A water-saving and fertilizer-saving corn planting method

Abstract

The present application discloses a water-saving and fertilizer-saving corn planting method, comprising the following steps: S1, winter irrigation before sowing, when the soil thaws to a depth of 6-8 cm in early spring, the first harrowing is performed, and the harrowing depth is 3-5 cm; S2, before sowing, the soil surface is moistened, and the field surface is sealed by spraying herbicides; S3, corn is planted with a row spacing of 30-40 cm; S4, when the corn has two leaves and one heart, a special corn fertilizer type 1 is used, and fertilization is performed once every half a month with water, the fertilizer amount per mu is 3-4 kg, and the water volume is 15-20 m 3 , the lower limit of soil field water holding rate is 65%. The present invention can effectively improve water and fertilizer absorption and reduce the amount of water and fertilizer used by combining planting spacing with drip irrigation, thereby reducing the soil alkali phenomenon, effectively preventing soil salinization, and can also increase corn yield and reduce labor intensity.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of corn planting, and in particular to a water-saving and fertilizer-saving corn planting method. Background Art

[0002] There are many lands in Northwest my country with rich organic matter accumulation, which can meet the basic nutrient requirements of planting. Since Northwest China is located in a semi-arid area with less precipitation and most of the land has a high sand and gravel content, most of the land cannot be used. In addition, the existing developed land has a high sand content. Some lands have been formed into a highly mature soil through the method of silting soil under the influence of human factors. Therefore, the land has strong water permeability. Whether it is irrigation or drip irrigation, it cannot achieve reasonable water resource utilization. Among them, large-scale flooding causes serious waste of water resources and has been gradually replaced by drip irrigation.

[0003] However, drip irrigation still has the following problems. The drip irrigation pipe is usually installed between two cages of crops. During the drip irrigation process, water directly seeps into the ground, and the roots of vegetation cannot be covered. Dozens of hours of drip irrigation are usually required. Moreover, both water-based fertilizers and solid fertilizers flow deep into the soil with the drip irrigation water, causing great waste. In case of heavy rain, it is easy to cause alkalinity backflow, resulting in the hardening and alkalinization of the top layer of soil. Therefore, we designed a water-saving and fertilizer-saving corn planting method to solve the above problems. Summary of the invention

[0004] The present application provides a water-saving and fertilizer-saving corn planting method, which solves the problem of soil with high sand and gravel content, high permeability and low water and fertilizer utilization rate, and easy occurrence of alkali backflow, which leads to hardening and alkalization of the top soil.

[0005] The present application provides a water-saving and fertilizer-saving corn planting method, comprising the following steps:

[0006] S1, winter irrigation before sowing, in early spring when the soil thaws to a depth of 6-8cm, carry out the first harrowing, the harrowing depth is 3cm-5cm;

[0007] S2, before sowing, moisten the soil topsoil and seal the field surface by spraying herbicides;

[0008] S3, plant corn with a row spacing of 30-40CM and drip water for seedlings;

[0009] S4, corn two leaves and one heart stage, use corn special fertilizer type 1, fertilize with water once every half month, fertilizer rate per mu 3-4kg, water volume 15-20m 3 , the lower limit of soil field water holding capacity is 65%;

[0010] S5, corn jointing stage to big bell stage, use corn special fertilizer type 2, in the early stage of jointing, fertilize with water once, fertilizer rate per mu 5-6kg, water volume 10-15m 3 , the lower limit of soil field water holding rate is 75%; half a month later, fertilize twice with water, each time with 5-6kg of fertilizer per mu and 16-20m 3 , the lower limit of soil field water holding capacity is 80%;

[0011] S6, from the big bell mouth stage to the heading stage, use corn special fertilizer type 3, fertilize with water 2-3 times a month, each time the fertilizer amount per mu is 7-8kg, the water volume is 18-20m 3 , the lower limit of soil field water holding capacity is 85%;

[0012] S7, heading stage to grain filling stage, use corn special fertilizer type 4, fertilize with water 1-2 times within half a month, each time the fertilizer amount is 7-10kg per mu, the water volume is 18-20m 3 , the lower limit of soil field water holding capacity is 80%;

[0013] S8, grain filling stage to milky stage, use corn special fertilizer type 4, fertilize with water 1-2 times within half a month, each time the fertilizer amount is 6-7kg per mu, the water volume is 16-20m 3 , the lower limit of soil field water holding rate is 65%, stop watering and fertilizer in the late grain filling stage and milky stage of corn;

[0014] S9, every 2-3 years, deep plow the land to a depth of more than 40CM.

[0015] Preferably, the special fertilizer type 1 for corn includes 15 parts by mass of nitrogen fertilizer, 20 parts by mass of phosphorus pentoxide, and 15 parts by mass of potassium oxide fertilizer. Correspondingly, the special fertilizer type 2 for corn includes 15 parts by mass of nitrogen fertilizer, 12 parts by mass of phosphorus pentoxide, and 23 parts by mass of potassium oxide fertilizer. The special fertilizer type 3 for corn includes 25 parts by mass of nitrogen fertilizer, 10 parts by mass of phosphorus pentoxide, and 15 parts by mass of potassium oxide fertilizer. The special fertilizer type 4 for corn includes 27 parts by mass of nitrogen fertilizer, 14 parts by mass of phosphorus pentoxide, and 9 parts by mass of potassium oxide fertilizer.

[0016] Preferably, the total number of fertilization with water is 8-12 times.

[0017] Preferably, during the planting period, weeding is performed with herbicides when the grass age is between 2 leaves and 1 heart and 4 leaves and 1 heart.

[0018] Preferably, the herbicide is mesotrione, nicotinamide, and atrazine, or nicotinamide and atrazine, or pyraclostrobin, or nicotinamide and atrazine and clopyralid, or nicotinamide and atrazine and isopropylamine.

[0019] Preferably, the step of fertilizing with water is: first dripping clean water for 20-30 minutes, and then dripping clean water for 20-30 minutes after the fertilizer liquid is dripped.

[0020] Preferably, before sowing, the temperature of the 5cm-10cm soil layer reaches and stabilizes at 10-12°C before sowing.

[0021] Preferably, the planting amount of the corn is 2-3 kg per mu.

[0022] Preferably, the sowing depth of the corn is 3-4 cm.

[0023] Preferably, the NPK content of the special fertilizer for corn is ≥50%.

[0024] It can be seen from the above technical scheme that the present application provides the NPK content of the corn-specific fertilizer ≥50%. Due to the high sand content of the land, a large amount of water and fertilizer infiltrate into the ground during the planting process and are not absorbed by crops, resulting in great waste. The present invention adopts narrow row spacing for planting in the specific planting process. Before planting, in order to reduce the alkali phenomenon after the soil thaws, winter irrigation is carried out after leveling before winter. It is necessary to irrigate enough and thoroughly. When the impact thawing depth reaches 6-8cm, 3-5cm harrowing is carried out. When the temperature of the 5-10cm soil layer reaches and stabilizes at 10-12℃, the topsoil is moistened, and the field surface is sealed by spraying herbicides. Corn is planted with a row spacing of 30-40CM. When the corn grows to two leaves and one heart, fertilization with water is started. Fertilization and drip irrigation are carried out simultaneously. Accurate drip fertilization is carried out through growth at different stages to improve water and fertilizer utilization and yield.

[0025] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0026] 1. The drip irrigation method of the present invention uses less irrigation water and has a small penetration depth of water and fertilizer, which can not only meet the normal growth of corn and improve the utilization rate of water and fertilizer, but also effectively reduce alkali reaction;

[0027] 2. The present invention adopts a narrow spacing, multi-frequency fertilization method with water, and accurately fertilizes according to the various stages of corn growth, effectively reducing water consumption, and further improving fertility absorption rate, reducing soil fertilizer residues, and the drip irrigation method not only saves water, but also reduces the labor of migrant workers;

[0028] 3. The present invention can effectively solve the problem of soil alkali through winter irrigation and spring plowing, and deep plowing is carried out every 2-3 years. The deep plowing depth is greater than the drip irrigation infiltration depth, which can effectively prevent soil salinization, improve the maturity of the soil layer, and keep it loose.

[0029] In summary, the present invention can effectively improve water and fertilizer absorption and reduce water and fertilizer usage through the combination of planting spacing and drip irrigation, thereby reducing soil alkali reaction, effectively preventing soil salinization, and can also increase corn yield and reduce labor intensity. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0030] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solution of the present application, the following is a brief introduction to the drawings required for use in the implementation cases. Obviously, for ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without any creative work.

[0031] Figure 1 This is a drip irrigation structure diagram of a water-saving and fertilizer-saving corn planting method proposed by the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0032] In order to enable those skilled in the art to better understand the technical solutions in the present application, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0033] See also Figure 1 , a water-saving and fertilizer-saving corn planting method, comprising the following steps:

[0034] S1. Winter irrigation before sowing. The purpose of winter irrigation is mainly because the soil is heavy and the soil blocks are large and difficult to cut after land preparation, which may cause secondary salinization hazards. The soil should be leveled before winter and irrigated thoroughly. When the soil thaws to a depth of 6-8cm in early spring, harrow the land for the first time. Use harrows, hoes, and screw-type pressing machines to harrow the land to a depth of 3cm-5cm to make the field surface flat, the soil blocks fine, and the upper part empty and the lower part solid.

[0035] S2, before sowing, moisten the topsoil and spray the herbicide, specifically, spray 100ml-150ml of 90% acetochlor emulsifiable concentrate diluted with 40-50kg of water per mu to seal the field surface;

[0036] S3, plant corn with a row spacing of 30-40CM. Corn seeds are required to have a purity of ≥99%, a cleanliness of ≥98%, a germination rate of ≥95%, and a moisture content of ≤14%. For both grain and feed, you can choose varieties such as Xianyu 1225, Tianci 19, Zhengye 8, Jingke 968, Ningdan 42 (Lubo 6), Ningdan 40 (Yinyu 439), etc. For whole-plant silage production, you can choose Xingzu 88, Zhangyu 1355, Tunyu 168, etc. For direct grain harvesting, you can choose Dika 159, Lubo 101, etc. The planting amount of corn is 2-3kg per mu. Before sowing, measure the temperature of the 5cm-10cm soil layer to reach and stabilize at 10-12℃ before sowing. The sowing depth of corn is 3-4cm, and water drips out of the seedlings. This application mainly uses a row spacing of 30CM for planting, such as Figure 1As shown, the average row spacing used in traditional planting is 55-60cm. This planting method is suitable for soil with low sand content and high water storage capacity. For land with high sand content in Northwest my country, water will infiltrate into the ground with fertilizer, resulting in waste of water and fertilizer, and it is also easy to cause alkali backflow, resulting in hardening and alkalinization of the top soil, affecting the growth of vegetation in the next year and reducing the yield. This application uses a narrow row spacing of 30CM for planting, combined with the following water-following fertilization method to improve the utilization rate of water and fertilizer, reduce the problem of soil hardening, and stabilize the normal crop yield of sandy land;

[0037] S4, corn two leaves and one heart stage, corn begins to enter rapid growth conditions, all elements need to be even, use corn special fertilizer type 1, corn special fertilizer type 1 includes 15 parts by mass of nitrogen fertilizer, 20 parts by mass of phosphorus pentoxide, and 15 parts by mass of potassium oxide fertilizer. According to the growth conditions, fertilization is carried out once every half a month with water, the fertilizer amount per mu is 3-4kg, and the water volume is 15-20m 3 , the lower limit of soil field water holding capacity is 65%, and the penetration depth of soil is at least 30cm;

[0038] S5, corn jointing stage to big bell stage, use corn special fertilizer type 2, which includes 15 parts by mass of nitrogen fertilizer, 12 parts by mass of phosphorus pentoxide, and 23 parts by mass of potassium oxide fertilizer. In the early stage of jointing, fertilize once with water, with a fertilizer amount of 5-6kg per mu and a water volume of 10-15m 3 , the lower limit of soil field water holding rate is 75%; apply fertilizer twice with water half a month later. This stage is the growth period of corn, and the water supply needs to be increased. Correspondingly, the quota can be appropriately increased when encountering drought weather. The amount of fertilizer applied per mu each time is 5-6kg, and the amount of water is 16-20m 3 , the lower limit of soil field water holding rate is 80%, increasing soil humidity;

[0039] S6, from the big bell mouth stage to the heading stage, use corn special fertilizer type 3, which includes 25 parts by mass of nitrogen fertilizer, 10 parts by mass of phosphorus pentoxide, and 15 parts by mass of potassium oxide fertilizer. Depending on the weather conditions, fertilize with water 2-3 times a month, twice when there is rainfall, and three times when there is no rainfall. Due to the content of trace elements in rainwater and trace elements brought from deep underground during alkali reaction, the growth requirements of corn can be met. When fertilizing with water twice, increase the amount of fertilizer, each time the amount of fertilizer per mu is 7-8kg, and the water volume is 18-20m 3 , increase the dripping limit, and the lower limit of soil field water holding rate is 85%;

[0040] S7, heading stage - filling stage, use corn special fertilizer type 4, which includes 27 parts by mass of nitrogen fertilizer, 14 parts by mass of phosphorus pentoxide, and 9 parts by mass of potassium oxide fertilizer. To ensure fertility, the NPK content of corn special fertilizer is ≥50%. Fertilize 1-2 times with water within half a month, and the amount of fertilizer applied per mu each time is 7-10kg. Increase the nitrogen fertilizer content of corn seeds during the filling stage, and the water volume is 18-20m 3 , the lower limit of soil field water holding capacity is 80%;

[0041] S8, grain filling stage to milky stage, use corn special fertilizer type 4, fertilize with water 1-2 times within half a month, each time the fertilizer amount is 6-7kg per mu, the water volume is 16-20m 3 , the lower limit of soil field water holding rate is 65%, water and fertilizer are stopped in the late corn filling period and milk maturity period, and the fertilization type during this period is the same as that in the ear stage-filling period to ensure the accumulation of protein and sugar. The application adopts fertilization with water, which is beneficial to the conservation of water resources, the conservation and absorption of fertilizers, and the application can also reduce the salinization and alkali compaction of land and increase the yield of crops;

[0042] S9. Every 2-3 years, the land is deep-turned to a depth of more than 40CM. This application mainly deposits the fertilizer 30-40cm underground. Deeply turning the land allows the planting area to be mixed with the deposition area. This can effectively prevent the soil from becoming alkaline and hardened, and can also maintain soil fertility and ensure food production.

[0043] In the present invention, the total number of fertilization with water is controlled at 8-12 times, the irrigation cycle is 6-15 days, and the irrigation cycle is adjusted according to the transpiration intensity; the overall principle of "heavy at the beginning and light at the end, small amount and multiple times" should be followed, and the amount of fertilization should be increased or decreased as appropriate according to the growth of corn and soil moisture conditions. During the planting period, when the grass age is from 2 leaves and 1 heart to 4 leaves and 1 heart, weeding is carried out by using herbicides, and the weeding efficiency is the highest at this time. The herbicide is mesotrione·nicotinamide·atrazine or nicotinamide·atrazine or pyraclostrobin or nicotinamide·atrazine·clopyralid or nicotinamide·atrazine·isopropyl.

[0044] In the present invention, in order to avoid pipeline blockage, the steps of fertilizing with water are: dripping clean water for 20-30 minutes first, and then dripping clean water for 20-30 minutes after the fertilizer liquid drips, so as to extend the service life of the equipment and prevent the fertilizer liquid from crystallizing and blocking the drip irrigation hole. When the drip irrigation hole is found to be blocked, the seal at the end of the drip irrigation belt can be opened, and the debris in the drip irrigation belt can be flushed with water flow to make the drip irrigation hole unblocked. Specific implementation method 1

[0046] In mid-to-late April, when the average temperature is stable above 12°C and the temperature of the 5cm-10cm soil layer reaches and stabilizes at 10-12°C, sowing can be carried out. The 2BMJ series of air-suction precision sowing, fertilization, pipe laying, and soil covering machines are used for sowing. The dosage per mu is 2-3kg, and the row spacing is 30cm for sowing, and the sowing depth is 3-4cm. After sowing, the drip irrigation main pipeline is laid in time, and the drip irrigation belt is connected. When the average temperature is stable above 12°C and the 10cm ground temperature is stable above 10°C, 10-20m per mu of drip irrigation is used. 3 Water for seedling emergence, ensuring that the 20-30cm soil layer is moist. For loamy soil and soil that is easy to compact, the edge of the surface moist belt should not exceed the sowing row, and the moist belt can be 3-5cm vertically above the seeds. If there is too much dripping or compaction due to rainfall, it can be dripped again when the corn is about to break the soil. At this time, the surface moist belt should exceed the seed row by 3-5cm. Seedling stage-jointing stage: Fertilize (special fertilizer for corn type 1 15-20-15) once per mu with water during the two-leaf and one-heart stage of corn, with a dosage of 3-4kg per mu. In mid-to-late May, fertilize once with water during the five-leaf and one-heart stage, with a dosage of 3-4kg per mu, and use 10-15m per mu each time. 3 In early June, fertilize with water at the beginning of jointing (special fertilizer for corn type 2 15-12-23) once, the dosage per mu is 5-6kg, and the water consumption per mu is 16-20m 3 , Fertilize twice in early to mid-June, with 5-6kg per mu each time and 16-20m3 of water per mu each time. 3 From late June to early to mid-July, apply fertilizer (special fertilizer for corn type 3 25-10-15) 2-3 times with water, with a dosage of 7-8kg per mu each time and a water consumption of 16-20m per mu each time. 3 In case of drought, the quota can be appropriately increased. From mid-July to late July (from tasseling to milk maturity), fertilize with water (special fertilizer for corn type 4 27-14-9) twice, with a dosage of 7-10kg per mu each time and a water consumption of 18-20m per mu each time. 3 , apply fertilizer (special fertilizer for corn type 4 27-14-9) 1-2 times with water from early August to mid-August, the dosage per mu is 6-7kg each time, and the water consumption per mu is 16-18m 3 In late August, when corn is in the late grain filling stage, stop watering in advance during the milky stage.

[0047] In this embodiment, the water consumption during the planting process is 220-240m 3Per mu, 77 kg of fertilizer is used, and the price of each ton of fertilizer is between 3,000 and 3,600 yuan. The actual amount of fertilizer used in this embodiment is 261.8 yuan per mu, and the corn yield is 1,150 kg per mu. In this application, 50% of water is saved, and 30% of fertilizer is saved. Each person can manage 500-1,000 mu. By designing an automated management system, the level of manual management can be further improved. While saving water and fertilizer, this application improves the ability of manual management of planting, achieves the output of manual intensive farming, and reduces soil compaction and salinization, so that sustainable planting can be carried out. It is worthy of promotion in Northwest my country.

[0048] It can be seen from the above technical scheme that due to the high sand content of the land, a large amount of water and fertilizer infiltrate into the ground during the planting process and are not absorbed by crops, resulting in great waste. The present invention adopts narrow row spacing for planting in the specific planting process. Before planting, in order to reduce the alkali phenomenon after the soil thaws, winter irrigation is carried out after leveling before winter. It is necessary to irrigate enough and thoroughly. When the impact thawing depth reaches 6-8cm, 3-5cm harrowing is carried out. When the temperature of the soil layer of 5-10cm reaches and stabilizes at 10-12℃, the topsoil is moistened, and the field surface is sealed by spraying herbicides. Corn is planted with a row spacing of 30-40CM. When the corn grows to two leaves and one heart, fertilization with water is started. Fertilization and drip irrigation are carried out simultaneously. Accurate drip fertilization is carried out through different stages of growth to improve water and fertilizer utilization and yield.

[0049] Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate other embodiments of the present application after considering the specification and practicing the application disclosed herein. The present application is intended to cover any variations, uses or adaptations of the present application, which follow the general principles of the present application and include common knowledge or customary techniques in the art that are not disclosed in the present application. The specification and examples are intended to be exemplary only, and the true scope of the present application is indicated by the claims.

[0050] It should be understood that the present application is not limited to the precise structure described above and shown in the drawings, and various modifications and changes can be made without departing from its scope. The above-described embodiments of the present application do not constitute a limitation on the scope of protection of the present application.

Claims

1. A water-saving and fertilizer-saving corn planting method, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S1, winter irrigation before sowing, in early spring when the soil thaws to a depth of 6-8cm, carry out the first harrowing, the harrowing depth is 3cm-5cm; S2, before sowing, moisten the soil topsoil and seal the field surface by spraying herbicides; S3, plant corn with a row spacing of 30-40CM and drip water for seedlings; S4, corn two-leaf one-heart stage, use corn special fertilizer type 1, which includes 15 parts by mass of nitrogen fertilizer, 20 parts by mass of phosphorus pentoxide, and 15 parts by mass of potassium oxide fertilizer. Fertilization is carried out once every half a month with a fertilizer amount of 3-4 kg per mu and a water volume of 15-20 m 3 , the lower limit of soil field water holding capacity is 65%; S5, from the jointing stage to the flaring stage of corn, use corn special fertilizer type 2, which includes 15 parts by mass of nitrogen fertilizer, 12 parts by mass of phosphorus pentoxide, and 23 parts by mass of potassium oxide fertilizer. At the early stage of jointing, fertilize once with water, with a fertilizer amount of 5-6 kg per mu and a water volume of 10-15 m 3 , the lower limit of soil field water holding rate is 75%; half a month later, fertilize twice with water, each time with 5-6kg of fertilizer per mu and 16-20m 3 , the lower limit of soil field water holding capacity is 80%; S6, from the big bell mouth stage to the heading stage, use corn special fertilizer type 3, which includes 25 parts by mass of nitrogen fertilizer, 10 parts by mass of phosphorus pentoxide, and 15 parts by mass of potassium oxide fertilizer. Fertilize with water 2-3 times a month, with a fertilizer amount of 7-8 kg per mu each time and a water volume of 18-20 m 3 , the lower limit of soil field water holding capacity is 85%; S7, heading stage to grain filling stage, use corn special fertilizer type 4, which includes 27 parts by mass of nitrogen fertilizer, 14 parts by mass of phosphorus pentoxide, and 9 parts by mass of potassium oxide fertilizer. Fertilize twice with water within half a month, with a fertilizer amount of 7-10 kg per mu each time, and a water volume of 18-20 m 3 , the lower limit of soil field water holding capacity is 80%; S8, grain filling stage to milky stage, use corn special fertilizer type 4, fertilize twice with water within half a month, each time the fertilizer amount is 6-7kg per mu, the water volume is 16-20m 3 , the lower limit of soil field water holding rate is 65%, stop watering and fertilizer in the late grain filling stage and milky stage of corn; S9, every 2-3 years, deep plow the land to a depth of more than 40CM.

2. A water-saving and fertilizer-saving corn planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: During the planting period, when the grass age is between 2 leaves and 1 heart and 4 leaves and 1 heart, weeding is done with herbicides.

3. A water-saving and fertilizer-saving corn planting method according to claim 2, characterized in that: The herbicide is mesotrione, nicotinamide, and atrazine, or nicotinamide and atrazine, or pyraclostrobin, or nicotinamide, atrazine, and clopyralid, or nicotinamide, atrazine, and isopropylamine.

4. The water-saving and fertilizer-saving corn planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The steps of fertilizing with water are: dripping clean water for 20-30 minutes first, and then dripping clean water for 20-30 minutes after the fertilizer liquid is dripped.

5. The water-saving and fertilizer-saving corn planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: Before sowing, when the temperature of the 5cm-10cm soil layer reaches and stabilizes at 10-12℃, sowing can be started.

6. The water-saving and fertilizer-saving corn planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The planting amount of the corn is 2-3 kg per mu.

7. The water-saving and fertilizer-saving corn planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The sowing depth of the corn is 3-4 cm.

8. The water-saving and fertilizer-saving corn planting method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The NPK content of the special fertilizer for corn is ≥50%.

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