Synchronization signal burst, signal design, and system frame acquisition within new radio

Abstract

Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed for synchronization signal burst, signal design, and / or system frame acquisition. A synchronization signal (SS) block or burst can be received. The SS block or burst can include a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and / or a physical broadcast channel (PBCH). A first cell ID can be determined, and / or a plurality of SSS sequences can be generated. An m0 value (e.g., a first cyclic shift) can be determined from a set of m0 values, for example, based on the generated plurality of SSS sequences. An n1 value (e.g., a second cyclic shift) can be determined from a set of n1 values. A second cell ID can be determined based on, for example, the m0 value and the n1 value. A third cell ID can be determined based on, for example, the second cell ID and the first cell ID.

Description

[0001] This application is a divisional application of Chinese Patent Application No. 201880009922.5, filed February 2, 2018, entitled “Synchronization Signal Burst, Signal Design and System Frame Acquisition Within New Radio,” which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 454,524, filed February 3, 2017; U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 500,752, filed May 3, 2017; U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 519,745, filed June 14, 2017; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 556,171, filed September 8, 2017, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

[0002] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0003] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 454,524, filed February 3, 2017; U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 500,752, filed May 3, 2017; U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 519,745, filed June 14, 2017; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 556,171, filed September 8, 2017, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. BACKGROUND

[0004] Use cases for emerging 5G systems can be broadly categorized as follows: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communications (mMTC), ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URRLLC). The broad categorization of use cases can be based on the requirements set by ITU-R, NGMN, and 3GPP. Use cases can focus on one or more requirements, such as higher data rates, higher spectral efficiency, low power, higher energy efficiency, lower latency, and higher reliability. A wide range of frequency bands from 700 MHz to 80 GHz can be considered for various deployment scenarios. SUMMARY

[0005] Methods, procedures, and tools for synchronization signal burst, signal design, and / or system frame acquisition within new radio (NR) are disclosed. A synchronization signal (SS) block can be defined based on a SS burst, where one or more SS bursts can define a SS burst set. An SS block that can be activated, enabled, or transmitted can be determined. Information of the SS block that can be activated, enabled, or transmitted can be provided to another entity. Based on the SS block that can be activated, enabled, or transmitted, an OFDM symbol index, a slot index within a radio frame, a radio frame number, and / or a mini-slot index can be identified. A quasi-co-located (QCL) indication and / or a rate matching indication can be provided (e.g., for the SS block).

[0006] A synchronization signal (SS) burst can be received. The SS burst can include a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and / or a physical broadcast channel (PBCH). A first cell ID conveyed (e.g., within) a PSS can be determined. For example, a plurality of SSS sequences can be generated based on a first M-sequence and a second M-sequence. An mo value (e.g., a first cyclic shift) can be determined from a set of mo values (e.g., a first set of cyclic shifts), e.g., based on the plurality of generated SSS sequences. An n1 value (e.g., a second cyclic shift) can be determined from a set of n1 values (e.g., a second set of cyclic shifts). A second cell ID conveyed (e.g., within) an SSS can be determined based on the mo value and the n1 value, e.g. A third cell ID can be determined based on the second cell ID conveyed by the SSS and the first cell ID conveyed by the PSS.

[0007] A portion of a system frame number (SFN) can be determined based on a scrambling code. The scrambling code can be based on a third cell ID. Another portion of the SFN can be obtained within a SS burst. For example, the SFN (e.g., an entire SFN) can be determined based on the determined portion of the SFN being the same as the portion of the SFN obtained within the SS burst. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0008] A more detailed understanding can be had from the following description, given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein:

[0009] Figure 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communications system in which one or more disclosed embodiments can be implemented.

[0010] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless Figure 1A communications system in which the disclosed embodiments can be implemented.

[0011] Figure 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that can be used within the Figure 1A communications system shown in Figure 1.

[0012] Figure 1D is a system diagram illustrating another example RAN and another example CN that can be used within the Figure 1A communications system shown in Figure 1.

[0013] Figure 2 illustrates an example synchronization signal (SS) burst set composition structure.

[0014] Figure 3Another example SS burst set composition structure is shown.

[0015] Figure 4 Another example SS burst set composition structure is shown.

[0016] Figure 5 An example system frame number acquisition is shown.

[0017] Figure 6 Another example system frame number acquisition is shown.

[0018] Figure 7 An example multi-stage system frame number acquisition (3 stages) is shown.

[0019] Figure 8 An example multi-stage system frame number acquisition (4 stages) is shown.

[0020] Figure 9 Another example multi-stage system frame number acquisition is shown.

[0021] Figure 10 An example system frame number (SFN) acquisition by detecting, decoding, concatenating, and combining the most significant bits (MSB) and multiple least significant bits (LSB) of the SFN is shown.

[0022] Figure 11 An example SFN acquisition by detecting, decoding, concatenating, and combining multiple portions of the SFN is shown.

[0023] Figure 12 An example system frame number acquisition with acknowledgement 1 is shown.

[0024] Figure 13 An example system frame number acquisition with acknowledgement 1 is shown.

[0025] Figure 13A and 13B An example flow of system frame number acquisition with periodic adjustment is shown.

[0026] Figure 14 An example scan root for ZC255 sequences is shown.

[0027] Figure 15 An example scan root for ZC127 sequences is shown.

[0028] Figure 16 An example SS sequence is shown.

[0029] Figure 17 Another example SS sequence is shown.

[0030] Figure 18 Another example SS sequence is shown.

[0031] Figure 19 An example New Radio (NR) secondary synchronization signal (SSS) sequence design is shown.

[0032] Figure 20 An example quasi co-location (QCL) indication for a synchronization signal (SS) block is shown.

[0033] Figure 21 Another example QCL indication for an SS block is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0034] Specific descriptions regarding illustrative embodiments will now be described with reference to the various figures. While this description provides a detailed example of possible implementations, it should be noted that these details are intended to be examples and in no way limit the scope of the present application.

[0035] Figure 1A FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments can be implemented. The communications system 100 can be a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communications system 100 can enable multiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communications systems 100 can employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tail unique-word DFT-Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier (FBMC), and the like.

[0036] As Figure 1AAs shown, the communication system 100 can include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104 / 113, a CN 106 / 115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d can be any type of device configured to

[0037] The communication system 100 can also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b can be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or the other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b can be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, a NR Node-B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b can include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0038] The base stations 114a can be a part of the RAN 104 / 113, which can also include other base stations and / or network equipment (not shown) such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base stations 114a and / or the base stations 114b can be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals within one or more carrier frequencies. The base stations 114a and / or the base stations 114b can be referred to as cells (not shown) for the purposes of description. These frequencies can be in the licensed spectrum, the unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of both. A cell can provide wireless service coverage for a relatively fixed or possibly changing geographical area. Cells can be further divided into cell sectors. For example, a cell associated with a base station 114a can be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114a can include three transceivers, one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a can employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques, and can use multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming can be used to transmit and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0039] The base stations 114a, 114b can communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over the air interface 116, which can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 can be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0040] More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 can be a multiple access system and can employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement a radio technology such as UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which can establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA can include communication protocols such as High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA can include High-Speed Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0041] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which can establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-A Pro.

[0042] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which can establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0043] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dual connectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., an eNB and a gNB).

[0044] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 IX, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and the like.

[0045] Figure 1AThe base station 114b in FIG. 1 A can be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and can utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity access to the Internet, such as IEEE 802.11. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d can utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1 A, the base station 114b can have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b can not be necessarily connected to the CN 106 / 115 through the Figure 1A CN 106 / 115. The base station 114b can be a wireless router, Home Node B, Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and can utilize any suitable RAT for facilitating wireless connectivity access to the Internet, such as IEEE 802.11. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d can implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d can utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. As shown in FIG. 1 A, the base station 114b can have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b can not be necessarily connected to the CN 106 / 115 through the

[0046] The RAN 104 / 113 can be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which can be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data can have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, and the like. The CN 106 / 115 can provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1 A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 can be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which can be utilizing a NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 can also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, Wi-Fi radio technology, etc. Figure 1A

[0047] ​The CN 106 / 115 can also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or the other networks 112. The PSTN 108 can include circuit-switched telephone networks that provide infrastructure for the provision of voice telephony, facsimile, and / or other

[0048] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 can include multi-mode capabilities, e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d can include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links. For example, the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d can include a transceiver 150a, and / or 150b configured to communicate with the base station 114a, and a transceiver 180a, and / or 180b configured to communicate with the base station 114b. Figure 1A The WTRU 102c shown in Figure 1C can be configured to communicate with the base station 114a using a cellular-based radio technology and the base station 114b using an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0049] Figure 1B Figure 1D is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in Figure 1B As shown, the WTRU 102 can include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 can include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0050] The processor 118 can be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGAs) circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, and the like. The processor 118 can perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 can be coupled Figure 1B The processor 118 and the transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, however, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 can be integrated in an electronic package or chip.

[0051] The transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0052] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is depicted in the Figure 1B WTRU 102 can include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 can employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 can include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0053] The transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate information to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate information received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 can have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 can include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.

[0054] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 can be coupled to, and can receive user input data from, the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 can also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 can access information from, and store data in, any appropriate memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and / or the removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 can include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of storage device. The removable memory 132 can include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 can access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0055] The processor 118 can receive power from the power source 134, and can be configured to distribute and / or control the power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 can be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 can include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0056] The processor 118 can also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which can be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 can receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on

[0057] The processor 118 can also be coupled to other peripheral devices 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules providing additional features, functions, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, peripheral devices 138 may include accelerometers, electronic compasses, satellite transceivers, digital cameras (for photos and / or video), Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, vibration devices, television transceivers, hands-free headsets, etc. Modules, FM radio units, digital music players, media players, video game console modules, internet browsers, virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) devices, and activity trackers, etc. Peripheral device 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: gyroscopes, accelerometers, Hall effect sensors, magnetometers, orientation sensors, proximity sensors, temperature sensors, time sensors, geolocation sensors, altimeters, light sensors, touch sensors, magnetometers, barometers, gesture sensors, biometric sensors, and / or humidity sensors.

[0058] WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex wireless device, wherein the reception or transmission of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex wireless device may include an interference management unit 139 to reduce and / or substantially eliminate self-interference by means of hardware (e.g., a choke coil) or by means of a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or by means of processor 118). In one embodiment, WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex wireless device, wherein the transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., relative to transmission) and downlink (e.g., relative to reception)) are both present.

[0059] Figure 1C This diagram illustrates a system diagram of RAN 104 and CN 106 according to one embodiment. As described above, RAN 104 can communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c via air interface 116 using E-UTRA radio technology. Furthermore, RAN 104 can also communicate with CN 106.

[0060] The RAN 104 can include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 can include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can implement MIMO technology. Thus, the eNode-B 140a, for example, can use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

[0061] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, and the like. As shown, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can communicate with one another over an X2 interface. Figure 1C

[0062] Figure 1C The CN 106 can include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements can be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0063] The MME 162 can be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and can serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 can be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like. The MME 162 can also provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0064] ​The SGW 164 can be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 can generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 can also perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes during inter-eNode B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing contexts of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0065] The SGW 164 can be connected to the PGW 146, which can provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0066] The CN 106 can also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or the other networks 112. The PSTN 108 can include circuit-switched telecommunication networks that can provide

[0067] While not shown in Figures 1A-1D WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c are described as wireless terminals, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments such terminals can use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communication interfaces with the communication network.

[0068] In representative embodiments, the other network 112 can be a WLAN.

[0069] A WLAN using the basic service set (BSS) mode of infrastructure can have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP can have an access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or a backhaul that is wired or wireless based and that carries traffic in both directions between the AP and the distribution system. Traffic to or from a destination not served by the BSS (e.g., a destination served by another BSS or a destination served by a wired network) can be carried by the AP to or from the distribution system. Traffic between STAs served by the BSS can be carried by the AP, for example, traffic between STAs served by the BSS can be transmitted by the source STA to the AP and transmitted by the AP to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs served by the BSS can be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. The peer-to-peer traffic can be transmitted between (e.g., directly between) the source and destination STAs using a direct link setup (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS can use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using the independent BSS (IBSS) mode of infrastructure does not have an AP, and all STAs in the IBSS, or using the IBSS, can communicate directly with each other. Here, the IBSS mode of communication can sometimes be referred to as an "ad-hoc" mode of communication.

[0070] When using an 802.11 ac infrastructure mode of operation or similar mode of operation, an AP can transmit beacons on a fixed channel (e.g., a primary channel). The primary channel can have a fixed width (e.g., a bandwidth of 20 MHz) or a dynamically set width by signaling. The primary channel can be the operating channel of the BSS and can be used by STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) with collision avoidance can be implemented (e.g., in 802.11 systems). For CSMA / CA, STAs, including the AP, can sense the primary channel. If a particular STA senses / detects and / or determines that the primary channel is busy, the particular STA can back off. In a given BSS, only one STA (e.g., only one station) can transmit at any given time.

[0071] High throughput (HT) STAs can communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel (e.g., by combining a 20 MHz wide primary channel with an adjacent or nonadjacent 20 MHz wide secondary channel).

[0072] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs can support 20MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channels can be formed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel can be formed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining two non-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which can be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, after channel encoding, the data can be passed through a segment parser that can divide the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, and time domain processing, can be done on each stream separately. The streams can be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data can be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the receiver of the STA performing reception, the above operations can be done in reverse for the 80+80 configuration, and the combined data can be sent to the Medium Access Control (MAC).

[0073] 802.11af and 802.11ah support sub-1 GHz modes of operation. The channel operating bandwidths and carriers are scaled down in 802.11af and 802.11ah compared to those used in 802.11η and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. In accordance with typical embodiments, 802.11ah can support meter-type control / machine-type communication (e.g., MTC devices in a macro coverage area). MTC devices can have certain capabilities, such as including restricted capabilities that support (e.g., only support) certain and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices can include a battery, and the battery life of the battery is above a threshold (e.g., maintains a long battery life).

[0074] For WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths (e.g., 802.11η, 802.1 lac, 802.1 laf, and 802.1 lah), the WLAN system includes a channel that can be designated as the primary channel. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel can be set and / or limited by a STA that is derived from all STAs operating in the BSS that supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In an example for 802.1 lah, the width of the primary channel can be 1 MHz for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) 1 MHz mode, even though the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings can depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy (e.g., because a STA that only supports 1 MHz operating mode is transmitting to the AP), then the entire available frequency band can be considered busy, even though most of the frequency band remains idle and available for use.

[0075] In the United States, the available frequency bands for 802.1 lah are 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency bands are 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. Depending on the country code, the total bandwidth available for 802.1 lah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz.

[0076] Figure 1D FIG. 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 can employ NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. Further, the RAN 113 can be in communication with the CN 115.

[0077] The RAN 113 can include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, although it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 can include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 180b can utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a, for example, can use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to, and / or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, the gNB 180a can transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers can be on the licensed frequency spectrum while the remaining component carriers can be on the unlicensed frequency spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a can receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0078] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing can vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containing different numbers of OFDM symbols and / or lasting different lengths of absolute time).

[0079] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without also accessing other RANs (e.g., eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c). In the standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as a mobile anchor point. In the standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In the non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can communicate / be connected with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating with / being connected to another RAN, such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. In the non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can use DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in a substantially simultaneous fashion with one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. In the non-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c can serve as mobile anchor points for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can provide additional coverage and / or throughput to the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c served by the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c.

[0080] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can be associated with a certain cell (not shown) and can be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, implement dual connectivity, implement interworking with an E-UTRAN, route user plane and control plane data towards User Plane Function (UPF) 184a, 184b, and / or Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182a, 182b, among other things. Figure 1D As shown, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c can be in communication with one another over an Xn interface.

[0081] Figure 1DThe CN 115 can include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. While each of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements can be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0082] The AMF 182a, 182b can be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and can serve as the control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b can be responsible for authenticating WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, support for network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, management of the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, and the like. The AMF 162 can utilize network slicing to customize CN support for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of service or application for which they are currently being used. For example, different network slices can be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, and / or the like. The AMF 162 can provide control plane functionality for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) using different radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies such as WiFi.

[0083] The SMF 183a, 183b can be connected to AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b can also be connected to UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b can select and control the UPF 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b can perform other functions, such as managing and allocating IP address

[0084] The UPF 184a, 184b can be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the CN 113 via an N3 interface, which can provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet- switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b can perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering of downlink packets, and the like.

[0085] The CN 115 can facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 can include, or can communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. Further, the CN 115 can provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to the other networks 112, which can include other wired and / or wireless networks that are owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c can be connected to a local DN 185a, 185b through the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface and an N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0086] In view of the Figures 1A-1D and corresponding description of Figures 1A-1D one or more or all of the functions described herein can be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown): WTRUs 102a-d, base stations 114a-b, eNode-Bs 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNBs 180a-c, AMF 182a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183a-b, DN 185a-b, and / or any other device or elements described herein. These emulation devices can be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more functions described herein. For example, these emulation devices can be used to test other devices and / or to simulate a network and / or WTRU functions.

[0087] The emulation devices can be designed to implement one or more tests on other devices in a laboratory environment and / or operator network environment. The one or more emulation devices may, for example, perform one or more or all functions while being implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in whole or in part, in order to test other devices within the communication network. The one or more emulation devices can perform one or more or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation devices can directly couple to other devices in order to perform tests, and / or can perform tests using over-the-air wireless communications.

[0088] The one or more emulation devices can perform one or more functions, including all functions, while not being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation devices can be used in a test laboratory and / or a test scenario that is not deployed, e.g., a test, wired and / or wireless communication network in order to implement tests on one or more components. The one or more emulation devices can be test equipment. The emulation devices can transmit and / or receive data using direct RF coupling and / or wireless communications via RF circuitry, which can include one or more antennas, by way of example.

[0089] Use cases for emerging 5G systems can be broadly categorized as follows: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine type communications (mMTC), ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). The broad categorization of use cases can be based on the requirements set by ITU-R, NGMN, and 3GPP. Use cases can focus on one or more requirements, such as higher data rates, higher spectral efficiency, low power, higher energy efficiency, lower latency, and higher reliability. A wide range of frequency bands can be considered for various deployment scenarios, from 700 MHz to 80 GHz.

[0090] As carrier frequencies increase, path loss can become a limiting factor to ensure sufficient coverage. Transmissions in millimeter wave systems can suffer from non-line-of-sight losses (e.g., diffraction losses, penetration losses, oxygen absorption losses, foliage losses, etc.). During initial access, a base station and / or WTRU can overcome high path loss and / or discover each other. For example, a signal that utilizes antenna elements to generate a beamformed signal can be used to compensate for path loss by providing beamforming gain. Beamforming techniques can include digital, analog, and hybrid beamforming.

[0091] LTE initial synchronization and / or broadcast channels can be provided.

[0092] During a cell search procedure, a WTRU can acquire time and / or frequency synchronization with a cell and can detect a cell's cell ID. An LTE synchronization signal can be transmitted in the 0th and / or 5th subframe of one or more (e.g., each) radio frame and / or the LTE synchronization signal can be used for time and / or frequency synchronization during an initialization procedure. As part of a system acquisition procedure, a WTRU can synchronize to (e.g., in a sequential manner) OFDM symbols, slots, subframes, half-frames, and / or radio frames (e.g., based on a synchronization signal). The synchronization signal can be a primary synchronization signal (PSS) and / or a secondary synchronization signal (SSS). A primary synchronization signal (PSS) can be used to acquire slot, subframe, and / or half-frame boundaries. The PSS can provide a physical layer cell identity (PCI) within a cell identity group. A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) can be used to acquire radio frame boundaries. The SSS can enable a WTRU to determine a cell identity group from a range of 0 to 167.

[0093] After synchronization (e.g., successful synchronization) and / or PCI acquisition, a WTRU can decode a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) (e.g., with the aid of a cell-specific reference signal (CRS)) and / or acquire master information block (MIB) information regarding a system bandwidth, a system frame number (SFN), and / or a PHICH configuration.

[0094] As an example, an LTE synchronization signal and / or a PBCH can be transmitted (e.g., continuously transmitted) according to a standardized periodicity.

[0095] As an example, within a new radio (NR), a highly unified synchronization signal (SS) burst structure can be as follows. A PSS, a SSS, and / or a PBCH can be transmitted within an SS block, one or more SS blocks can constitute an SS burst, and / or one or more SS blocks can constitute an SS burst set. As one or more SS blocks can constitute an SS burst, and / or one or more SS blocks can constitute an SS burst set, a PSS, a SSS, and / or a PBCH can be transmitted within an SS burst and / or an SS burst set. One or more of the following can be provided and addressed. Detailed design for SS burst composition and / or structure can be provided. Information indicated within an SS burst can be provided. Unified SS burst structure can be provided (e.g., to support single-beam and / or multi-beam deployments). Design for time indication can be provided (e.g., for SS bursts that can cover single-beam and / or multi-beam operation). Detailed SS burst composition and / or structure can be provided.

[0096] SS burst structure within NR (e.g., new SS burst structure) can impact system frame acquisition. As an example, LTE system frame acquisition, for example, can be performed by scrambling and / or conveying one or more system frame numbers (SFNs) in the PBCH payload to transmit the SFN. As an example, a design for acquiring system frame number and / or extended SFN (e.g., based on SS burst set structure) can be provided (e.g., for NR) to address the introduction of SS block and / or burst structure.

[0097] SS burst set structure within NR can redesign SS sequence for system performance and / or synchronization latency (e.g., optimal system performance and synchronization latency). Sequence design that conforms to SS burst structure within NR can be provided.

[0098] SS burst set can be designed and / or constructed.

[0099] SS burst set design and / or construction can consider one or more of the following aspects: radio frame number, slot number, subframe number, minimum slot number, system frame number, periodicity, and / or coherent combination of signals.

[0100] SS block can be defined for a radio frame. SS block index can be indicated within a radio frame. SS block index can be a time index of the SS block. As an example, one or more SS blocks within a radio frame can be identified using the time index of the SS block within the radio frame.

[0101] An SS block can be defined for an SS burst. An SS block can be defined for a set of SS bursts. As an example, a time index that can be specific to an SS block within an SS burst can be used. Another time index that can be specific to one or more SS bursts within a set of SS bursts can be used for an SS burst index. The SS burst index can be common for SS blocks within one or more SS bursts. An SS block index can be indicated within an SS burst, and / or an SS burst index can be indicated within a set of SS bursts. An SS block can be defined for a set of SS bursts. An SS block index can be indicated within a set of SS bursts. A time index of an SS block within a set of SS bursts can be used to identify one or more SS blocks within the set of SS bursts. An SS block can be confined within a predetermined window. An SS block can be distributed over a period (e.g., an entire period) of a set of SS bursts. An SS block can be confined. An SS block (e.g., all SS blocks) can be confined within a half radio frame or within a 5 ms window. For example, an SS block can be confined within a first or second half radio frame or within a first or second 5 ms window of a 10 ms radio frame. Whether an SS block is confined within a first or second half radio frame or within a first or second 5 ms window of a 10 ms radio frame can be predetermined, e.g., default or indicated by an indicator. For example, a WTRU can be indicated where to receive an SS block (e.g., a first or second radio frame) based on a half radio frame indication.

[0102] For a frequency band, an SS block can correspond to K OFDM symbols (e.g., based on a default subcarrier spacing). K can be constant. A signal multiplexing structure within an SS block can be fixed. A set of SS blocks can correspond to M SS bursts. An SS burst can correspond to N SS blocks. A set of SS bursts can correspond to L SS blocks. L can be L = MN. Figure 2 An example SS burst set design and / or structure is illustrated.

[0103] Figure 2 Examples for constructing and / or designing SS blocks, bursts, and / or burst sets are shown. An SS burst can correspond to N SS blocks, and / or a set of SS bursts can correspond to M SS bursts. An SS block can be defined according to an SS burst, and / or an SS burst can be defined according to a set of SS bursts. An SS block index can be indicated within an SS burst, and / or an SS burst index can be indicated within a set of SS bursts.

[0104] Figure 3 Examples for constructing and / or designing SS blocks, bursts, and / or burst sets are shown. A set of SS bursts can correspond to L SS blocks. An SS block can be defined according to a set of SS bursts. An SS block index can be indicated within a set of SS bursts.

[0105] Figure 4Examples for constructing and / or designing SS blocks, bursts, and / or burst sets are shown. A radio frame can correspond to N SS blocks, and / or an SS burst set can correspond to M radio frames. SS blocks can be defined in terms of radio frames. A radio can be defined in terms of an SS burst set. An SS block index can be indicated within a radio frame, and / or a radio frame index can be indicated within an SS burst set.

[0106] According to what is described herein, an SS burst can correspond to N SS blocks, and / or an SS burst set can correspond to M SS bursts. An SS burst set can correspond to L SS blocks. One or more of M, N, or L (e.g., M and N, or L) can use a fixed value. The values of M, N, and / or L can be designed such that the values of M, N, and / or L are cell-specific, gNB-specific, and / or transmission reception point (TRP)-specific. In some examples (e.g., alternative examples), the values of M, N, and / or L can not be fixed and / or can be changed. M and / or N can be updated and / or provided. The parameters M, N, and / or L can be configured.

[0107] A WTRU can be configured with information about which SS blocks (e.g., within an SS burst set) can be transmitted. A WTRU can provide information about which SS blocks (e.g., within an SS burst set) can be activated, enabled, and / or transmitted to a gNB and / or TRP. A WTRU can be in idle mode. When a WTRU is in idle mode, the WTRU can provide information about which SS blocks (e.g., which SS blocks) within an SS burst set can be activated, enabled, and / or transmitted to a gNB and / or TRP via an initial UL transmission, NR-PRACH message 1, and / or message 3, etc. When in connected mode, a WTRU can provide information about which SS blocks (e.g., which SS blocks) within a transmission SS burst set can be activated, enabled, deactivated, and / or disabled to a gNB and / or TRP via WTRU feedback (e.g., UCI, such as NR-PUCCH), and / or via MAC-CE and / or radio resource control (RRC) signaling, etc.

[0108] Based on the received SS block, the WTRU can identify one or more (e.g., all) of the following. The WTRU can identify an OFDM symbol index, a slot index within a radio frame, a radio frame number, and / or a smallest slot index. For initial cell selection, a default SS burst set periodicity can be based on (e.g., a function of) a frequency band and / or a frequency range. The WTRU can assume a default SS burst set periodicity, e.g., which can be determined based on the frequency band and / or the frequency range on which the WTRU is operating. The SS block can be repeated in accordance with the SS burst set periodicity. The NR-PBCH content within the repeated SS block can be different and / or can change. A set (e.g., a single set) of SS block time locations can be specified for a frequency range, a frequency band, and / or a sub-band.

[0109] The SS block can contain one or more signals. For example, the SS block can contain one or more of the following: NR-PSS, NR-SSS, and / or NR-PBCH. A signal type can be contained within the SS block. For example, another type (e.g., a second type) of PBCH signal can be contained within the SS block (e.g., a secondary NR-PBCH signal can be contained within the SS block). Another type (e.g., a third type) of SS signal (e.g., a third SS and / or NR-SS signal) and / or NR-PSS and / or NR-SSS can be contained within the SS block. Other signal types (e.g., a mobile reference signal (MRS) and / or a measurement reference signal) can be contained. One or more other channels (e.g., data transmission and / or control information) can be multiplexed within the SS block. One or more signals (e.g., NR-PBCH, a second NR-PBCH, a second type NR-PBCH, a third NR-PBCH, and / or a third type SS signal) can be deactivated within one or more SS blocks.

[0110] One or more of the following signals can be used to indicate the SS block index. The signals include NR-SS, NR-PBCH, another NR-SS, another type of NR-SS (e.g., a third NR-SS), another NR-PBCH, another type of NR-PBCH (e.g., a secondary NR-PBCH), etc. The SS block index can be carried within the payload of the PBCH signal and / or channel. For example, the SS block index can be carried within the payload of the PBCH signal and / or channel when the SS block index is indicated (e.g., indicated using the NR-PBCH, another NR-PBCH, and / or other type of NR-PBCH). The SS block index can be embedded within one or more of the NR-PBCH, another NR-PBCH, and / or other type of NR-PBCH using implicit features (e.g., CRC mask and / or sequence scrambling). The WTRU can not assume that the gNB and / or TRP will transmit the same number of physical beams (one or more). The WTRU can not assume that the gNB and / or TRP will transmit the same number of physical beams (one or more) on one or more (different) SS blocks within an SS burst and / or within an SS burst set.

[0111] The system frame can be acquired.

[0112] The system frame can be acquired using the SS block and / or burst.

[0113] The SS block index can be used to indicate the radio frame number. When the SS block index indicates one or more of the N block radio frames, the N sf system frames can be indicated as follows: SFN = f(SFN within PBCH, SS block index). The SS block index can be represented by log2(N block ) bits for the SFN LSBs, which can be indicated by the SS block. The SFN within the PBCH can be represented by log2(N sf ) - log2(N block ) bits for the SFN MSBs, which can be indicated (e.g., by the NR-PBCH payload) within the NR-PBCH signal and channel.

[0114] Figure 5Exemplary system frame number acquisition is shown by using SS block index. At 502, a WTRU can detect an SS block and / or associated SS block index. At 504, the WTRU can derive the LSB of the SFN from the received SS block and / or associated SS block index. At 506, the WTRU can receive NR-PBCH. At 508, the WTRU can derive the MSB of the SFN from the received NR-PBCH signal and / or channel. At 510, the WTRU can acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN). For example, the WTRU can acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN) by combining the LSB indicated and / or conveyed within the SS block and the MSB indicated and / or conveyed within the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel.

[0115] The radio frame number can be indicated using the SS burst index. When the SS burst index indicates one or more N burst radio frames, N sf system frames can be indicated as follows: SFN = f(SFN within PBCH, SS burst index). The SS burst index can be represented by log2(N burst ) bits for the SFN LSB, which can be indicated using the SS burst, for example. The SFN within the PBCH can be represented by log2(N sf ) - log2(N burst ) bits for the SFN MSB, which can be indicated within the NR-PBCH signal and channel, for example.

[0116] Figure 6 Exemplary system frame number acquisition is shown by using SS block and / or burst. At 602, a WTRU can detect an SS burst and / or associated SS burst index. At 604, the WTRU can derive the LSB of the SFN from the received SS burst and / or associated SS burst index. At 606, the WTRU can receive NR-PBCH. At 608, the WTRU can derive the MSB of the SFN. For example, the WTRU can derive the MSB of the SFN from the received NR-PBCH payload. At 610, the WTRU can acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN). For example, the WTRU can acquire the SFN by combining the LSB that can be indicated and / or conveyed within the SS burst and the MSB that can be indicated and / or conveyed within the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel.

[0117] Multi-stage system frame acquisition can be provided.

[0118] Figure 7An example multi-stage system frame number acquisition (e.g., by using a 3-stage approach) is shown. The SNF can be a function of one or more of the following parameters: SS block / burst index, scrambling code, and / or SNF within NR-RBCH. The SFN can be f(SS block / burst index, scrambling code, SNF within NR-RBCH).

[0119] An example multi-stage frame number acquisition can be performed as follows: at 702, the WTRU can select a SS block and / or burst. At 704, the WTRU can obtain a first part of the SFN from the received SS block / burst. At 706, the WTRU can receive a NR-PBCH. At 708, the WTRU can obtain a second part of the SNF from the scrambling code. At 710, the WTRU can obtain a third part of the SNF from the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel (e.g., payload). At 712, the WTRU can acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN). For example, the WTRU can acquire the SFN (e.g., over multiple stages) by combining the first part of the SFN indicated within the SS block, the second part of the SFN indicated within the scrambling code, and / or the third part of the SFN indicated within the NR-PBCH payload.

[0120] Figure 8 An example system frame number acquisition (e.g., multi-stage system frame number acquisition, e.g., by a 4-stage acquisition) is shown. The SFN can be based on (e.g., a function of) one or more of the following parameters: SS block index, SS burst index, scrambling code, and / or SFN within NR-PBCH. The SFN can be f(SS block index, SS burst index, scrambling code, SFN within NR-PBCH). An example multi-stage system frame number acquisition can be performed as follows. At 802, the WTRU can detect a SS block. At 804, the WTRU can obtain a first part of the SFN from the received SS block. At 806, the WTRU can detect a SS burst. At 808, the WTRU can obtain a second part of the SFN from the received SS burst. At 810, the WTRU can receive a NR-PBCH. At 812, the WTRU can acquire a third part of the SFN from the scrambling code. At 814, the WTRU can obtain a fourth part of the SFN from the NR-PBCH payload.

[0121] At 816, the WTRU can acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN). For example, the WTRU can acquire the SFN (e.g., over multiple stages) by combining the first part of the SFN (indicated within the SS block), the second part of the SFN (indicated within the SS burst), the third part of the SFN (indicated within the scrambling code), and / or the fourth part of the SFN (e.g., indicated within the NR-PBCH payload).

[0122] Figure 9An example multi-stage system frame number acquisition is shown. The example multi-stage system frame number acquisition can be performed as follows. At 902, a WTRU can detect an SS block. At 904, the WTRU can acquire a first portion of LSBs of a SFN from a received SS block. At 906, the WTRU can receive an NR-PBCH. At 908, the WTRU can acquire a second portion of LSBs of the SFN from a scrambling code. At 910, the WTRU can obtain MSBs of the SFN from an NR-PBCH payload.

[0123] At 912, the WTRU can acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN). For example, the WTRU can acquire the SFN by combining the first portion of LSBs of the SFN (e.g., indicated within the SS block), the second portion of LSBs of the SFN (e.g., indicated within the scrambling code), and / or the MSBs of the SFN (e.g., indicated within the NR-PBCH payload).

[0124] System frame acquisition can be provided. One or more of the following can apply.

[0125] A WTRU can receive an SS block signal.

[0126] A WTRU can detect an SS block time indication within an SS burst set. The SS block time indication can be denoted as SS block_index , which can range from 1 to L-1, for example SS block_index = 0, 1, 2,..., L-1.

[0127] A WTRU can obtain a first portion of a SFN from the detected SS block time indication SS block_index . For example, the WTRU can obtain the first portion of the SFN from the detected SS block time indication via the following equation:

[0128]

[0129] The first portion of the SFN can be 0 or 1.

[0130] A WTRU can descramble and / or decode an NR-PBCH channel. The WTRU can use a scrambling code and / or an offset version of the scrambling code to descramble the NR-PBCH signal.

[0131] A scrambling code can be scrambling codes 0, 1, 2,..., Z-1. The scrambling codes 0, 1, 2,..., Z-1 can be referred to as original scrambling codes.

[0132] A scrambling code offset (e.g., with J code offset) can be scrambling codes J, J+1,..., Z-1, 0, 1,..., J-1. The scrambling code offset can be a J code cyclic offset of the original scrambling codes.

[0133] The number of bits in the second part of the SFN can be determined (e.g., obtained) based on the following formula:

[0134]

[0135] The WTRU can determine (e.g., obtain) the bit content (e.g., specific bit content) of the second part of the SFN from the detected scrambling offset, for example, using the following table (assuming J=4):

[0136] Scrambling code offset (J) Second portion of SFN 0 00 1 01 2 10 3 11

[0137] Table 1: The second part of SFN (J=4)

[0138] For J=8, the second part of SFN can be 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, and / or 111.

[0139] The WTRU can obtain the third part of the SFN from the NR-PBCH payload. This third part of the SFN can be equal to the SFN bits carried by the PBCH (e.g., those shown in the output).

[0140] The WTRU can obtain the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN) by concatenating and / or combining the first part of the SFN obtained from the SS block, the second part of the SFN obtained from the scrambling code, and / or the third part of the SFN transported within the NR-PBCH payload. Examples of concatenation and / or combination are as follows: Figure 10 As shown.

[0141] For example, if b is obtained via the SS block index x-1 b1, b0; b is obtained through the detected scrambling code and offset. y-1 ..., b1, b0; and / or obtain b via decoding the PBCH payload. z-1 Given b1, b0, ..., b1, then SFN (e.g., the entire SFN) can be:

[0142] SFN = b z-1 ..., b1, b0, b y-1 ..., b1, b0, b x-1 ..., b1, b0

[0143] One or more portions (e.g., different portions) of the SFN bits can be obtained via the PBCH payload, SS block index, and / or one or more combinations (e.g., different combinations) of scrambling codes and offsets. For example, based on design and system parameters, a first portion of the SFN bits can be obtained via the detected scrambling code and offset, a second portion of the SFN bits can be obtained via the SS block index or time index, and / or a third portion of the SFN bits can be obtained via the PBCH payload.Figure 11 An acquisition example is shown. One or more portions (e.g., different portions) of the SFN bits can be obtained and / or acquired by, for example, detecting and / or decoding SS block and PBCH signals and channels. The one or more portions (e.g., different portions) of the SFN bits can be concatenated and / or combined to form a set (e.g., final set) of SFN bits.

[0144] A SS block index can be conveyed within the PBCH. For example, the SS block index can be explicitly conveyed within the PBCH within a payload and / or implicitly conveyed within a signal. For example, as described, explicit can refer to an indication that can be in the form of bits conveyed within the PBCH as a payload. Implicit can refer to an indication that is part of a signal, for example, initialization of the signal and / or an offset within the signal but not included (e.g., explicitly included) as part of a payload.

[0145] A system frame based on an operation mode can be acquired.

[0146] Various periodicities (e.g., a set of periodicities for a set of SS bursts) can be used. A periodicity can be predefined as a default periodicity for SS burst set transmission. The default periodicity can be denoted as N default radio frames. A set of periodicities can be denoted as N adapt，1 , N adapt，2 ,..., N adapt，Q radio frames.

[0147] A WTRU can detect a SS block based on, for example, a default periodicity. For example, during an initial access procedure, a WTRU can detect a SS block based on a default periodicity. A WTRU can indicate a SS block_index A first portion of the SFN is obtained by using the following equation:

[0148]

[0149] A WTRU can use a default periodicity and / or one or more periodicities within a set of periodicities. For example, during an idle mode, a WTRU can use a default periodicity and / or one or more periodicities within a set of periodicities. A network can indicate a periodicity to a WTRU. After a WTRU receives the indicated periodicity, the WTRU can override the default periodicity. The periodicity for adjustment can be indicated using NR-PBCH. NR-PBCH can convey one or more bits (e.g., a number of bits) to indicate a periodicity. A WTRU can obtain an updated periodicity. For example, a WTRU can obtain an updated periodicity after the WTRU decodes NR-PBCH. The periodicity for adjustment can be indicated using minimum system information.

[0150] A WTRU can indicate a SS plock_indexto obtain the first part of the SFN:

[0151]

[0152] During RRC connected mode, the WTRU can use one or more of the periodicities within the set of periodicities. The network can indicate the periodicity to the WTRU. After the WTRU receives the indicated periodicity, the WTRU can override the previously used periodicity. The periodicity for adjustment can be indicated using dedicated signaling (e.g., RRC signaling). The RRC signaling can convey one or more bits (e.g., a number of bits) to indicate the periodicity specific to the WTRU.

[0153] The WTRU can use the following equation to derive the SS from the detected SS block time indication SS block_index to obtain the first part of the SFN:

[0154]

[0155] System frame acquisition with confirmation can be performed.

[0156] The system frame number can be acquired, for example, with confirmation. Figure 12 An example system frame number acquisition with confirmation is shown. One or more of the following can be performed. At 1202, the WTRU can receive and / or detect an SS signal. At 1204, the WTRU can receive and / or detect an SS burst. At 1206, the WTRU can obtain a first part of the SFN from the received SS burst. At 1208, the WTRU can receive an NR-PUBCH signal and / or channel. At 1210, the WTRU can detect a scrambling code. At 1212, the WTRU can obtain a first part of the SFN from the detected scrambling code.

[0157] At 1214, the WTRU can compare the first part of the SFN (e.g., obtained from the received SS burst). If the first part of the SFN obtained from the received SS burst is not the same as the first part of the SFN obtained from the detected scrambling code, at 1202, the WTRU can detect an SS signal. If the first part of the SFN obtained from the received SS burst is the same as the first part of the SFN obtained from the detected scrambling code, at 1216, the WTRU can confirm that the first part of the SFN is successfully acquired.

[0158] At 1218, the WTRU can obtain a second portion of the SFN from the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel (e.g., payload). At 1220, the WTRU can determine (e.g., acquire) the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN). For example, the WTRU can acquire the SFN by combining the first portion of the SFN (e.g., indicated within the SS burst) with the second portion of the SFN (e.g., can be indicated within the NR-PBCH, such as the signal and / or payload within the NR-PBCH).

[0159] An example of SFN acquisition with acknowledgement can be performed as follows. For example, a system frame number or a portion of the system frame number can be transmitted to the WTRU. The system frame number can be transmitted to the WTRU by one or more ways (e.g., more than one way can be used simultaneously). The system frame number can be transmitted to the WTRU by a scrambling sequence or scrambling code for PBCH, for example. The system frame number can be transmitted to the WTRU by the PBCH payload simultaneously. A number of bits can be transmitted to the WTRU. For example, an even or an uneven number of bits can be transmitted to the WTRU. The same number of bits of the system frame number or a different number of bits of the system frame number can be transmitted to the WTRU (e.g., by using one or more ways). For example, X bits of the system frame number can be transmitted to the WTRU (e.g., via the PBCH payload) and Y bits of the system frame number can be transmitted to the WTRU (e.g., via the PBCH scrambling). X can be 10 bits and Y can be 2, 3, or 4 bits. Y can be a subset of X. For example, a first portion of the bits of the system frame number can be transmitted to the WTRU (e.g., via the scrambling sequence or scrambling code) and a second portion of the bits of the system frame number can be transmitted to the WTRU (e.g., via the PBCH payload). The first and second portions of the bits of the system frame number can overlap (e.g., completely overlap or partially overlap). The first and second portions of the bits of the system frame number can not overlap. When the first and second portions of the bits of the system frame number completely overlap, the first and second portions of the bits of the system frame number can be the same. When the first and second portions of the bits of the system frame number partially overlap, some of the first and second portions of the bits of the system frame number can be the same. When the first and second portions of the bits of the system frame number do not overlap, the first and second portions of the bits of the system frame number can not be the same. The same portion of the bits of the system frame number can be used for acknowledgement.

[0160] Figure 13An example of system frame number acquisition with confirmation is shown. At 1302, the WTRU can detect an SS signal. At 1304, the WTRU can detect an SS burst and / or SS block. At 1306, the WTRU can obtain the LSB of the SFN. For example, the WTRU can obtain the LSB of the SFN from the received SS burst and / or SS block. At 1308, the WTRU can detect (e.g., can simultaneously detect) a scrambling code. At 1310, the WTRU can obtain the LSB of the SFN from the detected scrambling code.

[0161] At 1312, the WTRU can compare the LSB of the SFN obtained from the received SS burst and / or the LSB of the SFN obtained from the detected scrambling code. At 1314, if the LSB of the SFN (e.g., obtained from the received SS block or SS burst, such as from the PBCH payload within the SS block or burst) is not the same as the LSB of the SFN obtained from the detected scrambling code, the WTRU can detect an SS signal at 1302. At 1314, if the LSB of the SFN (e.g., obtained from the received SS block or SS burst, such as from the PBCH payload within the SS block or burst) is the same as the LSB of the SFN obtained from the detected scrambling code, the WTRU can confirm that the LSB of the SFN is successfully acquired. At 1316, the WTRU can receive an NR-PBCH signal and / or channel. At 1318, the WTRU can obtain the MSB of the SFN from the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel (e.g., from the PBCH payload within the SS block or burst). At 1320, the WTRU can obtain the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN). For example, the WTRU can obtain the SFN by combining the LSB indicated within the SS block or burst with the MSB indicated within the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel.

[0162] An SS block or SS burst can include one or more of the following: PSS, SSS, and / or PBCH. The PBCH can include a PBCH payload and / or a PBCH data demodulation reference signal (DMRS). The PBCH payload or bits can be scrambled by, for example, a scrambling sequence or scrambling code. The scrambling sequence or scrambling code can be based on (e.g., fully based on or partially based on) a cell ID. The scrambling sequence or scrambling code can be a function of the cell ID or can be a function of the cell ID and other ID(s) and / or index(es). For example, the scrambling sequence or scrambling code can be a function of the cell ID and / or timing information. The scrambling sequence or scrambling code can be determined by the cell ID and / or timing information index (e.g., SS block index, SFN, etc.).

[0163] One or more SFN acquisition can be used for one or more SS burst set periods, for example, to optimize system performance. For example, SFN acquisition can be used and / or associated with a period, and / or another SFN acquisition can be used and / or associated with another period.

[0164] SS period based system frame acquisition with periodic adjustment can be performed.

[0165] Figure 13A 、 13B An example procedure of system frame acquisition with periodic adjustment is shown. Figure 13A 、 13B Features associated with system frame acquisition with periodic adjustment are described. For example, the features can include one or more of the following.

[0166] At 1350, the WTRU can detect and / or receive a signal as a SS block burst. At 1352, the WTRU can determine whether an adjustment (e.g., adjustment information) of the SS burst set period is received. At 1354, the WTRU can receive information on SS burst set adjustment and / or transmitted SS block from NR-PBCH, minimum system information, and / or RRC signaling. For example, the WTRU can receive NR-PBCH, minimum system information, and / or RRC signaling to acquire and / or determine adjustment information. The WTRU can receive adjustment information from NR-PBCH, minimum system information, and / or RRC signaling to adjust and / or update the SS burst set period.

[0167] If no adjustment is received, the WTRU can use a default period (e.g., default SS period) for detection. For example, the default SS burst set period can be 20ms and / or N default may be equal to 2 radio frames. A radio frame can be 10ms.

[0168] If adjustment is received, at 1368, a predetermined set of periods can be used. The predetermined set of periods can be {5ms, 10ms, 20ms, 40ms, 80ms, 160ms} and / or N adapt may be equal to {0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16}.

[0169] The period can be short or long. The period can be default.

[0170] If a period adjustment is not received, at 1356, the WTRU can use a default SS burst set period. During the default SS burst set period, at 1358, a portion (e.g., a first portion) of the SFN can be acquired. For example, the portion (e.g., the first portion) of the SFN can be obtained from a received SS block and / or SS burst. The WTRU can obtain the first portion of the SFN from an SS block index or a time index. The SS block index or the time index can be indicated (e.g., implicitly indicated) by the NR-PBCH DMRS. The WTRU can obtain (e.g., directly obtain) the first portion of the SFN from the NR-PBCH DMRS. The WTRU can obtain the first portion of the SFN from an SS block index or a time index indicated (e.g., explicitly indicated) by the NR-PBCH. The WTRU can decode, for example, the NR-PBCH to obtain the SS block index or the time index (e.g., if needed). SFN_1 can be equal to floor(Ndefault x SSBlockID / L). At 1360, the WTRU can detect, descramble, and / or decode the NR-PBCH. At 1362, the WTRU can obtain a second portion of the SFN. For example, the WTRU can obtain the second portion of the SFN from a scrambling code and / or an offset (SFN_2). The WTRU can follow Table 2.

[0171] Scrambling code offset Second portion of SFN 0 00 1 01 2 10 3 11

[0172] Table 2

[0173] At 1364, the WTRU can obtain a third portion of the SFN. For example, the WTRU can obtain the third portion of the SFN (SFN_3) from a PBCH payload. At 1366, the portions (e.g., 3 portions) of the SFN can be combined. For example, the portions (e.g., 3 portions) of the SFN can be combined to generate the entire SFN [SFN_3, SFN_2, SFN_1].

[0174] A period adjustment can be received. If a period adjustment is received, at 1370, the WTRU can determine whether the period is long or short. The WTRU can determine whether the period is default.

[0175] For a short period adjustment, one or more of the following can apply. For a short period adjustment, at 1372, the WTRU can detect, descramble, and / or decode the NR-PBCH. For a short period adjustment, at 1374, the WTRU can obtain a first portion of the SFN (SFN_1) from a scrambling code and / or an offset described herein. For a short period adjustment, at 1376, the WTRU can obtain a second portion of the SFN (SFN_2) from a PBCH payload. At 1378, the two portions can be combined. For example, the two portions can be combined to generate SFN [SFN_2, SFN_1] (e.g., the entire SFN [SFN_2, SFN_1]).

[0176] For long cycle adjustment, one or more of the following can be applied. For long cycle adjustment, at 1380, the WTRU can obtain a first part of the SFN from a received SS block or SS burst. For example, the WTRU can obtain the first part of the SFN from an (e.g., implicitly indicated) SS block index or time index indicated by the NR-PBCH DMRS. The WTRU can obtain (e.g., directly obtain) the first part of the SFN from the NR-PBCH DMRS. The WTRU can obtain the first part of the SFN from an (e.g., explicitly indicated) SS block index or time index indicated by the NR-PBCH. At 1382, the WTRU can decode the NR-PBCH. For example, the WTRU can decode the NR-PBCH to obtain the SS block index or time index (e.g., if needed). For long cycle adjustment, SFN_1 can be equal to floor(Nadapt,i x SSBlockID / L). For long cycle adjustment, the WTRU can detect, descramble, and / or decode the NR-PBCH. For long cycle adjustment, at 1384, the WTRU can obtain a second part of the SFN (SFN_2) from the PBCH payload. At 1386, the multiple parts (e.g., two parts) can be combined to generate the entire SFN [SFN_2, SFN_1].

[0177] For default cycle adjustment, the WTRU can perform the operations described herein. For example, for default cycle adjustment, the WTRU can perform the operations described herein if no cycle adjustment is received. One or more of the following can be applied.

[0178] An indicator can be used to represent and / or obtain the 5 ms timing indication, boundary, and / or N adapt may be equal to 0.5 radio frame timing indication. The indicator can be a 1-bit indicator. The indicator can be signaled by NR-PBCH, remaining minimum system information (RMSI), and / or RRC signaling. The indicator (e.g., 1-bit indicator) can be indicated (e.g., implicitly indicated) via DMRS (such as NR-PBCH DMRS).

[0179] The SFN can be derived from one or more of the following. The SFN can be derived from the PBCH-DMRS. The SFN can be derived from the SS block index and / or SS block timing index. The SFN can be derived from the scrambling code. The SFN can be derived from the PBCH payload. The SFN can be derived from the CRC mask.

[0180] The features (e.g., solutions) described herein can be applied to hyper-SFN (H-SFN).

[0181] One or more SS signal and / or sequence features can be performed.

[0182] One or more SS sequences (e.g., with SS bursts) can be performed using Zadoff-Chu sequences. The sequence length is selected to accommodate and / or verify one or more (e.g., different) SS bandwidths and / or one or more (e.g., different) FFT sizes. For example, Zadoff Chu of length 63 (ZC63), Zadoff Chu of length 127 (ZC127), and / or Zadoff Chu of length 255 (ZC255).

[0183] For a sequence length (e.g., each sequence length), a root can be selected. For example, a root can be selected to achieve the best performance for SS signal and / or burst detection. One or more of the following can be performed for a root, for example. The value of the root can vary from 1 to N-1. N can be the length of the Zadoff-Chu sequence. The ZC sequence can be generated using the equation zcSeq(n+1) = exp(-j*(pi*root*n*(n+1)) / N). "n" can be the sample point for which the value is calculated, and / or "N" can be the sequence length. "root" can be the root used to generate the sequence. A detection threshold can be calculated for the root. The calculation of the root can be performed using a simulation in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with SNR of 0 dB. The sequence can not be transmitted from a transmitter, and / or a receiver can determine (e.g., calculate) the association of the data received from the channel. A detection threshold can be selected, and / or the detection threshold can give a false alarm probability of 0.1. The PSS transmission can be performed in a CDL channel model. After passing through the channel model, a part-per-million (PPM) of carrier frequency offset (CFO) can be added to the data. AWGN at one or more SNR values (e.g., different values) can be used. The received data can be associated with a PSS sequence replica. The highest peak can be compared to the selected threshold. Comparing the highest peak to the selected threshold can determine the detection probability at the SNR (e.g., the selected SNR). The relationship between the detection probability and the root selected for the Zadoff Chu sequence can be plotted. A root can be selected. For example, a root with the best detection performance can be selected. Selecting a root with the best detection performance can indicate that there is no flooring of the detection probability as the SNR is increased, for example, in the 1 PPM CFO case.

[0184] Figure 14 Performance is shown for ZC255 sequences. The performance at low SNR can be consistent for one or more (e.g., all) roots. In higher SNR (e.g., with increased CFO), some roots can exhibit poor flooring performance and / or can perform poorly. For example, in the example shown in Figure 14 the selected root 1 performs the best. AsFigure 15 As shown, the root value 62 can be selected for ZC 127. For example... Figure 14 As shown, root value 1 can be selected for ZC255. For the ZC 63 sequence, one of the root values ​​selected in LTE (e.g., root index number or root index 29) can be used.

[0185] Figure 14 and Figure 15 Exemplary performance for the ZC255 sequence and / or ZC127 sequence are shown respectively. Performance at low SNRs can be consistent for one or more (e.g., all) roots. At higher SNRs (e.g., with increased CFO), one or more roots may exhibit poorer performance and / or may perform poorly. Figure 14 As shown, for ZC255, root 1 performs optimally. Other roots may include 123 and / or 165. Figure 15 As shown, for ZC 127, the roots for optimal performance are 62, 65 and / or 75.

[0186] like Figure 15 As shown, the root value 62 can be selected for ZC 127. For example... Figure 14 As shown, the root value 1 can be selected for ZC 255. For the ZC63 sequence, one of the selected roots (e.g., in LTE), such as the root index number or root index 29, can be used.

[0187] A sequence (e.g., a base sequence) may contain one or more of the following: Root index 62 may be used for ZC 127, and / or root index 1 may be used for ZC255. Root indices 65 and / or 75 may be used for ZC127. Root indices 123 and 165 may be used for ZC255.

[0188] By using frequency repetition, time repetition, and / or frequency and time repetition, a sequence (e.g., a base sequence) can be used as a basic component for constructing longer sequences (one or more).

[0189] One or more (e.g., different) PSS sequences can be constructed using one or more (e.g., 3) base sequences (e.g., by using a selected root) and / or one or more (e.g., different) repetition patterns. Constructing one or more PSS sequences using one or more base sequences (e.g., by using a selected root) and / or one or more repetition patterns can include one or more of the following. One or more zero values can be calculated for an FFT size, a sequence length, and / or a repetition number. zpLen = floor((nFFT - zcSeqLen * zcRep - 1) / 2), where zpLen can be a length of zero padding on one or more sides (e.g., either side) of the sequence. nFFT can be an FFT size. zcSeqLEn can be a length of a ZC sequence. zcRep can be a repetition number of a ZC sequence. 1 can be for a DC.

[0190] The construction with repetition can be performed.

[0191] If repetition is not performed, a length L = (zcSeqLen - 1) / 2 can be calculated. The first length L (1:L) symbols can be symbols of a selected sequence and / or can be mapped to L subcarriers (e.g., on a DC subcarrier side). The last length L symbols (L+2:zcSeqLen) can be symbols of a selected sequence and / or can be mapped to L subcarriers (e.g., on one or the other side of the DC subcarrier). Zero for a DC and / or zero padding can be inserted on one or more sides (e.g., 2 sides) to, for example, construct a sequence (e.g., a final sequence). Figure 16 An example of inserting zero for a DC and / or zero padding on one or more sides (e.g., 2 sides) to construct a final sequence is shown.

[0192] A sequence (e.g., the same sequence) can be used on one or more sides (e.g., either side) of a DC subcarrier. For example, if one or more sequence (e.g., 2 sequences) repetition is performed, a sequence (e.g., the same sequence) can be used on one or more sides (e.g., either side) of a DC subcarrier. Figure 17 An example of using a sequence (e.g., the same sequence) on one or more sides (e.g., either side) of a DC subcarrier is shown.

[0193] If four repetitions are performed, a sequence (e.g., the same sequence) can be used twice on each side of a DC subcarrier. Figure 18 An example of using a sequence (e.g., the same sequence) twice on each side of a DC subcarrier is shown.

[0194] Figure 19 An example new radio (NR)-assisted synchronization signal (SSS) design is illustrated.

[0195] At 1902, an SSS sequence can be generated. The SSS sequence can be an NR-SSS 1904. The SSS sequence can be generated using one or more M-sequences. For example, the SSS can be generated using an XOR of two M-sequences. One or more of the following can be applied. A polynomial can be defined for an m-sequence. For example, two generator polynomials can be defined for an m-sequence. A cyclic shift (e.g., a ring shift) can be applied to the m-sequence. For example, a cyclic shift (e.g., a ring shift) can be applied to the m-sequence according to a cell ID (e.g., an NR cell ID). The SSS (e.g., NR-SSS) sequence can be generated using a polynomial with an N1 cyclic shift (e.g., ring shift) and / or a polynomial with an N2 cyclic shift (e.g., ring shift). For example, N1 can be equal to 127 and / or N2 can be equal to 9. Example polynomials for the two polynomials can be f0(x) = x 7 + x 4 + 1 and / or f1(x) = x 7 + x + 1. The polynomials for the two polynomials can be used for replacement and / or optimization. An initial state (e.g., an initial state for the SSS, such as an NR-SSS) can be 0000001. Two (e.g., two different) M-sequences (e.g., M-sequences of the same length) can be generated with two (e.g., two different) polynomials (e.g., polynomials of the same order). 1000 (e.g., approximately 1000) cell IDs can be used and / or indicated. The cell IDs (e.g., the indicated and / or used cell IDs) can be referred to as nCellMax. One or more (e.g., different) ways can be employed to indicate and / or use the cell IDs.

[0196] For generating two (e.g., two different) M-sequences (e.g., M-sequences of the same length) with two (e.g., two different) polynomials (e.g., polynomials of the same order), one or more of the following can be applied.

[0197] The M-sequences (e.g., different M-sequences) can be constructed according to polynomials (e.g., irreducible primitive polynomials). For example, the M-sequences (e.g., different M-sequences) are constructed according to polynomials (e.g., irreducible primitive polynomials) of a predetermined order (e.g., degree). For example, for an order of 7, there can be 18 (e.g., 18 different) polynomials available. The polynomials can be represented by octal values. For example, the polynomials can be represented by the following octal values: 203, 211, 217, 221, 235, 247, 253, 271, 277, 301, 313, 323, 325, 345, 357, 361, 367, 375.

[0198] One or more combinations of polynomials (e.g., two polynomials) from a set (e.g., a set of polynomials) can be used. One or more polynomials (e.g., irreducible primitive polynomials) can be used. For example, combinations of pairs of polynomials (e.g., irreducible primitive polynomials) (e.g., preferred pairs) can be used. Such combinations of pairs of polynomials (e.g., irreducible primitive polynomials) (e.g., preferred pairs) can produce golden coding.

[0199] The length of the M-sequence can be 127 and / or the polynomial can be of order 7 (e.g., 2^17 and 2^11, which can be a pair, such as a preferred pair, to generate the golden code):

[0200] Octal 217 can be represented as binary 10001111, which can be converted to:

[0201]

[0202] s1 = 1 - 2x

[0203] Octal 2^11 can be represented as binary 10001001, which can be converted to:

[0204]

[0205] s² = 1 - 2x

[0206] Initialize both:

[0207] x(0)=0,x(1)=0,x(2)=0,x(3)=0,x(4)=0,x(5)=0,x(6)=1

[0208] A possible combination is [221, 203]. This combination can correspond to the polynomial f0(x) = x. 7 +x 4 +1 and f1(x) = x 7 +x+1.

[0209] It can indicate 1000 (e.g., approximately 1000) cell IDs. The indicated cell ID can be referred to as nCellMax. One or more (e.g., different) methods can be used to indicate the cell ID. One or more of the following can be applied.

[0210] The cell ID can be indicated (e.g., determined) by the SSS (e.g., SSS only). One or more cyclic offset (e.g., ring offset) parameters can be equal to a function (cell ID). For example, [m0, n1] can be equal to the function (cell ID). The cyclic offset (e.g., ring offset) parameter (e.g., m0) can be set to one or more (e.g., different) values. Figure 19As shown, one or more cyclic offset parameters (e.g., values ​​of cyclic offset parameters) can be determined from one or more sets of cyclic offsets (e.g., ring offset sets). For example, a cyclic offset parameter (e.g., m0) can be determined (e.g., set) from a set of cyclic offsets (e.g., 0 to p-1). Figure 19 As shown, the cyclic offset set of m0 can contain 112 values. s1 is cyclically offset (e.g., circularly offset) by m0. For example, like Figure 19 As shown, another cyclic offset parameter (e.g., n1) can be set to one or more (e.g., different) values. These one or more values ​​can be a set of cyclic offsets. Figure 19 As shown, the set of cyclic offsets for n1 can contain three values. The cyclic offset (e.g., n1) can be determined from the set of cyclic offsets (e.g., which may differ from the set of cyclic offsets that has a cyclic offset set (e.g., m0) set). For example, n1 can be set to a value from 0 to ceil (nCellMax / p), from 0 to floor (nCellMax / p), or other values ​​(e.g., some or all values). S2 can be cyclically offset by n1. For example,

[0211] m0 can be set to some or all values ​​from 0 to 126 (e.g., 127 cyclic offsets), and / or n1 can be set to some or all values ​​from 0 to 8 (e.g., 9 cyclic offsets). For example, an SSS (e.g., NR-SSS) sequence can be generated using a polynomial with 127 cyclic offsets and / or a polynomial with 9 cyclic offsets. m0 can be set to 0-32, and / or n1 can be set to 0 to 32. m0 and / or n1 can be set to one or more combinations, for example, that can be predetermined and / or known to the receiver.

[0212] A cell ID can be determined (e.g., indicated) based on one or more combinations of PSS and / or SSS. For example, a cell ID can be determined (e.g., indicated) based on one or more cell IDs carried by one or more combinations of PSS and / or SSS. [m0,m1,NID2] can be equal to the function (cell ID). PSS can indicate one or more (e.g., 3) NID2. NID2 can be a cell ID carried by PSS (e.g., NR-PSS). For example, PSS can carry one or more (e.g., 3) cell IDs. ceil(nCellMax. / 3) can be set using the m0 and m1 offsets of s1 and s2. If nCellMax = 1008, ceil(nCellMax. / 3) can be equal to 336. The range of NID1 can be [0,335], as shown at 1906. NID1 can be a cell ID carried by SSS (e.g., NR-SSS).

[0213] A cyclic shift parameter (e.g., m0) can be set to one or more values. For example, m0 can be set to 0 to p-1 with or without an offset. The offset can be fixed, or as shown, the offset can be a function of m1 and NID2. S1 can be cyclically shifted by m0. For example, m1 can be set to one or more values. For example, m1 can be set to a value from 0 to ceil(nCellMax / (3*p))-1, a value from 0 to floor(nCellMax / (3*p)), or other values. s2 can be cyclically shifted by n1. n1 can be equal to m1, a function of m1, or a function of m1 and one or more other parameters. For example, n1 = f(m1, NID2). For example,

[0214]

[0215] n1 = f(m1, NID2)

[0216] eg: n1 = m1*3 + NID2

[0217] m0 can be set to 0 to 111. p can be equal to 112. For example, p can be equal to 112 for uniform distribution over 0-335. m1 can be equal to 0, 1, 2. NID2 can be equal to 0, 1, 2 as shown at 1908. In the presence of an offset, m0 = m0 + offset, where the offset can be n1 + 1. 112 offsets (e.g., different offsets) can be used for a first sequence, and / or 9 offsets (e.g., different offsets) can be used for a second sequence (e.g., assuming 1008 cell IDs).

[0218] m0 can be set to 0 to 126 (e.g., p = 127); m1 can be set to 0, 1, 2; and / or NID2 can be set to 0, 1, 2. In the presence of an offset, m0 can be equal to m0 + offset. The offset can be n1 + 1. [127, 127, 82] offsets can be used for a first sequence, e.g., different offsets (e.g., 3 different offsets) corresponding to a second sequence.

[0219] NID2 can be set to 0, 1, 2 as shown at 1912. m0 can be set to 0 to 32; and / or m1 can be set to 0 to 11. In the presence of an offset, m0 = m0 + offset, where the offset can be n1 + 1. 32 offsets can be used for a first sequence, and 12 offsets (e.g., different offsets) can be used for a second sequence (assuming 1056 cell IDs are present). For example, SSS (e.g., separate SSS) can be used to indicate 1056 cell IDs. 12 offsets within a sequence and 36 offsets within a sequence can indicate 1056 cell IDs (e.g., a total of 1056 unique cell IDs).

[0220] As provided herein, nl can be equal to ml, can be a function of ml, or can be a function of ml and one or more other parameters. The cyclic shift (e.g., ring shift) values nl and mo can be determined (e.g., jointly determined) by a cell ID carried by the NR-PSS (e.g., NID2 = 0, 1, 2) and / or a cell ID carried by the NR-SSS (e.g., NID1 = 0, 1,..., 335). For example, as shown in Figure 19 one or more cyclic shift values can be determined by a decorrelation of the SSS sequence. The cell ID can be given as where Q can be a scaling factor. The value of Q can be equal to 1, or the value of Q can be greater than 1, e.g., Q = 1 or Q = 5; and / or mo = (NID1 mod 112) + offset. The offset can be 0. For example, no offset value can be used. The offset can be a non-zero value. For example, the offset can be a fixed value, or can depend on one or more parameters (e.g., the offset can be nl + 1).

[0221] NID2, mo, and / or ml can be set to one or more combinations, which can be, for example, predefined and / or known to the receiver.

[0222] One or more features (e.g., functions) for nl and / or mo can be used.

[0223] A quasi co-location (QCL) indication for a synchronization signal (SS) block can be used. Figure 20 An example quasi co-location (QCL) indication for an SS block is shown.

[0224] A WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with a same SS block index or time index can be QCLed. For example, a WTRU can determine that SS blocks with a same SS block index or time index under a SS burst set can be QCLed. A gNB can indicate (e.g., to a WTRU) when the determination (e.g., assumption) can not be made. For example, a gNB can include an identification to indicate (e.g., to a WTRU) that SS blocks with a same SS block index or time index can not be QCLed. The identification can be included in a PBCH payload, remaining minimum system information (RMSI), and / or other system information (OSI). The identification can indicate SS blocks (e.g., all SS blocks) with a same SS block index or time index that can not be QCLed. One or more flags can be used. For example, one or more flags can be used when a single SS block with a SS block (e.g., same SS block) index or time index that can be QCLed can be indicated using a flag (e.g., per SS block and / or per SS block group). One or more flags can be used per SS block group, for example, to indicate that a single SS block group can be QCLed.

[0225] A WTRU can not determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with different SS block indices or time indices are QCLed. A gNB can indicate to a WTRU, for example, whether SS blocks with different SS block indices can be QCLed. A gNB can use one or more of the following ways to indicate QCL of SS blocks with different SS block indices or time indices. For example, a gNB can use a repetition factor (e.g., a single repetition factor), multiple repetition factors, and / or a toggle bitmap.

[0226] A gNB can use a repetition factor Q to indicate, for example, QCL of SS blocks. For example, a WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that Q SS blocks are QCLed when the indication is received by the WTRU. The Q SS blocks can be consecutive and / or based on one or more predefined patterns. The Q SS blocks can be configured.

[0227] A gNB can use one or more repetition factors. For example, a gNB can use repetition factors Q1, Q2, and so on. A gNB can use repetition factors to indicate QCL of SS blocks. A WTRU can assume that Q1 SS blocks and Q2 SS blocks and so on can be QCLed when the indication is received by the WTRU. The Q1, Q2,... SS blocks can be consecutive and / or based on one or more predefined patterns. The Q1, Q2,... SS blocks can be configured. For example, a WTRU can assume that SS blocks with indices #0 to Q1-1 can be QCLed. A WTRU can assume that SS blocks with indices Q1 to Q1+Q2-1 can be QCLed.

[0228] The gNB can use a trigger bitmap to indicate, for example, QCL of SS blocks. The WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with a bit value (e.g., same bit value) can be QCLed. For example, the WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with the same bit value can be QCLed when the WTRU receives the QCL indication. The WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with indices #0 and 1 can be QCLed. The WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with indices #2, 3, and 4 can be QCLed. The WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with indices #5 and 6 can be QCLed. Figure 21 An example QCL indication for SS blocks is shown.

[0229] QCL can be associated with spatial, average gain, delay, and / or Doppler parameters.

[0230] QCL indication can be for maximum SS block, SS block candidate, SS block nominal location, and / or transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS block.

[0231] Rate matching indication can be used.

[0232] For transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks, a rate matching indication using a bitmap can be utilized. For example, a rate matching indication using a bitmap can be utilized to enable a WTRU to perform rate matching for PDSCH and / or PDCCH reception and / or detection. The rate matching indication can be WTRU specific. The indicated transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks can be WTRU specific. For example, a rate matching indication informing an entire set or a subset of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks can be indicated to a WTRU for performing rate matching for PDSCH and / or PDCCH reception. A rate matching indication informing an entire set or a subset of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks can be indicated to a WTRU for performing rate matching for PDSCH and / or PDCCH reception. Another rate matching indication informing another entire set or a subset of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks can be indicated to another WTRU for performing rate matching for PDSCH and / or PDCCH reception. The rate matching indication can be carried within WTRU specific signaling. For example, the rate matching indication can be carried within RRC signaling. For example, the rate matching indication can be carried within WTRU specific L1 / 2 control channel (e.g., downlink control information (DCI), NR-PDCCH, MAC, and / or MAC control element (CE) signaling). For example, to handle dynamic nature of rate matching (e.g., due to SS blocks, beams, and PDSCH or PDCCH), the rate matching indication can be carried within WTRU specific L1 / 2 control channel (e.g., downlink control information (DCI), NR-PDCCH, MAC, and / or MAC control element (CE) signaling).

[0233] A rate matching indication (e.g., 2-stage rate matching indication) can be used. For example, rate matching can use a first stage and / or a second stage. The first stage can indicate transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks. The second stage can indicate SS blocks for rate matching.

[0234] Rate matching can be performed using the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks. For example, rate matching can be performed using one or more (e.g., all) of the actually transmitted SS blocks. Coarse rate matching can be performed for one or more (e.g., all) WTRUs. For example, a first stage can be coarse rate matching for one or more (e.g., all) WTRUs. Rate matching can be enhanced using WTRU-specific SS blocks that can affect rate matching for the WTRU. If a subset (e.g., only a subset) of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks is needed to perform rate matching for a WTRU, the indication can include (e.g., can only include) the subset of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks. The indication can include (e.g., can only include) a subset of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks but not the set (e.g., the entire set) of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks. For example, in a second stage, the indication can include (e.g., can only include) a subset of the actually transmitted SS blocks and can not include the set (e.g., the entire set) of the actually transmitted SS blocks. The second stage can be the final rate matching for the WTRU. Rate matching can be performed using one stage. For example, rate matching can be performed using only stage 1 or only stage 2. Rate matching can be performed using two stages. For example, rate matching can be performed using a combination of stage 1 and stage 2.

[0235] Resources (e.g., indicated resources) can be reserved for the entire set or a subset of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks. For example, indicated resources (e.g., time and / or frequency resources) can be reserved for the entire set or a subset of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks. Rate matching can be performed for a data channel (e.g., PDSCH) and / or a control channel (e.g., PDCCH). For example, rate matching can be performed around the indicated transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks for a data channel (e.g., PDSCH) and / or a control channel (e.g., PDCCH). Rate matching can be performed for a data channel (e.g., PDSCH) and / or a control channel (e.g., PDCCH) for the entire set or a subset of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks.

[0236] One or more of the following can be used to indicate the actually transmitted SS blocks (e.g., the entire set or a subset). For example, the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks (e.g., the entire set or a subset) can be indicated using a group bitmap. A group or SS / PBCH group can be a contiguous SS / PBCH block. The group bitmap can indicate which group or SS / PBCH group can be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). For example, one or more (e.g., all) of the SS / PBCH blocks within the indicated transmitted group or SS / PBCH group can be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted).

[0237] The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks (e.g., the entire set or a subset) can be indicated by using a group bitmap (e.g., by using a bitmap within a group). A group or SS / PBCH group can be defined as consecutive SS blocks and / or SS / PBCH blocks. The bitmap within the group and / or SS / PBCH group can indicate which SS / PBCH block is to be transmitted (i.e., actually transmitted). For example, the bitmap within a group or SS / PBCH group can indicate which SS / PBCH block within the group or SS / PBCH group is to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). (Each) group or SS / PBCH group can have a SS / PBCH block transmission pattern (e.g., same or different patterns). The group bitmap can indicate which group or SS / PBCH group is to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted).

[0238] The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks (e.g., the entire set or a subset) can be indicated by using a group bitmap with a number of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks within a group. The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks can have a starting index (e.g., a fixed or non-fixed starting index) of the SS / PBCH blocks within a group or SS / PBCH group. A group or SS / PBCH group can be defined as consecutive SS / PBCH blocks. A group bitmap can be used to indicate which group or SS / PBCH group is to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). The SS / PBCH blocks within a group can be consecutive (e.g., logically consecutive). The number of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks can indicate the number of consecutive (e.g., logically consecutive) SS / PBCH blocks that are actually transmitted. For example, the number of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks can indicate the number of consecutive (e.g., logically consecutive) SS / PBCH blocks that are transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) starting from a first index. The first index can be a fixed starting index. The first index can not be a fixed starting index. If the first index can be a fixed starting index, no indication (e.g., additional indication) can be required. If the first index is not a fixed starting index, an indication (e.g., additional indication) can be needed. For example, an additional indication can be needed to indicate the index (e.g., the first index or starting index) of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks. The number of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks within a group can be equally (e.g., collectively) applied to one or more (e.g., all) transmitted groups or SS / PBCH groups. The number of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks within a group can not be equally (e.g., collectively) applied to one or more (e.g., all) transmitted groups or SS / PBCH groups.

[0239] The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks (e.g., the entire set or a subset) can be indicated by using a bitmap within a group with a number of groups or SS / PBCH groups actually transmitted. The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) group or SS / PBCH group can have a fixed group starting index or a non-fixed group starting index. The group or SS / PBCH group can be defined as consecutive SS / PBCH blocks. The bitmap within the group or SS / PBCH group can indicate which SS / PBCH block within the group or SS / PBCH group will be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). Each group or SS / PBCH group can have the same SS / PBCH block transmission pattern. Each group or SS / PBCH group can have different SS / PBCH block transmission patterns. The bitmap within the group can or can not be equally (e.g., collectively) applied to one or more (e.g., all) transmitted groups or SS / PBCH groups. The number of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) groups or SS / PBCH groups can indicate the number of consecutive groups or SS / PBCH groups that can be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). For example, the number of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) groups or SS / PBCH groups can indicate the number of consecutive groups or SS / PBCH groups that can be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) starting from a first group or a fixed starting group index. If the starting group index or the first group is not fixed, an indication can be used to indicate the starting group index or the first group of the SS / PBCH group.

[0240] The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks (e.g., the entire set or a subset) can be indicated by using a number of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks with a starting index of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks and / or a space (e.g., gap) between one or more (e.g., two) consecutive SS / PBCH blocks. The space (e.g., gap) can be fixed. The number of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks and / or the starting index of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks can be indicated. The space (e.g., gap) can be indicated.

[0241] The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks can be indicated within remaining minimum system information (RMSI) for higher and / or lower frequencies. The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks can be indicated within RRC signaling and / or L1 / 2 control signaling. The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks can be indicated within RRC signaling and / or L1 / 2 control signaling for higher and / or lower frequencies.

[0242] While the above features and elements are described in the context of LTE, LTE-A, New Radio (NR), and / or 5G specific protocols, it is to be understood that the features and elements described herein are not limited for use only with LTE, LTE-A, New Radio (NR), and / or 5G specific protocols, and can be used equally in other wireless communication systems.

[0243] Although the above describes features and elements in particular combinations, one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that each feature or element can be used alone or in combination with others dependent upon the circumstances. The methods described herein can be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer- readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (optical, electrical or electromagnetic) that are transmittable through a wired or wireless connection. Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, removable floppy disks, magnetic hard disks, optical discs (e.g., CD- or DVD-ROM), magnetic tapes, memory chips, and the like. The processor in association with software can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims

1. A method implemented by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: receiving a synchronization signal (SS) block of a plurality of SS blocks included in an SS burst set, each of the plurality of SS blocks included in the SS burst set including a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) transmission, wherein each respective SS block of the plurality of SS blocks included in the SS burst set is associated with a respective SS block index that identifies the respective SS block within the SS burst set; determining the respective SS block index for the received SS block based on the PBCH transmission included in the received SS block, wherein the respective SS block index for the received SS block is determined based on an implicit property of the PBCH transmission included in the received SS block, wherein the implicit property of the PBCH transmission includes a scrambling property; and determining a system frame number (SFN) based on the PBCH transmission included in the received SS block, wherein determining the SFN based on the PBCH transmission included in the received SS block comprises: deriving one or more most significant bits (MSBs) of the SFN based on a PBCH payload of the PBCH transmission; and deriving one or more least significant bits (LSBs) of the SFN, wherein the one or more LSBs are associated with a scrambling code of the PBCH transmission.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the respective SS block index associated with the respective SS block included in the SS burst set is incremented in order of transmission time of the respective SS block included in the SS burst set.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the respective SS block index for the received SS block is determined based on a payload portion of the PBCH transmission included in the received SS block.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the plurality of SS blocks included in the SS burst set is associated with a respective transmission beam.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising transmitting a physical random access channel (PRACH) transmission, the PRACH transmission indicating which SS block of the plurality of SS blocks included in an SS burst set was received by the WTRU.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the PRACH transmission corresponds to a PRACH message 1.

7. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) comprising a processor configured to: ​ receiving a synchronization signal (SS) block containing a plurality of SS blocks contained in an SS burst set, each of the plurality of SS blocks contained in the SS burst set including a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) transmission, wherein each respective SS block of the plurality of SS blocks contained in the SS burst set is associated with a respective SS block index that identifies the respective SS block within the SS burst set; determining the respective SS block index for the received SS block based on the PBCH transmission contained in the received SS block, wherein the processor is configured to determine the respective SS block index for the received SS block based on an implicit characteristic of the PBCH transmission contained in the received SS block, wherein the implicit characteristic of the PBCH transmission includes a scrambling characteristic; and determining a system frame number (SFN) based on the PBCH transmission contained in the received SS block, wherein the processor is configured to determine the SFN based on the PBCH transmission contained in the received SS block includes: deriving one or more most significant bits (MSBs) of the SFN based on a PBCH payload of the PBCH transmission; and deriving one or more least significant bits (LSBs) of the SFN, wherein the one or more LSBs are associated with a scrambling code of the PBCH transmission.

8. The WTRU of claim 7, wherein the respective SS block index associated with the respective SS block contained in the SS burst set is incremented in order of transmission time of the respective SS block contained in the SS burst set.

9. The WTRU of claim 7, wherein the processor is configured to determine the respective SS block index for the received SS block based on a payload portion of the PBCH transmission contained in the received SS block.

10. The WTRU of claim 7, wherein each of the plurality of SS blocks contained in the SS burst set is associated with a respective transmission beam.

11. The WTRU of claim 7, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to transmit a physical random access channel (PRACH) transmission, the PRACH transmission indicating which SS block of the plurality of SS blocks contained in an SS burst set was received by the WTRU.

12. The WTRU of claim 11, wherein the PRACH transmission corresponds to a PRACH message 1. ​

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