STA and Methods for Polarization Beamforming Training

Abstract

Disclosed are systems, methods, and means for adapting Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) modes in millimeter-wave wireless local area network (WLAN) systems. A first station (STA) can receive a mode change request from a second STA. This mode change request can indicate a mode change for MIMO mode, polarization mode, and / or Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) mode. The mode change request can include one or more STA fields. The one or more STA fields can include STA fields associated with the first STA. Each of the one or more STA fields can include a MIMO mode subfield, a polarization mode subfield, and / or an OFDMA mode subfield. The first STA can change the MIMO mode, polarization mode, and / or OFDMA mode (e.g., based on the mode change request). The first STA can send a mode change response to the second STA.

Description

[0001] This application is a divisional application of Chinese invention patent application filed on July 21, 2017, with application number 201780056726.9 and invention title "MIMO mode adaptation in millimeter-wave WLAN system".

[0002] Cross-reference is made to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 365,115, filed July 21, 2016, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 367,298, filed July 27, 2016, both of which are incorporated herein by reference. Background Technology

[0003] Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) can operate in various modes, such as Infrastructure Basic Services Set (BSS) mode and Standalone BSS (IBSS) mode. A WLAN using the BSS mode can have an Access Point (AP) for that BSS. One or more Wireless Transmitter Receiver Units (WTRUs) (e.g., Stations (STAs)) can be associated with an AP. The AP can access or interface with a Distributed System (DS) or other types of wired / wireless networks that send traffic into and out of the BSS. Traffic originating outside the BSS and destined for a STA can reach it via an AP, which can deliver that traffic to the STA. In some WLAN systems, STA-to-STA communication may occur. In some WLAN systems, the AP can act as a STA. WLAN devices can use beamforming. Current beamforming technologies may have limitations. Summary of the Invention

[0004] Disclosed are systems, methods, and means for adapting multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) modes in millimeter-wave WLAN systems. A first station (STA) can receive a mode measurement setting frame from a second STA. This mode measurement setting frame can indicate to the first STA one or more transmit beams and one or more of MIMO, polarization, or orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) modes. The first STA can enable the MIMO, polarization, and / or OFDMA modes indicated in the mode measurement setting frame. The first STA can measure one or more transmit beams during a first training period. The first STA can receive spurious signals before the training period. The first STA can send first training feedback associated with one or more transmit beams to the second STA.

[0005] The first STA can receive a mode change request from the second STA. This mode change request can indicate a mode change regarding MIMO mode, polarization mode, and / or OFDMA mode. The mode change request can include one or more STA fields. These STA fields can include STA fields associated with the first STA. Each of these STA fields can include a MIMO mode subfield, a polarization mode subfield, and / or an OFDMA mode subfield. The mode change request can include a training indicator. This training indicator can initiate a second training period associated with the mode change. The first STA can change the MIMO mode, polarization mode, and / or OFDMA mode (e.g., based on the mode change request). The first STA can send a mode change response to the second STA. This mode change response can be associated with the change to the MIMO mode, polarization mode, and / or OFDMA mode. The mode change response can include second training feedback. During the second training period, the second training feedback can be associated with one or more transmit beams. The mode change response can indicate a success status, failure status, or replacement status associated with the mode change. The mode change response may include MIMO mode response field, polarization mode response field, OFDMA mode response field, training feedback field and / or time field.

[0006] When the mode change includes a MIMO mode change, the MIMO mode subfield of the STA field associated with the first STA may include an add or remove indicator, a transmit or receive indicator, a single-user (SU) MIMO or multi-user (MU) MIMO mode indicator, and / or an indicator of the maximum number of streams. When the mode change includes a polarization mode change, the polarization mode subfield of the STA field associated with the first STA may include an add or remove indicator, a transmit or receive indicator, and / or a polarization type indicator. When the mode change includes an OFDMA mode change, the OFDMA mode subfield of the STA field associated with the first STA may include an add or remove indicator, a transmit or receive indicator, a backward compatibility indicator, and / or a bandwidth indicator. Attached Figure Description

[0007] Figure 1 The example 802.11ad PHY packet structure is described.

[0008] Figure 2 The example preorder structure is described.

[0009] Figure 3 This is an example of sector-level scan (SLS) training.

[0010] Figure 4 This is an example of a sector scan (SSW) frame format.

[0011] Figure 5 It is an example of the SSW field in the SSW frame.

[0012] Figure 6 It is an example of the SSW feedback field in an SSW frame when it is not transmitted as part of the ISS.

[0013] Figure 7 It is an example of the SSW feedback field in an SSW frame transmitted as part of an initiating sector scan (ISS).

[0014] Figure 8 It is an instance of a Physical Layer Convergence Process (PLCP) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) carrying a Beam Refinement Protocol (BRP) frame and a Training (TRN) field.

[0015] Figure 9 This is an example of a Directional Multi Gigabit (DMG) PPDU format.

[0016] Figure 10 This is an example of an enhanced DMG (EDMG) PPDU format.

[0017] Figure 11 This is an example of a MIMO setup frame.

[0018] Figure 12A An example signaling for Clear Transmit (CTS) frame free bandwidth indication is shown.

[0019] Figure 12B An example signaling for Clear Transmit (CTS) frame idle bandwidth indication is shown, and it is Figure 12A The explanation continues.

[0020] Figure 13 It is an example aggregation of data from multiple downlink (DL) STAs.

[0021] Figure 14 This is an example of polarization-assisted simulated beamforming training.

[0022] Figure 15A This is a flowchart describing the Indicative Polarization Refinement Protocol (PRP) as part of the existing BRP.

[0023] Figure 15B It is a flowchart describing an example PRP following an existing BRP.

[0024] Figure 16 It is an instance space mapping used for open-loop multi-data stream transmission.

[0025] Figure 17This is an example of open-loop baseband MIMO transmission using polarization.

[0026] Figure 18 This is an example of MIMO data stream transmission using per-polarization antenna selection.

[0027] Figure 19 This is an example of open-loop baseband three-stream MIMO transmission using polarization.

[0028] Figure 20 This is an example of open-loop baseband three-stream MIMO transmission using antenna selection.

[0029] Figure 21 It is an example analog architecture in which all power amplifiers (PAs) are driven by all weighted excitations.

[0030] Figure 22 It is an example simulation architecture in which different PAs are individually weighted and stimulated.

[0031] Figure 23 This is an example of transmit (Tx)-receive (Rx) pairing with three beam pairs estimated.

[0032] Figure 24 This is an example of sequential measurement.

[0033] Figure 25 This is an example of parallel measurement.

[0034] Figure 26 These are examples of sequential and parallel measurements.

[0035] Figure 27 This is an example of feedback in beam-by-beam pairing.

[0036] Figure 28 These are examples of independent sequential measurement frames.

[0037] Figure 29 This is an example of Tx-Rx pairing using Quasi-Omnidirectional (QO) transmission.

[0038] Figure 30 This is an example frame for penalty calibration specific to STA.

[0039] Figure 31 This is an example frame used for beam scanning penalty calibration.

[0040] Figure 32 This is an example of a Tx-Rx pairing using QO reception.

[0041] Figure 33 It is an example of a hybrid architecture where all PAs are stimulated by all weighted factors.

[0042] Figure 34This is an example of a hybrid architecture where different PAs are generated by separate weighted excitations.

[0043] Figure 35 This is an example of a Tx-Rx mode change request frame.

[0044] Figure 36 This is an example of a Tx-Rx mode change response frame.

[0045] Figure 37A An example wireless local area network (WLAN) device is shown.

[0046] Figure 37B It is a diagram illustrating an exemplary communication system that can implement one or more of the disclosed features.

[0047] Figure 37C An illustrative Wireless Transmit / Receive Unit (WTRU) is described. Detailed Implementation

[0048] Specific implementation details with reference to the accompanying drawings will now be described. While this description provides detailed examples of possible implementations, it should be noted that these details are intended to be illustrative and do not constitute a limitation on the scope of this application.

[0049] Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) can operate in various modes, such as Infrastructure Basic Services Set (BSS) mode and Standalone BSS (IBSS) mode. A WLAN using the Infrastructure BSS mode can have an Access Point (AP / PCP) for that BSS. One or more Stations (STAs) can be associated with an AP / PCP. The AP / PCP can access or interface with a Distributed System (DS) or other types of wired / wireless networks that send traffic to and from the BSS. Traffic from outside the BSS to a STA can arrive via the AP / PCP, which delivers the traffic to the STA. Traffic from a STA to a destination outside the BSS can be sent to the AP / PCP, which delivers the traffic to the appropriate destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be sent via the AP / PCP (e.g., from a source STA to the AP / PCP and from the AP / PCP to a destination STA). Traffic between STAs within the BSS can be point-to-point traffic. Point-to-point traffic can be transmitted directly between the source STA and the destination STA, for example, through direct link establishment (DLS) using 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS). WLANs using IBSS mode can function without an AP / PCP, and / or STAs can communicate directly with each other. IBSS communication mode can be referred to as an "ad-hoc" communication mode.

[0050] The AP / PCP can transmit beacons on a fixed channel (e.g., the primary channel) (e.g., in 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode). As an example, the channel width could be 20 MHz. The channel could be the operating channel of the BSS. As an example, the STA can use the channel to establish a connection with the AP / PCP. The channel access mechanism in the 802.11 system is Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA / CA). STAs, including the AP / PCP, can sense the primary channel (e.g., in CSMA / CA operating mode). For example, if the channel is detected to be busy, the STA can back off, ensuring that only one STA can perform transmissions at a time within the designated BSS.

[0051] As an example, a high-throughput (HT) STA can use a 40MHz bandwidth channel for communication (e.g., in 802.11n). A 20MHz primary channel can be combined with an adjacent 20MHz channel to form a continuous 40MHz bandwidth channel.

[0052] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs can support channels with bandwidths such as 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz, and 160MHz (e.g., in 802.11ac). For example, 40MHz and 80MHz channels can be formed by combining consecutive 20MHz channels. As an example, a 160MHz channel can be formed by combining eight consecutive 20MHz channels or by combining two non-consecutive 80MHz channels, the latter being referred to as an 80+80 configuration. The 80+80 configuration can be passed through a segmented parser, which divides the data into two streams (e.g., after channel coding). As an example, IFFT and / or time-domain processing can be performed separately on each stream. These streams can be mapped onto two channels. Data can be transmitted on both channels. The receiver can reverse the transmitter mechanism. The receiver can reassemble data transmitted on multiple channels. The reassembled data can be sent to Media Access Control (MAC).

[0053] As an example, 802.11af and / or 802.11ah can support sub-1 GHz (e.g., MHz) operating modes. Channel operating bandwidth and carrier can be reduced (e.g., relative to the bandwidth and carrier used in 802.11n and 802.11ac). 802.11af can support 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum. As an example, 802.11ah can support 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths in the non-TVWS spectrum. An example of a use case for 802.11ah could be supporting meter-type control (MTC) devices in macro coverage areas. The capabilities of MTC devices may be limited (e.g., limited bandwidth) and can be designed to have long battery life.

[0054] WLAN systems (such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah systems) can support multiple channels and channel widths, such as a channel designated as the primary channel. As an example, the primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by STAs in the BSS. The primary channel bandwidth may be limited by STAs supporting the minimum bandwidth operating mode. For example, in the 802.11ah example, if one or more STAs (such as MTC-type devices) support 1MHz mode, while the AP / PCP and other STAs support 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, 16MHz, or other channel bandwidth operating modes, then the primary channel width will be 1MHz. Carrier sensing and NAV settings can depend on the state of the primary channel. For example, if the primary channel is busy because STAs supporting 1MHz mode are performing transmissions for the AP / PCP on the primary channel, then even if all available frequency bands are available, it may still be considered busy and remain idle.

[0055] The available frequency bands can vary between different regions. In one example, in the United States, the available frequency bands for 802.11ah could be from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In another example, in South Korea, the available frequency bands could be from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In yet another example, in Japan, the available frequencies could be from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. Depending on the country code, the total bandwidth available for 802.11ah could range from 6 MHz to 26 MHz.

[0056] 802.11ac supports downlink multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) transmissions for multiple STAs within the same symbol time frame (e.g., during a downlink OFDM symbol). MU-MIMO transmissions can improve spectral efficiency. 802.11ah supports downlink MU-MIMO. Downlink MU-MIMO can use the same symbol timing for multiple STAs, and waveform transmissions for multiple STAs can proceed without interference. One or more STAs performing MU-MIMO transmissions with an AP / PCP can use the same channel or frequency band, thereby limiting the operating bandwidth to the minimum channel bandwidth supported by the one or more STAs performing MU-MIMO transmissions with the AP / PCP.

[0057] 802.11ad is a revision of the WLAN standard that specifies the MAC and PHY layers for Very High Throughput (VHT) in the 60 GHz band. 802.11ad can support data rates up to 7 Gbits / s. 802.11ad supports three different modulation modes. 802.11ad supports PHY control with single-carrier and spread spectrum. 802.11ad supports single-carrier PHY. 802.11ad supports OFDM PHY. 802.11ad can use the globally available 60 GHz unlicensed frequency band. At 60 GHz, the wavelength can be 5 mm, thus enabling potentially miniaturized and competitive antennas or antenna arrays. Miniaturized and competitive antennas can generate narrow RF beams on both the transmitter and receiver, thereby effectively increasing coverage and / or reducing interference.

[0058] Figure 1 An illustrative 802.11ad PHY packet structure is described. As an example, an 802.11ad (e.g., 802.11ad-2012) DMG PHY can support one or more PHY packet (e.g., frame) structures, such as control PHY, signal carrier PHY, low-power single-carrier PHY, and OFDM PHY.

[0059] Figure 2 The illustrated preorder code structure is described. 802.11ad PHY packet structures can share the same preorder code structure. This preorder code may include a Short Training Field (STF) and / or a Channel Estimation Field (CEF). CEF can be represented as CE. As an example, such as... Figure 2 As shown, STF and CEF can be constructed from a repeating Golay sequence modulated by π / 2(D)BPSK.

[0060] The 802.11ad frame structure facilitates beamforming training (e.g., discovery and tracking). Beamforming (BF) training protocols can include two or more components: sector-level scanning (SLS) and / or beam refinement protocol (BRP), etc. SLS can be used for transmit beamforming training. BRP can implement receive beamforming training and / or iterative refinement of transmit and receive beams.

[0061] 802.11ad may not support MIMO transmissions, including both SU-MIMO and MU-MIMO.

[0062] Figure 3 This is an example of sector-level scan (SLS) training. SLS training can be performed using beacon frames and / or sector scan (SSW) frames. When using beacon frames, an access point (AP) / priority code point (PCP) can repeat beacon frames using multiple beams / sectors within each beacon interval (BI), and multiple STAs can perform BF training simultaneously. The AP / PCP may not scan all sectors / beams within a BI (e.g., due to the size of the beacon frame). STAs may need to wait for multiple BIs to complete initiator sector scan (ISS) training, and latency can be an issue. SSW frames can be used for point-to-point BF training. SSW frames can be sent using a control PHY.

[0063] Figure 4 This is an example of an SSW frame format. This example SSW frame format may include one or more of the following: frame control field, duration field, RA field, TA field, SSW field, SSW feedback field, or FCS field.

[0064] Figure 5 This is an instance of the SSW field in the SSW frame. This instance of the SSW field may include one or more of the following: direction subfield, CDOWN subfield, sector ID subfield, DMG antenna ID subfield, or RXSS length subfield.

[0065] Figure 6 This is an example of the SSW feedback field in the SSW frame when transmitted as part of the ISS. This example SSW feedback field may include one or more of the following subfields: total sectors, RX DMG antenna quantity, first reserved subfield, polling required subfield, or second reserved subfield.

[0066] Figure 7 This is an example of an SSW feedback field in an SSW frame that is not transmitted as part of an ISS. This example SSW feedback field may include one or more of the following: sector selection subfield, DMG antenna selection subfield, SNR report subfield, polling required subfield, or reserved subfield.

[0067] Beam refinement enables a STA to improve its antenna configuration for transmission and / or reception (for example, antenna weighting vectors). Beam refinement may involve training the transmitter and / or transmitter antenna using one or more Beam Refinement Protocol (BRP) packets. BRP packets can be of two types: BRP-RX packets and BRP-TX packets.

[0068] Figure 8 This is an example Physical Layer Convergence Process (PLCP) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) 800 carrying a BRP frame 802 and one or more BRP Training (TRN) fields 804. This example PLCP PPDU 800 may include a PLCP header 806 and / or one or more AGC fields 808. As an example, the BRP packet 802 may be delivered by a directed multi-gigabit (DMG) PPDU, and may be followed by a training field containing the AGC field 808. A transmitter or receiver training field may follow the BRP packet 802 delivered by the DMG PPDU (related examples are shown in the image). Figure 8 (As shown).

[0069] like Figure 8 As shown, the value of N can be the training length given in the PLCP header 806. This training length can indicate that the Automatic Gain Control (AGC) 808 has 4N subfields and the TRN-R / T (e.g., BRP training) field 804 has 5N subfields. The Channel Estimation (CE) subfield 810 is related to the CEF in the preamble (see relevant example). Figure 2 (As shown) can be the same. Subfields in the beam training field can be transmitted using rotated π / 2-BPSK modulation.

[0070] A BRP MAC frame can be an action frame without ACK, which contains one or more of the following fields: category, unprotected DMG action, session token, BRP request field, DMG beam refinement element or channel measurement feedback element 1, ..., channel measurement feedback element k.

[0071] 802.11ad supports four types of PHYs, including single-carrier (SC) PHY, OFDM PHY, control PHY, and low-power SC PHY. Although the detailed design of each field may differ, these PHYs can share the same packet structure.

[0072] Figure 9 This is an example of a DMG PPDU 900. The example DMG PPDU 900 may include one or more of the following: a short training field 902, a channel estimation field 904, a header 906, a data field 908, or one or more TRN-R / T subfields 910.

[0073] Task Group ay (TGay) may introduce modifications to the IEEE 802.11 Physical Layer (PHY) and / or IEEE 802.11 Media Access Control Layer (MAC), thereby enabling at least one operating mode that supports a maximum throughput of 20 gigabits per second (e.g., measured at a MAC data service access point) while maintaining or improving per-site power efficiency. TGay may introduce support for operation in unlicensed bands above 45 GHz, while ensuring backward compatibility and coexistence with legacy directional multi-gigabit stations operating in the same band (e.g., multi-gigabit stations as defined in the IEEE 802.11ad-2012 amendment).

[0074] 802.11ay can operate in the same frequency band as legacy standards and can include support for backward compatibility with legacy standards and coexistence in the same frequency band. 802.11ay can include MIMO and channel bonding. To support MIMO transmission, multiple phased antenna arrays (PAAs) or PAAs with multiple polarizations can be implemented in 802.11ay-compliant devices.

[0075] Enhanced DMG (EDMG) capability elements may include the antenna polarization capability of the EDMG STA.

[0076] An EDMG STA may transmit a MIMO setup frame (e.g., RTS or DMG CTS-to-self) before transmitting a SU or MU MIMO PPDU. The MIMO setup frame may indicate one or more destination STAs addressed by the PPDU.

[0077] MIMO setup frame (e.g., RTS) transmissions can trigger responses (e.g., DMGCTS or ACK) from one or more destination STAs.

[0078] Figure 10 This is an example of an EDMG PPDU 1000. This example of an EDMG PPDU 1000 may include one or more of the following: L-STF field 1002, L-CEF field 1004, L-header 1006, EDMG-header-A 1008, EDMG-STF field 1010, EDMG-CEF field 1012, EDMG-header-B 1014, data field 1016, AGC field 1018, or TRN field 1020.

[0079] EDMG devices can support multiple polarizations and PAA for MIMO transmission. Polarization capability can be advertised using signals in an EDMG system.

[0080] Polarization and antenna setup are considered implementation methods and are not explicitly indicated in the specification. Understanding polarization and antenna setup, through the use of millimeter-wave transmission in dynamic or semi-static environments and arbitrary relative positions / directions of Tx-Rx pairings, helps reduce analog / digital beamforming training overhead and / or improve spectral efficiency.

[0081] Polarization and PAA selection can be used to improve power efficiency and / or reduce feedback overhead (e.g., compared to other closed-loop MIMO schemes). Many RF front-ends may be constrained at the transmitter and / or receiver sides. For millimeter-wave systems, polarization and PAA selection training is feasible.

[0082] Transmission using polarization can be signaled (for example, because the transmitter and receiver may need to prepare the correct polarization and / or antenna pattern toward each other).

[0083] For MIMO transmission, the number of data streams that can be supported depends on the channel. Given MIMO capability, the MIMO mode (e.g., scheme) for transmitting information can be selected. For example, MIMO mode selection and transmission can be explicitly announced by signaling (for example, because analog beams can be set on the transmitter and receiver sides to prepare for MIMO transmission).

[0084] Figure 11 This is an example of a MIMO setup frame 1100. The AP can use the MIMO setup frame 1100 to pre-establish the convergence point 1102, allowing the STA to begin transmission over a wider band than the main channel that begins at the convergence point 1102. As an example, the STA can initiate MIMO setup 1104 in response to receiving the MIMO setup frame 1100.

[0085] Figure 12A and Figure 12B This is an example signaling regarding the Clear Transmit (CTS) frame's free bandwidth indication. If the primary channel is not busy, one or more CTS frames with a free bandwidth indication signaled at the end of the CTS frame can be transmitted. The RTS sender may need to receive CTS frames on the primary channel for subsequent data transmission.

[0086] A Ready-to-Send (RTS) receiver can (e.g., in advance) receive indications that multiple channels are being monitored. This RTS receiver can receive RTS frames on a secondary channel after the convergence point. When an RTS frame is received on a secondary channel after the convergence point, the CTS may not be responded to and data transmission may not occur.

[0087] AP can aggregate data from multiple DL STAs on different channels. Figure 13This is an example aggregation 1300 of data from multiple DL STAs. STA#1 can be a STA AP. STA#1 can be connected to a backhaul server. STA#1 can send aggregated data to STA#2 and STA#3. For example, STA#1 can send data to both STA#2 and STA#3 simultaneously.

[0088] On an RTS receiver, the primary channel idle channel assessment (CCA) may be busy, but it may not be busy on the RTS transmitter (e.g., AP / PCP). Data can be transmitted to the STA on the secondary channel. As an example, the RTS receiver could be like this: Figure 13 STA#3 is shown.

[0089] If the primary channel remains idle on the AP side, one or more STAs can initiate a transmission for the AP while the AP is performing a transmission for an RTS receiver (e.g., STA#3) on a secondary channel. The AP may not receive this transmission on the primary channel.

[0090] A STA can initiate a transmission on the primary channel for another STA (e.g., besides the AP) (e.g., during the time when the AP is performing a transmission on the secondary channel for an RTS receiver (e.g., STA#3)). The AP may not receive on the primary channel and may adhere to the transmit timing (TXOP) settings on the primary channel (e.g., after the transmission on the secondary channel has ended).

[0091] Polarization and / or PAA selection can be performed. Polarization can provide a MIMO channel with low spatial correlation. Polarization may not be explicitly advertised with a signal. When the number of antenna ports is greater than (e.g., significantly greater than) the number of RF front-ends, polarization information can be used to group antenna ports and / or simplify MIMO / BF training.

[0092] Polarization-assisted simulated beamforming training can be performed. For example, simulated beamforming training using Tx / Rx beam pairing can be performed with the aid of polarization information and / or limited channel information feedback. The limited channel information feedback can include cross-beam measurement feedback. Polarization information can reduce the measurements required for simulated beamforming training. For example, two polarizations can be supported on the transmitter and receiver sides, each of which can have N beams. Optimal beam selection can include traversing all combinations. Optimal beam selection may require (2N)*(2N) measurements. When applying simultaneous receive training, the receiver can form two beams for simultaneous reception, and the number of measurements required for beam selection can be reduced to (2N)*N. If the polarization information is exchanged (e.g., before simulated beamforming training), the number of measurements required for beam selection can be reduced to less than or equal to 2N. The reduction in measurements can be based on the good orthogonality and / or beam separation provided by the polarized antennas. In the example, if the wireless channel is line-of-sight (LOS) dominant, then roughly good beam separation is maintained.

[0093] Figure 14 This is an example of polarization-assisted simulated beamforming training 1400. One or more of the following can be applied.

[0094] Initiator 1402 can send frame 1404 for training announcement. This training announcement frame 1404 can be an EDMG control frame that can be defined to set up EDMG BF training. Training announcement frame 1404 can be a management frame, such as a beacon frame. Training announcement frame 1404 can indicate the number of PAAs to be trained. Training announcement frame 1404 can indicate the number of polarizations to be trained. Training announcement frame 1404 can indicate the number of beams to be trained. In one example, the number of beams per polarization per PAA can be announced using signaling. In another example, the total number of beams that can be formed through PAAs and polarizations can be announced using signaling.

[0095] The responder may transmit a response frame. This response frame may acknowledge receipt of the training announcement frame 1404. The presence of the response frame may be announced by signaling in beacon frames, training announcement frame 1404, and / or request frames in ATI, etc.

[0096] Initiator 1402 may send one or more training frames 1406. The training frame 1406 may include beacon frames, DMG SSW frames, EDMG extended SSW frames, and / or short SSW frames. Training frames 1406 may be sent using certain beam / sector patterns (e.g., in a predefined order). For example, one or more beams may be formed based on PAA order (e.g., first) and polarization order (e.g., second). In the example, the first N beams may be formed by beams with a first polarization 1408 (e.g.,...). Figure 14 The first PAA with polarization 1) shown is formed, and the next N beams can be formed by a second polarization 1410 (e.g., Figure 14 The first PAA (polarization 2) shown is formed. A first set of training frames 1406A and 1406B can be associated with the first polarization 1408. A second set of training frames 1406C and 1406D can be associated with the second polarization 1410. After using the polarization associated with the first PAA, one or more beams can be formed via the second PAA. In another example, the beam can be formed first by polarization and then by PAA. Training frame 1406 can indicate the PAA index. Training frame 1406 can indicate the polarization index.

[0097] One or more responders can reply with the optimal or best M beams 1412. The training announcement frame 1404 can instruct one or more responders how many beams should be selected during training. For example, the parameter M can be indicated in the training announcement frame 1404, beacon frames, and / or request frames in ATI, etc.

[0098] Polarization information can be transmitted in frames that can be used to set up simulated BF training. For example, polarization information can be transmitted in beacon frames, announcement frames, MIMO setup frames, etc. Polarization information can also be transmitted in each individual training frame (e.g., if the receiver does not receive a simulated BF setup frame).

[0099] Polarization can include linear polarization, circular polarization, and / or hybrid polarization. For linear and circular polarization, the polarization can be fixed. For hybrid polarization, the antenna can support multiple polarizations simultaneously. Polarization selection may be necessary when the number of RF front-ends and / or the number of data streams to be transmitted is less than the number of polarizations. Each supported polarization can be considered a virtual antenna, and polarization selection can be similar for each polarization type. PAAs can be used in many communication systems, such as 802.11ay. PAA selection can be performed when the number of RF front-ends and / or the number of data streams to be transmitted is less than the number of PAAs. A PAA can be considered a virtual antenna.

[0100] A virtual antenna can represent antenna polarization, PAA configuration, and / or other types of antennas. PAA configuration can include PAA index and / or PAA order.

[0101] Virtual antenna selection can be part of simulated beamforming training, where beams can be formed from different polarizations, PAA configurations can be transmitted, and / or one or more optimal beams can be selected.

[0102] Virtual antenna selection can be performed after analog antenna training. Virtual antenna selection can be performed implicitly (e.g., using information collected after analog antenna training).

[0103] Virtual antenna selection can be viewed as a mapping between the RF front-end / chain and the virtual antenna (e.g., PAA configuration, polarization, etc.).

[0104] Virtual antenna selection (VAS) can be performed explicitly or implicitly (e.g., antenna reciprocity can be assumed).

[0105] For an explicit VAS, the initiator (e.g., STA 1) can transmit frames with probe / training sequences delivered sequentially by each AVS. Each sequence can be transmitted via a VAS associated with a different combination. For example, to train four virtual antennas, STA 1 can transmit the training sequence four times, each using a different antenna rotation combination. In this example, a P-matrix can be used to rotate and combine the signals. The frame can be an empty data packet (NDP) frame with an NDP announcement frame transmitted before the xSIF time. The frame can be an NDP frame whose header field can be rewritten to indicate an NDP frame used for the VAS.

[0106] Once a training frame is received, the responder (e.g., STA 2) can transmit a feedback frame. This feedback frame can indicate one or more optimal virtual antennas. It can also indicate the intention to perform receive virtual antenna selection. When the responder performs receive virtual antenna selection, the transmitter can add one or more training fields regarding the receive antenna selection, and / or can explicitly announce the virtual antenna settings (e.g., including PAA and polarization information), thereby allowing the receiver to select one or more corresponding receive antennas (e.g., without performing training or with limited training).

[0107] STA 1 (e.g., based on feedback from STA 2) can perform VAS on the transmitter side. STA 1 can announce VAS settings via signaling in a MIMO setup frame or other control / management frame prior to MIMO transmission. Signaling regarding VAS settings can be sent along with MIMO data transmission in the PLCP header.

[0108] Beam Refinement Protocol (BRP) can enable receiver training (e.g., in 802.11ad). BRP can iteratively train both the transmitter and receiver sides to improve the values ​​determined during SLS. BRP can be extended to include refined polarization, or can be replaced by polarization refinement, by an antenna capable of adjusting the polarization direction. The Polarization Refinement Protocol (PRP) can be part of an existing BRP, or it can be separate from the BRP (e.g., the PRP can occur before or after the BRP).

[0109] Figure 15A This is a flowchart describing an exemplary PRP 1500 (e.g., as part of an existing BRP). This exemplary PRP 1500 may begin with SLS phase 1502. BRP and / or PRP setup 1504 may follow SLS phase 1502. BRP and / or PRP phase 1506 may follow BRP and / or PRP setup 1504.

[0110] Figure 15B This is a flowchart illustrating an example of PRP 1550, where, as an example, the PRP occurs after the BRP. This example of PRP 1550 may include (for example, begin) an SLS phase 1552. A BRP setting 1554 may follow after SLS phase 1552. A BRP phase 1556 may follow after BRP setting 1554. A PRP setting 1558 may follow after BRP phase 1556. A PRP phase 1560 may follow after PRP setting 1558.

[0111] In 802.11ad, a BRP may include a setup phase and / or a beamfinding phase (e.g., based on a request-response protocol). As an example, one or more request-response packets may be exchanged until the responding party (e.g., a receiver) sets the capability request field in the BRP packet to 0. The initiating party (e.g., a transmitter) can respond with the capability request field set to 0. When a PRP is part of an existing BRP, setting the capability request field to 0 can indicate the end of the BRP and / or PRP. When a PRP is executed after a BRP, it may be necessary to perform the capability request field setup twice (e.g., to indicate the end of both the BRP and PRP).

[0112] MIMO transmission can include one or more polarizations. MIMO transmission in millimeter-wave communication systems can include multiple data streams and / or multiple RF chains. Each RF chain can correspond to a PAA configuration, polarization, or polarization within a PAA configuration, etc. Hybrid beamforming can be applied for millimeter-wave communication. The virtual channel seen at baseband can be a channel after simulated beamforming. Channel separation can depend on the characteristics of simulated beamforming and / or physical antenna elements. Channel separation for MIMO transmission in millimeter-wave communication systems can differ from channel separation in sub-6 GHz transmission. Antennas with dual polarization can provide good MIMO channels by simulating beam / channel separation orthogonally (e.g., nearly orthogonally). For example, based on millimeter-wave channel propagation characteristics, orthogonality can be maintained at the receiver side through LOS and / or LOS-dominant channels. For LOS and / or LOS-dominant channel scenarios, as an example, MIMO transmission can be optimized without knowing detailed CSI information.

[0113] For open-loop multi-stream transmission, distributing the signal across all virtual antennas (including all polarizations and / or PAAs) may lead to poor performance.

[0114] Multiple data streams can be parsed and / or assigned to different polarizations (e.g., before PAA assignment / selection (e.g., polarization mapping)). When multiple PAAs are available for each polarization, one or more spatial schemes (e.g., PAA / spatial mapping / selection) can be used to extend one or more data streams to multiple PAAs. The one or more spatial schemes may include open-loop precoding, closed-loop precoding, CSD, and / or space-time coding. When a virtual antenna / PAA / polarization selection scheme is applied, virtual antennas with the same or similar polarization orientations can be grouped. Different data streams can be assigned to different groups (e.g., corresponding to different polarizations). Virtual antenna selection (e.g., PAA / spatial mapping) (e.g., intra-group selection) can be performed within each group. For each group, one or more optimal virtual antennas can be selected for it.

[0115] Figure 16Is an illustrative space mapping 1600 for open-loop multi-data stream transmission. The illustrative space mapping 1600 may include a polarization mapping 1602 and a PAA / space mapping 1604. In the polarization mapping 1602, N streams can be mapped to M polarizations. When N = M, the polarization mapping 1602 can be a one-to-one mapping. When N < M, one or more streams can be mapped to more than one polarization. When N > M, more than one stream can be mapped to one or more polarizations, and the streams may need to be further separated by the PAA / space mapping 1604. The PAA / space mapping 1604 can be applied for each polarization. For example, a first PAA / space mapping 1604A can be performed for the first polarization 1606. A second PAA / space mapping 1604B can be performed for the second polarization 1608. From the first polarization 1606 to the second polarization 1608, the PAA / space mappings 1604A, 1604B can be independent. A combined PAA mapping can be applied to the polarizations. The M polarizations can be mapped to K virtual antennas, where K >= max(M,N).

[0116] One or more (e.g., 4) RF chains can perform transmission with two PAAs. Each PAA can support dual polarization. For example, one or more RF chains can be mapped to four virtual antennas (PAA 1, Pol 1), (PAA 1, Pol 2), (PAA 2, Pol 1), and (PAA 2, Pol 2), where Polx can refer to polarization direction x. For example, Pol 1 can represent the vertical polarization direction, and Pol 2 can represent the horizontal polarization direction.

[0117] Figure 17 Is an illustrative open-loop baseband MIMO transmission 1700 using polarization. For open-loop two or more data stream transmissions, one or more of the following can be performed. A stream parser can split an encoded bit stream into two or more bit streams. For example, the encoded bit stream can be generated after performing padding, scrambler encoding, and / or LDPC encoding. For each bit stream, a constellation mapper can map the bits to constellation symbols (e.g., after the stream parser). The stream parser can split the stream in the symbol domain after constellation mapping. A first symbol stream 1702 (e.g., stream 1) can be transmitted through a first PAA 1704 (e.g., PAA 1, V) polarized in the vertical direction and a second PAA 1706 (PAA 2, V) polarized in the vertical direction. As Figure 17As shown, the second symbol stream 1708 (e.g., stream 2) can be transmitted via a first PAA 1704 (PAA 1, H) polarized in the horizontal direction and a second PAA 1706 (PAA 2, H) polarized in the horizontal direction. Open-loop precoding processing (e.g., for spreading the signal into two spatial signals) can be applied to each data stream. The open-loop precoding matrix applied to stream 1702 can be represented as (w 11 w 12 ) T The open-loop precoding matrix applied to stream 21708 can be represented as (w 21 w 22 ) T The phase of stream 2 1708 can be rotated before or after applying the open-loop precoding matrix. The precoding weights associated with stream 1 1702 can be orthogonal to the precoding weights associated with stream 2 1708. One or more other space-time schemes (e.g., CDD, Alamouti, etc.) can also be applied to extend the streams to two antennas. Power allocation and / or MCS allocation can be applied in conjunction with MIMO schemes. The power / MCS applied to the spatial streams can be unequal.

[0118] Dual-stream transmission can include antenna selection. Antenna selection can be based on partial CSI. Compared to full CSI, partial CSI may require relatively less feedback overhead (e.g., in the case of explicit detection) due to feedback. Compared to full CSI, partial CSI may require lower-frequency training sequences by using channel reciprocity (e.g., in the case of stealth detection). Virtual antenna selection can be based on antenna implementation (e.g., PAA information and / or polarization information).

[0119] Figure 18 This is an example of MIMO transmission of data stream 1800 using per-polarization antenna selection. Virtual antenna selection can be performed using per-polarization selection. For example... Figure 18As shown, a first spatial stream 1802 (e.g., stream 1) can be mapped to one or more vertical virtual antennas, and a second spatial stream 1808 (e.g., stream 2) can be mapped to one or more horizontal virtual antennas. A STA can select a virtual antenna for stream 1 1802 from the vertical virtual antennas of a first PAA 1804 (e.g., PAA 1, V pol) and the vertical virtual antennas of a second PAA 1806 (e.g., PAA 2, V pol). This virtual antenna selection can be based on a portion of the CSI. The portion of the CSI can be collected at the transmitting STA side. In overt detection, the portion of the CSI can be fed back from the receiving STA to the transmitting STA. For covert detection scenarios, the portion of the CSI can be estimated at the transmitting STA side (e.g., by using frames transmitted from the receiving STA to the transmitting STA). The frames can carry a detection sequence. The portion of the CSI can include the absolute value of the channel response, RSSI, SNR, and / or SINR. The STA can select the virtual antenna for stream 2 1808 from the first PAA 1804 horizontal virtual antenna (e.g., PAA 1, H pol) and the second PAA 1806 horizontal virtual antenna (e.g., PAA 2, H pol).

[0120] Virtual antenna selection can be performed without polarization restrictions. In such examples, polarization information is not used for antenna selection.

[0121] Power allocation and / or MCS allocation can be applied in conjunction with MIMO. The power and / or MCS applied to the spatial flow can be unequal.

[0122] Figure 19 This is an example of open-loop baseband three-stream MIMO transmission using polarization 1900. The first stream (e.g., stream 11902) can be transmitted via vertical polarization (e.g., vertical polarization of PAA 1 1904 and PAA 2 1906). For example, stream 1 1902 can be mapped to vertical polarization 1912A of PAA 1 1904 and vertical polarization 1912B of PAA 2 1906. The second stream (e.g., stream 2 1908) and the third stream (e.g., stream 3 1910) can be transmitted via horizontal polarization (e.g., horizontal polarization of PAA1 1904 and PAA2 1906). Stream 2 1908 and stream 3 1910 can be mapped (e.g., directly mapped) to two virtual antennas with different weights (e.g., W). 21 and W 31For example, stream 2 1908 can be mapped to horizontal polarization 1914A of PAA1 1904. Stream 3 1910 can be mapped to horizontal polarization 1914B of PAA2 1906. A 2×2 identity matrix can be applied to streams 2 1908 and 3 1910, thereby generating corresponding symbols. The resulting symbols can be mapped to two horizontally polarized virtual antennas.

[0123] Figure 20 This is an example of open-loop baseband three-stream MIMO transmission using antenna selection. For example... Figure 20 As shown, antenna selection can be performed during the transmission of the three streams. Figure 20 The illustrated open-loop baseband three-stream MIMO transmission 2000 may include antenna group selection and intra-group antenna / space scheme selection. Antennas may be grouped based on polarization information. The first group may include vertically polarized antennas, and the second group may include horizontally polarized antennas. As an example, the first group (e.g., group 1) may include a first vertically polarized antenna 2012A (e.g., PAA1, V) of PAA1 2004 and a second vertically polarized antenna 2012B (e.g., PAA2, V) of PAA2 2006. The second group (e.g., group 2) may include a first horizontally polarized antenna 2014A (e.g., PAA1, H) of PAA1 2004 and a second horizontally polarized antenna 2014B (e.g., PAA2, H) of PAA2 2006. The STA may perform group selection before selecting antennas. Group selection may include selecting groups based on intra-group spatial separation. Intra-group separation can be measured using rank, condition number, etc. For example, group 2 may have better spatial separation than group 1. As an example, when group 2 has better spatial separation than group 1, two streams can be transmitted through group 2, and one stream can be transmitted through group 1. The STA can select antenna and / or spatial schemes for each group. For example, the STA can perform antenna selection in group 1. Stream 1 2002 can be transmitted on an antenna in group 1 using a different spatial scheme (e.g., Alamouti, CDD, or closed-loop precoding). For group 2, streams 2 2008 and 3 2010 can be mapped (e.g., directly mapped) to two virtual antennas (e.g., W) with different weights. 21 and W 31 Streams 2 (2008) and Stream 3 (2010) can be assigned 2×2 identity matrices, from which corresponding symbols can be generated. The resulting symbols can be mapped to two horizontally polarized virtual antennas. Power allocation and / or MCS allocation can be applied in conjunction with MIMO. The power and / or MCS applicable to the spatial streams are not equal.

[0124] As an example, baseband transmissions can be specified and / or announced (e.g., explicitly) to enable the receiver to prepare to receive the beam accordingly. The purpose of the baseband transmission can be announced using signals in the PLCP header and / or control / management frame. This control / management frame can be used to schedule and / or configure MIMO transmissions. This control / management frame can be included in the MAC header of the frame.

[0125] A transmitter can transmit one or more streams and / or layers. A stream can be associated with multiple weights. A transmitter can transmit multiple streams using multiple power amplifiers (PAs). A transmitter can transmit streams using all power amplifiers and by using all weights, or a transmitter can transmit streams using individual power amplifiers and by using each weight. For example, a transmitter can transmit a first stream (e.g., all weights associated with a stream) using one power amplifier. In another example, a transmitter can transmit a first weight of a first stream using a first power amplifier and a second weight of a first stream using a second power amplifier.

[0126] Figure 21 This is an example analog architecture where all PAs are excited by all weights. Transmitter 2102 can transmit multiple streams with different weights using two or more PAs (for example, PAs 2104, 2106). For example, each PA can be used to transmit multiple streams. Each of PAs 2104 and 2106 can be excited by different weights of multiple streams. Receiver 2152 can receive one or more streams (e.g., signals containing streams) using two or more low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) (for example, LNAs 2154, 2156).

[0127] Figure 22This is an example analog architecture where different PAs are individually weighted and excited. Transmitter 2202 can transmit streams with different weights using separate PAs. For example, the first weight of the first stream can be transmitted via first PA 2204. The second weight of the first stream can be transmitted via second PA 2206. The third weight of the second stream can be transmitted via third PA 2208. The fourth weight of the second stream can be transmitted via fourth PA 2210. Receiver 2252 can receive streams with different weights using separate LNAs. For example, each LNA can be configured to receive signals with specific weights. The first weight of the first signal can be received via first LNA 2254. The second weight of the first signal can be received via second LNA 2256. The third weight of the second signal can be received via third LNA 2258. The fourth weight of the second signal can be received via fourth LNA 2260. The received signal can be represented as y = Hx, where y is a vector, H is a matrix, and x is a vector associated with the transmitted stream. Each element of x corresponds to an emission stream. Each element of y contains a linear combination of emission streams x due to matrix H.

[0128] As an example, the transmitter and receiver can use beam search algorithms (such as enhanced sector-level scan procedure (eSLS) or enhanced beam refinement procedure (eBRP)) to identify one or more optimal transmit / receive beam pairs between the transmitter and receiver. The beam pairs can be fixed, and the data stream can be transmitted on individual beam pairs.

[0129] The number of beam pairs can be fixed and can be equal to the maximum number of allowed streams (e.g., for 802.11ay, N). sts =2).

[0130] The number of beam pairs can be equal to the maximum number of allowed streams. Transmitters and receivers can dynamically change the beam pairs used (and the number of streams transmitted), for example, based on channel attenuation associated with the beam pair (e.g., due to congestion).

[0131] The number of beam pairs can be greater than the maximum number of allowed streams, where the transmitter and receiver dynamically select one or more optimal beam pairs for transmission based on the channel quality and / or MIMO transmission mode associated with the beam pair.

[0132] The general model for the transmission phase can be represented as:

[0133] y = H·F RF ·F BB ·x

[0134] Where y is the signal received before any receiver processing, H is the channel, and F is the signal received before any receiver processing. RF It is an analog pre-encoder, F BB Here, x is the baseband precoder, and x is the transmitted signal. The baseband precoder can be a diagonal matrix, where the diagonal entries correspond to the total amount of energy placed on a set of analog weights (e.g., based on an analog architecture).

[0135] The baseband pre-encoder can be represented as:

[0136]

[0137] Where fa1 represents the RF precoder (F) preselected via eSLS or eBRP. RF The vector of the i-th simulated beam, fd i x is a scalar representing the energy placed on the i-th beam (as an example, since there is no baseband pre-encoder), i This is the data stream on the i-th beam, where n is the total number of beams, and... This is the power normalization factor. n can be greater than the total number of streams, meaning beam selection can be implemented. Diversity transmission is not considered in the simulation model.

[0138] One or more modes may be used, for example, for transmission. These modes may include open-loop transmission, beam selection, and / or beam loading.

[0139] Open-loop mode can be used for transmission. In open-loop transmission, the elements of the baseband pre-encoder can be represented as:

[0140] fd i =1, i=1,…,n

[0141] In open-loop transmission, data can be transmitted on all beams, thus eliminating the need for beam status information from the transmitter or feedback from the receiver. Gain can be limited based on the correlation between beams and / or by unequal beam power levels (e.g., due to beam fading from jamming).

[0142] Beam selection can be performed. In beam selection (as an example, where the beam can be based on antennas, polarization, physical antenna arrays, and / or antenna panels), the elements of the baseband pre-encoder can be represented as:

[0143]

[0144] The power on unselected beams can be set to zero. Selected beams can transmit at full power. As an example, identifying which beams should be transmitted may require beam state information from the transmitter or feedback from the receiver. The total amount of Channel State Information (CSI) can be limited. The amount of feedback may be finite.

[0145] Feedback for each beam can be a binary number. This binary number can indicate whether or not a beam should be used.

[0146] Beam-by-beam feedback can be a desired metric, such as SNR, SINR, or RSSI. The transmitter can use beam-by-beam feedback to determine whether a beam should be selected.

[0147] By using beam selection, transmission can be switched to one or more optimal beams (e.g., in the case of always transmitting the maximum number of space-time streams). Beam selection can also be used to shut down a poorly performing beam. For example, power intended for transmitting information on an unselected beam can be transferred to the selected beam. A baseband precoder can be represented as:

[0148]

[0149] Beamloading can be performed. In beamloading (as an example, where the beam can be based on an antenna, polarization, physical antenna array, and / or antenna panel), elements of the baseband pre-encoder can be set to 0 ≤ fd. i ≤1.

[0150] As an example, the power on unselected beams can be set to zero. Selected beams can have power levels based on optimization criteria. These optimization criteria can include capability criteria to give better beams more power. They can also include equal error criteria to give the worst beam more power. (The last sentence appears to be incomplete and possibly refers to limiting fd.) i In this case, beamloading can include beam selection and open-loop transmission.

[0151] Compared to beam selection, beamloading may require more CSI and / or feedback. For example, beamloading may require more CSI and / or feedback than beam selection.

[0152] The feedback for each beam can be a digital indicator of the energy to be used on the beam. The receiver can then make beamloading decisions. Beam-by-beam feedback can include a direct dBm value. Beam-by-beam feedback can also include the RSSI of the corresponding beam required by the receiver.

[0153] Beam-by-beam feedback can be a desired metric, such as SNR, SINR, or RSSI. Beam-by-beam feedback can also represent the effective channel after beamforming. The transmitter can use beam-by-beam feedback to determine whether a particular beam should be selected.

[0154] Beam selection and / or beam loading can be used for robust transmission (e.g., in cases where the path is blocked).

[0155] For beam selection and beamloading, information may be required at the transmitter. The transmitter and / or receiver may perform a beam pairing scan process (e.g., to identify one or more optimal beam pairs), in which the receiver sends feedback information to the transmitter to enable the selection of the optimal transmission mode. This feedback information may include one or more beam metrics (e.g., SNR, SINR, MCS, channel correlation, RSSI, dominant effective channel). The feedback information may also include indications from the receiver regarding the use of a specific mode (e.g., when the receiver estimates the channel and makes a decision).

[0156] The measurement phase may include scanning on the transmitter and receiver beams selected in the eSLS or eBRP phase. This scan may be a full scan. A full scan may include scanning the possible Tx and Rx beams. For example, if there are 2 Tx beams (e.g., A, B) and 3 Rx beams (e.g., C, D, E), then a full scan may be performed 6 times (e.g., A / C, A / D, A / E, B / C, B / D, and B / E).

[0157] A full scan can be performed on the selected transmitter and receiver beams during the eSLS or eBRP phase, and this scan can produce an accurate estimate of the beam. This measurement phase can be effective because beams can be constructed simultaneously, and beam estimation can be performed using orthogonal signals (e.g., based on the signal structure itself or based on spatial separation). In the example, beam measurements may need to be performed sequentially, which could introduce significant delays in finding the optimal beam pairing.

[0158] Figure 23 This is an example of Tx-Rx pairing, where the three beam pairs are estimated from eSLS or eBRP. For example... Figure 23As shown, the illustrated transmitter-receiver pairing may include three beam pairs estimated from eSLS and / or eBRP. For example, transmitter 2310 is capable of transmitting one or more transmit beam pairs. The one or more transmit beam pairs may include Tx beam pair 1 2312, Tx beam pair 2 2314, and / or Tx beam pair 3 2316. Receiver 2320 may enable one or more receive beam pairs. The one or more receive beam pairs may include Rx beam pair 1 2322, Rx beam pair 2 2324, and / or Rx beam pair 3 2326.

[0159] To perform a Type 1 measurement, a control tail can be used. This control tail can be used to set the measurement mode (for example, to inform both the transmitter and receiver to set their beams to the selected beam pair). The control tail can be added to the data frame. The control tail may include a mode measurement setting field. For example, the control tail may include a sequence for facilitating the measurement (e.g., a Type 1 measurement). The measurements can be sequential (e.g., ...). Figure 24 (As shown). Measurements can be sent simultaneously (e.g., ...). Figure 25 (As shown). Measurements can be sent as a combination of sequential and simultaneous (e.g., Figure 26 (As shown). What is used can be a set of independent frames that the initiator can send pattern measurement notifications for. The pattern measurement settings field can indicate the measurement sequence.

[0160] Figure 24 This is an example frame 2400 for sequential beampuppet measurements. Frame 2400 can be a data frame. For sequential beampuppet measurements, Tx and Rx may need to know the beam order and / or timing in order to perform appropriate measurements. A control tail 2402 can be added to frame 2400. For example, frame 2400 may include a control tail 2402. The control tail 2402 may include a mode measurement setting field 2404 and one or more sequence fields 2406A, 2406B, 2406C. The mode measurement setting field 2404 can indicate sequential beampuppet measurements and can indicate the type and order of the measured beampuppets. The sequence fields 2406A, 2406B, 2406C can be measurement signals and / or training fields. The sequence fields 2406A, 2406B, 2406C can be used to measure beampuppetry.

[0161] Figure 25This is an example frame 2500 for parallel beampuppet measurements. Frame 2500 can be a data frame. For parallel beampuppet measurements, both Tx and Rx may need to know the beam order and / or timing in order to perform proper measurements. A control tail 2502 can be added to frame 2500. For example, frame 2500 may include a control tail 2502. The control tail 2502 may include a mode measurement setting field 2504 and one or more beampuppet measurement / training fields 2506A, 2506B, 2506C. The mode measurement setting field 2504 may indicate the order in which parallel (e.g., simultaneous) beampuppet measurements are performed and / or the beampuppet measurements are executed.

[0162] Figure 26 This is an example frame 2600 for sequential and parallel beampuppet measurements. Frame 2600 can be a data frame. A control tail 2602 can be added to frame 2600. For example, frame 2600 may include a control tail 2602. The control tail 2602 may include a mode measurement setting field 2604. The mode measurement field 2604 may indicate sequential and parallel beampuppet measurements. The sequential and parallel beampuppet measurements may include simultaneously measuring two or more first beampuppet pairs 2606A, 2606B at a first time. The sequential and parallel beampuppet measurements may include measuring two or more second beampuppet pairs 2606C, 2606D at a second time. As an example, the first beampuppet pairs 2606A, 2606B may be measured first. The second beampuppet pairs 2606C, 2606D may be measured next.

[0163] Figure 27 This is an example of feedback for each beampair. As an example, feedback can be sent for each beampair. This feedback may include a feedback beampair 1 field 2702, a feedback beampair 2 field 2704, and / or a feedback beampair 3 field 2706. As an example, the order of feedback can be explicitly announced with a signal during mode measurement setup. As an example, the order of feedback can be implicitly deduced based on mode measurement setup. Alternatively, the PCP / AP can independently poll each user to request feedback. Feedback between beampairs can be sent adjacent to each other, or can be separated by a desired inter-frame interval (e.g., SIFS).

[0164] Figure 28 This is an example of a standalone sequential measurement frame 2800. As an example, instead of including the mode measurement setting frame and its associated sequence fields as control tails in the data frame, the mode measurement setting field 2802 and its associated sequence fields 2804A, 2804B, and 2804C can be standalone frames.

[0165] The measurement phase may include quasi-omnidirectional transmission on the transmitter and scanning of the selected beam on the receiver during the eSLS or eBRP phase.

[0166] Quasi-omnidirectional transmission can assume that a beam metric associated only with the received beam and another beam metric associated with the selected transmitter-receiver beam pairing are relevant. Knowledge of the optimal receiver beam can indicate knowledge of the optimal beam pairing. Quasi-omnidirectional transmission may result in reduced latency (e.g., when using sequential or sequential+parallel measurements). Quasi-omnidirectional transmission can allow simultaneous measurements from a single transmitter to multiple receivers (e.g., during beacon transmission intervals).

[0167] Figure 29 This is an example of a Tx-Rx pairing using quasi-omnidirectional transmission. Transmitter 2902 can perform the transmission using one or more beams discovered and / or selected in eSLS and / or eBRP. Transmitter 2902 can transmit a Tx quasi-omnidirectional transmission 2904. Receiver 2906 can receive the Tx quasi-omnidirectional transmission 2904 using one or more beam pairs. For example, receiver 2906 can receive the Tx quasi-omnidirectional transmission 2904 using Rx beam pair 1 2908, Rx beam pair 2 2910, and / or Rx beam pair 3 2912.

[0168] Omnidirectional beams can have equal gain in all directions. Quasi-omnidirectional beams can be nearly omnidirectional, but may have gain greater than or less than the average gain compared to equal-gain beams. In this case, quasi-omnidirectional (QO) beams can be associated with a penalty in a certain direction (e.g., because QO beams are not omnidirectional). This penalty can be estimated as the difference between the beam gain in a certain direction and a reference gain (e.g., the average beam or the beam on the boresight (facing the receiver)). This penalty may need to be estimated and / or compensated so that the system can correctly estimate the gain while using QO beams instead of specific beam pairings (e.g., ...). Figure 29 (As shown).

[0169] The transmitter / receiver can request QO and / or directional beam calibration. The receiver / transmitter can transmit / receive one or more channel estimation frame signals, where, as an example, the first set of channel estimation frame signals uses the QO beam, and the second set uses the directional beam. The transmitter / receiver can estimate the channel gain difference between the QO beam and the directional beam. This channel gain difference can be estimated during beam adaptation (e.g., with...). Figure 30 Used in (related to)

[0170] Figure 30This is an example frame 3000 for STA-specific penalty calibration. The STA-specific penalty calibration frame 3000 may include a QO calibration setting field 3002, a QO beam CEF field 3004, and / or a beam CEF field 3006.

[0171] Figure 31 This is an example frame 3100 for beam scan penalty calibration. As an example, an AP can perform a beam scan, where the AP can use a QO beam to perform a transmission. The AP can scan the beam selected by the associated STA. Beam scanning can reduce overhead compared to STA-specific beam scan penalty calibration. Beam scan penalty calibration frame 3100 may include a QO calibration setting field 3102, a QO beam CEF field 3104, a beam 1 CEF field 3106, a beam 2 CEF field 3108, and / or a beam 3 CEF field 3110.

[0172] The measurement phase may include using the QO beam on the receiver to scan the transmitter beam selected in the eSLS or eBRP phase.

[0173] Figure 32 This is an example of a TX-RX pairing using QO reception. Tx can be configured to be a beam discovered and / or selected in eSLS and / or eBRP. Transmitter 3210 can perform transmission via one or more transmit beam pairs. For example, transmitter 3210 can perform transmission using Tx beam pair 1 3212, Tx beam pair 2 3214, and / or Tx beam pair 3 3216. Receiver 3220 can perform reception via QO beam 3222.

[0174] With transmitter-receiver beam pairing selected, beam metrics with only the transmit beam can be assumed to be related to the beam metric. Thus, knowledge of the optimal transmitter beam can indicate knowledge of the optimal beam pairing. Scanning the transmitter beam selected in the eSLS or eBRP phase using a QO beam on the receiver can result in reduced latency (as an example, due to measurements made for MIMO mode adaptation in the case of sequential measurements). Scanning the transmitter beam selected in the eSLS or eBRP phase using a QO beam on the receiver can be used in uplink measurements.

[0175] Using QO beams on the receiver to scan the transmitter beam selected in the eSLS or eBRP phase may require penalty calibration.

[0176] MIMO adaptation can be performed in analog millimeter-wave systems. One or more of the following can be performed.

[0177] One or more Tx / Rx beams can be configured using enhanced SLS and / or enhanced BRP. The transmitter can initiate MIMO mode measurements. The transmitter can send a MIMO mode measurement setup frame associated with the MIMO mode measurements. The MIMO mode measurement setup frame can indicate the desired receiver(s), possible modes, and / or parameters (e.g., number of beams, etc.). For example, the MIMO mode measurement setup frame can indicate one or more transmit beams. Possible modes that can be indicated by the MIMO mode measurement setup frame can include MIMO mode, polarization mode, and / or OFDMA mode. The MIMO mode measurement setup frame can be a standalone frame (e.g., Figure 28 The example shown is an independent sequence measurement frame. When the MIMO mode measurement setup frame is an independent frame, a measurement notification frame (e.g., to ensure that the STA performing the reception is aware that there will be a pending mode measurement setup frame) can be used. This MIMO mode measurement setup frame can be appended to the data transmission in the control tail (e.g., in...). Figure 24 , Figure 25 and / or Figure 26 (as in the example). When attaching a MIMO mode measurement setup frame to data transmission in the control tail, this notification may be included in the preamble of the data transmission frame.

[0178] The receiver STA can switch to receive mode to prepare for measurement. For example, the receiver can enable one or more modes indicated by the MIMO mode measurement setup frame. In this example, configurable pseudo-transmissions (e.g., pseudo-signals) can be included between the mode measurement frame setup and the measurement sequence. Configurable pseudo-transmissions can allow the receiver STA to switch its beam to the correct physical receiver mode. The correct physical receiver mode can be determined based on the MIMO mode measurement setup frame. Pseudo-transmissions can be configured to enable one or more modes indicated by the MIMO mode measurement setup frame. The gap duration (e.g., the gap duration of the configurable pseudo-transmission) can be transmitted in the frame's preamble.

[0179] A receiver (e.g., receiver STA) can measure the optimal beam and / or beam pairing depending on the measurement type. For example, the receiver can measure one or more transmit beams indicated by a MIMO mode measurement setup frame. The receiver can measure the transmit beams during a training period.

[0180] The receiver can send feedback information to the transmitter. This feedback information can be based on metrics (e.g., for each analog beam). This feedback information can be associated with a training period. For example, the feedback information could be sent for one or more transmit beams measured during the training period. This feedback information can indicate the MIMO mode to be used. This feedback information can indicate the metric for each beam (e.g., the required SNR / RSSI). The transmitter can make MIMO mode switching decisions based on the feedback information.

[0181] The transmitter can send a MIMO setup frame to the receiver. This MIMO setup frame indicates the desired transmission settings. The transmitter can then send MIMO transmissions. For example, once a MIMO transmission is successfully received, the receiver can send an ACK frame back to the transmitter.

[0182] Figure 33 This is an example of a hybrid architecture where all PAs are excited by all weights. Transmitter 3302 can transmit multiple streams with different weights via two or more PAs (e.g., PAs 3304, 3306). For example, each PA can be used to transmit multiple streams. Each of PAs 3304 and 3306 can be excited by different weights of multiple streams. Receiver 3352 can receive one or more streams via two or more low-noise amplifiers (LNAs) (e.g., LNAs 3354, 3356).

[0183] Figure 34 This is an example of a hybrid architecture where individual weighted excitation of the PAs is not required. Transmitter 3402 can transmit streams with different weights via individual PAs. For example, the first weight of the first stream can be transmitted via first PA 3404. The second weight of the first stream can be transmitted via second PA 3406. The third weight of the second stream can be transmitted via third PA 3408. The fourth weight of the second stream can be transmitted via fourth PA 3410. Receiver 3452 can receive streams with different weights via individual LNAs. For example, each LNA can be configured to receive streams with specific weights. The first weight of the first stream can be received via first LNA 3454. The second weight of the first stream can be received via second LNA 3456. The third weight of the second stream can be received via third LNA 3458. The fourth weight of the second stream can be received via fourth LNA 3460.

[0184] Transmitters and / or receivers may use beam search algorithms. These algorithms may include enhanced sector-level scanning and / or enhanced beam refinement. Transmitters and / or receivers may use beam search algorithms to identify one or more optimal transmit / receive beam pairs between the devices. Transmitters and / or receivers may fix the identified beam pairs. Based on analog beams, channel estimation can be performed using information from the effective digital channels. Optimal analog-to-digital precoder pairs can be determined using information from the effective digital channels.

[0185] The general model for the transmission phase can be represented as:

[0186] y = H·F RF ·F BB ·x

[0187] Where y is the signal received before any receiver processes it, H is the channel, and F is the signal received before any receiver processes it. RF It is an analog pre-encoder, F BB Here, x is the baseband pre-encoder, and x is the transmitted signal. The general model for the transmission phase is further modeled as follows:

[0188]

[0189] Where fa1 represents the vector of the i-th analog beam of the pre-selected analog precoder (FRF) in eSLS or eBRP, fd represents the element of the matrix representing the digital precoder (FBB), and x i This is the data stream on the i-th beam, where n is the total number of beams, and... It is the power normalization factor. A fully pre-encoder allows for complete flexibility in the digital domain, including beam selection, beamloading, open-loop and closed-loop MIMO spatial multiplexing and / or diversity.

[0190] Digital MIMO measurements and mode adaptation may include performing baseband precoding before analog beamforming, which could differ from purely analog methods. Channel state information can be accurate or local.

[0191] Digital MIMO measurement and mode adaptation can include one or more of the following.

[0192] Assume that Tx / Rx beamforming has been configured using enhanced SLS and / or enhanced BRP. The transmitter (e.g., transmitter AP) and receiver (e.g., receiver STA) remain in beamforming mode. The transmitter can transmit N_transmit_beam channel estimation frames with orthogonal CEF. The receiver can estimate the Tx / Rx MIMO channel. The receiver can estimate the MIMO mode. For hybrid beamforming, both full-rank transmission MIMO and / or non-full-rank transmission MIMO modes are available.

[0193] Full-rank transmission MIMO modes can be used for throughput enhancement. Full-rank transmission can include closed-loop and / or open-loop transmission. In closed-loop, the precoder can be designed based on complete channel state information. The complete channel state information can be based on CSI feedback for the transmitter and / or feedback from the designed precoder for the transmitter. In open-loop, CSI may not be required. Open-loop transmission can include simple spatial multiplexing or a hybrid of diversity and multiplexing with CSD.

[0194] In non-full-rank transmission MIMO mode, the number of data streams can be less than the number of beams available for robust transmission (e.g., when the path is blocked). Non-full-rank transmission can include closed-loop transmission (e.g., with full CSI), open-loop transmission using diversity precoding (e.g., STBC or CSD or open-loop precoding), and / or antenna / PAA / polarization selection using partial CSI.

[0195] The receiver can send feedback (e.g., based on a valid digital channel) to the transmitter indicating a specific MIMO mode requested. This feedback can indicate a dominant channel, and the transmitter can select the MIMO mode to use. The transmitter can send a MIMO setup frame to the receiver. This MIMO setup frame can establish the desired transmission. The transmitter can then transmit a MIMO transmission. For example, once a MIMO transmission is successfully received, the receiver can send an ACK frame.

[0196] Analog and hybrid architectures can utilize protocol-based MIMO measurements and mode adaptation. Rank adaptation and / or MIMO scheme selection can be based on the presence or absence of ACK on a beam or stream. MIMO mode adaptation can be incorporated into link adaptation across different transmit-receive beam pairs. For example, beam pairing can be turned on / off when link adaptation reduces the channel's maximum supported MCS to zero. Non-protocol-based MIMO measurements and mode adaptation link adaptation can reduce the link MCS to the minimum supported MCS (e.g., BPSK rate 1 / 2). Collision-induced faults can be distinguished from faults caused by weak signals.

[0197] Protocol-based MIMO measurement and mode adaptation may include one or more of the following.

[0198] Assume that Tx / Rx beams have been established using eSLS and / or eBRP. It can also be assumed that MIMO data transmission is in progress (e.g., based on the selected transmit-receive beam pairing). Each Tx-Rx beam pairing can independently adapt its MCS. For example, the MCS level can be adjusted based on the number of received ACKs (e.g., based on frame loss MCS adaptation). Untransmitted MCSs can be added to the list of possible MCSs. Failure of the minimum MCS will cause the beam to be shut down for a fixed period of time. Shutting down the beam for a fixed period of time can include implementing protocol-based beam selection. Resuming transmission on the beam can be based on timeout (e.g., sending the minimum MCS after a certain amount of time has elapsed). The elapsed time can be parameterized. Resuming transmission on the beam can be based on an MCS request frame. This MCS request frame can be sent from the transmitter to the receiver to request the desired MCS. The MCS request frame can be beam-specific or can be a request for all beams. The MCS request frame can be sent in the preamble, during data transmission, or in the control tail.

[0199] Pseudo-transmissions can be sent via channel bonding. Valid frames or pseudo-frames can be sent on the primary channel (e.g., when the AP is forward transmitting data that can only be used by an STA (e.g., STA x) performing reception on one or more secondary channels).

[0200] A valid frame can be a frame for another STA that is not busy on the main channel.

[0201] A pseudo-frame can be an NDP frame with a preamble of the length of a signaling announcement frame / TXOP. Thus, a STA intended to perform a transmission to an AP on the main channel will have a CCA, which indicates that the main channel is busy during that duration.

[0202] A pseudo-frame can indicate that the Network Allocation Vector (NAV) / TXOP / frame duration is conditional for transmissions to a transmitter that uses the pseudo-frame. For transmissions in other BSSs or transmissions to transmitters not using the pseudo-frame, the NAV may not be applied.

[0203] The pseudo-frame indicating the NAV / TXOP / frame duration may require other STAs to terminate their transmissions on the primary channel before the indicated time. After transmission on the secondary channel, the AP / PCP may no longer have uncertainty regarding TXOP setting / primary channel holder.

[0204] The STA x preorder code on one or more selected channels can indicate that the actual data transmission is a subset of the channels that STA x indicates are CCA idle.

[0205] Two STAs (e.g., EDMG AP / PCP and EDMG STA) can be adapted to transmit / receive modes. These transmit and / or receive modes can include MIMO, polarization, and / or OFDMA modes.

[0206] Figure 35 This is an example of a Tx / Rx mode change request frame 3500. An STA (including, for example, an EDMG AP / PCP) can use the Tx / Rx mode change request frame 3500 to request one or more EDMG STAs to change the transmission mode and / or reception mode between one or more EDMG STAs and the requesting STA. The transmission mode and / or reception mode can include MIMO mode, polarization mode, and / or OFDMA mode. STAs can send the Tx / Rx mode change request frame 3500 based on training feedback received from the STA performing the reception. The Tx / Rx mode change request frame 3500 can be configured to indicate a mode change for one or more modes (e.g., initiated via a MIMO mode setting frame).

[0207] The Tx / Rx mode change request frame 3500 may include one or more of the following fields in its preamble 3502, MAC header 3504, and / or frame body 3506. The Tx / Rx mode change request frame 3500 may include an STA quantity field 3512. This STA quantity field 3512 may indicate the number of STA information fields included in the Tx mode change request frame 3500. The Tx / Rx mode change request frame 3500 may include one or more STA information fields. For example, the Tx / Rx mode change request frame 3500 may include an STA 1 information field 3514A, an STA 2 information field 3514B, and / or an STA N information field 3514C. The STA information fields may include information about the N STAs as indicated in the STA quantity field 3512. Each STA information field may include information about the MIMO mode, polarization mode, and / or OFDMA mode. For example, each STA information field may include a MIMO mode subfield, a polarization mode subfield, and / or an OFDMA mode subfield.

[0208] STA 1 information field 3514A may include a MIMO mode subfield 3522A, a polarization mode subfield 3524A, an OFDMA mode subfield 3526A, a training subfield 3528A, and / or a time subfield 3530A. The MIMO mode subfield 3522A may indicate a change in MIMO mode. For example, the MIMO mode subfield 3522A may indicate a change from the current MIMO mode (e.g., initiated via a MIMO measurement setup frame). The polarization mode subfield 3524A may indicate a change in polarization mode. For example, the polarization mode subfield 3524A may indicate a change from the current polarization mode (e.g., initiated via a MIMO measurement setup frame). The OFDMA mode subfield 3526A may indicate a change in OFDMA mode. For example, the OFDMA mode subfield 3526A may indicate a change from the current OFDMA mode (e.g., initiated via a MIMO measurement setup frame).

[0209] In MIMO mode, the STA information fields may include an add / remove field (e.g., a subfield). This add / remove field indicates whether a request is made to add or remove the MIMO mode. In MIMO mode, the STA information fields may include a Tx / Rx field. This Tx / Rx field can be used to indicate whether a request is made to add or remove the MIMO mode for Tx and / or Rx. In MIMO mode, the STA information fields may include a SU / MU field. This SU / MU field indicates whether a request is made to add or remove SU and / or MU MIMO modes. In MIMO mode, the STA information fields may include a maximum number of streams field. This maximum number of streams field indicates the maximum number of streams expected to be added or removed. This maximum number of streams field also indicates the maximum number of streams expected to be used after a change in the Tx / Rx mode.

[0210] In a polarization mode, the STA information field may include an add / remove field (e.g., a subfield). This add / remove field indicates whether a polarization mode is requested to be added or removed. In a polarization mode, the STA information field may include a Tx / Rx field. This Tx / Rx field indicates whether a polarization mode is requested to be added or removed for Tx and / or Rx. In a polarization mode, the STA information field may include one or more polarization type fields. These one or more polarization type fields indicate one or more polarizations that are requested to be added or removed. For example, one or more polarization types (e.g., linear, cyclic, blended) can be indicated using a bitmap. One or more fields containing Euler angles (e.g., α, β, γ) (e.g., Euler angles relative to the existing coordinate system or the current polarization (e.g., the current polarization used to transmit the current frame) can be used to indicate one or more polarization types that are requested to be added or removed.

[0211] In OFDMA mode, the STA information field may include an add / remove field (e.g., a subfield). This add / remove field indicates whether an OFDMA mode is requested to be added or removed. In OFDMA mode, the STA information field may include a Tx / Rx field. This Tx / Rx field indicates whether an OFDMA mode is requested to be added or removed for Tx and / or Rx. In OFDMA mode, the STA information field may include a backward compatibility field. This backward compatibility field indicates whether the OFDMA transmission mode should be backward compatible, such as whether OFDMA frame transmission or preamble transmission should follow the 11ad channel mask and / or preamble definition. In OFDMA mode, the STA information field may include a bandwidth field. The bandwidth field indicates the bandwidth that should be used for OFDMA transmission. The bandwidth field can indicate bandwidth allocation.

[0212] The STA information fields may include training fields (e.g., training subfield 3528A). The training fields may indicate whether training is requested for any transmission mode (e.g., MIMO mode, polarization mode, and / or OFDMA mode). For example, the training fields may include a training indicator to initiate a training session associated with a mode change. The training fields may also include scheduling information for the training session.

[0213] The STA information field may include a time field (e.g., time subfield 3530A). The time field can indicate when a requested change in training and / or transmission mode (e.g., a change in MIMO mode, polarization mode, and / or OFMDA mode) will take effect.

[0214] The Tx / Rx mode change request frame 3500 may include one or more training signals. These training signals may be fields in the preamble (e.g., one or more EDMG-CEFs). The training signals enable the STA performing reception to perform training in response to one or more transmission mode changes requested in the Tx / Rx mode change request frame 3500.

[0215] Figure 36 This is an example of a Tx / Rx mode change response frame 3600. Upon receiving a Tx / Rx mode change request frame (e.g., Figure 35 When a Tx / Rx mode change request frame 3500 is displayed, the STA (e.g., an EDMG STA) can respond using a Tx / Rx mode change response frame 3600. This Tx / Rx mode change response frame 3600 may include feedback for training and / or may indicate the result of one or more received Tx / Rx mode change requests.

[0216] The Tx / Rx mode change response frame 3600 may contain one or more of the following fields in the preamble 3602, MAC header 3604, and / or frame body 3606.

[0217] The Tx / Rx mode change response frame 3600 may include a MIMO mode response field 3612. The MIMO mode response field 3612 may indicate the status of the MIMO mode change request, such as success, failure, or replacement mode. In the case of replacement mode, the MIMO mode response field 3612 may indicate the maximum number of streams.

[0218] The Tx / Rx mode change response frame 3600 may include a polarization mode response field 3614. This polarization mode response field 3614 can indicate the status of the polarization mode change request, such as success, failure, or replacement mode. In the case of replacement mode, the polarization mode response field 3614 can indicate the polarization mode, which can be indicated by a bitmap, thereby indicating linear, cyclic, mixed, etc. The polarization mode can be indicated by Euler angles relative to a known coordinate system or relative to the current polarization mode that should be used.

[0219] The Tx / Rx mode change response frame 3600 may include an OFDMA mode response field 3616. The OFDMA mode response field 3616 may indicate the status of the OFDMA mode change request, such as success, failure, or mode replacement. In the case of mode replacement, the OFDMA mode that should be added / removed may be indicated in the OFDMA mode response field 3616.

[0220] The Tx / Rx mode change response frame 3600 may include a training feedback field 3618. The training feedback field 3618 may include training feedback related to the Tx / Rx mode change. For example, the training feedback field 3618 may include training feedback associated with one or more transmit beams during a training period associated with a Tx / Rx mode change that may be indicated by a Tx / Rx mode change request frame.

[0221] The Tx / Rx mode change response frame 3600 may include a time field 3620. The time field 3620 may indicate the time when a new Tx / Rx mode change may occur.

[0222] Tx / Rx mode change request frames and / or Tx / Rx mode change response frames, or any set or subset of fields and / or subfields, can be implemented as information elements, elements, or any part of action frames, no-ACK action frames, and / or management, control, NDP, short, data, and extended frames (e.g., PHY and MAC headers). For example, a Tx / Rx mode request can be included in a (short) beacon frame to request a Tx / Rx mode change for one or more STAs.

[0223] Tx / Rx mode adaptation may include one or more of the following.

[0224] A STA (e.g., an EDMG STA or EDMG AP / PCP) can request another STA to change its Tx / Rx mode (e.g., by sending a Tx / Rx mode change request frame). A STA can request one or more STAs to change their Tx / Rx mode in a broadcast / multicast frame (e.g., in a (short) beacon frame). A STA can also request one or more STAs to change their Tx / Rx mode by including a Tx / Rx mode change request frame in an aggregation frame sent to another STA. The aggregation frame can include one or more management, control, data, and / or extension frames.

[0225] The STA initiating the request may include one or more training fields for the requested Tx / Rx mode change as part of the Tx / Rx mode change frame. For example, the Tx / Rx mode change frame may indicate a training session associated with the Tx / Rx mode change. The STA initiating the request may have already established a training session for the requested Tx / Rx mode change before sending the Tx / Rx mode change request frame. The STA initiating the request can provide scheduling information for the training session required to determine the Tx / Rx mode change in the Tx / Rx mode change request frame.

[0226] The requesting STA can request changes to the Tx / Rx MIMO mode, including SU and MU modes, the maximum number of streams, and / or the number of PAAs / antennas used. The requesting STA can also request changes to the polarization mode, such as adding or removing a polarization type. The requesting STA may include a specific polarization type indicated by Euler angles or any other method (e.g., relative to the polarization type used to send the Tx / Rx mode change request frame or a known coordinate system). The requesting STA can also request changes to the OFDMA mode, such as bandwidth or backward compatibility mode for OFDMA transmissions.

[0227] Upon receiving a training frame and / or a Tx / Rx mode change request frame, the STA performing the receiving action can provide feedback on the training portion of the training frame and / or the Tx / Rx mode change request frame. The STA performing the receiving action can provide one or more responses to the requested change in MIMO mode, polarization mode, and / or OFDMA mode. If the STA performing the receiving action decides to propose an alternative change different from the change requested by the STA initiating the request, then the STA performing the receiving action can provide such an alternative change in the Tx / Rx mode change response frame. The STA performing the receiving action can provide the time at which the Tx / Rx mode change can occur. This time can be the same as the time suggested by the requesting STA and included in the Tx / Rx mode change request frame.

[0228] The STA that initiates the request and the STA that performs the reception can adjust their Tx / Rx modes according to the agreement (e.g., changing the time indicated in the request and / or response frames in the Tx / Rx mode).

[0229] Although the features and elements of the invention are described in a specific combination, each feature or element may be used alone without other features and elements, or in different combinations with or without other features and elements of the invention.

[0230] Although the solution described here takes into account the 802.11 proprietary protocol, it should be understood that the solution described here is not limited to this scenario, but is also applicable to other wireless systems.

[0231] Figure 37A An illustrative wireless local area network (WLAN) device is shown. One or more features described herein can be implemented using one or more of the aforementioned devices. The WLAN may include, but is not limited to, access point (AP) 102, station (STA) 110, and STA 112. STA 110 and 112 may be associated with AP 102. The WLAN may be configured to implement one or more protocols of the IEEE 802.11 communication standard, which may include channel access schemes such as DSSS, OFDM, OFDMA, etc. The WLAN may operate in some mode, such as infrastructure mode, self-organizing mode, etc.

[0232] A WLAN operating in infrastructure mode may include one or more APs communicating with one or more associated STAs. The APs and / or one or more STAs associated with an AP may include a Basic Service Set (BSS). For example, AP102, STA 110, and STA 112 may include BSS 122. An Extended Service Set (ESS) may include one or more APs (with one or more BSSs) and one or more STAs associated with an AP. APs may access and / or interface with a Distributed System (DS) 116, which may be wired and / or wireless, and may transport traffic to and / or from the AP. An AP within the WLAN may receive traffic destined for STAs within the WLAN from outside the WLAN, and the AP may send that traffic to the STAs within the WLAN. Traffic from STAs within the WLAN to a destination located outside the WLAN (e.g., to a server) may be sent to an AP within the WLAN, which may then send the traffic to the destination (e.g., via DS 116 to network 114 for delivery to the server). Traffic between STAs within the WLAN may be sent via one or more APs. For example, a source STA (e.g., STA 110) may have traffic destined for a destination STA (e.g., STA 112). STA 110 may send traffic to AP 102, and / or AP 102 may send traffic to STA 112.

[0233] WLANs can operate in self-organizing mode. Self-organizing mode WLANs are also known as Independent Basic Service Sets (IBBS). In self-organizing mode WLANs, STAs can communicate directly with each other (for example, STA 110 can communicate with STA 112, and this communication does not require routing through an AP).

[0234] IEEE 802.11 devices (such as IEEE 802.11 APs in a BSS) can use beacon frames to announce the presence of a WLAN network. The AP (e.g., AP 102) can transmit beacons on a channel (e.g., a fixed channel such as the primary channel). STAs can use the channel (e.g., the primary channel) to establish a connection with the AP.

[0235] One or more STAs and / or one or more APs can use a Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA / CA) channel access mechanism with collision avoidance. In CSMA / CA, the STA and / or AP can sense the primary channel. For example, if an STA wants to transmit data, it can sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed to be busy, the STA can fall back. As an example, a WLAN or a portion thereof can be configured such that at a specified time (e.g., within a specified BSS), one STA can perform a transmission. Channel access can include RTS and / or CTS signaling. For example, the exchange of Request to Transmit (RTS) frames can be transmitted by the transmitting device, and / or Clear to Transmit (CTS) frames can be transmitted by the receiving device. As an example, if an AP wants to transmit data to a STA, the AP can send an RTS frame to the STA. If the STA is ready to receive data, it can respond with a CTS frame. The CTS frame can include a time value warning other STAs to postpone access to the medium while the AP initiating the RTS can transmit its data. Once a CTS frame is received from a STA, the AP can transmit data to that STA.

[0236] Devices can reserve spectrum using the Network Allocation Vector (NAV) field. For example, in an IEEE 802.11 frame, the NAV field can be used to reserve a channel for a period of time. A STA wanting to transmit data can set the NAV to the time it expects to use the channel. When a STA sets the NAV, it can be set for the associated WLAN and a subset thereof (such as a BSS). Other STAs can count down the NAV to zero. When the counter reaches zero, the NAV function can indicate to other STAs that the channel is now available.

[0237] Devices in a WLAN (such as APs and STAs) may include one or more of the following: processor, memory, radio receiver and / or transmitter (as an example, they may be combined in a transceiver), one or more antennas (e.g., Figure 37AAntenna 154 in the example, etc. Processor functionality may include one or more processors. For example, a processor may include one or more of the following: a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor (e.g., a baseband processor, a MAC processor, etc.), a digital signal processor (DSP), an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), and / or a state machine, etc. The one or more processors may or may not be integrated with each other. A processor (e.g., the one or more processors or a subset thereof) may be integrated with one or more other functions (e.g., other functions such as memory). The processor may perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, modulation, demodulation, and / or enable the device to operate in wireless environments (e.g., wireless devices). Figure 37A The processor may also perform any other functions that operate within a WLAN. The processor may be configured to execute processor-executable code (e.g., instructions), which, for example, include software and / or firmware instructions. For instance, the processor may be configured to execute one or more computer-readable instructions contained within the processor (e.g., a chipset containing memory and the processor) or memory. Executing these instructions can cause the device to perform one or more of the functions described herein.

[0238] The device may include one or more antennas. The device may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology. The one or more antennas may receive radio signals. The processor may receive radio signals, for example, using the one or more antennas. The one or more antennas may transmit radio signals (e.g., signals transmitted by the processor).

[0239] The device may have memory, which may include one or more devices for storing programs and / or data. For example, the programs and / or data may be processor-executable code and / or instructions (e.g., software, firmware, etc.), electronic data, databases, and / or other digital information. The memory may include one or more memory cells. The one or more memory cells may be integrated with one or more other functions (e.g., other functions included in the device, such as the processor). The memory may include read-only memory (ROM) (e.g., erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), etc.), random access memory (RAM), disk storage media, optical storage media, flash memory devices, and / or other non-transitory computer-readable media for storing information. The memory may be coupled to the processor. The processor may communicate with one or more memory entities (e.g., via a system bus, directly, etc.).

[0240] Figure 37BThis is an illustration of an exemplary communication system 100 that can implement one or more of the disclosed features. As an example, a wireless network (e.g., a wireless network that includes one or more components of the communication system 100) can be configured to assign QoS features to bearers extending beyond the wireless network (e.g., beyond a closed garden associated with the wireless network).

[0241] Communication system 100 can be a multiple access system that provides multiple wireless users with content such as voice, data, video, messaging, and broadcasting. This communication system 100 enables multiple wireless users to access such content by sharing system resources, including wireless bandwidth. As an example, communication system 100 can employ one or more channel access methods, such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), and Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), etc.

[0242] like Figure 37B As shown, the communication system 100 may include at least one wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) (e.g., multiple WTRUs, such as WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d), a radio access network (RAN) 104, a core network 106, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112. However, it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network components. Each WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d can be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and can include user equipment (UE), mobile stations (e.g., WLAN STA), fixed or mobile subscriber units, pagers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, laptops, netbooks, personal computers, wireless sensors, and consumer electronic devices, etc.

[0243] The communication system 100 may also include base stations 114a and 114b. Each base station 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to facilitate access to one or more communication networks via wireless interfacing with at least one of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, which may be a core network 106, the Internet 110, and / or network 112. As an example, base stations 114a and 114b may be base transceiver stations (BTS), node B, e-node B, home node B, home e-node B, site controllers, access points (APs), and wireless routers, etc. Although each base station 114a and 114b is described as a single component, it should be understood that base stations 114a and 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network components.

[0244] Base station 114a may be part of RAN 104, and the RAN may also include other base stations and / or network components (not shown), such as base station controllers (BSCs), radio network controllers (RNCs), relay nodes, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive radio signals within a specific geographical area, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown). The cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a may be divided into three cell sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, that is, each transceiver corresponds to one sector of the cell. In another embodiment, base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology, and thereby can use multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell.

[0245] Base stations 114a and 114b can communicate with one or more WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d via air interface 116, which can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). Air interface 116 can be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0246] More specifically, as described above, the communication system 100 can be a multiple access system and can employ one or more channel access schemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA, etc. For example, base station 114a in RAN 104 and WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c can implement radio technologies such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which can establish an air interface 116 using Wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA can include communication protocols such as High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA can include High-Speed ​​Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High-Speed ​​Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0247] In another embodiment, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which can establish an air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A).

[0248] In other embodiments, base station 114a and WTRUs 102a, 102b and 102c may implement radio access technologies such as IEEE 802.16 (Global Microwave Access Interoperability (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Provisional Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Provisional Standard 95 (IS-95), Provisional Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Evolution for Enhanced Data Rates in GSM (EDGE), and GSM EDGE (GERAN).

[0249] As an example, Figure 37BBase station 114b can be a wireless router, home node B, home e node B, or access point, and can use any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area (e.g., business premises, residences, vehicles, and campuses). In one embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c and 102d can establish a wireless local area network (WLAN) by implementing a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11. In another embodiment, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c and 102d can establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN) by implementing a radio technology such as IEEE 802.15. In yet another example, base station 114b and WTRUs 102c and 102d can establish a picocell or femtocell by using a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, etc.). Figure 37B As shown, base station 114b can be directly connected to the Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b does not need to go through core network 106 to access the Internet 110.

[0250] RAN 104 can communicate with core network 106, which can be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. For example, core network 106 can provide call control, billing services, location-based services, prepaid calling, internet connectivity, video distribution, and / or perform advanced security functions such as user authentication. Although in Figure 37B Although not shown, it should be understood that RAN 104 and / or core network 106 can communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs that use the same RAT or a different RAT as RAN 104. For example, in addition to connecting with RAN 104 which uses E-UTRA radio technology, core network 106 can also communicate with other RANs (not shown) that use GSM radio technology.

[0251] Core network 106 may also act as a gateway for WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d to access PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network providing Simple Old-Style Telephone Service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a globally interconnected computer network and devices using common communication protocols, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and Internet Protocol (IP) from the TCP / IP Internet Protocol suite. Network 112 may include wired or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, network 112 may include another core network connected to one or more RANs, where the core network may use the same RAT as RAN 104 or a different RAT.

[0252] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capability, meaning that each WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks on different wireless links. For example, Figure 37B The WTRU 102c shown can be configured to communicate with base station 114a, which can use cellular-based radio technology, and with base station 114b, which can use IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0253] Figure 37C An illustrative wireless transmitter / receiver unit, WTRU 102, is described. WTRU 102 can be a user equipment (UE), mobile station, WLAN STA, fixed or mobile subscriber unit, pager, cellular phone, personal digital assistant (PDA), smartphone, laptop computer, netbook, personal computer, wireless sensor, and consumer electronic device, etc. WTRU 102 can be used in one or more communication systems described herein. Figure 37C As shown, WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive unit 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keyboard 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and other peripheral devices 138. It should be understood that, while remaining consistent with the embodiments, WTRU 102 may also include any sub-combination of the foregoing components.

[0254] Processor 118 can be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), and a state machine, etc. Processor 118 can perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other function that enables WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. Processor 118 can be coupled to transceiver 120, and transceiver 120 can be coupled to transmitting / receiving unit 122. Although Figure 37C While the processor 118 and transceiver 120 are described as separate components, it should be understood that the processor 118 and transceiver 120 may be integrated into a single electronic package or chip.

[0255] Transmit / receive component 122 can be configured to transmit or receive signals to or from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) via air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, transmit / receive component 122 can be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In another embodiment, as an example, transmit / receive component 122 can be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals. In yet another embodiment, transmit / receive component 122 can be configured to transmit and receive both RF and optical signals. It should be understood that transmit / receive component 122 can be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0256] In addition, although Figure 37C While the transmit / receive component 122 is described as a single component, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive components 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may use MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive components 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving radio signals via the air interface 116.

[0257] Transceiver 120 can be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by transmitter / receiver 122 and demodulate signals received by transmitter / receiver 122. As described above, WTRU 102 can have multimode capability. Thus, transceiver 120 can include multiple transceivers that allow WTRU 102 to communicate using various RATs (e.g., UTRA and IEEE 802.11).

[0258] The processor 118 of WTRU 102 can be coupled to a speaker / microphone 124, a keyboard 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) unit or an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit), and can receive user input data from these components. The processor 118 can also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, keyboard 126, and / or display / touchpad 128. Furthermore, the processor 118 can access and store information from any suitable memory (e.g., from non-removable memory 130 and / or removable memory 132). Non-removable memory 130 may include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. Removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, and a secure digital storage (SD) card, etc. In other embodiments, processor 118 may access information from and store data in memories that are not actually located in WTRU 102, such as memories that may be located in a server or home computer (not shown).

[0259] The processor 118 can receive power from the power supply 134 and can be configured to distribute and / or control power for other components in the WTRU 102. The power supply 134 can be any suitable device that powers the WTRU 102. For example, the power supply 134 may include one or more dry cell battery packs (such as nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd), nickel-zinc (Ni-Zn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, and fuel cells, etc.

[0260] The processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) related to the current location of the WTRU 102. As a supplement or replacement to the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from base stations (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) via the air interface 116, and / or determine its location based on signal timing received from two or more nearby base stations. It should be understood that, while remaining consistent with the embodiments, the WTRU 102 may acquire location information using any suitable positioning method.

[0261] The processor 118 can be further coupled to other peripheral devices 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functions, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, peripheral devices 138 may include accelerometers, electronic compasses, satellite transceivers, digital cameras (for photos and videos), Universal Serial Bus (USB) ports, vibration devices, television transceivers, hands-free headsets, etc. Modules, FM radio units, digital music players, video game console modules, and internet browsers, etc.

[0262] While features and elements in a specific combination or order have been described above, those skilled in the art will recognize that each feature can be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. Furthermore, the methods described herein can be implemented in computer programs, software, or firmware incorporated into a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electrical signals (transmitted via wired and wireless connections). Examples of computer-readable media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, buffer memory, semiconductor storage devices, magnetic media (e.g., internal hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and optical media (e.g., CD-ROMs and digital multipurpose discs (DVDs)). The processor associated with the software can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver used in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any computer host.

Claims

1. A method for polarization beamforming training implemented in a station-based training station (STA), the method comprising: The transmitter circuit of the STA transmits a training request frame, including a polarization beamforming training instruction, to the responding STA. The transmitter circuit transmits multiple training frames to the responding STA after the training request frame. The multiple training frames include a polarization index indicating the polarization order and a polarization beam transmitted in the polarization order. as well as The receiver circuit of the STA receives feedback based on the plurality of training frames from the responding STA.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the training request frame comprises an enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) control frame.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the training request frame indicates the number of polarizations to be trained.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the transmitter circuit is configured to receive a response frame from the responder STA acknowledging receipt of the training request frame.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of training frames includes a first set of training frames received on an antenna beam polarized using a first polarization and a second set of training frames received on an antenna beam polarized using a second polarization.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the training request frame includes a management frame.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the training request frame includes a beacon frame.

8. A method for polarization beamforming training implemented in a station (STA), the method comprising: The transmitter circuit of the STA transmits a training request frame, including a polarization beamforming training instruction, to the responding STA. The transmitter circuit transmits multiple training frames to the responding STA after the training request frame. The multiple training frames include a polarization order indication and a training beam associated with a first polarization and a second polarization. as well as The receiver circuit of the STA receives feedback based on the plurality of training frames from the responding STA.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the training request frame comprises an enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) control frame.

10. The method of claim 8, wherein the training request frame indicates the number of polarizations to be trained.

11. The method of claim 8, wherein the transmitter circuit is configured to receive a response frame from the responder STA acknowledging receipt of the training request frame.

12. The method of claim 8, wherein the plurality of training frames includes a first set of training frames received on an antenna beam polarized using the first polarization and a second set of training frames received on an antenna beam polarized using the second polarization.

13. The method of claim 8, wherein the training request frame includes a management frame.

14. The method of claim 8, wherein the training request frame comprises a beacon frame.

15. A station (STA) configured for polarization beamforming training, the STA comprising: processor; The receiver circuit is configured to receive a training request frame, including a polarization beamforming training instruction, from the initiating STA. The receiver circuit is configured to receive a plurality of training frames from the initiating STA based on the polarization beamforming training instruction, the plurality of training frames including a first set of training frames associated with a first polarization and a second set of training frames associated with a second polarization, wherein the plurality of training frames are received on a polarized antenna beam formed in polarization order. as well as The transmitter circuit is configured to transmit feedback to the initiator STA based on the first set of training frames and the second set of training frames.

16. The STA of claim 15, wherein the training request frame includes an enhanced directional multi-gigabit (EDMG) control frame.

17. The STA of claim 15, wherein the training request frame indicates the number of polarizations to be trained.

18. The STA of claim 15, wherein the transmitter circuitry is configured to transmit a response frame acknowledging receipt of the training request frame to the initiating STA.

19. The STA of claim 15, wherein the first set of training frames is transmitted by an antenna beam polarized using the first polarization, and the second set of training frames is transmitted by an antenna beam polarized using the second polarization.

20. The STA of claim 15, wherein the training request frame includes a management frame.

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