A roof photovoltaic module and a building comprising the same

Abstract

This invention relates to a rooftop photovoltaic (PV) module and a building including the module. The PV module includes at least a support base located vertically above the roof and PV elements. An adjustment unit for adjusting the roof tilt angle is also installed vertically above the support base. The PV module also includes a frame. The frame is equipped with a tilt module. The frame tilts to make the PV elements tilt in accordance with the solar altitude angle change curve, based on the tilt angle changes controlled by the control unit and the tilt module. Specifically, the adjustment unit adjusts the tilt angle of the frame according to the solar declination, ensuring the tilt angle conforms to the current solar declination, while the tilt module adjusts the tilt angle of the frame according to the solar hour angle, ensuring the tilt angle conforms to the current solar altitude angle. This invention proposes a three-in-one roof tilt angle tracking system integrating roof tilt angle, PV element tilt angle, and roof orientation adjustment methods, which can improve the efficiency of rooftop PV elements.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of solar energy utilization technology, and more particularly to a rooftop photovoltaic module and a building including the module. Background Technology

[0002] The significance of researching key technologies for building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) modules on substation roofs lies in the following: Lighting for the substation's maintenance center and alarm room, as well as hot water for the dormitory showers, can all be powered by photovoltaic roof panels, allowing all maintenance personnel to be self-sufficient in their daily electricity needs; surplus electricity can be fed into the grid for billing purposes; and various green building subsidy policies are being introduced across the country, supporting the BIPV industry. Roof photovoltaic modules can replace roof tiles, provide waterproofing, and function as photovoltaic power generation devices, integrating photovoltaic roofing; the photovoltaic modules are both power generation devices and part of the building's external structure.

[0003] This invention is based on the actual needs of power transmission and transformation engineering construction and combines the typical problems encountered in power transmission and transformation projects in southern regions. It adopts an integrated system combining photovoltaic panels and roof tiles, which not only meets the requirements of rain protection, heat preservation, heat insulation and waterproofing of building roofs, but also provides different sources of electricity for the daily life of substation operators, so as to achieve self-sufficiency in electricity for daily life within the station.

[0004] Current technologies for BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaics) are limited to integrating numerous photovoltaic (PV) modules onto rooftops to receive solar radiation. This design significantly increases construction costs, resulting in power generation costs far exceeding those of hydropower and / or thermal power, making large-scale deployment impractical. Dual-axis tracking systems, which can improve the efficiency of PV modules in receiving solar radiation, are technically more complex, making them susceptible to malfunctions and unsuitable for rooftop construction. Furthermore, dual-axis tracking systems have shorter tracker lifespans and lower reliability. Most importantly, dual-axis tracking systems cannot be used in BIPV, limiting their application scenarios. Therefore, improving the power generation efficiency of PV modules to absorb more solar energy; avoiding angular efficiency damage to PV modules; ensuring PV modules are in optimal orientation and tilt angle; and applying them to rooftop structures to achieve BIPV are pressing technical challenges that current technologies urgently need to address.

[0005] Based on this, the present invention proposes a three-in-one roof tilt angle tracking system that integrates three adjustment methods: roof tilt angle, photovoltaic element tilt angle, and roof orientation, thereby improving the efficiency of roof photovoltaic elements. Compared with the existing dual-axis tracking system, the present invention can maximize the utilization of solar energy and can be used for building-integrated photovoltaics and the construction of roof photovoltaic elements, showing broad research prospects and development potential.

[0006] Chinese patent CN113914531B ​​discloses a prefabricated BIPV photovoltaic roof system, belonging to the field of building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) technology. This prefabricated BIPV photovoltaic roof system includes: a steel structure main body; a duct assembly, including ducts installed on the steel structure main body, with optional fans at both ends for ventilation and heat dissipation; a longitudinal connecting assembly for connecting photovoltaic panels, including hollow longitudinal main components mounted on the steel structure main body and connected to the ducts, with longitudinal water channels and thermal insulation panels on both sides of the longitudinal main components; and a transverse connecting assembly for connecting the photovoltaic panels, including flow guides. This connecting system serves multiple functions, including connection, water drainage, ventilation, and heat insulation, meeting the needs of current roofs. It provides waterproofing and thermal insulation for building roofs while simultaneously generating photovoltaic power, representing a deep integration of photovoltaics and building technology. However, this patent does not consider the reduced photovoltaic roof power generation efficiency caused by the sun's movement trajectory, resulting in excessively high power generation costs, making it difficult to support industrial electricity consumption and requiring external power generation devices to meet power demands.

[0007] Chinese patent CN109815544A discloses a BIM-based method for rooftop photovoltaic (PV) layout, including: inputting latitude and longitude information, simulating the solar radiation trajectory at the project construction site, and obtaining the optimal tilt angle for solar radiation; digitally modeling the building using BIM, and determining the optimal tilt angle of the PV panels based on the optimal tilt angle for solar radiation; inputting the optimal tilt angle, arrangement, and size of the PV panels, and digitally modeling the PV modules on the building roof; simulating sunlight and shadow at fixed times of the day, and determining the optimal arrangement distance of the PV panels based on the sunlight and shadow images at fixed times. This patent uses BIM to perform three-dimensional model visualization and shadow simulation of rooftop PV modules, making the design and PV panel layout of rooftop PV projects more intuitive and accurate, avoiding waste and time delays caused by unreasonable PV panel layout. While this patent calculates the optimal tilt angle for solar radiation to make the arrangement of PV panels more intuitive and accurate, thereby improving power generation efficiency, the optimal tilt angle is a relative concept and is constantly changing. While calculating the optimal tilt angle can improve power generation efficiency, the efficiency improvement is relatively small compared to existing photovoltaic devices installed on south-facing roofs, and it cannot achieve maximum power generation efficiency at all times.

[0008] Furthermore, on the one hand, there are differences in understanding among those skilled in the art; on the other hand, the applicant studied a large number of documents and patents when making this invention, but due to space limitations, not all details and contents were listed in detail. However, this does not mean that the present invention does not possess the features of these prior art. On the contrary, the present invention already possesses all the features of the prior art, and the applicant reserves the right to add relevant prior art to the background art. Summary of the Invention

[0009] Existing photovoltaic (PV) modules struggle to absorb sufficient solar energy. In particular, the angle-induced efficiency degradation of PV modules is a significant technical challenge that current technologies cannot easily overcome. The orientation of a PV module affects its power generation efficiency, and optimal positioning and tilt angle maximize power output. A PV module receiving direct sunlight generates more electricity than one receiving sunlight at an angle. Ideally, PV modules should have the optimal tilt angle for maximizing power generation under direct sunlight. Rooftop PV modules are equipped with supports and adjustable tilt angles, providing greater flexibility in tilt direction and maximizing power generation. However, the problem lies in the fact that the sun's trajectory is not a flat line relative to the ground; it is three-dimensional and constantly changing. Existing technologies struggle to adjust the tilt angle of PV modules based on the sun's trajectory, resulting in relatively low power generation efficiency. Furthermore, constructing rooftop PV modules in this way incurs additional construction costs (calculation modules, waterproofing, and structural integrity).

[0010] To address the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides a rooftop photovoltaic (PV) module. The PV module includes at least a support base and photovoltaic elements located vertically above the roof. An adjustment unit for adjusting the roof tilt angle is also installed vertically above the support base. The PV module further includes a frame. The frame is equipped with a tilt angle module. Based on tilt angle changes controlled by the adjustment unit and the tilt angle module by the control unit, the frame causes the photovoltaic elements to tilt in a manner that conforms to the solar altitude angle variation curve. Specifically, the adjustment unit adjusts the tilt angle of the frame according to the solar declination, ensuring the frame's tilt angle matches the current solar declination. Simultaneously, the tilt angle module adjusts the tilt angle of the frame according to the solar hour angle, ensuring the frame's tilt angle matches the current solar altitude angle.

[0011] According to a preferred embodiment, the frame component changes its tilt angle based on the change in the degree of extension and retraction of the adjustment unit controlled by the control unit, wherein the control unit adjusts the degree of extension and retraction of the adjustment unit based on the current solar declination, and the control unit controls the tilt module based on the solar altitude angle change curve in a manner that aligns the photovoltaic element with the direction of solar illumination.

[0012] According to a preferred embodiment, the control unit acquires attribute information of the roof location and calculates a solar altitude angle variation curve based on the attribute information; determines the tilt adjustment angle of the photovoltaic element based on the solar altitude angle variation curve; determines the adjustment trigger condition based on the attribute information; when at least one parameter in the attribute information meets the above trigger condition, the control unit controls the adjustment unit and / or tilt module to adjust the tilt angle of the photovoltaic element; thereby adjusting the tilt of the photovoltaic element in real time to meet the maximum power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic element. The trigger condition includes at least the time, terminator, upper zenith, and / or lower zenith from the attribute information.

[0013] According to a preferred embodiment, the solar altitude angle variation curve is at least derived by the control unit. The control unit establishes a geostationary coordinate system based on the Earth's azimuth angle J and the solar altitude angle variation curve, and this geostationary coordinate system is represented by a vector as follows:

[0014]

[0015]

[0016]

[0017]

[0018]

[0019] in, The position vector of the sun. The arrow is positioned at the lower zenith. Let the position vector be the center of the circle of the Sun's movement, and let the Sun's declination be... The solar altitude angle is Latitude is The solar hour angle is ;

[0020] The control unit simplifies the above vectors using matrix calculations to obtain the functional expression for the solar altitude angle variation curve:

[0021]

[0022] The control unit changes the roof tilt angle and / or photovoltaic element tilt angle based at least on the aforementioned solar altitude angle variation curve.

[0023] According to a preferred embodiment, the adjustment unit supports a plurality of photovoltaic elements located at a vertically oriented top. The adjustment unit includes a top rod and a roof shaft fixed vertically above the top rod and connected to a frame member. The top rod is connected to an external power source. The plurality of photovoltaic elements are mounted on the frame member. The roof shaft is hinged to the frame member. A sliding member is provided at the connection between the frame member and the supporting base. The sliding member is fixedly connected to the supporting base. The frame member and the sliding member are rotatably connected, and a slide rail is provided at the connection between the frame member and the sliding member. The sliding member can slide along the slide rail, thereby limiting and guiding the sliding of the frame member. The sliding member includes a sliding block disposed within the slide rail and a sliding rod rotatably connected to the sliding block. The sliding rod is fixed to the supporting base to provide support for the frame member.

[0024] According to a preferred embodiment, the roof axis and the frame member are connected by the hinge, and the roof axis changes its vertical height under the action of the adjustment unit. The frame member changes with the roof axis, thereby adjusting the tilt angle of the photovoltaic element.

[0025] According to a preferred embodiment, a plurality of photovoltaic elements are disposed on the sun-facing side of a frame member, and roof tiles are disposed on the shaded side of the frame member. The roof tiles are fixedly connected to the frame member. A liquid container is disposed in the top space formed by the roof tiles to store rainwater during the rainy season to provide part of the building's water supply. Fireproof materials and / or thermal insulation materials and / or heat-reflecting coatings and / or radiant capillaries are also disposed in the top space formed by the roof tiles. The radiant capillaries are connected to the building's internal air conditioning unit and / or heat pump to maintain the building's internal temperature and humidity.

[0026] According to a preferred embodiment, a plurality of photovoltaic elements are disposed in placement slots of the frame component. The placement slots are equipped with a tilting module. The tilting module includes a rotating shaft and a rotating body. The photovoltaic elements are positioned vertically above the rotating body, which is an arc-shaped body with the rotating shaft located at its center. Driven by the rotating shaft, the rotating body rotates around the rotating shaft, thereby rotating the photovoltaic elements and adjusting their tilt angle. The rotating shaft is connected to a motor. The motor is communicatively connected to a control unit to control its rotation angle.

[0027] According to a preferred embodiment, the support base is divided into a first layer and a second layer at least vertically. The first layer is located vertically above the second layer. The first layer and the second layer are connected by a circular track. The support base is equipped with a solar motor. The solar motor drives gears to rotate the first layer along the circular track based on the second layer. The rotational angular velocity of the first layer corresponds to the rotational speed of the sun.

[0028] The present invention also relates to a building constructed using the aforementioned roof photovoltaic modules.

[0029] Beneficial technical effects of the present invention:

[0030] The roof tilt angle tracking system proposed in this invention integrates three adjustment methods: roof tilt angle, photovoltaic element tilt angle, and roof orientation. This system can improve the efficiency of roof photovoltaic elements, takes into account the impact of tilt angle on photovoltaic module power generation, and gives photovoltaic elements greater flexibility in the tilt direction, thereby maximizing the power generation of photovoltaic modules. Compared with the existing dual-axis tracking system, this invention can maximize the utilization of solar energy and can be used for building-integrated photovoltaics and the construction of roof photovoltaic elements, showing broad research prospects and development space. Attached Figure Description

[0031] Figure 1 This is a simplified structural diagram of a rooftop photovoltaic module according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

[0032] Figure 2 This is a side view of a rooftop photovoltaic module according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

[0033] Figure 3 This is a side view of a photovoltaic element according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

[0034] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of a preferred embodiment of the geostationary coordinate system provided by the present invention;

[0035] Figure 5 This is a schematic diagram of the solar movement trajectory of a rooftop photovoltaic module according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention;

[0036] Figure 6 This is a flowchart illustrating a preferred embodiment of the control unit provided by the present invention.

[0037] Figure Labels

[0038] 1: Photovoltaic element; 2: Frame component; 3: Adjustment unit; 4: Tilt module; 5: Top rod; 6: Roof shaft; 7: Slide rail; 8: Sliding block; 9: Sliding rod; 10: Rotating shaft; 11: Rotating body; 12: First layer; 13: Second layer; 14: Circular track. Detailed Implementation

[0039] Example 1

[0040] This invention provides a rooftop photovoltaic module, including a support base located vertically above the roof. An adjustment unit 3 for adjusting the roof tilt angle is also installed vertically above the support base. The adjustment unit 3 supports a plurality of photovoltaic elements 1 located at the top vertically. The adjustment unit 3 includes a top rod 5 and a roof shaft 6 fixed vertically above the top rod 5 and connected to a frame member 2. The top rod 5 is connected to an external power source. The plurality of photovoltaic elements 1 are mounted on the frame member 2. The roof shaft 6 is hinged to the frame member 2. A sliding member is provided at the connection between the frame member 2 and the support base. The sliding member is fixedly connected to the support base. The frame member 2 is rotatably connected to the sliding member, and a slide rail 7 is provided at the connection between the frame member 2 and the sliding member. The sliding member can slide along the slide rail 7, thereby limiting and guiding the sliding of the frame member 2. Preferably, the sliding member includes a sliding block 8 disposed within the slide rail 7 and a sliding rod rotatably connected to the sliding block 8. The sliding rod is fixed to the support base to provide support for the frame member 2. Preferably, the adjustment unit 3 adjusts the tilt angle of the frame member 2 based at least on the solar altitude angle variation curve, ensuring that the tilt angle of the frame member 2 matches the current solar altitude angle. Preferably, the solar altitude angle variation curve is determined by the location's latitude and longitude, solar hour angle, and solar declination. Preferably, the adjustment unit 3 adjusts the tilt angle of the frame member 2 at least during a solar day, so that the photovoltaic element 1 receives solar irradiation at the optimal angle. This invention, at least through the adjustment unit 3, adjusts the tilt angle of the frame member 2 so that the angle between the photovoltaic element 1 mounted on the frame member 2 and the horizon matches the solar altitude angle.

[0041] Current technologies for BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaics) are limited to integrating numerous photovoltaic (PV) modules onto the roof to receive solar radiation. This design significantly increases construction costs, with the final power generation cost far exceeding that of hydropower and / or thermal power, making large-scale construction impractical. Especially for roofs, installing PV modules on both sides of a sloping roof inevitably results in one side being in the shade and unable to receive solar radiation. However, the depreciation cost of PV modules is already high. If only one PV module is installed, its power generation is insufficient to support the building's internal electricity needs, and even if it does, a large portion of the roof area is occupied. To address this, this invention proposes adjusting the tilt angle of the PV modules to align with the solar altitude angle curve, thereby increasing power generation and reducing construction costs.

[0042] Adjusting the tilt angle of photovoltaic (PV) modules is extremely difficult because the change in solar altitude angle is not linear, and the sun has a corresponding trajectory. Even if the installed PV modules could change tilt angle perpendicular to the solar altitude angle, the high construction and maintenance costs render this solution impractical. Especially in severe weather conditions, the precise tilt adjustment devices installed on the roof will inevitably be affected by the weather, leading to reduced accuracy or even rendering them unusable.

[0043] According to a preferred embodiment, the roof axis 6 and the frame component 2 are connected by a hinge. The roof axis 6 changes its vertical height under the action of the adjustment unit 3, and the frame component 2 adapts accordingly, thereby adjusting the tilt angle of the photovoltaic element 1. Preferably, the adjustment unit 3 has a tilt angle adjustment range. This tilt angle adjustment range is preferably 15°~45°. The reason for setting the tilt angle adjustment range of the adjustment unit 3 is that excessively steep roofs will affect the difficulty of installation and construction, creating safety hazards for installers. If the tilt angle is less than 15°, the power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic element 1 will be greatly reduced in summer. This invention limits the tilt angle of the frame component 2 to a moderate state, enabling it to be flexibly used for rooftop photovoltaic module installation in urban areas.

[0044] Many factors influence the power generation of photovoltaic (PV) modules. Besides the quality and power output of the modules themselves, the angle design during installation and the roof tilt also affect their efficiency. This invention designs a rooftop PV module that considers the impact of tilt angle on power generation, specifically the solar altitude angle variation curve. The tilt design also aids in waterproofing during the rainy season; a pointed roof offers better aesthetics and waterproofing. For example, in the south with high rainfall, a tilted roof design facilitates drainage. In the north with heavy snowfall, a tilt facilitates snow removal. Using flat-roof PV modules not only fails to allow for tilt angle adjustment to maximize power generation but also risks the modules collapsing due to rain or snow.

[0045] According to a preferred embodiment, a plurality of photovoltaic elements 1 are disposed on the sun-facing side of a frame member 2. Roofing tiles are disposed on the shaded side of the frame member 2. The roofing tiles are fixedly connected to the frame member 2. A liquid container can be disposed in the top space formed by the roofing tiles to store rainwater during the rainy season, providing some of the building's water supply. Preferably, fire-resistant materials and / or thermal insulation materials and / or heat-reflecting coatings and / or radiant capillaries can also be disposed in the top space formed by the roofing tiles. The radiant capillaries are connected to an internal air conditioning unit and / or a heat pump to maintain the building's internal temperature and humidity. Since the photovoltaic elements 1 accumulate a large amount of heat during prolonged operation, causing the building's internal temperature to rise, a temperature control system can be disposed in the top space to balance this heat.

[0046] Because the solar altitude angle is constantly changing, existing photovoltaic (PV) modules struggle to absorb sufficient solar energy. In particular, the angular efficiency degradation of PV modules is a significant technical challenge that current technologies struggle to overcome. The orientation of a PV module affects its power generation efficiency, and optimal positioning and tilt angle maximize power output. PV modules receiving direct sunlight generate more electricity than those receiving sunlight at an angle. Ideally, PV modules have a tilt angle that maximizes power generation efficiency under direct sunlight. For rooftop PV modules, to maximize power generation, they are typically positioned facing the sun based on their geographical location. For example, in the Northern Hemisphere, south-facing roofs receive more sunlight. More preferably, rooftop PV modules are equipped with supports and adjustable tilt angles, providing greater flexibility in tilt direction and maximizing power generation. However, the problem lies in the fact that the sun's trajectory is not a planar line relative to the ground; it is three-dimensional and constantly changing. Existing technologies struggle to adjust the tilt angle of PV modules accordingly based on the sun's trajectory. For example, the support structure can only change the vertical and horizontal angles of the photovoltaic (PV) modules, while the sun's trajectory is arc-shaped. Adjusting the support tilt angle cannot accurately correspond to the sun's arc-shaped trajectory. Specifically, the solar altitude angle changes parabolically, and the sun's trajectory is also parabolic. This means that to keep the PV modules always aligned with the sun, the angles in all four directions (vertical, horizontal, and vertical) need to be adjusted simultaneously, and this adjustment is non-linear. This is impossible with existing support structures, resulting in low PV module power generation efficiency and additional construction costs (calculation modules, waterproofing, and structural integrity). To address this, this invention proposes a combination of three adjustment methods: changing the roof tilt angle, the tilt angle of the PV element 1, and the roof orientation, to indirectly achieve constant alignment of the PV modules with the sun. Preferably, the PV element 1 is mounted on the frame 2. Preferably, the frame 2 changes its tilt angle based on the degree of extension and retraction of the adjustment unit 3 controlled by the control unit. Preferably, the control unit adjusts the extension and retraction of the adjustment unit 3 based on the current solar declination. Preferably, the control unit controls the adjustment unit 3 in a manner that aligns the photovoltaic element 1 with the direction of solar irradiation, based on the solar altitude angle variation curve. Preferably, the control unit acquires the attribute information of the roof location, calculates the solar altitude angle variation curve based on the attribute information, determines the tilt adjustment angle of the photovoltaic element 1 based on the solar altitude angle variation curve, determines the adjustment trigger condition based on the attribute information, and when at least one parameter in the attribute information meets the trigger condition, the control unit controls the adjustment unit 3 and / or the tilt module 4 to adjust the tilt angle of the photovoltaic element 1; thereby adjusting the tilt of the photovoltaic element 1 in real time to meet the maximum power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic element 1.Preferably, the triggering conditions include at least the time, terminator, upper zenith, and / or lower zenith from the attribute information. Preferably, the maximum solar altitude angle reached during the day is upper zenith; the minimum solar altitude angle reached during the day is lower zenith.

[0047] In the above scheme, the control unit generates several triggering conditions based on solar attribute information, but does not pre-adjust the tilt angle of photovoltaic element 1 to prevent a decrease in the power generation efficiency of photovoltaic element 1. The triggering conditions are all characteristics at the nodes of solar altitude angle change, ensuring that the adjustment of photovoltaic element 1 conforms to the sun's movement trajectory. The adjustment method based on several triggering conditions avoids calculation errors and the problem of photovoltaic element 1's tilt angle failing to track the solar altitude angle in a timely manner. Preferably, the control unit acquires attribute information at least for the location of the roof. Attribute information includes various parameters describing the location and time data of that location. For example, attribute information includes at least latitude and longitude, solar hour angle, time zone, solar declination, terminator, upper zenith, and lower zenith.

[0048] The control unit defines the peak of the solar altitude angle variation curve as the upper zenith and the trough as the lower zenith. The control unit defines the solar projection circle on Earth passing through the positions of the sun at the upper and lower zeniths as the meridian. The intersection of the meridian and the horizon is defined as point one and point two. Point one is closer to true north, and point two is closer to true south. The control unit also defines the arc formed by the intersection of the circle formed by the Earth's location and the two zeniths on the map with the horizon and point one as the Earth's azimuth. Preferably, the control unit is based on the Earth's azimuth angle. Establish a geocentric coordinate system based on the solar altitude angle variation curve. For example... Figure 4 As shown, the latitude is The solar hour angle is The origin of the spatial coordinate system is the Earth's center. The X-axis points due north from the Earth's center. The Y-axis points due east, perpendicular to the X-axis. The Z-axis points due south, perpendicular to both the X and Y axes. The position vector of the sun. The arrow is positioned at the lower zenith. Let the position vector be the center of the circle of the Sun's movement, and let the Sun's declination be... The solar altitude angle is The control unit thus sets the vectors in the geocentric coordinate system:

[0049]

[0050]

[0051]

[0052]

[0053]

[0054] Wherein, all the above vectors are matrices. Preferably, the control unit simplifies and calculates each vector in the geostationary coordinate system to obtain:

[0055]

[0056]

[0057]

[0058] Preferably, the control unit simplifies the above matrix into a system of equations, resulting in:

[0059]

[0060]

[0061] Preferably, the control unit will use the Earth's azimuth angle from the above equations. Eliminate, and you will get:

[0062]

[0063]

[0064] The above is the equation for the solar altitude angle. When the sun is at its lower zenith and upper zenith, the solar hour angle is 0 and 0 respectively. ,Right now If we take the minimum and maximum values, then... Taking the positive sign, we obtain the functional expression for the solar altitude angle:

[0065]

[0066] Preferably, solar declination is the angle between the Earth's equatorial plane and the line connecting the Sun and the Earth's center. Preferably, solar hour angle is the angle between the line connecting a point on the ground where sunlight shines and the Earth's center, and the projections of the lines connecting the Earth's and Sun's centers at local noon onto the Earth's equatorial plane. Substituting the attribute information of the roof's location into the above formula yields the solar altitude angle variation curve for the roof's location.

[0067] Preferably, the control unit changes the roof tilt angle and / or the tilt angle of photovoltaic element 1 based at least on the aforementioned solar altitude angle variation curve. Preferably, the adjustment unit adjusts the tilt angle of the frame component at least in a manner that the tilt angle of the frame component conforms to the current solar declination. Preferably, the tilt angle module adjusts the tilt angle of the photovoltaic element at least in a manner that the tilt angle of the photovoltaic element conforms to the current solar altitude angle. Preferably, the optimal roof slope is consistent with the latitude of the roof location. Preferably, the control unit changes the roof tilt angle based on time variations. Preferably, the control unit adjusts the tilt angle of photovoltaic element 1 based on the solar altitude angle variation curve throughout the day. For example, the control unit controls the roof tilt angle to be consistent with the latitude of the roof location, increasing it by 10° in winter and decreasing it by 10° in summer (this value is adjusted accordingly). The control unit ensures that the angle between photovoltaic element 1 and the ground plane corresponds to the solar altitude angle. That is, the sum of the angle between photovoltaic element 1 and the ground plane and the solar altitude angle is 90°. Since the roof tilt angle is also being adjusted, the roof tilt angle should be subtracted first when adjusting photovoltaic element 1. Specifically, the change in the extension / retraction degree of the adjustment unit serves as the first dimension for adjusting the vertical tilt angle of the photovoltaic element. The rotation angle of the tilt module serves as the second dimension for adjusting the vertical tilt angle of the photovoltaic element. Preferably, the extension / retraction degree of the adjustment unit is adjusted before the rotation angle of the tilt module. Preferably, the extension / retraction degree of the adjustment unit depends on the solar declination. Preferably, the rotation angle of the tilt module depends on the solar altitude angle variation curve of the roof location and the extension / retraction degree of the adjustment unit. For example, taking a roof located in Beijing as an example. Beijing's geographical coordinates are between 39°26′ and 41°03′ north latitude, approximately 40° north latitude. When the solar declination is 23°26′S (winter solstice), the adjustment unit adjusts the roof tilt angle by 40° - (-23°26′) = 63°26′. When the solar declination is 23°26′N (summer solstice), the adjustment unit adjusts the roof tilt angle by 40° - 23°26′ = 16°34′. When the solar declination is 0° (the equinoxes), the adjustment unit adjusts the roof tilt angle to 40° - 0° = 40°. However, since the roof should not be tilted too much, the adjustment range for the roof tilt angle is set to 15°~45°. That is, when the solar declination is 5°S or higher, the roof tilt angle is fixed at 45°, and the tilt module performs the second-dimensional adjustment. Preferably, the tilt angle of the tilt module + the roof tilt angle + the solar altitude angle = 90°. For example, taking the roof in Beijing as an example. On the winter solstice, the solar altitude at noon in Beijing is 26°34′, as shown by the solar altitude angle curve above, and the roof tilt angle is 45°. That is, on the winter solstice, the rotation angle of the tilt module at noon in Beijing is: 90° - 26°34′ - 45° = 18°26′. The same applies to other dates and locations. Preferably, the photovoltaic element 1 is tilted by the tilt module 4. Preferably, a plurality of photovoltaic elements 1 are disposed in the placement groove of the frame member 2. Preferably, the placement groove is provided with a tilting module 4.Preferably, the tilt module 4 includes a rotating shaft 10 and a rotating body 11. The photovoltaic element 1 is positioned vertically above the rotating body 11. The rotating body 11 is an arc shape. The rotating shaft 10 is located at the center of the arc shape. Driven by the rotating shaft 10, the rotating body 11 rotates around the rotating shaft 10 and drives the photovoltaic element 1 to rotate, thereby adjusting the tilt angle of the photovoltaic element 1. Preferably, the rotating shaft 10 is connected to a motor, and the motor is communicatively connected to a control unit to control the rotation angle of the motor. Preferably, a buffer material is provided between the placement slot and the rotating body 11. The motor can be powered by an external power source. When the photovoltaic element 1 is in use, it is tilted at a certain angle by the rotating body 11 to receive sunlight with maximum efficiency. In case of severe weather, the photovoltaic element 1 can be positioned vertically below the rotating body 11 by the rotating body 11 to avoid direct impact from rain, snow, and / or wind. Preferably, the control unit can interface with a weather forecast database to retract the photovoltaic element 1 in case of severe weather. Preferably, a humidity monitoring sensor is also provided on the frame. The control unit uses a humidity monitoring sensor to determine whether rain, snow, or other adverse weather conditions are occurring in the environment surrounding photovoltaic element 1. The data monitored by the humidity sensor is also used to calibrate data from a weather forecast database. Currently, weather forecast databases are not entirely accurate. Therefore, the humidity monitoring sensor is used to further calibrate the data transmitted from the weather forecast database, preventing the photovoltaic element 1 from being retracted even when no severe weather changes have occurred. Preferably, the control unit can be manually controlled to retract the photovoltaic element 1. If people inside the building determine that the photovoltaic element 1 should be retracted, they can manually control its retraction.

[0068] The buffer material can be made of rubber to protect the rotating body 11 and the photovoltaic element 1 from rotation. The adjustment unit 3 is used to adjust the large tilt angle changes of the photovoltaic element 1 caused by the change in the sun's direct point throughout the year, while the tilt angle module 4 is used to adjust the small tilt angle changes of the photovoltaic element 1 caused by the change in the sun's altitude angle throughout the day. The two work together to improve the working efficiency of the photovoltaic element 1. A single adjustment method is not used for single control because an overly simplistic adjustment method would prevent the tilt angle of the photovoltaic element 1 from following the solar altitude angle change curve in real time. Furthermore, the solar altitude angle is affected by both solar declination and solar hour angle, and a single adjustment method cannot maximize the efficiency of the photovoltaic element 1. Preferably, when the above attribute information meets the triggering conditions, the control unit controls the tilt angle of the photovoltaic element 1 through the adjustment unit 3 and the tilt angle module 4 to achieve maximum power generation efficiency. Preferably, the attribute information can be obtained from a publicly available geographic database of the location.

[0069] In this invention, the vertical tilt angle of the photovoltaic element 1 is controlled by the adjustment unit 3 and the tilt module 4, thereby ensuring that the vertical tilt angle of the photovoltaic element 1 conforms to the solar altitude angle variation curve. The solar altitude angle variation curve is influenced by two variables: solar declination and solar hour angle. Solar declination is the angle between the Earth's equatorial plane and the line connecting the Sun and the Earth's center. Solar hour angle is the angle between the line connecting a point on the Earth's surface to the Earth's center and the projections of the lines connecting the Earth's and Sun's centers at local noon onto the Earth's equatorial plane. For the photovoltaic element 1 to achieve maximum efficiency, its vertical tilt angle needs to be adjusted. This tilt angle is related to time, the latitude of the subsolar point (solar declination), and the angular difference between the Sun's current position and its position at noon (solar hour angle). Considering that adjustment by the adjustment unit 3 alone cannot precisely achieve the ideal maximum efficiency for the photovoltaic element 1, this invention creatively proposes adding a tilt module 4 to achieve maximum efficiency for the photovoltaic element 1 through separate adjustments of solar declination and solar hour angle.

[0070] The above scheme describes the method for adjusting the vertical tilt angle, while the adjustment of the horizontal tilt angle of photovoltaic element 1 involves adjusting the orientation of photovoltaic element 1. Adjusting the vertical tilt angle of photovoltaic element 1 only ensures that it remains perpendicular to the solar altitude angle in two dimensions. However, the sun's movement path throughout the day is a slanted arc. Besides adjusting the vertical tilt angle, photovoltaic element 1 also needs to follow the sun's rotation in the horizontal plane. For example, when the sun is due east, photovoltaic element 1 needs to face due east and be perpendicular to the solar altitude angle to achieve maximum energy conversion efficiency. Preferably, the supporting base is at least vertically divided into a first layer 12 and a second layer 13. The first layer 12 is vertically above the second layer 13. The first layer 12 and the second layer 13 are connected by a circular track 14. Preferably, the supporting base is equipped with a solar motor, which drives gears to rotate the first layer 12 based on the second layer 13. Its rotational angular velocity matches the sun's rotational speed. After nightfall, the first layer 12 maintains this speed and returns to its starting position. The solar generator is powered by photovoltaic element 1, increasing the efficiency of photovoltaic element 1 by more than 50% while consuming less than 1% of its power generation efficiency. Preferably, the solar generator adjusts the angular velocity of the first layer along the circular track 14, at least according to the orientation of the photovoltaic element conforming to the current solar hour angle and solar declination. Specifically, the angular velocity of the first layer along the circular track 14 is considered as the third dimension of the photovoltaic element orientation. Preferably, the angular velocity of the first layer along the circular track 14 depends on the solar hour angle and solar declination. For example, taking a roof located in Beijing as an example, the circular track 14 is divided into upper 180° and lower 180°. The upper 180° is under sunlight, and the lower 180° is under night. When the solar declination is 0° (the equinox), day and night are equal. The angular velocity of the first layer along the circular track 14 should be equal to the Earth's rotation speed, i.e., 15′ per minute or 15° per hour, so that the photovoltaic element 1 follows the sun's trajectory. It should be noted that the sunshine duration at this time is 12 hours. However, Beijing's noon time is not exactly 12 o'clock due to the influence of latitude and longitude. Therefore, it is necessary to further calculate the local noon time to determine the sunrise and sunset times, in order to control when the first layer should rotate and when it should stop rotating and return to zero. Specifically, the local noon time is calculated using the difference between the local longitude and the longitude of its time zone. There are 24 time zones on Earth, each separated by one hour. Therefore, the longitude difference between each time zone is 360° / 24 = 15°. Beijing belongs to the East 8 time zone, with its central longitude of 15° × 8 = 120°. Thus, the longitude range of the East 8 time zone is 112.5° to 127.5°. Beijing's precise longitude is 116.46°, which differs from the central longitude by 3.54°. Therefore, the Beijing noon time difference = 3.54 × 1 / 15° = 0.236 hours ≈ 14.16 minutes. The Earth rotates from west to east, so noon is later than in the center of the time zone.That is, noon in Beijing is 12:14. Therefore, sunrise is 6:14 and sunset is 18:14. When the sun's declination is not 0°, day and night are not equal, and it is necessary to calculate the local noon length and local sunshine duration to indirectly determine the local sunrise and sunset times. Noon time is independent of the sun's declination and is calculated separately using longitude. The local sunshine duration is obtained by dividing the day and night line illuminated by sunlight by the proportion of the local latitude. For example, the sun's declination is... Beijing's latitude is .

[0071] Sunshine duration =

[0072] Taking May 25th in Beijing as an example, the sun's declination is 16.65°, and Beijing's latitude is approximately 39.92°.

[0073] Sunshine duration =

[0074]

[0075] 13.93h is approximately 13 hours and 56 minutes. Given that Beijing noon is 12:14, sunrise is approximately 05:16, and sunset is approximately 19:12. The angular velocity of the first layer moving along the circular track 14 is 180° / 13.93h, approximately 12.9° per hour. The first layer moves along the circular track 14 for 05:16 and stops at 19:12.

[0076] Preferably, the control unit adjusts the photovoltaic element 1 perpendicular to sunlight using the first, second, and third dimensions to achieve maximum power generation efficiency. Preferably, the control unit adjusts the first dimension based on changes in solar declination. Preferably, the control unit adjusts the second dimension based on the time axis, solar altitude angle, and changes in the first dimension. Preferably, the control unit adjusts the third dimension based on the time axis, solar declination, and the location's latitude and longitude. The second and third dimensions use the same time axis, which is a time axis with a period of hours (or minutes) and a period of days. The time axis of the first dimension is a time axis with a period of days and a period of years. Preferably, the adjustment of the first dimension occurs before the adjustment of the second and third dimensions. Preferably, the second and third dimensions are adjusted after the control unit has completed its calculations. This invention adjusts the tilt angle of the photovoltaic element using the first, second, and third dimensions to achieve maximum power generation efficiency throughout the day and year, saving power generation costs, and the total electricity generated can meet industrial power demand.

[0077] Existing technologies also include solar tracking systems that can accurately track the sun's path throughout the day, adjusting the surface of solar panels or reflective surfaces to follow the sun's movement, potentially increasing solar output by about 35% compared to standard panels. Photovoltaic tracking systems can be classified according to their movement patterns. Moving surfaces have multiple axes: two horizontal axes and one vertical axis. The surface can rotate (tilt) around each axis to obtain the correct angle for receiving maximum sunlight. When the surface moves or adjusts by rotating around one axis, it is called single-axis tracking; when the surface rotates around two axes simultaneously, it is called dual-axis tracking. Because single-axis solar tracking systems have lower energy output under sufficient sunlight conditions compared to dual-axis tracking systems, and technological upgrades are limited, this invention focuses on dual-axis solar tracking systems. Dual-axis tracking continuously tracks the sun and provides a constant power output throughout the day; solar trackers offer a reasonable solution when the power capacity connected to the grid is limited; dual-axis trackers require less space and offer the opportunity to use the surrounding area for other additional uses, such as parking, gardening, etc.; tracking systems generate 45-50% more power output annually compared to static stations with the same installed capacity; dual-axis tracking provides the best solution for areas that may hinder solar productivity. Some of these areas may have complex ground structures, complex terrain, rocky protrusions, northward slopes, etc.; dual-axis tracking systems have a shorter payback period. Furthermore, profits will increase significantly over their lifespan. However, dual-axis tracking systems have higher technical complexity, making them potentially susceptible to failure; trackers have a shorter lifespan and lower reliability. Most importantly, dual-axis tracking systems cannot be used for BIPV (Building Integrated Photovoltaics), limiting their application scenarios. BIPV is a technology that integrates solar power (photovoltaic) products into buildings. The specific characteristics of dual-axis tracking systems—their excessively large tilt adjustment axis preventing integration onto rooftops and their lack of good rain and snow resistance—pose limitations to their applicability. Because the output characteristics of photovoltaic element 1 are nonlinear and easily affected by surrounding environmental factors, it is difficult to improve the tracking accuracy of dual-axis tracking systems, and their complex structure makes them unsuitable for rooftop construction. This invention addresses this issue by proposing a three-in-one roof tilt angle tracking system that integrates three adjustment methods: roof tilt angle, photovoltaic element 1 tilt angle, and roof orientation. This system can improve the efficiency of rooftop photovoltaic element 1. Compared to existing dual-axis tracking systems, this invention maximizes the utilization of solar energy and can be used for building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) and rooftop photovoltaic element 1 construction, demonstrating broad research prospects and development potential.

[0078] According to a preferred embodiment, photovoltaic elements 1 are installed on the roof, suspended along the slope. Frame members 2 are securely connected to embedded parts in the roof panel and can withstand wind and snow loads. The embedded parts and their connections to the frame members 2 are provided with a waterproof additional layer. Frame members 2 provide reliable safety measures for the wind protection, installation, and maintenance of photovoltaic elements 1 on the roof. The embedded parts are designed and installed based on the dimensions of the frame members 2 and the arrangement of the photovoltaic elements 1 to secure the frame members 2 and avoid drilling that could damage the roof's waterproof additional layer. To ensure the safety of installation or maintenance personnel, metal hooks are embedded at appropriate locations on the frame members 2 (or the roof ridge) for installation and maintenance personnel to attach safety belts.

[0079] Example 2

[0080] This embodiment is a further improvement on embodiment 1, and repeated content will not be described again.

[0081] With continuous economic development, the demand for energy supply is becoming increasingly enormous, posing a severe challenge to energy security. Solar energy, as a pollution-free, abundant, and convenient renewable energy source, is a key focus of future energy development. However, the intensity and direction of solar energy are greatly affected by the sun's trajectory and weather conditions, resulting in high operating costs and intermittent operation. Rooftop photovoltaic (PV) modules, in particular, suffer from excessively high maintenance costs during actual use, preventing the widespread application of PV power generation on buildings. The power generation of PV modules is related to solar irradiance, the energy conversion efficiency of the PV modules, and the efficiency of the inverter. Current technology has improved the energy conversion efficiency of PV modules to 20%, and further improvements are very difficult under current industrial conditions. Inverter efficiency, however, is as high as 90%, leaving little room for improvement. To address this, existing technologies employ solar tracking to capture as much sunlight as possible. Current solar tracking technologies mainly employ three methods: photoelectric tracking, astronomical tracking, and a combination of both. Photoelectric tracking uses a photosensitive sensor to detect the sun's position to track it. This is a closed-loop control method, particularly susceptible to weather conditions, which can lead to blind tracking. Furthermore, the adjustment, maintenance, and signal stabilization of the photosensitive sensor are significant technical challenges. Astronomical tracking, on the other hand, is an open-loop control method. However, the rotating workpiece itself has tolerances or wear, requiring continuous calibration to ensure proper operation due to accumulated errors. While the existing technologies are correct in their approach and direction, further improvement and refinement are still needed.

[0082] The above-described Embodiment 1 is a further modification and application of astronomical tracking. Existing technologies place astronomical tracking entirely within the tracking component itself, lacking a system design concept and failing to integrate the tracking device into the photovoltaic module for overall design, resulting in poor synergy between the tracking device and the photovoltaic module. Embodiment 1 addresses this by establishing a three-in-one roof tilt tracking system, which more rationally and effectively solves the solar tracking problem, but still has some shortcomings. Specifically, astronomical tracking alone cannot cope with various uncontrollable factors in practical applications. From a global perspective, using power generation as the direct standard for solar tracking is more reasonable and effective, and can solve the problem of weather interference. In particular, sunny, rainy, snowy, and cloudy days have a significant impact on solar power generation. Therefore, this invention proposes an intelligent rooftop photovoltaic module that uses astronomical tracking as a supplement and weather-based operating modes as the primary method to achieve power generation tracking.

[0083] According to a preferred embodiment, the control unit categorizes the photovoltaic (PV) element's operating modes into at least three types: rain / snow mode, cloudy mode, and sunny mode. During rainy or snowy weather, the sun is blocked, reducing the solar energy absorbed by the PV element and increasing the risk of accidents or failures. To address this, the present invention includes a tilt module to retract the PV element. Furthermore, the control unit records the PV element's current horizontal and tilt positions when it stops operating and simulates tilt adjustment by continuously calculating astronomical tracking of the PV element. Preferably, after the rain / snowy weather ends, the control unit adjusts the PV element to the corresponding position and tilt angle using simulated astronomical tracking. Preferably, the simulated astronomical tracking by the control unit includes at least the PV element's current horizontal position when it stops operating, tilt position, solar azimuth angle when the PV element returns to its normal position, solar altitude angle, and duration of rain / snowy weather. Preferably, the control unit's control of the PV element's tilt adjustment includes at least a fine-tuning process and a coarse-tuning process. Preferably, the control unit is configured to perform at least one calculation on the position and tilt angle of the photovoltaic element during astronomical tracking movement using the solar altitude angle variation curve related to astronomical tracking, thereby completing the fine-tuning process and controlling the photovoltaic element to move accordingly in cloudy and / or sunny modes. Preferably, the control unit is configured to perform at least one calculation on the simulated astronomical tracking position and tilt angle of the photovoltaic element in rainy / snowy weather mode using the solar altitude angle variation curve related to astronomical tracking, thereby completing the coarse-tuning process and controlling the photovoltaic element to move accordingly in the coarse-tuning process after the rainy / snowy weather mode ends.

[0084] The difference between the fine-tuning and coarse-tuning processes lies in their precision. The fine-tuning process is used for precise tracking of the solar altitude angle change curve in cloudy and / or sunny weather modes, representing high-precision tracking. The coarse-tuning process, on the other hand, is used for rapid tracking of photovoltaic (PV) elements to their normal positions during rainy / snowy weather and / or at night. Because adjusting the position and / or tilt angle of PV elements during rainy / snowy weather carries the risk of damage, the PV elements are retracted during these conditions, and the tilt module and frame components remain stationary to minimize losses. However, the duration of rainy / snowy weather is unpredictable, and there may be short periods of rain or snow. In such cases, it is necessary to quickly move the PV elements to the corresponding position and tilt angle to increase their power generation. Therefore, fine-tuning and coarse-tuning processes are implemented. The fine-tuning process is used for precise solar tracking, while the coarse-tuning process is used to quickly move the PV elements to the required positions.

[0085] Preferably, in cloudy weather mode, the control unit adjusts the position and tilt angle of the photovoltaic element primarily using astronomical tracking and secondarily using photoelectric tracking. Preferably, the photovoltaic element is equipped with a photosensitive sensor for photoelectric tracking. Photoelectric tracking serves only as an auxiliary control method to correct astronomical tracking, preventing the photovoltaic element from blindly moving. Because the sun is blocked in cloudy weather, with only partial sunlight reaching the photovoltaic element through the clouds, astronomical tracking is the primary method to maintain the photovoltaic element's power generation. Furthermore, due to cloud cover, there may be instances where some sunlight directly hits the photovoltaic element. In such cases, the original astronomical tracking is no longer applicable, and the direct sunlight should be utilized as much as possible to obtain more solar energy. Therefore, this invention includes a photosensitive sensor for auxiliary photoelectric tracking. Astronomical tracking is used for overall movement trajectory and tilt angle adjustment to ensure that the photovoltaic element conforms to the sun's movement trajectory, and photoelectric tracking is used to fine-tune the tilt angle after sunlight penetrates the clouds and directly hits the photovoltaic element in cloudy weather. Preferably, in sunny weather mode, the control unit adjusts the position and tilt angle of the photovoltaic element according to astronomical tracking. Preferably, after a solar day, the control unit adjusts the accumulated error of the photovoltaic element at least at night. The accumulated error refers to the inherent tolerances or patterns of each mechanical component. During repetitive mechanical operation, relying solely on preset angles or lengths of the mechanical components for adjustment can lead to damage under uncontrollable factors. Specifically, when the photovoltaic element moves via astronomical tracking and / or photoelectric tracking, the mechanical components drive the photovoltaic element to move. When the photovoltaic element rotates to the desired or preset angle, it stops rotating. However, if the photovoltaic element encounters an obstacle before reaching the desired or preset angle, making it difficult to maintain normal rotation, the mechanical components continue operating because the control unit does not issue a stop command, potentially damaging the photovoltaic element or the mechanical components. Preferably, the control unit at least uses an attitude sensor to acquire the rotational acceleration of the photovoltaic element in the adjustment direction in real time to determine if the photovoltaic element has encountered an obstacle. If an obstacle is encountered, rotation is stopped promptly to protect the mechanical components and the photovoltaic element from damage. The attitude sensor is, for example, a six-axis or nine-axis attitude sensor.

[0086] According to a preferred embodiment, the operating mode of the photovoltaic element is selected at least by a control unit. Preferably, the control unit acquires local weather data. Preferably, the weather data includes horizontal radiation, normal radiation, cloud cover, and clarity. Preferably, the control unit calculates the local direct sunlight ratio, corrected clarity, and cloud cover data based on the weather data, and calculates a weather type index based on the local direct sunlight ratio, corrected clarity, and cloud cover data. Preferably, the control unit classifies the local weather into rainy / snowy, cloudy, and sunny days using the weather type index based on a K-means clustering algorithm.

[0087] According to a preferred embodiment, at least one photovoltaic element is provided as a reference for adjusting the astronomical tracking and weather operation modes of the control unit. At least one photovoltaic element is separately installed at the location to serve as an adjustment reference for the rooftop photovoltaic elements. It is difficult for personnel to strictly monitor the operation of the photovoltaic elements on the roof. Most rooftop photovoltaic elements are monitored using an unattended, periodic inspection mode, and rooftop operations are relatively dangerous and complex, which is not conducive to high-frequency, high-efficiency monitoring. Preferably, the control unit monitors the reference photovoltaic element to obtain the operating data of the photovoltaic elements at the location. Preferably, the control unit synchronously adjusts the operating parameters of the remaining photovoltaic elements based on the photovoltaic element operating data. Since rooftop photovoltaic elements are susceptible to external environmental interference, their power generation varies greatly. If monitoring is performed after a change in power generation, the monitoring workload is large, requiring multiple personnel for on-site maintenance. Therefore, this invention establishes a reference photovoltaic element to understand the changes in power generation by comparing with a reference group, thereby reducing unnecessary on-site maintenance. Through the above-described preferred embodiment of this invention, at least one set of reference photovoltaic elements is established and used at least for monitoring the power generation of remote and / or near-range rooftop photovoltaic elements. The control unit records and stores the power generation of photovoltaic (PV) elements during and after a single solar day, providing a direct way to monitor their status. This is particularly beneficial for unattended, periodic inspection operations. Staff use smart devices to retrieve the power generation data of a benchmark PV element and other PV elements from the control unit, allowing for real-time monitoring. During monitoring, some PV elements may experience lower power generation due to debris such as leaf obstruction. Meanwhile, the benchmark PV element maintains normal power generation, thus ruling out weather influences. However, manual inspection would be resource-intensive, while a simpler solution exists. For example, leaf obstruction will eventually dislodge due to wind or weather changes, even without manual monitoring. This invention offers a more scientific monitoring approach: PV elements experiencing short-term, non-weather-related changes in power generation are prioritized for monitoring. On the next solar day, their parameters are compared with the benchmark PV element. Only if a decrease in power generation persists is manual monitoring initiated, avoiding unnecessary on-site maintenance. In photovoltaic (PV) power generation, the ability to visually compare and determine the impact of weather conditions and / or non-weather factors using a reference PV element is a crucial technical measure. Preferably, the coarse adjustment process is also used for re-comparison after non-weather factors have affected the PV element. For example, if the rotation angle of a rooftop PV element does not reach the desired or preset angle, it may be due to soil interference after rain, causing the PV element to stop rotating. On the next sunny day, if it is clear, the PV element will be returned to its starting position through the coarse adjustment process and will resume normal operation.Sending personnel to monitor the situation at this time would undoubtedly be a waste of manpower. This solution effectively eliminates the impact of weather and non-weather factors on the operation of photovoltaic components, reduces personnel deployment, and ensures the normal operation of rooftop photovoltaic components. Preferably, the control unit has a network communication connection with at least the reference photovoltaic component and the remaining photovoltaic components.

[0088] Throughout the text, the features indicated by “preferred” are only optional and should not be construed as mandatory. Therefore, the applicant reserves the right to abandon or delete the relevant preferred features at any time.

[0089] It should be noted that the specific embodiments described above are exemplary. Those skilled in the art can devise various solutions inspired by the disclosure of this invention, and these solutions all fall within the scope of this invention and its protection. Those skilled in the art should understand that this specification and its accompanying drawings are illustrative and not intended to limit the scope of the claims. The scope of protection of this invention is defined by the claims and their equivalents. This specification contains multiple inventive concepts; terms such as "preferredly," "according to a preferred embodiment," or "optionally" indicate that the corresponding paragraph discloses an independent concept. The applicant reserves the right to file divisional applications based on each inventive concept.

Claims

1. A roof photovoltaic module, the photovoltaic module comprising at least a load-bearing base above the vertical direction of the roof and a photovoltaic element (1), the vertical direction of the load-bearing base is further provided with an adjusting unit (3) for adjusting the inclination angle of the roof, characterized in that: the photovoltaic module further comprises a frame member (2), the frame member (2) is provided with an inclination angle module (4), the frame member (2) is controlled by a control unit based on the inclination angle change of the adjusting unit (3) and the inclination angle module (4) to make the photovoltaic element (1) adjust the inclination angle in a manner consistent with the change curve of the solar altitude angle, wherein the adjusting unit (3) adjusts the inclination angle of the frame member (2) at least in a manner that the inclination angle of the frame member (2) is consistent with the current solar declination, and the inclination angle module (4) adjusts the inclination angle of the photovoltaic element (1) at least in a manner that the inclination angle of the photovoltaic element (1) is consistent with the current solar altitude angle; the adjusting unit (3) supports the frame member (2) at the top end of the vertical direction, wherein the adjusting unit (3) controls the height of the frame member (2) in a manner that the telescopic degree of the top rod (5) is consistent with the solar declination by the top rod (5) and the roof shaft (6) fixed above the vertical direction of the top rod (5) and connected with the frame member (2); a plurality of photovoltaic elements (1) are arranged in the placing groove of the frame member (2), the placing groove is provided with the inclination angle module (4), the inclination angle module (4) comprises a rotating shaft (10) and a rotating body (11), the photovoltaic element (1) is arranged above the vertical direction of the rotating body (11), the rotating body (11) is provided as a circular arc body, the rotating shaft (10) is arranged at the center of the circular arc body, wherein the rotating body (11) rotates around the rotating shaft (10) under the driving of the rotating shaft (10) and drives the photovoltaic element (1) to rotate, thereby realizing the inclination angle adjustment of the photovoltaic element (1), the rotating shaft (10) is connected with a motor, and the motor is in communication connection with the control unit to control the rotation angle of the motor. the frame member (2) changes the inclination angle based on the change of the telescopic degree of the adjusting unit (3) controlled by the control unit, wherein the control unit adjusts the telescopic degree of the adjusting unit (3) based on the current solar declination, and the control unit controls the inclination angle module (4) in a manner that the photovoltaic element (1) is aligned with the solar radiation direction based on the change curve of the solar altitude angle, wherein the solar generator adjusts the angular velocity of the movement of the first layer (12) along the annular track (14) at least in a manner that the direction of the photovoltaic element (1) is consistent with the current solar hour angle and solar declination through the annular track (14).

2. The roofing photovoltaic assembly of claim 1, wherein, 3. The roof photovoltaic module according to claim 2, characterized in that: the control unit obtains attribute information of the location of the roof, calculates the change curve of the solar altitude angle according to the attribute information, and determines the inclination adjustment angle of the photovoltaic element (1) according to the change curve of the solar altitude angle. ​ The attribute information is used to determine the trigger condition of the adjustment, and when at least one parameter in the attribute information meets the trigger condition, the control unit controls the adjustment unit (3) and / or the inclination module (4) to adjust the inclination of the photovoltaic element (1), so as to adjust the inclination of the photovoltaic element (1) in real time to meet the maximum power generation efficiency of the photovoltaic element (1).

4. The roofing photovoltaic assembly of claim 3, wherein, The extension degree of the adjustment unit (3) is the first dimension of the vertical inclination adjustment of the photovoltaic element (1), the rotation angle of the inclination module (4) is the second dimension of the vertical inclination adjustment of the photovoltaic element (1), and the angular velocity of the movement of the first layer (12) along the annular track (14) is the third dimension of the orientation of the photovoltaic element (1), wherein The control unit makes the photovoltaic element (1) perpendicular to the sunlight through the first dimension, the second dimension and the third dimension, so as to obtain the maximum power generation efficiency, wherein The control unit adjusts the first dimension based on the change of the solar declination; The control unit adjusts the second dimension based on the time axis, the solar altitude angle and the change of the first dimension; The control unit adjusts the third dimension based on the time axis, the solar declination and the local longitude and latitude.

5. The roofing photovoltaic assembly of claim 4, wherein, The roof shaft (6) is connected to the frame member (2) through a hinge, the roof shaft (6) changes in vertical height under the driving of the adjustment unit (3), and the frame member (2) changes with the change of the roof shaft (6), so as to realize the adjustment of the inclination of the photovoltaic element (1).

6. The roofing photovoltaic assembly of claim 5, wherein, A plurality of photovoltaic elements (1) are arranged on the sunny side of the frame member (2), and the shady side of the frame member (2) is provided with roof tiles, wherein the roof tiles are fixedly connected to the frame member (2), a liquid container is arranged in a top space formed by the roof tiles, and is used for storing rain in the rainy season to provide part of water for the building, and fireproof material and / or thermal insulation material and / or heat reflecting coating and / or radiation capillary are arranged in the top space formed by the roof tiles, and the radiation capillary is connected to an air conditioning unit and / or a heat pump in the building to maintain the temperature and humidity in the building.

7. The roof photovoltaic assembly according to claim 6, wherein The bearing base is divided into a first layer (12) and a second layer (13) at least in the vertical direction, wherein the first layer (12) is vertically above the second layer (13), the first layer (12) and the second layer (13) are connected through an annular track (14), the bearing base is provided with a solar motor, a gear is driven by the solar motor to make the first layer (12) rotate along the annular track (14) based on the second layer (13), and the rotation angular velocity of the first layer (12) corresponds to the rotation speed of the sun.

8. A building constructed by using the roof photovoltaic assembly according to any one of claims 1-7.

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