to the object being marked can eliminate the need for the stage of the system through which the object passes to be movable, thus reducing the mechanical complexity of the system as compared to some existing systems. The ability to move the laser marking head can provide various advantages. For example, the laser marking head can allow the provision of three-dimensional laser marking without the need to manipulate the target to be marked. In other embodiments, the head can be provided for use in using a laser beam to laser clean a complex and / or large target, such as a turbine blade, in which movement of the target or manipulation of the target can be difficult.

[0193] In some embodiments, the movable assembly can form part of a computer numerical control (CNC) machine. The marking head can be provided as one of a plurality of tools that can be selected by the CNC machine to integrate laser marking within the CNC machine. However, as noted above, the head is not limited to marking, and can also provide tools that provide other laser functions such as laser cutting, laser drilling, deep engraving, or laser-based surface treatments such as hardening of steel. It should be appreciated that CNC machines provide highly precise operations. By providing a compact laser head as described above that can be used in a CNC machine, the CNC machine can provide the functionality of previously requiring removal of a machined piece and subsequent configuration of the machined piece in another system to provide laser-based operations. Thus, precise laser-based operations can be provided in a single machine without requiring repeated configuration of the machined piece.

[0194] The following description is intended to supplement the description provided above, and thus the description of features and configurations described above remains applicable. Portions of the above description can be referenced and / or reiterated below, and can be done so in a more cursory manner to help explain additional specifics of the cooling system for the marking head. The following is described in terms of a laser marking system, but any other suitable type of radiation can be used in place of a laser.

[0195] With reference to the drawings, a laser marking system includes a laser source for providing a laser beam and a marking head 120 for projecting the laser beam onto a product. As described above, the laser source is housed within a cabinet 160. The cabinet 160 houses a cooling system 310 that is configured to generate a flow of fluid for cooling components within the marking head 120. The cooling system 310 can for example include an air compressor, and the cooling fluid can be compressed air, although it should be appreciated that fluids other than air or compressed air can be used.

[0196] The cooling fluid is provided to the marking head 120 through the umbilical 140 (although in some embodiments, the cooling fluid can be delivered to the marking head through a fluid path separate from the umbilical). In particular, the cooling fluid flows from the cabinet 160 through the umbilical 140 and into an air inlet of the marking head. As described herein, the cabinet 160 can include a pump that forces the cooling fluid from the cabinet 160 through the umbilical 140, into the air inlet of the marking head, and through the marking head.

[0197] The marking head 120 can be elongate, and can define a longitudinal axis LA that passes through a center of the marking head 120. The marking head 120 can also define a transverse axis that passes through a transverse plane TP that is transverse to the longitudinal axis and passes through a center of the marking head. The marking head can be substantially cylindrical.

[0198] The marking head 120 includes a housing 1000 for containing components needed to safely and efficiently direct and project a laser beam onto a product. Such components include components for providing an optical path for a laser beam within the marking head or housing, as well as components for controlling the optical path of the laser beam through the marking head or housing (e.g., a motor or actuator of the steering mechanism 220 (e.g., a galvanometer)). As has been described herein, the marking head can include a parallel configuration of two motors or actuators 2002, 2004 (e.g., galvanometers). It should be appreciated that such motors or actuators can operate at very high frequencies, generating a significant amount of heat. Thus, it is important that this heat be efficiently dissipated to prevent overheating. The marking head 120 can additionally include a sleeve 121 for receiving the housing 1000.

[0199] The cooling system within the marking head will now be described with reference to Figures 5 to 20 and in particular Figures 5 to 13 In the figures, arrows are generally intended to indicate the intended flow of cooling fluid through the housing 1000, unless otherwise indicated.

[0200] With reference to Figure 5 the housing 1000 of the marking head defines an optical path 1001 for a radiation beam passing through the marking head and a fluid path 1002 for cooling components of the marking head. As indicated in the figures, the optical path 1001 is isolated from the fluid path 1002 within the marking head.

[0201] With reference to Figure 6 the housing 1000 defines an inlet 1003 for receiving cooling fluid from the cabinet 160. This inlet 1003 can provide a fluid inlet for the cooling system of the marking head 120. The housing 1000 also defines an outlet for discharging cooling fluid from the marking head 120. The housing 1000 defines a fluid path for cooling fluid to flow from the inlet 1003 through the housing 1000 to cool components of the marking head 120 and to the outlet. The fluid path isolates the cooling fluid from the optical path of the laser beam within the marking head 120 and / or the housing 1000, for example, by providing a fluid flow path through the housing of the marking head 120 that intersects and only contacts the outer surfaces of the components to be cooled.

[0202] With reference to Figure 8 the housing 1000 defines a first cavity 1008 for enclosing at least a first component 1004 for controlling the optical path of the laser beam within the marking head 120, such as a first actuator 1004. The first cavity 1008 can be substantially cylindrical and / or the first actuator 1004 can be substantially cylindrical.

[0203] In some embodiments, the housing 1000 defines a second cavity 1010 for enclosing at least a second component 1005, such as a second actuator 1005, for controlling the optical path of the laser beam within the marking head 120. The second cavity 1010 can be substantially cylindrical and / or the second actuator 1005 can be substantially cylindrical. For a parallel configuration of the two actuators, the first and second cavities are substantially parallel, although other configurations are of course possible.

[0204] Referring to at least Figure 6 and Figure 9 , the housing 1000 defines at least a first fluid passage 1012 or conduit for fluid flow from the inlet 1003 to the first cavity 1008. A first portion 1012a of the first fluid conduit can be substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis LA of the marking head and / or the longitudinal axis of the actuators 1004, 1005, but can be positioned off-center within the marking head 120. The first actuator 1004 can include a first section, which can be the portion of the first actuator where a majority of its heat is generated. The first cavity can be configured to enclose this first section of the first actuator 1004 to cool the first section.

[0205] When the first fluid conduit 1012 reaches a point within the marking head that is substantially aligned with the first cavity 1008, the first fluid conduit 1012 can bend through substantially 90°, providing a second portion 1012b of the first fluid conduit that is substantially transverse to the longitudinal axis of the marking head 120 (see Figure 6 and Figure 9 ). The first fluid conduit 1012 can bend at another point within the marking head 120, and / or it can bend through an angle other than substantially 90°. Regardless, the second portion 1012b of the first fluid conduit travels toward the first cavity 1008 to provide a fluid path to the first cavity 1008.

[0206] The first cavity 1008 defines a surface, and the surface defines two openings 1014, 1016 therein. The two openings 1014, 1016 are arranged so that fluid flows through them in a substantially transverse direction. The second portion 1012b of the first passage cooperates with the first opening 1014 so that cooling fluid from the inlet 1003 can flow through the first passage 1012 and through the first opening 1014.

[0207] As can be seen in Figure 9 , in some embodiments, the housing 1000 can define a wall portion or barrier 1017 that projects into the first cavity 1008.

[0208] In some embodiments, the first actuator 1004 can be supported within the housing 1000 and / or the marking head 120 by a first support member 1020 (e.g., a first cradle 1020). The first support member 1020 can be configured to receive the first actuator 1004, and the first support member 1020 can be configured to be received by the housing 1000 adjacent the first cavity 1008. The first support member 1020 can extend around the outside of the first cavity 1008 (relative to the exterior of the housing 1000) for supporting the first actuator 1004 within the first cavity 1008.

[0209] The first support member 1020 can define a first recess 1046 therein extending from an interior surface of the first support member 1020, which is the surface that contacts the first actuator 1004 when the first actuator 1004 is received by the first support member 1020. The first recess 1046 defines one or more edges that provide contact between the first support member 1020 and an exterior surface of the first actuator 1004 when the first actuator 1004 is received by the first support member 1020. The first recess cooperates with the first cavity 1008 and the two openings 1014, 1016 to define a passageway 1047 extending from the first opening 1014 over the exterior surface of the first actuator 1004 and to the second opening 1016 when the first support member 1020 is mated with the housing 1000 and the first actuator 1004 is enclosed within the first cavity 1008. The one or more edges of the first recess 1046 ensure that any fluid in the passageway 1047 is retained within the passageway 1047. In this case, the passageway 1047 is formed by the housing 1000, the first support member 1020, and the first actuator 1004 when the first actuator 1004 is received within the first cavity 1008 and the first support member 1020.

[0210] The position of the wall portion 1017 forces fluid to flow through the passageway in one direction (in the longer direction) past the outside of the first actuator 1004 (relative to the housing 1000). This provides improved cooling given that this is a longer fluid path than would be provided by the section that is blocked by the wall portion 1017. As such, fluid flows out of the passageway 1047 and the first cavity 1008 through the second opening 1016.

[0211] The second cavity 1010 defines a surface, and the surface defines a third opening 1022. The third opening 1022 is arranged in the side surface such that fluid flows through it in a substantially transverse direction.

[0212] In some embodiments, the second actuator 1005 can be supported within the housing 1000 and / or the marking head 120 by a second support member 1026 (e.g., a second cradle 1026). The second support member 1026 can be configured to receive the second actuator 1005, and the second support member 1026 can be configured to be received by the housing 1000 adjacent the second cavity 1010. The second support member 1026 can extend around the outside of the second cavity 1010 (relative to the outside of the housing 1000) for supporting the second actuator 1005 within the second cavity 1010.

[0213] The second support member 1026 can define a second recess 1048 therein that extends from an inner surface of the second support member 1026 that is the surface that contacts the second actuator 1005 when the second actuator 1005 is received by the second support member 1026. The second recess 1048 defines one or more edges that provide contact between the second support member 1026 and the outer surface of the second actuator 1005 when the second actuator 1005 is received by the second support member 1026.

[0214] The second support member can define a fourth opening 1024 in the inner side surface that cooperates with the second recess 1048. The second support member 1026 can define a fifth opening 1028 in the top side of the second support member 1026, and the second support member 1026 can further define a fluid passageway from the fourth opening 1024 to the fifth opening 1028. Thus, the fifth opening 1028 is arranged such that fluid is intended to flow through it in a substantially longitudinal direction.

[0215] When the second support member 1026 cooperates with the housing 1000 and the second actuator 1005 is enclosed within the second cavity 1010, the second recess 1048 cooperates with the second cavity 1010 and the two openings 1022, 1024 to define a passageway 1049 that extends from the third opening 1022 around the outer surface of the second actuator 1005 and to the fourth opening 1024. The one or more edges of the second recess 1048 ensure that any fluid in the passageway 1049 is retained within the passageway 1049. In this case, the passageway 1049 is formed by the housing 1000, the second support member 1026, and the second actuator 1005 when the second actuator 1005 is received within the second cavity 1010 and the second support member 1026.

[0216] For example, as in Figure 9As can be seen, the formed channel 1049 extends around the entire outer surface of the second actuator 1005 without any blocking portions. Thus, when fluid enters the channel 1049 through the third opening 1022, the fluid can flow bi-directionally around the channel to the fourth opening 1024. For example, the fluid can flow along a longer path 1034 around the outer surface of the second actuator 1005 or a shorter path 1036 around the outer surface of the second actuator 1005 (see FIG. 10B). As such, the second actuator 1005 is cooled. Figure 9 ). As such, the second actuator 1005 is cooled.

[0217] The housing 1000 can define another channel 1030 that can be substantially transverse, cooperating with the second opening 1016 and the third opening 1022 to provide a flow path from the second opening 1016 to the third opening 1022 and thus through the housing 1000 from the first cavity 1008 to the second cavity 1010.

[0218] The housing can further define at least one second fluid channel or conduit defining a fluid path for fluid flow from the fifth opening 1028 and to an outlet. The outlet and portions of the housing proximate the outlet will be described in more detail below.

[0219] Immediately above, the path of the cooling fluid into and through the housing when the first actuator 1004 is enclosed within the first cavity 1008 and the second actuator 1005 is enclosed within the second cavity 1010 is now described.

[0220] The cooling fluid is pumped from the chassis 160 through the umbilical 140 and into the inlet 1003 of the housing 1000. The cooling fluid flows through the first portion 1012a and the second portion 1012b of the first channel 1012 and through the first opening 1014 into the first channel 1047. Thus, the cooling fluid is forced to flow over the outer surface of the first actuator 1004, around the outside 1038 of the first actuator 1004, to cool the first actuator 1004. The cooling fluid flows toward the second opening 1016.

[0221] The cooling fluid flows out of the second opening 1016 into another channel 1030 connecting the first cavity 1008 and the second cavity 1010. This dissipates heat away from the first actuator 1004.

[0222] The cooling fluid flows through the third opening 1022 and into a channel 1049 formed in the second cavity 1010 that extends around the entire outer surface of the second actuator 1005. The cooling fluid flows bidirectionally in the channel around the outer surface of the second actuator 1005 to cool the second actuator 1005. For example, the fluid flows along both the longer path 1034 and the shorter path 1036 toward the fourth opening 1024. The cooling fluid flows from the fourth opening 1024 to the fifth opening 1028, and from the fifth opening 1028 toward the outlet to dissipate heat from the second actuator 1005.

[0223] Although specific configurations have been described above, it should be appreciated that various modifications can be made to the configurations to provide an effective cooling system for the marking head 120, although all such other embodiments are not shown. Some of these embodiments are briefly described below.

[0224] In some embodiments, the first support member 1020 can not include the first recess 1046, or the first recess 1046 can extend only partway around the inner surface of the first support member 1020. In this case, the fluid can flow from the first opening 1014 to the second opening 1016 through a channel in the first cavity 1008 defined by only the first actuator 1004 and the housing 1000. The first support member 1020 can provide a barrier to prevent the fluid from flowing out of the first cavity 1008 when the first actuator 1004 is received within the first cavity 1008.

[0225] In some embodiments, the housing 1000 defines the fourth opening 1024 and the fifth opening 1028 instead of the second support member 1026, and the position of the channel or conduit leading from the fifth opening 1028 to the outlet is adjusted accordingly. In some embodiments, the second support member 1026 can not include the second recess 1048, or the second recess 1048 can extend only partway around the inner surface of the second support member. In this case, the fluid can flow from the third opening 1022 to the fourth opening 1024 through a channel in the second cavity 1010 defined by only the second actuator 1005 and the housing 1000. The second support member 1026 can provide a barrier to prevent the fluid from flowing out of the second cavity 1010 when the second actuator 1005 is received within the second cavity 1010.

[0226] In some embodiments, the housing 1000 can not include the wall portion or barrier 1017. Thus, when the first actuator 1004 is received within the first cavity 1008, the fluid flows in both directions between the first opening 1014 and the second opening 1016 around the inner side and the outer side 1038 of the first actuator 1004 around the first channel. This can allow the cooling fluid to flow around the entire outer surface of the first actuator 1004, which can provide enhanced cooling.

[0227] In some embodiments, the second cavity 1010 can include a wall portion (not shown) or barrier extending into the second cavity 1010 to ensure that fluid can only flow through the cavity between the third opening 1022 and the fourth opening 1024 in one direction. The wall portion can be formed in the second cavity in a similar manner to the wall portion 1017 extending into the first cavity 1008 as described above. The wall portion or barrier can be included with the housing 1000 or the second support member 1026. This can provide a more efficient flow through the second channel, which can provide enhanced cooling.

[0228] In some embodiments, a single actuator can be provided, or for example, cooling can only be provided to one of a pair of actuators. For example, when cooling is provided to the first actuator 1004, the other channel 1030 is not directed toward the second actuator 1005. This other channel is instead directed toward the outlet to define a fluid path to the outlet. It should be appreciated that while above generally describes cooling being provided to an actuator, in other embodiments, one or more components other than the actuator can be cooled in a manner corresponding to that described above.

[0229] In some embodiments, the first support member 1020 can not be present. The two outer walls 1036a, 1036b of the housing 1000 can further extend into the first cavity 1008 to contact the first actuator 1004 when the first actuator 1004 is received within the first cavity 1008. For example, the housing 1000 can include two sealing portions that extend from the outer walls 1036a, 1036b into the first cavity 1008 to contact the first actuator 1004 when the first actuator 1004 is received within the first cavity 1008. In this case, the wall portion 1017 can be partially or entirely removed so that a channel exists along the inner wall 1037 of the housing 1000 and around the inner side (relative to the housing) of the first actuator 1004 between the first opening 1014 and the second opening 1016 when the first actuator 1004 is received within the first cavity 1008. In this case, the channel is formed only by the housing 1000 and the first actuator 1004 when the first actuator 1004 is received within the first cavity 1008.

[0230] Similarly, in some embodiments, the second support member 1026 can not be present. Two outer walls 1035a, 1035b of the housing 1000 can further extend into the second cavity 1010 to contact the second actuator 1005 when the second actuator 1005 is received within the second cavity 1010. For example, the housing 1000 can include two sealing portions that extend from the outer walls 1035a, 1035b into the second cavity 1010 to contact the second actuator 1005 when the second actuator 1004 is received within the second cavity 1010. In this case, the passageway is formed only by the housing 1000 and the second actuator 1005 when the second actuator 1005 is received within the first cavity 1008.

[0231] In this case, the housing 1000 defines a fourth opening 1024 and a fifth opening 1028 instead of the second support member 1026, and the position of the passageway or conduit leading from the fifth opening 1028 to the outlet is adjusted accordingly.

[0232] The marking head 120 can include an outlet 250 for discharging fluid from the head. The outlet 250 can be arranged to cooperate with an outlet of the housing 1000 through which fluid exits the housing. The outlet of the marking head 120 and the outlet of the housing 1000 can be fluidly connected.

[0233] The outlet 250 of the marking head 120 can be provided in an end cap or end cover received by an end of the marking head from which the laser beam is emitted from the marking head. The marking head can define a cavity configured to receive the end cap. The end cap can cooperate with the marking head and / or the housing to provide fluid and electromagnetic radiation communication therebetween. The end cap can be connected to and / or cooperate with the housing 1000.

[0234] The marking head 120 can include an optical element for emitting a laser beam outwardly from the marking head 120. The optical element can have an optical power for focusing the laser beam. The optical element can have substantially no optical power. The end cap can define a cavity 1070 configured to receive the optical element 1042. The outlet 250 can be adjacent the optical element on the same end surface of the marking head 120.

[0235] In some embodiments, the marking head 120 can comprise an optical element assembly for emitting a laser beam out of the marking head 120. The assembly can comprise a first optical element arranged to receive a beam of radiation to be emitted from the marking head. The first optical element can be integrally formed with the head. The assembly can comprise a second optical element, which can be arranged to cover the first optical element. The second optical element can be arranged to receive the beam of radiation emitted from the first optical element. The second optical element can be detachably connected to the head. The second optical element can be mounted to the head, for example, by using a screw thread. The plane of the first optical element can be substantially parallel to the plane of the second optical element.

[0236] Providing an optical element assembly in this way can be advantageous. The second optical element can protect the first optical element, and the first optical element can preserve the integrity of the internal components of the marking head 120. Providing an additional optical element over the first optical element prevents any particulate matter from contacting the first optical element. The second optical element is also detachable, and so can be easily replaced, for example, if particulate matter scratches or attaches to the surface of the second optical element.

[0237] The housing 1000, cooling system, and outlet can be arranged to produce an air knife at the outlet, which will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, and in particular Figures 15 to 20 The air knife is generated across the optical element for emitting the laser beam out of the marking head 120 and at a predetermined angle relative to the axis of the optical element. The housing 1000 can comprise one or more fluid passages or conduits, including or consisting of the at least one second fluid passage, which bring cooling fluid received at the fifth opening 1028 to the outlet for discharge from the marking head. The one or more fluid passages or conduits can take any suitable path through the marking head, so long as the fluid passage or conduit does not at any time intersect the optical path of the laser beam. That is, the fluid is isolated from the optical path of the laser beam in the cavity through which and / or by which it is manipulated.

[0238] Discharge of the cooling fluid at the outlet serves to generate an air knife that is delivered across the optical element through which radiation is emitted from the optical element 1042 of the marking head 120. The inventors have found that by discharging the cooling fluid at the outlet at a predetermined angle relative to the plane defined by the optical element 1042, a more effective air knife is generated in which the turbulence around the air knife is reduced, i.e. in which the turbulence around is minimised. The air knife is more effective at preventing any solid matter from being deflected upwards back onto the marking head and optical element 1042, as the reduced turbulence around the air knife means that it is less likely that any unwanted turbulence will be generated that directs any solid matter upwards back onto the optical element 1042. The air knife is also useful for dissipating any unpleasant and / or harmful smoke that can be generated during marking.

[0239] The marking head 120 can have a straight configuration (as shown at least in Figure 7 FIG. 1), in which the laser beam is emitted from the marking head parallel to the longitudinal axis LA of the marking head 120. For these embodiments, reference is made to Figure 14 and Figure 15 The housing 1000 and / or the marking head 120 can include a cap or shroud 1040 that is positioned over the housing outlet such that the cooling fluid is forced into the shroud 1040 as it is discharged from the interior of the marking head 120. The end cap or end cap 1080 for the marking head (see Figure 15 ) can include the cap 1040. The cap 1040 can be arranged to receive the cooling fluid from the outlet of the housing 1000.

[0240] The shroud 1040 can include a directing member, which can be an interior surface 1041 that is arranged such that the cooling fluid discharged from the outlet 250 impinges on and travels over the interior surface 1041. The interior surface 1041 is configured at a predetermined angle a relative to a plane defined by the outlet or optical element 1042. Thus, when the cooling fluid impinges on the interior surface 1041, the cooling fluid is forced to flow at this same predetermined angle. The fluid thus flows across the optical element 1042 at this predetermined angle, forming an air knife at this angle. It has been found that forming the air knife in this manner results in a more effective air knife with reduced surrounding turbulence.

[0241] The inventors have found that for the straight configuration of the marking head 120, the predetermined angle a should be substantially 45°. Some airflow simulations were performed to show that an effective air knife is produced for the straight configuration with the predetermined angle a of 45°, and the results are shown in Figure 16a and Figure 16b It can be clearly seen that there is little air turbulence around the air knife.

[0242] The housing 1000 can include a duct or final passageway 1052 at the outlet 250 that fluidly connects the one or more fluid passageways or conduits to the outlet 250. The duct 1052 can include a valve 1044, such as a duckbill valve, for preventing backflow and / or fluid and / or solid or particulate matter from entering the outlet 250 and the housing. The combination of the valve 1044 and the shroud 1040 helps the housing 1000 to comply with international protection class standards (“IP”, sometimes referred to as Ingress Protection Class), particularly the IP69 standard that allows for high pressure steam cleaning of the housing 1000. This can be advantageous in various environments where it is desirable to provide laser marking.

[0243] The cooling system thus serves the dual purpose of cooling as well as providing an effective air-knife to prevent particulate matter from impacting the optical elements of the marking head where the radiation exits the head - the cooling fluid received by the housing 1000 from the cabinet 160 flows through the housing to provide cooling as described herein, and then the cooling fluid travels towards the outlet to provide the air-knife described above.

[0244] The marking head 120 can have a right angle or 90° configuration (as shown in Figure 17 The marking head 120 can have a right angle or 90° configuration (as shown in

[0245] The cap 1050 can include an optical element 1042 through which the laser beam passes to be emitted from the head, the optical element defining an optical element plane in which the optical element 1042 lies. The optical element plane can correspond to a transverse plane of the head at the end of the head where the radiation exits the head 120. The cap 1050 also defines an outlet through which the cooling fluid is discharged from the marking head.

[0246] Referring to Figure 18 , the cap 1050 there defines a duct or bore or channel 1054 through which cooling fluid is received from one or more fluid channels or conduits fluidically connected to the outlet 250. The duct 1054 can be defined diagonally through the cap 1050. The duct or bore 1054 can have a longitudinal axis as indicated in Figure 18 The duct is arranged such that its longitudinal axis is angled relative to the optical element plane. In particular, the duct 1054 is configured at a predetermined angle a relative to the optical element plane, such that the cooling fluid is forced to flow through the duct 1054 and out of the cap 1050 at that predetermined angle. The inventors have found that for marking heads having a 90° configuration, the longitudinal axis of the duct 1054 should be arranged at substantially 60° to the optical element plane of the marking head, i.e. the predetermined angle a should be substantially 60°, to provide an effective air-knife with reduced surrounding turbulence. Some airflow simulations were conducted to show the effective air-knife produced for a marking head having a 90° configuration and having a duct at a predetermined angle of 60°, and the results thereof are shown in Figure 19A andFigure 19B It can be clearly seen that there is little air turbulence around the air knife.

[0247] Referring to Figures 20 to 23 , the inventors have identified a particularly advantageous method for creating a duct or bore or channel 1054 in or through the cap 1050. Referring to Figure 20 , for example, a first recess or bore 1056 is defined by drilling in the top or inner side 1058 of the cap 1050. The first recess can have a diameter of between about 2mm and 5mm, for example about 4mm. The top or inner side 1058 is the side that will be innermost of the marking head 120 when the cap 1050 is mounted on the marking head 120 (see Figure 17 ). For example, a second recess or bore 1060 is defined by drilling in the lower or outer side 1062 of the cap 1050. The lower or outer side 1062 is the side that will be outermost of the marking head 120 when the cap 1050 is mounted on the marking head 120 (see Figure 17 ). The second recess 1060 is defined towards the optical element side of the cap 1050 (the side closer to the optical element), and the first recess is defined on the second side 1066 further away from the optical element. From the side view of the cap 1050 indicated in Figure 20 , the first recess 1056 and the second recess 1060 are offset in the lateral direction. It will of course be appreciated that the first and second are for ease of reference to each recess, but the second recess 1060 can be defined in the cap 1050 before the first recess 1056. The first recess can define a fluid input for the cap 1050 for mating with a fluid output of the marking head housing 1000, and / or the second recess can define a fluid output for the cap 1050 (and for the marking head 120).

[0248] A drill with a predetermined drill bit size can then be used to define the duct 1054 through the recesses 1056, 1060. The drill bit can have a diameter of between about 2mm and 5mm, for example about 4mm. The drilling direction β is predetermined. Other suitable means of defining a hole can be used. The duct 1054 can then be defined by the recesses 1056, 1060 on the optical element side 1064 or the second side 1066 of the cap 1050. Defining the duct 1054 on the optical element side 1064 means that more cap material 1068 is removed on the optical element side 1064 of the first recess 1056 than on the second side 1066 of the second recess 1060. Defining the duct 1054 on the second side 1066 means that more cap material is removed on the second side 1066 of the second recess 1060 than on the optical element side 1064 of the first recess 1056.

[0249] The inventors have discovered that using a bore orientation beta of substantially 60° to define a duct or hole 1054 at a 60° angle through the cap 1050 and on the optical element side 1064 of the dimples 1056, 1060 provides the most effective air knife with reduced surrounding turbulence as described above.

[0250] The laser marking system described and depicted herein can advantageously overcome problems associated with known laser marking systems, providing a fully integrated "plug and play" solution for the owner of a production line.

[0251] Having thus described several aspects of at least one implementation, it is to be appreciated that various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of this disclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the disclosure. The acts of the methods disclosed herein can be performed in an order different than illustrated, and one or more acts can be omitted, replaced, or added. One or more features of any one example disclosed herein can be combined with one or more features of any other example disclosed herein or substituted therefor. Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawings are by way of example only.

[0252] The phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. As used herein, the term "plurality" refers to two or more items or components. As used herein, dimensions described as "substantially similar" should be considered to be within about 25% of each other. The terms "comprising," "including," "carrying," "having," "containing," and "involving" are open-ended terms, i.e., meaning "including, but not limited to," as used in the written description and in the claims. Thus, use of these terms indicates that additional items or components are possible. With respect to the claims, the transitional phrases "consisting of" and "consisting essentially of" are closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively. The use of ordinal terms such as "first," "second," "third," etc. to modify an element of a claim is not intended to indicate any priority or order of one claim element over another claim element or the order of execution of the acts of a method, but is simply used to distinguish one claim element from another claim element having the same name (but for the use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements.

[0253] The electromagnetic radiation steering mechanism can include various types of optical components such as refractive, reflective, magnetic, electromagnetic, electrostatic, and / or other types of optical components or any combination thereof for directing, shaping, and / or controlling the electromagnetic radiation.

[0254] While specific reference can be made in this text to the use of electromagnetic radiation steering mechanisms in product marking, it should be understood that the electromagnetic radiation steering mechanisms described herein can have other applications. Other possible applications include laser systems for engraving products, optical scanners, radiation detection systems, medical devices, etc.

[0255] While specific embodiments of the application have been described above, it should be appreciated that the application can be practiced with the scope of the claims set out below. The above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. Thus, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications can be made to the application as described without departing from the scope of the claims set out below.

Claims

1. An enclosure for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation toward a head, the enclosure comprising: an inlet for receiving a fluid; a cavity for enclosing at least one component for controlling an optical path of the beam within the head; an outlet for the fluid; a first channel defining a first fluid path from the inlet to the cavity; and a second channel defining a second fluid path from the cavity to the outlet; wherein, when the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam is enclosed within the cavity, the enclosure and the at least one component further define a third channel between the first channel and the second channel; and wherein the first, second, and third channels are configured to isolate the fluid from the optical path of the beam within the head, and wherein the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam within the head is a first actuator configured to cause a first optical element of a radiation steering mechanism to rotate about a first axis of rotation. the enclosure is configured to cooperate with a support member for supporting the at least one component within the cavity, wherein the enclosure is configured to cooperate with the support member and the at least one component for enclosing the at least one component within the cavity.

2. The housing of claim 1, wherein, the support member includes a recessed portion for cooperating with the cavity and the at least one component when the support member supports the at least one component within the cavity, 3. The enclosure of claim 2, wherein, wherein the enclosure, the at least one component, and the support member define at least a portion of the third channel, and / or wherein the cavity and the recessed portion provide at least a portion of the third channel. the enclosure includes a second cavity for enclosing at least one second component for controlling the optical path of a laser beam within the head, and wherein the enclosure defines a fourth channel defining a fluid path from the third channel to the second channel, and wherein the fourth channel is fluidly connected to the second cavity, wherein the first, second, third, and fourth channels are configured to isolate the fluid from the optical path of the beam within the head.

4. The enclosure of any one of claims 1-3, wherein, when the at least one second component for controlling the optical path of the beam is enclosed within the second cavity, the enclosure and the at least one second component define a fifth channel between the fourth channel and the second channel, wherein the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth channels are configured to isolate the fluid from the optical path of the beam within the head.

5. The enclosure of claim 4, wherein, the first cavity defines a first longitudinal axis, and the second cavity defines a second longitudinal axis, and wherein the first longitudinal axis is substantially parallel to the second longitudinal axis and a longitudinal axis of the head.

6. The enclosure of claim 4, wherein, ​ 7. The enclosure of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, The outlet is fluidly connected to a directing portion, and the directing portion is arranged to receive fluid from the outlet and direct the fluid at a predetermined angle relative to a plane of an optical element comprising the head and towards emitted radiation, the radiation being emitted from the head through the optical element of the head.

8. The enclosure of claim 7, wherein, The directing portion comprises at least one surface arranged at a predetermined angle, and wherein the at least one surface is arranged to receive fluid from the outlet and direct the fluid at a predetermined angle.

9. The enclosure of claim 7, wherein, The head defines a longitudinal axis, and wherein the head is configured to direct a beam of radiation out of the head in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis, and wherein the predetermined angle is substantially 45 degrees.

10. The enclosure of claim 7, wherein, The head defines a longitudinal axis, and wherein the head is configured to direct a beam of radiation out of the head in a direction substantially transverse to the longitudinal axis, and wherein the predetermined angle is substantially 60 degrees.

11. The enclosure of claim 4, wherein, The at least one second component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head is a second actuator configured to rotate a second optical element about a second axis of rotation, and optionally wherein the first actuator and / or the second actuator comprises a galvanometer motor.

12. The enclosure of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, The electromagnetic radiation is laser light, and / or wherein the head is a marking head.

13. A head for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation towards a target, the head comprising: (a) a housing for the head, the housing comprising: an inlet for receiving a fluid; a cavity for enclosing at least one component for controlling an optical path of the beam of radiation within the head; an outlet for the fluid; a first channel defining a first fluid path from the inlet to the cavity; and a second channel defining a second fluid path from the cavity to the outlet; and (b) the at least one component for controlling an optical path of the beam of radiation within the head, wherein the housing and the at least one component further define a third channel between the first channel and the second channel when the at least one component for controlling an optical path of the beam of radiation is enclosed within the cavity; and wherein the first, second and third channels are configured to isolate the fluid from the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head, and wherein the at least one component for controlling an optical path of the beam of radiation within the head is a first actuator configured to rotate a first optical element of a radiation steering mechanism about a first axis of rotation.

14. The head of claim 13, wherein, The head comprises a support member for supporting the at least one component within the cavity, wherein the support member is configured to cooperate with the housing and the at least one component for enclosing the at least one component within the cavity.

15. The head of claim 14, wherein, The support member comprises a recessed portion for cooperating with the cavity and the at least one component when the support member supports the at least one component within the cavity, and the support member comprises a recessed portion for cooperating with the cavity and the at least one component when the support member supports the at least one component within the cavity, and wherein the housing, the at least one component and the support member define at least a portion of the third channel, and / or wherein the cavity and the recessed portion provide at least a portion of the third channel.

16. The head as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein, The housing comprises a second cavity for enclosing at least one second component for controlling the optical path of the laser beam within the head, and wherein the housing defines a fourth channel defining a fluid path from the third channel to the second channel, and wherein the fourth channel is arranged to convey fluid to the second cavity, wherein the first, second, third and fourth channels are configured to isolate the fluid from the optical path of the radiation beam within the head, and wherein the head further comprises the at least one second component for controlling the optical path of the radiation beam within the head.

17. The head of claim 16, wherein, The housing and the at least one second component define a fifth channel between the fourth channel and the second channel when the at least one second component for controlling the optical path of the radiation beam is enclosed within the second cavity.

18. The head as claimed in any one of claims 13 to 15, wherein, The first cavity defines a first longitudinal axis and the second cavity defines a second longitudinal axis, and wherein the first longitudinal axis is substantially parallel to the second longitudinal axis and / or a longitudinal axis of the head.

19. The head of any one of claims 13-15, wherein, The head comprises an optical element assembly for emitting the radiation beam from the head, wherein the optical element assembly comprises a first optical element arranged to receive the radiation beam to be emitted from the head and a second optical element arranged to cover the first optical element and receive the radiation beam emitted from the first optical element for emitting the radiation beam from the head.

20. The head of any one of claims 13-15, wherein, The head comprises an optical element through which radiation is emitted from the head, and wherein the head comprises a directing portion arranged to receive fluid from the outlet and direct the fluid at a predetermined angle relative to a plane comprising the optical element of the head and towards the emitted radiation through which the radiation is emitted from the head.

21. The head of claim 20, wherein, The directing portion comprises at least one surface arranged at a predetermined angle, and wherein the at least one surface is arranged to receive fluid from the outlet and direct the fluid at a predetermined angle.

22. The head of claim 20, wherein, The head defines a longitudinal axis, and wherein the head is configured to direct a radiation beam out of the head in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis, and wherein the predetermined angle is substantially 45 degrees.

23. The head of any one of claims 21-22, wherein, The head comprises a cover for the outlet, and wherein the cover comprises the directing portion.

24. The head of claim 20, wherein, The head defines a longitudinal axis, and wherein the head is configured to direct a radiation beam out of the head in a direction substantially transverse to the longitudinal axis, and wherein the predetermined angle is substantially 60 degrees.

25. The head of claim 16, wherein, The at least one second component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head is a second actuator configured to rotate a second optical element about a second axis of rotation, and optionally wherein the first actuator and / or the second actuator comprises a galvanometer motor.

26. The head of any one of claims 13-15, wherein, The electromagnetic radiation is laser light, and / or wherein the head is a marking head.

27. An electromagnetic radiation system for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation at a target, comprising: (a) a cabinet comprising a radiation source for providing a beam of electromagnetic radiation and a fluid source for providing a cooling fluid; and (b) a head connected to the cabinet, the head for directing the beam of radiation at a target and for receiving the cooling fluid for cooling at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head, the head comprising: (i) a housing for the head, the housing comprising: an inlet for receiving a fluid; a cavity for enclosing the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head; an outlet for the fluid; a first channel defining a first fluid path from the inlet to the cavity; and a second channel defining a second fluid path from the cavity to the outlet; and (ii) the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head, wherein the housing and the at least one component further define a third channel between the first channel and the second channel when the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation is enclosed within the cavity; and wherein the first, second and third channels are configured to isolate the fluid from the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head, and wherein the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head is a first actuator configured to rotate a first optical element of a radiation steering mechanism about a first axis of rotation.

28. A method of manufacturing a head for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation at a target, the method comprising: (a) providing a housing for the head, the housing comprising: an inlet for receiving a fluid; a cavity for enclosing at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head; an outlet for the fluid; a first channel defining a first fluid path from the inlet to the cavity; and a second channel defining a second fluid path from the cavity to the outlet; and (b) enclosing the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the cavity such that the housing and the at least one component further define a third channel between the first channel and the second channel; wherein the first, second and third channels are configured to isolate the fluid from the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head, and wherein the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head is a first actuator configured to cause a first optical element of a radiation steering mechanism to rotate about a first axis of rotation.

29. The method of claim 28, further comprising: providing a support member for supporting the at least one component within the cavity, wherein the support member is configured to cooperate with the housing and the at least one component for enclosing the at least one component within the cavity, and wherein enclosing the at least one component within the cavity comprises arranging the support member to cooperate with the housing and the at least one component.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein, the support member comprises a recessed portion for cooperating with the cavity and the at least one component when the support member supports the at least one component within the cavity, and wherein arranging the support member within the head comprises causing the recessed portion to cooperate with the cavity and the at least one component to provide at least a portion of the third passageway, and wherein the housing, the at least one component, and the support member define at least a portion of the third passageway.

31. The method of any one of claims 28-30, wherein, the housing comprises a second cavity for enclosing at least one second component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head, and wherein the method comprises enclosing the at least one second component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the second cavity such that the housing and the at least one second component define a fifth passageway between the third passageway and the second passageway, wherein the first, second, third, and fifth passageways are configured to isolate the fluid from the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head.

32. The method of claim 31, wherein, the first cavity defines a first longitudinal axis and the second cavity defines a second longitudinal axis, and wherein the first longitudinal axis is substantially parallel to the second longitudinal axis and / or a longitudinal axis of the head.

33. The method of any one of claims 28-30, comprising providing the head with an optical element assembly for emitting the radiation beam from the head, wherein, the optical element assembly comprises a first optical element arranged to receive the beam of radiation to be emitted from the head and a second optical element arranged to overlie the first optical element and receive the beam of radiation emitted from the first optical element for emission of the beam of radiation from the head.

34. The method of any one of claims 28 to 30, comprising providing the head with an optical element through which radiation is emitted from the head, and arranging a directing portion on the head to receive fluid from the outlet and direct the fluid at a predetermined angle relative to a plane comprising the optical element of the head and towards emitted radiation, radiation being emitted from the head through the optical element, Optionally wherein, the directing portion comprises at least one surface for directing the fluid at the predetermined angle.

35. The method of claim 34, wherein, The head defines a longitudinal axis, and wherein the head is configured to direct the beam of radiation out of the head in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis, and wherein the predetermined angle is substantially 45 degrees.

36. The method of claim 34, comprising arranging a cover over the outlet on the head, wherein, The cover comprises the guide portion.

37. The method of claim 34, wherein, The head defines a longitudinal axis, and wherein the head is configured to direct the beam of radiation out of the head in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis, and wherein the predetermined angle is substantially 45 degrees.

38. The method of claim 31, wherein, The at least one second component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head is a second actuator configured to rotate a second optical element about a second axis of rotation, And optionally wherein the first actuator and / or the second actuator comprises a galvanometer motor.

39. The method of any one of claims 28-30, wherein, The electromagnetic radiation is laser light, and / or wherein the head is a marking head.

40. A method of manufacturing an electromagnetic radiation system for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation at a target, the method comprising: (a) manufacturing a head for directing a beam of electromagnetic radiation at a target, comprising: (i) providing a housing for the head, the housing comprising: an inlet for receiving a fluid; a cavity for enclosing at least one component for controlling an optical path of the beam of radiation within the head; an outlet for the fluid; a first channel defining a first fluid path from the inlet to the cavity; and a second channel defining a second fluid path from the cavity to the outlet; and (ii) enclosing the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the cavity, such that the housing and the at least one component further define a third channel between the first channel and the second channel; wherein the first, second and third channels are configured to isolate the fluid from the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head; and (b) connecting the head to a chassis, the chassis comprising a radiation source for providing the beam of radiation and a fluid source for providing a cooling fluid to the head to cool the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head, and wherein the at least one component for controlling the optical path of the beam of radiation within the head is a first actuator configured to rotate a first optical element of a radiation steering mechanism about a first axis of rotation.

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