Three-particle electrophoresis display driving method and display

Abstract

The present invention discloses a three-particle electrophoretic display driving method and display. The method includes: providing a driving signal, the driving signal is used to implement the erasing stage, activation stage, black and white driving stage, and red driving stage in the driving process; in the erasing stage, the driving signal provides a first driving voltage for erasing the original image and DC balance; in the activation stage, the driving signal provides a second driving voltage for activating black particles, white particles, and red particles; the second driving voltage includes a red particle activation voltage, and the red particle activation voltage is between the red particle driving voltage and the first driving voltage; in the black and white driving stage, the driving signal provides a third driving voltage and a fourth driving voltage for driving the black particles and the white particles, respectively; in the red driving stage, the driving signal provides a red particle driving voltage for driving the red particles. The present invention can reduce the mixing of red and white particles, thereby improving display brightness.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of three-particle electrophoresis display, and in particular to a three-particle electrophoresis display driving method and a display. Background Art

[0002] Three-particle electrophoretic display (EPD) is a new type of electronic paper that offers stable operation and extremely low energy consumption, overcoming the major performance limitation of traditional electrophoretic electronic paper in colorization. However, the increased number of particle types complicates the driving mechanism, making it more likely that different types of particles within the microcapsule will mix, leading to a decrease in display quality. For example, red particles, due to their slow migration speed, tend to remain on the upper portion of the microcapsule, resulting in a decrease in display brightness when the pixel displays white. Three-particle electrophoretic display is primarily based on microcapsule technology. Its structure consists of a common electrode, a pixel electrode, black particles, white particles, and red particles, and a non-polar solvent. These three particles carry different charges and are encapsulated within the microcapsule. The microcapsule is sandwiched between the common electrode and the pixel electrode. When a certain voltage is applied between the two electrodes, the charged particles are affected by the electric field and drift, thereby controlling the displayed color. When a negative voltage is applied to the pixel electrode, the negatively charged white particles will move toward the common electrode, and the EPD will display white. When a positive voltage is applied to the pixel electrode, since both the black and red particles are positively charged, different situations will occur depending on the applied voltage amplitude. The threshold voltage required for red particles to move is lower, so when a lower positive voltage is applied, the red particles will move toward the common electrode, displaying red. Conversely, when a higher positive voltage is applied, the black particles will move toward the common electrode, displaying black. By controlling the application of different voltage sequences, the movement of particles in the electrophoretic display can be controlled, thereby controlling the color display of the EPD. When no voltage is applied to the two electrodes, the EPD will be in equilibrium and maintain the initial display state.

[0003] Three-particle electrophoretic display essentially adds red particles to traditional black-and-white electrophoretic displays, increasing their color diversity. However, due to their larger size and slower movement, red particles require significantly longer drive times than the other two types of particles. Furthermore, the activation cycle of the traditional drive waveform, designed as a square wave oscillation of + / - 15V, prevents the red particles from being effectively activated, causing them to easily blend with the white particles, resulting in lower display brightness.

[0004] Therefore, the existing technology still needs to be improved and developed. Summary of the Invention

[0005] In view of the above-mentioned deficiencies in the prior art, the object of the present invention is to provide a three-particle electrophoretic display driving method and display to solve the problem of low display brightness in the existing three-particle electrophoretic display due to the easy mixing of red particles with other particles.

[0006] The technical solutions of the present invention are as follows:

[0007] A three-particle electrophoretic display driving method includes: providing a driving signal, wherein the driving signal is used to implement an erasing stage, an activation stage, a black-and-white driving stage, and a red driving stage in a driving process; wherein, in the erasing stage, the driving signal provides a first driving voltage for erasing an original image and DC balance; wherein, in the activation stage, the driving signal provides a second driving voltage for activating black particles, white particles, and red particles; wherein, the second driving voltage includes: a red particle activation voltage, wherein the red particle activation voltage is between the red particle driving voltage and the first driving voltage; wherein, in the black-and-white driving stage, the driving signal provides a third driving voltage and a fourth driving voltage for driving black particles and white particles, respectively; and wherein, in the red driving stage, the driving signal provides a red particle driving voltage for driving red particles.

[0008] According to a further configuration of the present invention, the first driving voltage in the erasing phase is 15V, and the driving duration is the first duration.

[0009] According to a further configuration of the present invention, the second driving voltage further comprises:

[0010] a black ion activation voltage and a white particle activation voltage, wherein the black particle activation voltage is used to activate the black particles, and the white particle activation voltage is used to activate the white particles;

[0011] The driving time of the second driving voltage is a second time length.

[0012] According to a further configuration of the present invention, the black and white driving stage includes:

[0013] In the black particle driving stage, the black particles are driven according to a third driving voltage provided by the driving signal, so that the pixel is displayed in a black state; wherein the third driving voltage is 15V;

[0014] In the white particle driving stage, the white particles are driven according to the fourth voltage provided by the driving signal, so that the pixel is displayed in a white state.

[0015] According to a further configuration of the present invention, the fourth voltage includes a pre-driving voltage and a white particle driving voltage, and the white particle driving stage includes:

[0016] In the pre-white particle driving stage, the white particles are driven to the bottom of the microcapsule according to the pre-driving voltage; wherein the duration of the pre-driving voltage is a third duration;

[0017] During the continuous white particle driving stage, the white particles are driven according to the white particle driving voltage to move the white particles to the top of the microcapsule; wherein the duration of the white particle driving voltage is the fourth duration, and the white particle driving voltage is -15V.

[0018] According to a further configuration of the present invention, the pre-driving voltage is equal to the red particle driving voltage in magnitude but opposite in direction.

[0019] According to a further configuration of the present invention, the activation stage is before the black and white driving stage, which is before the red driving stage; and the duration of the red particle driving voltage is the fifth duration.

[0020] According to a further configuration of the present invention, the magnitude of the red particle activation voltage and the driving duration are adjusted according to the brightness display condition.

[0021] Based on the same inventive concept, the present invention also provides a display for implementing the above-mentioned three-particle electrophoresis display driving method, which includes:

[0022] Display panel;

[0023] A driving circuit is connected to the display panel and is used to provide a driving signal to the display panel, wherein the driving signal is used to implement the erasing stage, activation stage, black and white driving stage and red driving stage in the driving process.

[0024] According to a further aspect of the present invention, the display panel includes:

[0025] an electrophoresis unit, the electrophoresis unit comprising a microcapsule and black particles, white particles, and red particles disposed within the microcapsule;

[0026] a pixel electrode, the pixel electrode being disposed below the microcapsule and connected to the driving circuit; and

[0027] A common electrode is disposed above the microcapsule.

[0028] The present invention provides a three-particle electrophoresis display driving method and display, the driving method comprising: providing a driving signal, the driving signal being used to implement an erase phase, an activation phase, a black-and-white driving phase, and a red driving phase in a driving process; wherein, in the erase phase, the driving signal provides a first driving voltage for erasing an original image and DC balance; in the activation phase, the driving signal provides a second driving voltage for activating black particles, white particles, and red particles; wherein, the second driving voltage includes a red particle activation voltage, the red particle activation voltage being between the red particle driving voltage and the first driving voltage; in the black-and-white driving phase, the driving signal provides a third driving voltage and a fourth driving voltage for driving black particles and white particles, respectively; and in the red driving phase, the driving signal provides a red particle driving voltage for driving red particles. The present invention adds an activation phase before the black-and-white driving phase and the red driving phase in the three-particle electrophoresis display driving method, and uses a red particle activation voltage to activate the red particles in the activation phase, so that the red particles can be fully activated, thereby reducing the mixing with the white particles in the subsequent driving phase, thereby improving the display brightness. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary personnel in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on the structures shown in these drawings without paying any creative work.

[0030] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the structure of a display in one embodiment of the present invention.

[0031] Figure 2 Schematic diagram of the structure of an electrophoresis unit in one embodiment of the present invention.

[0032] Figure 3 It is a flow chart of a three-particle electrophoresis display driving method in one embodiment of the present invention.

[0033] Figure 4 FIG. 4 is a waveform diagram of a driving signal in one embodiment of the present invention.

[0034] Figure 5 1 is a diagram illustrating an architecture of a waveform test system for a display driving signal according to an embodiment of the present invention.

[0035] The marks in the accompanying drawings are: 100, display; 110, display panel; 111, microcapsule; 112, black particles; 113, white particles; 114, red particles; 115, pixel electrode; 116, common electrode; 120, driving circuit; 200, computer; 300, arbitrary waveform function generator; 400, voltage amplifier; 500, colorimeter. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0036] The present invention provides a three-particle electrophoretic display driving method and display. To make the objectives, technical solutions, and effects of the present invention more clear and explicit, the present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention.

[0037] In the embodiments and patent claims, unless otherwise specified herein, the words "a," "an," "the," and "the" may include plural forms. If the embodiments of the present invention include descriptions of "first," "second," etc., such descriptions are for descriptive purposes only and should not be understood as indicating or implying their relative importance or implicitly specifying the number of the technical features indicated. Therefore, a feature specified as "first" or "second" may explicitly or implicitly include at least one of such features.

[0038] It should be further understood that the term "comprising" as used in the description of the present invention refers to the presence of the stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements and / or components, but does not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components and / or groups thereof. It should be understood that when we refer to an element as being "connected" or "coupled" to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element, or there can be intermediate elements. In addition, "connected" or "coupled" as used herein can include wireless connections or wireless couplings. The term "and / or" as used herein includes all or any units and all combinations of one or more associated listed items.

[0039] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that, unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art in the art to which the present invention belongs. It should also be understood that terms such as those defined in common dictionaries should be understood to have meanings consistent with their meanings in the context of the prior art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless specifically defined as herein.

[0040] In addition, the technical solutions between the various embodiments can be combined with each other, but they must be based on the fact that ordinary technicians in this field can implement them. When the combination of technical solutions is mutually contradictory or cannot be implemented, it should be deemed that such a combination of technical solutions does not exist and is not within the scope of protection required by the present invention.

[0041] Please also see Figure 1 and Figure 2 , the present invention provides a preferred embodiment of a display.

[0042] See also Figure 1 and Figure 2 The present invention provides a display, wherein the display 100 includes a display panel 110 and a driving circuit 120, and the driving circuit 120 is connected to the display panel 110. The display panel 110 includes an electrophoretic unit, a pixel electrode 115, and a common electrode 116. The electrophoretic unit includes a microcapsule 111 and black particles 112, white particles 113, and red particles 114 disposed in the microcapsule 111; the pixel electrode 115 is disposed below the microcapsule 111; the common electrode 116 is disposed above the microcapsule 111; the driving circuit 120 is connected to the pixel electrode 115, and the driving circuit 120 is used to provide a driving signal to the pixel electrode 115, wherein the driving signal is used to realize the erasing stage, the activation stage, the black and white driving stage, and the red driving stage in the driving process.

[0043] Specifically, a non-polar solvent is provided in the microcapsule 111, and the black particles 112, the white particles 113, and the red particles 114 are all placed in the microcapsule 111. The microcapsule 111 is placed between the common electrode 116 and the pixel electrode 115, wherein the common electrode 116 and the pixel electrode 115 are both composed of a transparent substrate covered with indium tin oxide (ITO). The driving circuit 120 is connected to the pixel electrode 115 and can provide a driving signal to the driving substrate to drive the erasing stage, activation stage, black and white driving stage, and red driving stage of the three-particle electrophoretic display.

[0044] The black particles 112 and the red particles 114 are both positively charged, and the black particles 112 are negatively charged. When the driving circuit 120 applies a positive voltage to the pixel electrode 115, the threshold voltage required for the red particles 114 to move is relatively low. Therefore, when a relatively low positive voltage is applied, the red particles 114 move toward the common electrode 116, and the display panel 110 displays red. When the driving circuit 120 applies a relatively high positive voltage to the pixel electrode 115, the black particles 112 move toward the common electrode 116, and the display panel 110 displays black. When the driving circuit 120 applies a negative voltage to the pixel electrode 115, the black particles 112 move toward the common electrode 116, and the display panel 110 displays white. Therefore, the driving circuit 120 can control the movement of the particles in the electrophoretic unit by controlling the application of different voltage sequences, thereby controlling the color display of the display 100. When no voltage is applied to the common electrode 116 and the pixel electrode 115, the three-particle electrophoretic display is in a balanced state, and the display 100 maintains the initial display state.

[0045] See also Figure 3 and Figure 4 In some embodiments, the present invention further provides a three-particle electrophoresis display driving method, which includes the steps of:

[0046] S100, providing a driving signal, wherein the driving signal is used to implement an erasing phase, an activation phase, a black and white driving phase, and a red driving phase in a driving process;

[0047] Specifically, the waveform of the driving signal is designed on a computer and generated using an arbitrary waveform function generator. The generated driving signal is amplified by a voltage amplifier and then output to the driving circuit of the display. The driving circuit drives the display in the erase phase, activation phase, black and white driving phase, and red driving phase according to the driving signal. Because the brightness of the three-particle electrophoretic display can be obtained by the chromaticity coordinate value Y in the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) Yxy color space, the driving waveform performance of the driving signal can be tested. By placing a colorimeter on the display and connecting it to the computer, the brightness of the display is measured in real time when the driving signal is applied, and the test data is transmitted to the computer, the performance of the driving waveform can be analyzed based on the recorded data.

[0048] Please refer to the combination Figure 5In specific implementation, the driving waveform of the driving signal is designed using MATLAB on computer 200. The driving parameters are designed based on the actual driving requirements and DC balance rules. The waveform is then exported as a .txt file and saved. The file is then converted into a .tfw file readable by arbitrary waveform function generator 300 using AREXPRESS software. Computer 200 is connected to arbitrary waveform function generator 300 via a USB interface, enabling the import of the .tfw waveform file into arbitrary waveform function generator 300.

[0049] Each lead on the drive circuit of the display 100 controls a corresponding pixel electrode of each pixel, and the common electrode is grounded. The output of the arbitrary waveform function generator 300 is connected to the input of the voltage amplifier 400. The positive and negative terminals of the voltage amplifier 400 are connected to the positive and negative terminals of the drive circuit, respectively, and the amplification factor is adjusted. In one implementation, the voltage amplification factor of the voltage amplifier 400 can be set to 10 times.

[0050] The computer 200 is then connected to the colorimeter 500, the colorimetry software is opened, and the colorimeter is zeroed. The colorimeter 500 is then placed on the display 100 and fixed in place, allowing the brightness of the same pixel to be measured. The arbitrary waveform function generator 300 is adjusted to various parameters consistent with the designed drive waveform (the output amplitude voltage of the arbitrary waveform function generator is set to 1.5V, and the cycle is set to be consistent with the total cycle of the drive waveform), and the output switch is turned on. The output switch of the voltage amplifier is then turned on, and the electrophoretic display effect, which operates according to the set drive waveform, can be seen on the display 100. Finally, the brightness change of the display after the drive waveform is executed once is recorded in the computer measurement software.

[0051] S200, in the erasing stage, the driving signal provides a first driving voltage for erasing the original image and DC balance;

[0052] Specifically, the drive voltage and drive duration during the erase phase are primarily determined by the DC balance rule (the drive magnitude and duration of positive and negative voltages are equal). The erase phase serves to erase the original image and maintain DC balance. In some embodiments, the first drive voltage during the erase phase is 15V, and the drive duration is the first duration T1.

[0053] S300, in an activation phase, the driving signal provides a second driving voltage to activate the black particles, the white particles, and the red particles; wherein the second driving voltage includes a red particle activation voltage, the red particle activation voltage being between the red particle driving voltage and the first driving voltage;

[0054] Specifically, the DC balance principle is also followed in the activation phase. The black ion activation voltage and the white particle activation voltage are used to activate the black particles and the white particles respectively. In some embodiments, the black particles and the white particles are activated by a positive and negative 15V voltage in the activation phase. The red particles are activated by the red particle activation voltage V RA Activation is performed, wherein the red particle activation voltage V RA The size of the red particle driving voltage V R Between the first driving voltage, that is, the activation voltage of the red particles is greater than its driving voltage. After activating the red particles, in the subsequent black and white driving stage and the red driving stage, the mixing of red particles and other particles, especially the mixing of red particles and white particles, can be reduced.

[0055] The driving time of the second driving voltage is a second time T2.

[0056] It should be noted that, during the activation phase, the period and number of activation phases can be adjusted, that is, can be increased.

[0057] The red activation voltage V RA The size and driving time are adjusted according to the brightness display situation. For example, when the target pixel is driven white, different red particle activation voltages can be adjusted, and then the optimal parameters of the activation stage are analyzed according to the measured brightness. That is, when the measured brightness reaches the maximum, the corresponding red particle activation voltage V RA The best, the display brightness display effect is the best. The red particle driving voltage V R The size of the red particle is the optimal driving voltage, which is generally set to 3V, that is, the red activation voltage V RA The size is between 3-15V.

[0058] S400, in the black and white driving stage, the driving signal provides a third driving voltage and a fourth driving voltage for driving the black particles and the white particles respectively;

[0059] Specifically, if the pixel needs to display a black state, the driving signal provides a third driving voltage for driving. If the pixel needs to display a white state, the driving signal provides a fourth driving voltage for driving.

[0060] S500 , in a red driving stage, the driving signal provides a red particle driving voltage for driving the red particles.

[0061] Specifically, if the pixel is required to display red, the driving signal provides a red particle driving voltage for driving.

[0062] As can be seen, in the above technical solution, i.e., the present invention, in the process of the three-particle electrophoretic display driving method, adds an activation stage before the black and white driving stage and the red driving stage. In the activation stage, the red particles are activated using a red particle activation voltage, so that the red particles can be fully activated, thereby reducing the mixing with the white particles in the subsequent driving stage, thereby improving the display brightness. Furthermore, by reducing the mixing of off-white particles and red particles, the display quality can be improved and the interference caused by the residual red particles can be reduced. In other words, the weak red image will not appear due to the mixing of white particles with red particles, and the red saturation will be reduced. This provides a good reference for the design of driving waveforms for high-quality displays.

[0063] In a further implementation of an embodiment, the black and white driving stage includes:

[0064] In the black particle driving stage, the black particles are driven according to a third driving voltage provided by the driving signal, so that the pixel is displayed in a black state; wherein the third driving voltage is 15V;

[0065] In the white particle driving stage, the white particles are driven according to the fourth voltage provided by the driving signal, so that the pixel is displayed in a white state.

[0066] Furthermore, the fourth voltage includes a pre-driving voltage and a white particle driving voltage, and the white particle driving stage includes:

[0067] In the pre-white particle driving stage, the white particles are driven to the bottom of the microcapsule according to the pre-driving voltage; wherein the duration of the pre-driving voltage is a third duration;

[0068] During the continuous white particle driving stage, the white particles are driven according to the white particle driving voltage to move the white particles to the top of the microcapsule; wherein the duration of the white particle driving voltage is the fourth duration, and the white particle driving voltage is -15V.

[0069] Specifically, before driving the white particles, the red particles are first driven to the bottom of the microcapsule using a pre-drive voltage. The pre-drive voltage is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the red particle drive voltage, and the pre-drive voltage is applied for a third duration, T3. Subsequently, a white particle drive voltage is applied to drive the white particles, causing them to move to the top of the microcapsule, resulting in the pixel displaying white. The white particle drive voltage is -15V and lasts for a fourth duration, T4. When the pixel displays white, the drive waveform parameters follow the following expression:

[0070] 15×T1-VR ×T3-15×T4=0;

[0071] When driving the black particles, the third driving voltage is +15V. When the pixel is displayed in a black state, the driving waveform complies with the following expression:

[0072] -15×T1+15×(T3+T4)=0.

[0073] In some embodiments, the activation phase is before the black and white driving phase, which is before the red driving phase; and the duration of the red particle driving voltage is a fifth duration.

[0074] Specifically, the three-particle electrophoretic display driving process is sequentially divided into an erase phase, an activation phase, a black and white driving phase, and a red driving phase. The red particles are activated before the black, white, and red particles are driven, so that the red particles are less likely to mix with the white particles. The red particles are driven for a fifth duration, T5. When the pixel displays a red state, the parameters of the driving waveform follow the following expression:

[0075] -15×T1-V R ×T5=0.

[0076] In summary, the three-particle electrophoretic display driving method and display provided by the present invention have the following beneficial effects:

[0077] By adding an activation stage before the black and white driving stage, the red particles are activated, and a pre-white particle driving stage is further added to the white driving stage to reduce the mixing of red and white particles, thereby improving the brightness of the image display;

[0078] By reducing the mixing of gray-white particles and red particles, the display quality of the display can be improved and the interference caused by other residual red particles can be reduced. In other words, red images will not appear due to the mixing of white particles with red particles, and the red saturation will be reduced, providing a good reference for the design of driving waveforms for high-quality displays.

[0079] It should be understood that the application of the present invention is not limited to the above examples. For those skilled in the art, improvements or changes can be made based on the above description. All these improvements and changes should fall within the scope of protection of the claims attached to the present invention.

Claims

1. A three-particle electrophoresis display driving method, characterized in that: include: Providing a driving signal, wherein the driving signal is used to implement an erasing phase, an activation phase, a black and white driving phase, and a red driving phase in a driving process; In the erasing phase, the driving signal provides a first driving voltage for erasing the original image and DC balance; During the activation phase, the driving signal provides a second driving voltage to activate the black particles, the white particles, and the red particles; wherein the second driving voltage includes a red particle activation voltage, the red particle activation voltage being between the red particle driving voltage and the first driving voltage; In the black and white driving stage, the driving signal provides a third driving voltage and a fourth driving voltage for driving the black particles and the white particles respectively; In the red driving stage, the driving signal provides a red particle driving voltage for driving the red particles; The activation stage is before the black and white driving stage, which is in turn before the red driving stage; the magnitude of the red particle activation voltage and the driving duration are adjusted according to the brightness display condition.

2. The three-particle electrophoresis display driving method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The first driving voltage in the erasing phase is 15V, and the driving duration is the first duration.

3. The three-particle electrophoresis display driving method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The second driving voltage further includes: a black particle activation voltage and a white particle activation voltage, wherein the black particle activation voltage is used to activate the black particles, and the white particle activation voltage is used to activate the white particles; The driving time of the second driving voltage is a second time length.

4. The three-particle electrophoresis display driving method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The black and white driving stage includes: In the black particle driving stage, the black particles are driven according to a third driving voltage provided by the driving signal, so that the pixel is displayed in a black state; wherein the third driving voltage is 15V; In the white particle driving stage, the white particles are driven according to the fourth voltage provided by the driving signal, so that the pixel is displayed in a white state.

5. The three-particle electrophoresis display driving method according to claim 4, characterized in that: The fourth voltage includes a pre-driving voltage and a white particle driving voltage, and the white particle driving stage includes: In the pre-white particle driving stage, the white particles are driven to the bottom of the microcapsule according to the pre-driving voltage; wherein the duration of the pre-driving voltage is a third duration; During the continuous white particle driving stage, the white particles are driven according to the white particle driving voltage to move the white particles to the top of the microcapsule; wherein the duration of the white particle driving voltage is the fourth duration, and the white particle driving voltage is -15V.

6. The three-particle electrophoresis display driving method according to claim 5, characterized in that: The pre-driving voltage and the red particle driving voltage are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.

7. The three-particle electrophoresis display driving method according to claim 1, characterized in that: The duration of the red particle driving voltage is the fifth duration.

8. A display for implementing the three-particle electrophoretic display driving method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, characterized in that: include: Display panel; A driving circuit is connected to the display panel and is used to provide a driving signal to the display panel, wherein the driving signal is used to implement the erasing stage, activation stage, black and white driving stage and red driving stage in the driving process.

9. The display according to claim 8, characterized in that The display panel includes: an electrophoresis unit, the electrophoresis unit comprising a microcapsule and black particles, white particles, and red particles disposed within the microcapsule; a pixel electrode, the pixel electrode being disposed below the microcapsule and connected to the driving circuit; and A common electrode is disposed above the microcapsule.

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