Cultivation and management methods of high-quality and high-efficiency sweet persimmon

Abstract

The invention provides a high-quality and efficient sweet persimmon cultivation and management method. By means of standardized pruning, soil, fertilizer and water management, pollution-free green prevention and control integrated technical measures and the application of agricultural machinery, the traditional extensive working methods of the masses are changed into scientific, high-quality and efficient cultivation and working methods, the height of the trees is reduced, the density is reduced, the tree shape is changed, and the working methods are changed. Through the tree shape transformation, light is opened, the occurrence of diseases and insect pests is reduced, the fruit quality and the high-quality fruit rate are improved, and at the same time, comprehensive management such as picking, spraying pesticides and pruning is facilitated, the management labor is reduced, the application of machinery is improved, and the overall benefits are improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of economic plant cultivation, and in particular relates to a cultivation and management method for high-quality and efficient sweet persimmons. Background Art

[0002] Persimmon (Diospyros L.f.) belongs to the genus Diospyros of the family Ebenaceae, and is the representative species of the genus Diospyros used as a fruit tree. China is one of the main countries of origin of persimmon, and its output and area rank first in the world. Persimmon trees are highly adaptable, tolerant of barrenness, drought, and disease, and can grow healthily in plots without irrigation conditions in hilly areas. Therefore, persimmon is one of the most distinctive economic crops in my country's mountainous and semi-arid mountainous areas. It is simple to manage, easy to produce high yields, and has high economic benefits. It is especially widely cultivated as an economic crop in mountainous courtyards, and has become a pillar industry for fruit farmers in mountainous and semi-arid areas to become rich and well-off.

[0003] Sweet persimmons have red and yellow flesh, fine and crisp texture, sweet taste and good quality. They are deeply loved by consumers, have considerable economic benefits and broad development prospects. However, the current persimmon orchards have problems such as tall trees, difficult picking, time-consuming and labor-intensive cultivation and management, low mechanization utilization rate, extensive management, inadequate disease and pest control, low yield, poor quality and low comprehensive benefits. In order to increase the high-quality fruit rate of sweet persimmons and facilitate efficient and high-capacity management, it is necessary to transform the current old orchards. Summary of the invention

[0004] The technical problem solved by the present invention is as follows: a high-quality and efficient sweet persimmon cultivation and management method is provided, which changes the traditional extensive working method of the masses into a scientific, high-quality and efficient cultivation and working method through standardized pruning, soil, fertilizer and water management, pollution-free green prevention and control comprehensive technical measures and the application of agricultural machinery, reduces the height of the tree, reduces the density, changes the tree shape, and changes the working method. Through the tree shape transformation, light is opened, the occurrence of diseases and insect pests is reduced, the fruit quality and the high-quality fruit rate are improved, and at the same time, it is convenient for comprehensive management such as picking, spraying pesticides, and pruning, reduces management labor, improves the application of machinery, and improves the overall benefit.

[0005] The technical solution adopted by the present invention: a cultivation and management method for high-quality and efficient sweet persimmons, comprising the following steps:

[0006] 1) Shaping and pruning: According to the initial planting density of the sweet persimmon tree garden, the sweet persimmon tree shape is transformed and cultivated into a natural open-heart shape and a simple layered shape. The specific steps are as follows:

[0007] a1) Shaping and transformation: For orchards with an initial planting density of 74 to 88 trees per mu, the persimmon trees will be transformed into a natural open-heart shape, and the overall height of the persimmon trees will be controlled below 2 meters; for orchards with an initial planting density of 56 to 66 trees per mu, the persimmon trees will be transformed into a simple layered shape, and the overall height of the persimmon trees will be controlled below 2.6 meters; for orchards with a row and plant spacing of 3m×(2m to 2.5m) and an initial planting density of 88 to 110 trees per mu, every other row can be transformed to 44 to 56 trees per mu, and the shape of the persimmon trees will be transformed into a simple layered shape, and the overall height of the persimmon trees will be controlled below 2.6 meters;

[0008] a2) Branch pruning: Based on the strength of the sweet persimmon tree and the biological characteristics of the original sweet persimmon tree variety, on the basis of ensuring the symmetry of the tree crown, the fruiting mother branches, development branches and fruiting branches are pruned according to the principle of removing five and keeping five, so that each sweet persimmon tree after pruning has sufficient light in the upper and lower layers;

[0009] 2) Soil, fertilizer and water management: For persimmon trees with moderate tree vigor, fertilizer and water management should be strengthened in mid-to-late June, mainly by improving the soil, mainly by applying green manure and supplemented by high-nitrogen fertilizers. The specific steps are as follows:

[0010] A ditch about 30cm deep, 50cm wide and 1.2-1.5m long is dug mechanically on one side of the edge of the crown projection. About 50kg of green manure is pressed for each tree, and 2-3kg of special fertilizer for persimmon trees is applied. At the same time, the green manure, special fertilizer and soil are fully mixed and pressed into the ditch. The ditch surface is sealed with soil and buried tightly. This is done on one side every year, and the position is changed to the other side year by year. If there is no condition for pressing green manure, 2.5-3kg of special fertilizer for persimmon trees can be applied to each plant, and it can be applied in holes. After the fertilizer is applied, it is mixed with the soil. Fertilizer is applied before the rain depending on the weather conditions; a micro-tillage machine is used to rotary till twice a year for weeding;

[0011] 3) Pollution-free green control: By hanging 6 to 10 sticky insect boards per acre, install solar-powered insect trapping and killing equipment at the standard of one unit per 30 acres, and pay attention to protecting and utilizing natural enemies, and carry out pollution-free comprehensive control measures that combine physical control with chemical control.

[0012] In a1 of the above step 1), the natural open-heart shape is specifically as follows: when renovating old trees, only 3 to 4 main branches are left, and all redundant central poles and main branches above the second layer are thinned out, and the overall height is controlled below 2 meters; after the natural open-heart shape tree is cultivated and formed, the number of main branches is 3 to 4, the angle between the main branches is 90° to 120°, and each main branch has 2 to 3 side branches that grow thick and do not hinder the growth of the main branches, and the whole tree has 8 to 12 side branches; for sweet persimmon trees cultivated on flat land, the main trunk is kept 80 to 100 cm from the ground; for sweet persimmon trees planted on sloping land, the main trunk is 60 to 80 cm from the ground, and the height of the main trunk is based on the convenience of micro-tillage machine farming;

[0013] The first main branch is 25 to 35 cm away from the second main branch, and the second, third and fourth main branches are about 20 cm apart; the angle between the first main branch and the main trunk is greater than 50°, the angle between the second main branch is greater than 45°, and the angle between the third and fourth main branches is about 40°. The first side branch grows about 50 cm away from the base and cannot be too close to the base of the main branch; the second side branch should be 30 to 50 cm away from the first side branch, on the opposite side of the first side branch; the third side branch grows about 30 cm away from the second side branch, on the same side of the first side branch.

[0014] In a1 of the above step 1), the simple layered shape is specifically as follows: under natural growth conditions, there is an obvious central leading trunk, and the main branches are layered on the central leading trunk. When renovating old trees, only two layers of main branches are left, and the redundant central poles and main branches above three layers are sawed off, and the height is controlled below 2.6m; the tree trunk height is 80-100cm, and the trunk height is based on facilitating micro-tillage machine farming; the sweet persimmon tree is shaped into 2 layers, with 3-4 main branches in the first layer and 2 main branches or fruiting branch groups in the second layer; the distance between the two layers is 100-120cm, the distance within the layer is 40-50cm, each main branch is equipped with 2-3 side branches, and fruiting branch groups are cultivated on the side branches; the distance between large fruiting branch groups is 60cm, and the distance between medium and small fruiting branch groups is 40-60cm, and the height of the entire sweet persimmon tree is controlled at 2-2.5m.

[0015] In a2 of the above step 1), the pruning of the fruiting mother branches is specifically as follows: the fruiting mother branches of the sweet persimmon tree are mainly strong branches with a thickness of about 0.5 cm. The number of fruiting branches sprouting from the fruiting mother branches is large, and the fruiting amount is large. When pruning, the densely packed fruiting mother branches should be thinned out. The principle is to remove the weak and keep the strong, and the branches should be arranged in an orderly manner and keep a distance from each other. Excessive fruiting mother branches can also be shortened from the top 1 / 3, and the mixed buds can be cut off to leave them as preparatory branches.

[0016] In a2 of the above step 1), the pruning of the developmental branches is specifically as follows: thinning out the thin and weak branches and drooping branches in the inner chamber to increase ventilation and light transmission in the chamber, and thinning out the thin and weak branches for the developmental branches that have been pulled out two or three times; for the developmental branches exceeding 20 to 30 cm, the long ones are shortened at 1 / 4, and the short ones can be left long; the strong and vigorous developmental branches with space can be left long for 2 to 3 years to form new fruiting branch groups and continue to bear fruit.

[0017] In a2 of the above step 1), the pruning of the fruiting branches is specifically as follows: for strong and vigorous branches that have borne fruit, they are generally thinned out or heavily pruned in winter, leaving strong and developed branches at the base to form the fruiting mother branches for the next year, and weak branches are left as preparatory branches to form new fruiting branches in the next year. The fruiting branches that are thin and weak and have no side buds in the current year can be pruned from the base to promote the formation of secondary buds and new branches.

[0018] In a2 of the above step 1), the five removals and five retentions are based on the principle of removing dense and retaining sparse, removing strong and retaining medium, removing high and retaining low, removing far and retaining near, and removing large and retaining small.

[0019] The advantages of the present invention compared with the prior art are:

[0020] 1. This technical solution achieves "two reductions and two changes" by reshaping the old trees, that is, reducing the height of the tree, reducing the density, changing the tree shape, and changing the working methods. Through the tree shape transformation, light is opened, the occurrence of pests and diseases is reduced, and the fruit quality and high-quality fruit rate are improved. At the same time, it is convenient for comprehensive management such as picking, spraying, pruning, etc., reducing management labor and improving the application of machinery;

[0021] 2. This technical solution uses standardized branch pruning to control the fruiting part in the middle and lower part, preventing the fruit from moving outward and reducing production, further increasing the yield; secondly, the fruiting part is moved downward, which is convenient for manual picking and reduces the picking cost; thirdly, the tree is ventilated and light-permeable, which reduces the occurrence of diseases and insect pests; fourthly, the leaves are well-lit, the leaves are thick and green, and the fruits are well-colored, further improving the quality of the fruit;

[0022] 3. This technical solution reduces the density and the height of the tree, which is convenient for the widespread application of agricultural machinery such as fertilizer spreaders, micro-tillage machines, and self-propelled sprayers in fertilization, weeding, tillage, and pest control. In winter pruning, the promotion and application of electric pruning shears also reduces manpower input and improves work efficiency.

[0023] 4. This technical solution adopts pollution-free prevention and control. By hanging solar insect-attracting lamps and sticky insect boards in the orchard, and using high-efficiency, low-toxicity and low-residue pesticides for combined prevention and control according to the time and pattern of occurrence of pests and diseases, the orchard pests and diseases are significantly reduced, thereby improving the overall benefits. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0024] The following will be combined with the embodiments of the present invention to clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0025] It should be noted that, in this article, the terms "include", "comprises" or any other variants thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, so that a process, method, article or device including a series of elements includes not only those elements, but also other elements not explicitly listed, or also includes elements inherent to such process, method, article or device. In the absence of further restrictions. The elements defined by the sentence "comprises a ..." do not exclude the existence of other identical elements in the process, method, article or device including the elements.

[0026] The cultivation and management method of high-quality and efficient sweet persimmon includes the following steps:

[0027] 1) Shaping and pruning: According to the initial planting density of the sweet persimmon tree garden, the sweet persimmon tree shape is transformed and cultivated into a natural open-heart shape and a simple layered shape. The specific steps are as follows:

[0028] a1) Shaping and transformation: For orchards with an initial planting density of 74 to 88 trees per mu, the persimmon trees will be transformed into a natural open-heart shape, and the overall height of the persimmon trees will be controlled below 2 meters; for orchards with an initial planting density of 56 to 66 trees per mu, the persimmon trees will be transformed into a simple layered shape, and the overall height of the persimmon trees will be controlled below 2.6 meters; for orchards with a row and plant spacing of 3m×(2m to 2.5m) and an initial planting density of 88 to 110 trees per mu, every other row can be transformed to 44 to 56 trees per mu, and the shape of the persimmon trees will be transformed into a simple layered shape, and the overall height of the persimmon trees will be controlled below 2.6 meters;

[0029] The natural open-heart shape is specifically as follows: when renovating old trees, only 3 to 4 main branches are left, and all redundant central poles and main branches above the second layer are removed, and the overall height is controlled below 2 meters; after the natural open-heart shape tree is cultivated and formed, the number of main branches is 3 to 4, the angle between the main branches is 90° to 120°, and each main branch has 2 to 3 lateral branches that grow thick and do not hinder the growth of the main branches, and the whole tree has 8 to 12 lateral branches; for sweet persimmon trees planted on flat land, the main trunk is kept 80 to 100 cm from the ground; for sweet persimmon trees planted on slopes, the main trunk is 60 to 80 cm from the ground, and the height of the main trunk is based on the convenience of micro-tillage machine farming;

[0030] The first main branch is 25-35cm away from the second main branch, and the second, third and fourth main branches are about 20cm apart; the angle between the first main branch and the trunk is greater than 50°, the angle between the second main branch is greater than 45°, and the angle between the third and fourth main branches is about 40°. The first side branch grows about 50cm away from the base and cannot be too close to the base of the main branch; the second side branch should be 30-50cm away from the first side branch, on the opposite side of the first side branch; the third side branch grows about 30cm away from the second side branch, on the same side of the first side branch;

[0031] The simplified layered shape is as follows: under natural growth conditions, there is an obvious central leader trunk, and the main branches are layered on the central leader trunk. When renovating old trees, only two layers of main branches are left, and the redundant central poles and main branches above three layers are sawed off, and the height is controlled below 2.6m; the tree trunk height is 80-100cm, and the trunk height is based on the convenience of micro-tillage machine farming; the sweet persimmon tree is shaped into 2 layers, with 3-4 main branches in the first layer and 2 main branches or fruiting branch groups in the second layer; the distance between the two layers is 100-120cm, the distance within the layer is 40-50cm, each main branch is equipped with 2-3 side branches, and fruiting branch groups are cultivated on the side branches; the distance between large fruiting branch groups is 60cm, and the distance between small and medium-sized fruiting branch groups is 40-60cm, and the height of the entire sweet persimmon tree is controlled at 2-2.5m;

[0032] Through the transformation of the old tree shape, we have achieved "two reductions and two changes", that is, reducing the tree height and density, changing the tree shape, and changing the working methods. Through the tree shape transformation, we have opened up the light, reduced the occurrence of pests and diseases, improved the fruit quality and the rate of high-quality fruit, and facilitated the comprehensive management of picking, spraying, pruning, etc., reducing the management labor and improving the application of machinery.

[0033] a2) Branch pruning: Based on the strength of the sweet persimmon tree and the biological characteristics of the original sweet persimmon tree variety, on the basis of ensuring the symmetry of the tree crown, the fruiting mother branches, development branches and fruiting branches are pruned according to the principle of removing five and keeping five, so that each sweet persimmon tree after pruning has sufficient light in the upper and lower layers;

[0034] The pruning of the fruiting mother branches is as follows: the fruiting mother branches of the sweet persimmon tree are mainly strong branches with a thickness of about 0.5 cm. The fruiting mother branches sprout a large number of fruiting branches and have a large fruit-bearing capacity. When pruning, the densely packed fruiting mother branches should be thinned out. The principle is to remove the weak and keep the strong, and to arrange them in an orderly manner and keep a distance. Excessive fruiting mother branches can also be cut short from the top 1 / 3, and the mixed buds can be cut off to leave them as preparatory branches.

[0035] The pruning of the growth branches is specifically as follows: thinning out the thin and weak branches and drooping branches in the inner chamber to increase ventilation and light transmission in the chamber, and thinning out the thin and weak branches for the growth branches that have been pulled out two or three times; for the growth branches exceeding 20 to 30 cm, the long ones are cut short at 1 / 4, and the short ones can be left long; the strong growth branches with space can be left long for 2 to 3 years to form new fruiting branch groups and continue to bear fruit;

[0036] The pruning of the fruiting branches is as follows: for strong and vigorous branches that have borne fruit, they are generally thinned out or heavily pruned in winter, leaving strong and developing branches at the base to form the fruiting mother branches of the next year, and weak branches are left as preparatory branches to form new fruiting branches in the next year. The fruiting branches that are weak and have no side buds in the current year can be pruned from the base to promote the formation of secondary buds and new branches;

[0037] The five removals and five retentions are based on the principle of removing dense and retaining sparse, removing strong and retaining medium, removing high and retaining low, removing far and retaining near, and removing large and retaining small; the purpose is to ensure that each tree has sufficient light in the upper and lower layers, while maintaining a sufficient number of fruiting mother branches and a considerable number of reserve branches, so that the tree can bear fruit every year, achieve stable and high yields, and overcome the phenomenon of alternate years;

[0038] Through standardized branch pruning, the fruiting part can be controlled in the middle and lower part to prevent the fruit from moving outward and reducing production, further increasing the yield; the fruiting part is moved downward to facilitate manual picking, reducing the picking cost; the tree is ventilated and light-permeable, reducing the occurrence of diseases and insect pests; the leaves are well-lit, the leaves are thick and green, and the fruits are well-colored, further improving the quality of the fruit;

[0039] 2) Soil, fertilizer and water management: For persimmon trees with moderate tree vigor, fertilizer and water management should be strengthened in mid-to-late June, mainly by improving the soil, mainly by applying green manure and supplemented by high-nitrogen fertilizers. The specific steps are as follows:

[0040] A ditch about 30cm deep, 50cm wide and 1.2-1.5m long is dug mechanically on one side of the edge of the crown projection. About 50kg of green manure is pressed for each plant, and 2-3kg of special fertilizer for persimmon trees is applied. At the same time, the green manure, special fertilizer and soil are fully mixed and pressed into the ditch. The ditch surface is sealed with soil and buried. This is done on one side every year, and the position is changed to the other side year by year. However, it should be noted that the area of ​​ditching and fertilizer pressing should not be too large to avoid excessive root damage. If there is no condition for pressing green manure, 2.5-3kg of special fertilizer for persimmon trees can be applied to each plant in holes. After the fertilizer is applied, it is mixed with the soil. Fertilizer is applied before the rain depending on the weather conditions to achieve uniform fertilizer application, fertilizer and water combination, and improve fertilizer utilization rate. A micro-tillage machine is used to rotary till twice a year for weeding, mainly to prevent the growth of grass from affecting the growth of fruits and branches on the chassis and reduce the occurrence of diseases and insect pests. Sweet persimmon is a deep-rooted tree species and is relatively drought-resistant. Under normal weather conditions, irrigation is not required.

[0041] 3) Pollution-free green control: According to the occurrence and development of pests and diseases, forecasts and optimal control time are proposed. By hanging 6 to 10 sticky insect boards per mu, solar-powered trapping and insecticidal equipment is installed at a standard of one per 30 mu to further reduce the insect population density. Broad-spectrum, high-efficiency, low-toxic and low-residue insecticides and fungicides are used for timely control. Pollution-free comprehensive control measures combining physical and chemical control are adopted. At the same time, attention is paid to protecting and utilizing natural enemies, and mechanized sprayers are used for control.

[0042] Main pests:

[0043] Persimmon calyx moth, also known as persimmon fruit moth, persimmon limb moth and persimmon heart moth, belongs to the Lepidoptera, family Persimmonidae; the larvae mainly bore into the fruit, and also bore into the tender shoots. In the early stage, the fruit is mostly bored from the base of the fruit stalk or stalk, causing it to turn black and called "black persimmon". It finally dries up, and it is not easy to fall off because the larvae spin silk to wrap around the stalk, which is difficult to fall off; in the later stage, the larvae eat under the fruit stalk, and the holes are often decorated with silk and insect feces. The affected fruits turn yellow and red prematurely, become soft, and fall off prematurely.

[0044] Prevention and control methods: ① Scrape the bark: scrape the rough and old peeling bark on the branches in winter and spring, burn them in a centralized manner, and eliminate the overwintering larvae. Combine with whitewashing or applying glue mud to prevent the remaining larvae from pupating and emerging into adults; ② Remove the insect fruit: During the fruit-damaging period of larvae, the first generation is in mid-to-late June, and the second generation is in mid-to-late August. The insect fruit must be completely removed, and the persimmon pedicle must be removed and processed together. If the first generation is completely removed, the harm of the second generation can be reduced. If it is done thoroughly in the current year, the harm of the next year can be reduced; ③ Tie grass to the trunk: tie grass bundles on the scraped bark trunks before mid-August to attract overwintering larvae. Remove the grass bundles in winter and burn them to reduce the insect source; ④ Chemical control: spray 20% cypermethrin 1500 times or 2.5% avermectin 1000 times or 3% high-chlorine imidacloprid 1000 times in alternating use in late May and mid-to-late July, when the two generations of adults are at their peak.

[0045] Persimmon round spot disease: Symptoms are: round spot disease mainly harms leaves, but also persimmon pedicles; on leaves, small round spots appear in the early stage, the front is light brown, without obvious edges, and later the spots turn dark brown, with a light center and black edges. In the process of the spots turning red, a yellow-green halo appears around the spots. The diameter of the spots is generally 1-2 mm, and small black dots appear on the back of the spots in the later stage; the spots on the persimmon pedicles are round and brown. They appear later than the leaves, and the spots are generally smaller.

[0046] Prevention and control methods: ① Remove fallen leaves: From late autumn to early winter until February of the following year, completely remove fallen leaves, concentrate on composting or burning them to reduce the source of infection and control the harm of the disease. You can also spray 5-degree lime sulfur mixture before budding; ② Spray for protection: After the flowers of persimmon trees fall in early to mid-June, spray 1:5 (400-600) Bordeaux mixture or 800 times of 80% mancozeb or 800 times of 70% methyl thiophanate to protect the leaves; in seriously diseased areas, spray again 1-2 times after half a month.

[0047] Persimmon angular spot disease: Symptoms: Mainly harm persimmon leaves and pedicles; leaves are affected, and yellow-green spots appear on the front of the leaves in the early stage, with irregular shapes, blurred edges, and black veins inside the spots; as the spots expand, the color gradually deepens and becomes light black, and then the middle color fades to light brown; the expansion of the spots is restricted by the leaf veins, and finally becomes polygonal, with dense black velvety small particles on it, and has obvious black edges; it takes about 1 month from the appearance of the spots to the finalization, the back of the spots is light yellow at first, and then the color gradually deepens, and finally becomes brown or dark brown, and there are also black edges, but not as obvious as the front, and the black small particles are also rarer than the front, and the size of the spots is about 2-8 mm. Persimmon pedicles are infected, and the spots occur around the pedicles, which are light brown to dark brown, with black or unclear edges, irregular shapes, and expand from the tip of the pedicle inward. Black velvety small particles can appear on both sides of the spots, but more on the back.

[0048] Prevention and control methods: ① Remove the persimmon pedicles hanging on the trees: This is the main measure to reduce the source of pathogens. In persimmon growing areas, as long as the persimmon pedicles are completely removed, the disease can be avoided; ② Spraying protection: The key time for spraying prevention is mainly from late June to late July, that is, 20-30 days after the flowers fall; the pesticide can be sprayed 1-2 times with Bordeaux liquid at a ratio of 1:3-5 (300-600), or 800-800 times of 80% mancozeb or 800 times of 70% methyl thiophanate can be sprayed to protect the leaves; ③ Strengthen cultivation management: Increase the application of organic fertilizers, improve the soil, promote the growth of trees, and improve disease resistance. In low-humidity persimmon orchards, ditching and drainage should be done to reduce the humidity in the orchard and reduce the disease.

[0049] In the cultivation and management of persimmons, since we reduced the density and the height of the trees, it is convenient to widely promote the application of agricultural machinery such as fertilizer spreaders, micro-tillage machines, and self-propelled sprayers in fertilization, weeding, tillage, pest and disease control, etc. In winter pruning, the promotion and application of electric pruning shears also reduced the input of manpower and improved work efficiency. With manual pruning shears, a skilled technician can prune 0.5 mu of persimmons per day; with electric pruning shears, a skilled technician can prune 1.5 mu of persimmons per day. Before the experiment, the cultivation and management Only micro-tillage machines were used for weeding, and the average annual manageable per capita sweet persimmon area was 3-4 mu; now mechanization can be used in management such as fertilization, weeding, tillage, and pest and disease control. Only the picking process cannot be done with machinery. The average annual manageable per capita sweet persimmon area is 8-13 mu, and the efficiency has increased by 300%. The application rate of machinery in the sweet persimmon production process (referred to as mechanization utilization rate) has increased from 17.5% before the experiment to 75% now, and the mechanization rate has increased by 57.5%. This has greatly reduced labor input and reduced production costs.

[0050] Through comprehensive technical measures such as standardized pruning, soil, fertilizer and water management, pollution-free green prevention and control, and the application of agricultural machinery, the farming method has been changed, that is, the traditional extensive farming methods of the masses have been changed to scientific, high-quality and efficient cultivation methods.

[0051] The results of the investigation and comparison between traditional working methods and improved new technologies are as follows:

[0052]

[0053]

[0054] According to investigation, Lu Jihuan of Group 7 of Yangjiang Village, who used traditional farming methods, earned only 1,650 yuan this year from his 3 mu of land due to the closed garden, serious pests and diseases, and severe fruit drop, with an income of only 550 yuan per mu; Gao Youxi of Group 17 only sold his 1 mu of land for 1,320 yuan due to small fruits and poor quality; Meng Gualao of Group 17 of Yangjiang Village earned 2,860 yuan per mu from his 3 mu sweet persimmon garden using traditional farming methods in 2016. After adopting the "two reductions, two changes, and three improvements" method, the output in 2021 increased from 1,100 kilograms per mu to 3,000 kilograms. In 2021, the 3 mu of land was sold for 34,000 yuan, with an income of 11,400 yuan per mu; In 2017, Jianjun's 2.7 acres of land was sold for only 8,586 yuan using traditional farming methods, with an income of 3,180 yuan per mu. After adopting the "two reductions, two changes, and three improvements" method, the output increased from 1,200 kilograms per mu to 3,000 kilograms. In 2021, the 2.7 acres of land was sold for 30,000 yuan, and the income per mu reached 11,400 yuan; Tian Shuisheng's 4.8 acres of land was sold for 17,000 yuan using traditional farming methods in 2018. After adopting scientific, high-quality and efficient cultivation methods, the output in 2021 increased from 1,500 kilograms per mu to 3,050 kilograms. The income in 2021 was 55,800 yuan, and the income per mu reached 11,630 yuan.

[0055] The average persimmon yield of traditional sweet persimmons is 850 kilograms per mu, and the rate of large fruits weighing more than 150 grams accounts for 54.9%. Due to poor quality, the market purchase price was around 1.0 yuan last year, and the average income per mu was 2,100 yuan. The persimmon orchard that adopts the "two reductions, two improvements, and three improvements" cultivation technology has high yield and excellent quality, with an average yield of 3,016.7 kilograms per mu, and the rate of large fruits weighing more than 150 grams accounts for 93.2%. Due to good color and large fruit, the market purchase price was above 2.0 yuan last year, and the average income per mu reached 11,470 yuan.

[0056] After several years of observation, experimentation and comparison, the traditional cultivation method was used, and the persimmon orchard was closed and had insufficient light, resulting in small persimmons, poor coloring, serious fruit drop, low yield, large labor per mu, and low economic benefits. The persimmon orchard that adopted the high-quality and efficient cultivation technology of "two reductions, two changes, and three improvements" reduced the tree height from 3.84 meters to below 2.33 meters, and the density from 88 to 110 plants / mu to 44 to 74 plants / mu. The labor was reduced by 35.9%, the mechanization rate increased by 57.5%, the high-quality fruit rate increased by 38.3%, the average yield per mu was 3016.7 kg, the average income per mu reached 11,470 yuan, and the per mu output value increased by 4.5 times. The fruit quality was good, the yield was high, the mechanization utilization rate was high, the per mu labor was small, and the overall economic benefits were high. Through the application and promotion of high-quality and efficient cultivation methods for sweet persimmons, the per mu yield increased significantly, the fruit quality was significantly improved, and the per mu output value reached 10,000-15,000 yuan, which improved the overall benefits.

[0057] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the details of the exemplary embodiments described above and that the present invention can be implemented in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential features of the present invention. Therefore, the embodiments should be considered exemplary and non-restrictive in all respects, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims rather than the above description, and it is intended that all changes falling within the meaning and scope of the equivalent elements of the claims be included in the present invention.

[0058] In addition, it should be understood that although the present specification is described according to implementation modes, not every implementation mode contains only one independent technical solution. This description of the specification is only for the sake of clarity. Those skilled in the art should regard the specification as a whole. The technical solutions in each embodiment may also be appropriately combined to form other implementation modes that can be understood by those skilled in the art.

Claims

1. Cultivation and management methods of high-quality and efficient sweet persimmons, Features The following steps are involved: 1) Shaping and pruning: According to the initial planting density of the sweet persimmon tree garden, the sweet persimmon tree shape is transformed and cultivated into a natural open-heart shape and a simple layered shape. The specific steps are as follows: a1) Shaping and transformation: For orchards with an initial planting density of 74 to 88 trees per mu, transform the sweet persimmon trees into a natural open-heart shape, and control the overall height of the sweet persimmon trees below 2 meters; for orchards with an initial planting density of 56 to 66 trees per mu, transform the sweet persimmon trees into a simple layered shape, and control the overall height of the sweet persimmon trees below 2.6 meters; for orchards with a row and plant spacing of 3m×(2m to 2.5m) and an initial planting density of 88 to 110 trees per mu, take every other row and transform it to 44 to 56 trees per mu, and transform the tree shape of the sweet persimmon trees into a simple layered shape, and control the overall height of the sweet persimmon trees below 2.6 meters; The natural open-heart shape is specifically as follows: when renovating old trees, only 3 to 4 main branches are left, and all redundant central trunks and main branches above the second layer are removed; after the natural open-heart shape tree is cultivated and formed, the number of main branches is 3 to 4, the angle between the main branches is 90° to 120°, and each main branch has 2 to 3 lateral branches that grow strong and do not hinder the growth of the main branches, and the whole tree has 8 to 12 lateral branches; for sweet persimmon trees planted on flat land, the main trunk is kept 80 to 100 cm from the ground; for sweet persimmon trees planted on sloping land, the main trunk is 60 to 80 cm from the ground, and the height of the main trunk is based on the convenience of micro-tillage machine farming; The first main branch is 25-35cm away from the second main branch, and the second, third and fourth main branches are about 20cm apart; the angle between the first main branch and the trunk is greater than 50°, the angle between the second main branch is greater than 45°, and the angle between the third and fourth main branches is about 40°. The first side branch grows about 50cm away from the base and cannot be too close to the base of the main branch; the second side branch is 30-50cm away from the first side branch, on the opposite side of the first side branch; the third side branch grows about 30cm away from the second side branch, on the same side of the first side branch; The simplified layered shape is as follows: under natural growth conditions, there is an obvious central leader trunk, and the main branches are layered on the central leader trunk. When renovating old trees, only two layers of main branches are left, and the redundant central trunk and main branches above three layers are sawed off; the tree trunk height is 80-100 cm, and the trunk height is based on the convenience of micro-tillage machine farming; the sweet persimmon tree is shaped into 2 layers, with 3-4 main branches in the first layer and 2 main branches or fruiting branch groups in the second layer; the distance between the two layers is 100-120 cm, the distance within the layer is 40-50 cm, each main branch is equipped with 2-3 side branches, and fruiting branch groups are cultivated on the side branches; the distance between large fruiting branch groups is 60 cm, and the distance between small and medium-sized fruiting branch groups is 40-60 cm, and the height of the entire sweet persimmon tree is controlled at 2-2.5 m; a2) Branch pruning: Based on the strength of the sweet persimmon tree and the biological characteristics of the original sweet persimmon tree variety, on the basis of ensuring the symmetry of the tree crown, the fruiting mother branches, development branches and fruiting branches are pruned according to the principle of removing five and keeping five, so that each sweet persimmon tree after pruning has sufficient light in the upper and lower layers; The five removals and five retentions are removal of dense and retention of sparse, removal of strong and retention of medium, removal of high and retention of low, removal of far and retention of near, removal of large and retention of small; 2) Soil, fertilizer and water management: For persimmon trees with moderate tree vigor, fertilizer and water management should be strengthened in mid-to-late June, combined with soil improvement, and soil management should be carried out mainly by applying green manure and supplemented by high-nitrogen fertilizers. The specific steps are as follows: A ditch about 30cm deep, 50cm wide and 1.2-1.5m long is dug mechanically on one side of the edge of the crown projection. About 50kg of green manure is pressed for each tree, and 2-3kg of special fertilizer for persimmon trees is applied. At the same time, the green manure, special fertilizer and soil are fully mixed and pressed into the ditch. The ditch surface is sealed with soil and buried tightly. This is done on one side every year, and the position is changed to the other side year by year. If there is no condition for pressing green manure, 2.5-3kg of special fertilizer for persimmon trees is applied to each plant, and it can be applied in holes. After the fertilizer is applied, it is mixed with the soil. Fertilizer is applied before the rain depending on the weather conditions; a micro-tillage machine is used to rotary till twice a year for weeding; 3) Pollution-free green control: By hanging 6 to 10 sticky insect boards per acre, install solar-powered insect trapping and killing equipment at the standard of one unit per 30 acres, pay attention to the protection and utilization of natural enemies, and carry out pollution-free comprehensive control measures combining physical and chemical control.

2. The cultivation and management method of high-quality and high-efficiency sweet persimmon according to claim 1, Features: In a2 of the above step 1), the pruning of the fruiting mother branches is specifically as follows: the fruiting mother branches of the sweet persimmon tree are mainly strong branches with a thickness of about 0.5 cm. The number of fruiting branches sprouting from the fruiting mother branches is large, and the fruit-bearing amount is large. When pruning, the densely packed fruiting mother branches should be thinned out. The principle is to remove the weak and keep the strong, and the branches should be arranged in an orderly manner and keep a distance from each other. Excessive fruiting mother branches should be shortened from the top 1 / 3, and the mixed buds should be cut off to leave them as preparatory branches.

3. The cultivation and management method of high-quality and high-efficiency sweet persimmon according to claim 1, Features: In a2 of the above step 1), the pruning of the developmental branches is specifically as follows: thinning out the thin and weak branches and drooping branches in the inner chamber to increase ventilation and light transmission in the chamber, and thinning out the thin and weak branches for the developmental branches that have been pulled out two or three times; for the developmental branches exceeding 20 to 30 cm, the long ones are shortened at 1 / 4, and the short ones are left long; the strong and vigorous developmental branches with space are left long for 2 to 3 years to form new fruiting branch groups and continue to bear fruit.

4. The cultivation and management method of high-quality and high-efficiency sweet persimmon according to claim 1, Features: In a2 of the above step 1), the pruning of the fruiting branches is specifically as follows: for strong and vigorous branches that have borne fruit, they are generally thinned out or heavily pruned in winter, leaving strong and well-developed branches at the base to form the fruiting mother branches for the next year, and weak branches are reserved as preparatory branches to form new fruiting branches in the next year. The fruiting branches that are thin and weak and have no side buds in the current year are pruned from the base to promote the growth of secondary buds to form new branches.

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