A method for determining Cu based on Hittorf method 2+ Experimental setup for ion migration number

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of experimental equipment and discloses a method for determining Cu based on the Hittorf method. 2+ The experimental device of ion migration number comprises a base, a support rod, a crossbar 1, a crossbar 2, a crossbar 3, a clamp 1, a clamp 2, a clamp 3, a glass tube 1, a glass tube 2, a glass tube 3, a silicone plug 1, a silicone plug 2, a silicone plug 3, a silicone plug 4, a silicone plug 5, a silicone plug 6, a latex tube 1, a water stop clamp 1, a latex tube 2, a water stop clamp 2, a copper wire 1, a copper wire 2, a coulometer and an ion migration number measuring device. The present invention designs a vertical straight migration tube, and immediately separates the three zones of solution after the electrolysis is completed, thereby avoiding the ion convection effect and diffusion effect of the solution caused by gravity and the like. The pipeline resistance is small, which reduces the problem of large solution heating during the electrolysis process, and has high cost performance, simple operation, and better precision and accuracy of the test results than the traditional method.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of experimental equipment, and more specifically, to a method for determining Cu based on the Hittorf method. 2+ Experimental setup for ion mobility numbers. Background Art

[0002] Ion migration number is an important concept in the electrochemistry part of physical chemistry courses. It is also an important parameter in industrial applications such as batteries, electrocatalysis, electrodeposition, and electrical sensors. It represents the ratio of the amount of electricity conducted by a certain ion to the total amount of electricity passing through the solution. The ion migration number measurement experiment can enable students to have a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of electromigration and the application of Faraday's law. Therefore, it is of great significance in physical chemistry experimental teaching.

[0003] At present, the methods for determining ion migration number are mainly based on the Hittorf method, the interface migration method and the electromotive force method. Among them, the Hittorf method is widely used in physical chemistry experiments in colleges and universities because of its advantages such as simple method, concise principle and strong operability.

[0004] However, the earliest Hittorf method device used a straight migration tube, which was divided into three zones according to the length ratio of 4:2:4 for measurement. Since all the liquids need to be discharged from the lower end of the migration tube after the power is turned on, bubbles may be introduced during the discharge process to form disturbances, and the concentration of the electrolyte solution in the migration tube gradually increases from top to bottom, causing the solutions in the middle zone and cathode zone to flow through the anode zone, resulting in a large concentration of the solutions in the middle zone and cathode zone, which affects the experimental results; the straight migration tube was improved later and a U-shaped migration tube was designed, but the left side of the middle zone and the cathode zone of the U-shaped migration tube gradually decreased from top to bottom due to the copper ion concentration, causing very large diffusion and disturbance, resulting in the extremely unreasonable situation that the cathode result was even negative or greater than 1, and the concentration in the middle zone changed significantly before and after the power was turned on, which did not meet the requirement that the concentration in the middle zone remained unchanged before and after electrolysis. Summary of the invention

[0005] In order to overcome the above-mentioned defects in the prior art, the present invention provides a method for determining Cu based on the Hittorf method. 2+ The experimental device for ion migration number is designed with a vertical straight migration tube. After the electrolysis is completed, the three zones of solution are separated immediately to avoid the diffusion and disturbance of the solution. The pipe resistance is small, which reduces the problem of large heating of the solution during the electrolysis process. It is cost-effective and simple to operate. The precision and accuracy of the test results are better than those of traditional methods.

[0006] The above technical objectives of the present invention are achieved through the following technical solutions: a method for determining Cu based on the Hittorf method 2+An experimental device for measuring ion migration number comprises a base, a support rod is arranged on the top of the base, a horizontal rod 1, a horizontal rod 2 and a horizontal rod 3 are arranged on one side of the support rod from top to bottom, a hoop 1 is arranged at the far end of the horizontal rod 1, a glass tube 1 is arranged inside the hoop 1, a hoop 2 is arranged at the far end of the horizontal rod 2, a glass tube 2 is arranged inside the hoop 2, a hoop 3 is arranged at the far end of the horizontal rod 3, a glass tube 3 is arranged inside the hoop 3; a silicone plug 1 is arranged at the top of the glass tube 1, a silicone plug 2 is arranged at the bottom of the glass tube 1, a silicone plug 3 is arranged at the top of the glass tube 2, a silicone plug 4 is arranged at the bottom of the glass tube 2, a silicone plug 5 is arranged at the top of the glass tube 3, and a silicone plug 6 is arranged at the bottom of the glass tube 3; a latex tube 1 is arranged between the glass tube 1 and the glass tube 2, two ends of the latex tube 1 pass through the silicone plug 2 and the silicone plug 3 respectively, and a water stop clamp 1 is detachably arranged on the outer wall of the latex tube 1; a latex tube 2 is arranged between the glass tube 2 and the glass tube 3, two ends of the latex tube 2 pass through the silicone plug 4 and the silicone plug 5 respectively, and a latex tube 2 is detachably arranged on the outer wall Water stop clamp 2; a copper wire 1 is provided at the top end of glass tube 1, and the top end of copper wire 1 passes through silicone plug 1; a copper wire 2 is provided at the bottom end of glass tube 3, and the bottom end of copper wire 2 passes through silicone plug 6; one end of copper wire 2 extending out of silicone plug 6 is connected to a coulombmeter, which includes a container bottle, an electrode fixing plate is provided at the top end of the container bottle, anode copper sheets are provided at both ends of the bottom of the electrode fixing plate, a cathode copper sheet is provided at the bottom of the electrode fixing plate, and the cathode copper sheet is located between the two anode copper sheets; an anode socket electrically connected to the two anode copper sheets is provided at the top of the container bottle, and a cathode socket electrically connected to the cathode copper sheet is provided at the top of the container bottle; one end of copper wire 2 extending out of silicone plug 6 is connected to an ion migration number measuring device, and the ion migration number measuring device is provided with an ammeter, a voltmeter, an output current adjustment knob, a positive socket and a negative socket; copper wire 2 is electrically connected to the positive socket through an electric wire, copper wire 1 is electrically connected to the anode socket through an electric wire, and the cathode socket is electrically connected to the negative socket through an electric wire.

[0007] By adopting the above technical scheme, glass tube one and glass tube two are connected through latex tube one, and glass tube two and glass tube three are connected through latex tube two. When in use, first remove water stop clamp one and water stop clamp two, open silicone plug one, add an appropriate amount of 0.05 mol / L copper sulfate solution, and add an appropriate amount of copper plating solution into the container bottle, then connect the circuit, turn on the power switch of the instrument for electrolysis, wherein glass tube one is the cathode area, glass tube two is the middle area, and glass tube three is the anode area. After the electrolysis is completed, turn off the power switch, and immediately clamp latex tube one and latex tube two with water stop clamp one and water stop clamp two to prevent the solution from spreading.

[0008] Furthermore, the end of the copper wire one that does not extend out of the silicone plug one is coiled and arranged, and the end of the copper wire two that does not extend out of the silicone plug six is ​​coiled and arranged.

[0009] By adopting the above technical solution, the contact area between the copper wire and the copper sulfate solution can be increased.

[0010] Furthermore, the volume ratio of glass tube 1, glass tube 2 and glass tube 3 is 2:1:2.

[0011] By adopting the above technical solution, the copper ion concentration transfer effect can be improved.

[0012] Furthermore, the glass tube 1, the glass tube 2 and the glass tube 3 are all made of organic glass tubes with the same diameter.

[0013] By adopting the above technical solution, the organic glass tube is not easy to be damaged and has a long service life.

[0014] Furthermore, raw tapes are provided between silicone plug one, silicone plug two and glass tube one, between silicone plug three, silicone plug four and glass tube two, and between silicone plug five, silicone plug six and glass tube.

[0015] By adopting the above technical solution, the raw tape is wrapped around the side wall of the silicone plug, which can prevent the corresponding glass tube from leaking.

[0016] In summary, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: the present invention designs a vertical straight migration tube, and immediately separates the three zones of solution after electrolysis is completed, thereby avoiding diffusion and disturbance of the solution. The pipeline resistance is small, which reduces the problem of large solution heating during the electrolysis process, and has high cost performance, simple operation, and better precision and accuracy of the test results than traditional methods. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] Figure 1 This is a method for determining Cu based on the Hittorf method in the embodiment of the present invention. 2+ The structure diagram of the experimental device for ion migration number;

[0018] In the figure: 1. base; 2. support rod; 3. cross bar 1; 4. cross bar 2; 5. cross bar 3; 6. clamp 1; 7. glass tube 1; 8. clamp 2; 9. glass tube 2; 10. clamp 3; 11. glass tube 3; 12. silicone plug 1; 13. silicone plug 2; 14. silicone plug 3; 15. silicone plug 4; 16. silicone plug 5; 17. silicone plug 6; 18. latex tube 1; 19. water stop clamp 1; 20. latex tube 2; 21. water stop clamp 2; 22. copper wire 1; 23. copper wire 2; 24. container bottle; 25. electrode fixing plate; 26. anode copper sheet; 27. cathode copper sheet; 28. anode socket; 29. ​​cathode socket; 30. ion migration number measuring device; 31. ammeter; 32. voltmeter; 33. output current adjustment knob; 34. positive socket; 35. negative socket. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0019] The following is combined with Figure 1 The present invention is described in further detail.

[0020] Example: A method for determining Cu based on the Hittorf method2+ Experimental setup for ion mobility number, such as Figure 1 As shown, it includes a base 1, a support rod 2 is installed on the top of the base 1, and a cross bar 1 3, a cross bar 2 4 and a cross bar 3 5 are installed on one side of the support rod 2 in sequence from top to bottom, a clamp 1 6 is installed at the far end of the cross bar 1 3, a glass tube 1 7 is installed in the clamp 1 6, a clamp 2 8 is installed at the far end of the cross bar 2 4, a glass tube 2 9 is installed in the clamp 2 8, a clamp 3 10 is installed at the far end of the cross bar 3 5, a glass tube 3 11 is installed in the clamp 3 10, the volume ratio of the glass tube 1 7, the glass tube 2 9 and the glass tube 3 11 is 2:1:2, and the glass tube 1 7, the glass tube 2 9 and the glass tube 3 11 are all made of organic glass tubes.

[0021] A silicone plug 12 is installed on the top of the glass tube 17, a silicone plug 2 13 is installed on the bottom of the glass tube 17, a silicone plug 3 14 is installed on the top of the glass tube 29, a silicone plug 4 15 is installed on the bottom of the glass tube 29, a silicone plug 5 16 is installed on the top of the glass tube 3 11, and a silicone plug 6 17 is installed on the bottom of the glass tube 3 11. Raw tapes are provided between the silicone plugs 12 and 13 and the glass tube 17, between the silicone plugs 3 14 and 4 15 and the glass tube 29, and between the silicone plugs 5 16 and 6 17 and the glass tubes. The raw tapes are wrapped around the side walls of the silicone plugs to prevent leakage of the corresponding glass tubes.

[0022] A latex tube 18 is installed between the glass tube 1 7 and the glass tube 2 9, and the two ends of the latex tube 18 pass through the silicone plug 2 13 and the silicone plug 3 14 respectively, and the latex tube 18 is connected to the silicone plug 2 13 and the silicone plug 3 14 through a hard inner lining tube, and a water stop clamp 19 is detachably installed on the outer wall of the latex tube 18; a latex tube 20 is provided between the glass tube 2 9 and the glass tube 3 11, and the two ends of the latex tube 20 pass through the silicone plug 4 15 and the silicone plug 5 16 respectively, and the latex tube 20 is connected to the silicone plug 4 15 and the silicone plug 5 16 through a hard inner lining tube, and a water stop clamp 21 is detachably installed on the outer wall of the latex tube 20.

[0023] A copper wire 22 is installed at the top of the glass tube 7, the top of the copper wire 22 passes through the silicone plug 12, and the end of the copper wire 22 that does not extend out of the silicone plug 12 is coiled; a copper wire 23 is installed at the bottom of the glass tube 11, the bottom of the copper wire 23 passes through the silicone plug 6 17, and the end of the copper wire 23 that does not extend out of the silicone plug 17 is coiled; the end of the copper wire 22 extending out of the silicone plug 12 is connected to a coulombmeter, which includes a container 24, an electrode fixing plate 25 is installed at the top of the container 24, anode copper sheets 26 are installed at both ends of the bottom of the electrode fixing plate 25, a cathode copper sheet 27 is installed at the bottom of the electrode fixing plate 25, and the cathode copper sheet 2 7 is located between the two anode copper sheets 26; an anode socket 28 electrically connected to the two anode copper sheets 26 is installed on the top of the container 24, and a cathode socket 29 electrically connected to the cathode copper sheet 27 is installed on the top of the container 24; one end of the copper wire 23 extending out of the silicone plug 6 17 is connected to an ion migration number measuring device 30, and the ion migration number measuring device 30 is provided with an ammeter 31, a voltmeter 32, an output current adjustment knob 33, a positive socket 34 and a negative socket 35; the copper wire 23 is electrically connected to the positive socket 34 through an electric wire, the copper wire 1 22 is electrically connected to the anode socket 28 through an electric wire, and the cathode socket 29 is electrically connected to the negative socket 35 through an electric wire.

[0024] Working principle: When in use, first remove the water stop clamp 19 and the water stop clamp 21, open the silicone plug 12, add an appropriate amount of 0.05 mol / L copper sulfate solution, and add an appropriate amount of copper plating solution to the container 24, then connect the circuit, turn on the power switch of the instrument for electrolysis, wherein the glass tube 17 is the cathode area, the glass tube 29 is the middle area, and the glass tube 3 11 is the anode area. After the electrolysis is completed, turn off the power switch, and immediately clamp the latex tube 18 and the latex tube 2 20 with the water stop clamp 19 and the water stop clamp 21 to separate the three areas of solution and prevent the solution from diffusing; then remove the silicone plug 12, and use a syringe with a long needle to extract the copper sulfate solution in the glass tube 17, the glass tube 29 and the glass tube 3 11 respectively, and then determine the copper ion concentration by spectrophotometry.

[0025] This specific embodiment is merely an explanation of the present invention and is not a limitation of the present invention. After reading this specification, those skilled in the art may make non-creative modifications to the present embodiment as needed. However, as long as they are within the scope of the claims of the present invention, they are protected by the patent law.

Claims

1. A method for determining Cu based on the Hittorf method 2+ The experimental device for ion migration number is characterized by: The invention comprises a base (1), wherein a support rod (2) is provided at the top of the base (1), and a cross bar (3), a cross bar (4) and a cross bar (5) are provided on one side of the support rod (2) in order from top to bottom. A clamping hoop (6) is provided at the far end of the cross bar (3), and a glass tube (7) is provided in the clamping hoop (6). A clamping hoop (8) is provided at the far end of the cross bar (4), and a glass tube (9) is provided in the clamping hoop (8). A clamping hoop (10) is provided at the far end of the cross bar (5), and a glass tube (11) is provided in the clamping hoop (10). A silicone plug (12) is provided at the top of the glass tube (7), and a silicone plug (13) is provided at the bottom of the glass tube (7). The top of the glass tube 2 (9) is provided with a silicone plug 3 (14), the bottom of the glass tube 2 (9) is provided with a silicone plug 4 (15), the top of the glass tube 3 (11) is provided with a silicone plug 5 (16), and the bottom of the glass tube 3 (11) is provided with a silicone plug 6 (17); a latex tube 1 (18) is provided between the glass tube 1 (7) and the glass tube 2 (9), and the two ends of the latex tube 1 (18) pass through the silicone plug 2 (13) and the silicone plug 3 (14) respectively, and the outer wall of the latex tube 1 (18) is detachably provided with a water stop clamp 1 (19); a latex tube 2 (20) is provided between the glass tube 2 (9) and the glass tube 3 (11), and the two ends of the latex tube 2 (20) pass through Silicone plug four (15) and silicone plug five (16), the outer wall of the latex tube two (20) is detachably provided with a water stop clamp two (21); the top end of the glass tube one (7) is provided with a copper wire one (22), the top end of the copper wire one (22) passes through the silicone plug one (12); the bottom end of the glass tube three (11) is provided with a copper wire two (23), the bottom end of the copper wire two (23) passes through the silicone plug six (17); one end of the copper wire two (23) extending out of the silicone plug six (17) is connected to a coulombmeter, the coulombmeter includes a container bottle (24), the top end of the container bottle (24) is provided with an electrode fixing plate (25), and both ends of the bottom of the electrode fixing plate (25) are provided with anode copper sheets ( 26), a cathode copper sheet (27) is provided at the bottom of the electrode fixing plate (25), and the cathode copper sheet (27) is located between the two anode copper sheets (26); an anode socket (28) electrically connected to the two anode copper sheets (26) is provided at the top of the container bottle (24), and a cathode socket (29) electrically connected to the cathode copper sheet (27) is provided at the top of the container bottle (24); an ion migration number measuring device (30) is connected to one end of the copper wire (23) extending out of the silicone plug (17), and the ion migration number measuring device (30) is provided with an ammeter (31), a voltmeter (32), an output current adjustment knob (33), a positive electrode socket (34) and a negative electrode socket (35);The copper wire 2 (23) is electrically connected to the positive electrode socket (34) through an electric wire, the copper wire 1 (22) is electrically connected to the anode socket (28) through an electric wire, and the cathode socket (29) is electrically connected to the negative electrode socket (35) through an electric wire. ; 2. A method for measuring Cu based on the Hittorf method according to claim 1 2+ The experimental device for ion migration number is characterized by: The end of the copper wire 1 (22) that does not extend out of the silicone plug 1 (12) is spirally arranged, and the end of the copper wire 2 (23) that does not extend out of the silicone plug 6 (17) is spirally arranged.

3. A method for measuring Cu based on the Hittorf method according to claim 1 2+ The experimental device for ion migration number is characterized by: The volume ratio of the glass tube 1 (7), the glass tube 2 (9) and the glass tube 3 (11) is 2:1:

2.

4. A method for measuring Cu based on the Hittorf method according to claim 1 2+ The experimental device for ion migration number is characterized by: The glass tube one (7), the glass tube two (9) and the glass tube three (11) are all organic glass tubes with the same diameter.

5. A method for measuring Cu based on the Hittorf method according to claim 1 2+ The experimental device for ion migration number is characterized by: A raw tape is provided between the silicone plug 1 (12) and the silicone plug 2 (13) and the glass tube 1 (7), between the silicone plug 3 (14) and the silicone plug 4 (15) and the glass tube 2 (9), and between the silicone plug 5 (16) and the silicone plug 6 (17) and the glass tube 3 (11).

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