Irrigation method for improving garlic yield and water utilization efficiency

Abstract

The invention discloses an irrigation method for improving garlic yield and water utilization rate, which is characterized in that the irrigation method comprises the following steps: S1, measuring soil water content; S2, recording garlic plant height and leaf area; using a ruler to measure plant height and leaf area in the greening period, jointing period, garlic stalk elongation period and bulb expansion period; and the leaf area index calculation formula is as follows: LAI=Sρ×10 ‑4 ,S3. Observe the yield and appearance quality of garlic, S4. Calculate the water consumption of garlic. The water consumption during the growth period of garlic is calculated using the water balance equation: ET=I+P+G‑R‑D+W1‑W2, S5. Calculate the water use efficiency of garlic. The water use efficiency (WUE) is calculated using the following formula: WUE=Y / ET, S6. After calculating the water consumption and water use efficiency of garlic at different stages, irrigate according to different needs. The results of this plan are of great significance to enrich the garlic irrigation technology system and promote the sustainable and stable development of the garlic industry.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention relates to the technical field of agriculture, and in particular to an irrigation method for improving garlic yield and water utilization rate. Background Art

[0002] Garlic is an indispensable condiment in human life. The planting area and export volume of garlic in China account for 65% and 80% of the world's total respectively. At the same time, the root structure of garlic is relatively special. During the growth process, it has the characteristics of liking coolness, cold tolerance and fear of heat, liking humidity and fearing drought and waterlogging, and has high requirements for environmental water conditions. The water demand and precipitation during the growth period of garlic in Shandong Province are extremely mismatched. The water demand of garlic during the whole growth period is about 400mm, but the average precipitation over many years is only about 120mm, and the demand for irrigation water is large. Garlic has specific requirements for water at different growth periods. Previous studies have shown that the key period of garlic water demand is the elongation period of garlic stalks, and the soil moisture conditions during the bulb expansion period are crucial to the formation of garlic yield. Creating a good water environment for garlic growth through irrigation is an important prerequisite for ensuring its high quality and high yield. Many reports point out that garlic in Shandong Province generally needs to be irrigated four times during the growth period, namely planting water, green water, bolting water and swelling water; the main irrigation method is ground irrigation, and the irrigation water source is mostly well water. In production practice, due to the large bed size (bed length, bed width) and small flow rate per bed width, the garlic irrigation quota is generally too large, the irrigation uniformity is poor, and deep leakage is serious. Unreasonable irrigation quotas lead to large garlic water quotas and low irrigation water utilization efficiency. Summary of the invention

[0003] In view of the above-mentioned defects or deficiencies in the prior art, it is desirable to provide an irrigation method for improving garlic yield and water utilization efficiency.

[0004] According to the technical solution provided in the embodiments of this application,

[0005] An irrigation method for improving garlic yield and water utilization efficiency, measuring the soil conditions of the 0cm-20cm tillage layer as an irrigation indicator, the soil conductivity is 0.29dS / m, the pH value is 7.88, the soil bulk density is 1.40g / cm3, and the field water holding capacity is 0.22g / g.

[0006] The irrigation method is as follows:

[0007] S1. Determine the soil moisture content. Monitor the soil moisture content through a tubular moisture meter. The measurement depth is 0-100cm. A tubular moisture meter is arranged every 10cm. The data collection time interval is 1h. A tubular moisture meter is installed in each measuring pit.

[0008] S2. Record the height and leaf area of ​​garlic plants. Use a ruler to measure the height and leaf area of ​​garlic plants during the greening period, jointing period, stalk elongation period and bulb expansion period. The leaf area index is calculated as follows: LAI = S × 10 -4 , where plant height is the height from the ground to the top of the longest green leaf of the plant, leaf area is measured by leaf length and maximum leaf width, and leaf area is the product of leaf length, maximum leaf width and conversion coefficient 0.82, where LAI is leaf area index; S is leaf area per plant, unit is cm 2 / plant; ρ is plant density, unit is plant / m 2 ;

[0009] S3. Observe the yield and appearance quality of garlic, investigate the number of rows of garlic in each pit and the number of garlic plants in each row, calculate the harvest density of garlic, collect 30 consecutive garlic plants in each pit, remove the soil attached to the surface, cut the roots and remove the stems with a length of 1.5-2 cm, weigh the fresh weight of the bulbs, and calculate the yield of garlic in each treatment. For each treatment, measure the bulb height and bulb transverse diameter of 10 plants with a vernier caliper to measure the size and shape of the garlic, wherein the maximum diameter of the garlic on the cross section with the largest area perpendicular to the garlic stem direction is the major diameter of the garlic, the minimum diameter on the cross section is the minor diameter of the garlic, and the transverse diameter is characterized by the mean of the two;

[0010] S4. Calculate the water consumption of garlic.

[0011] The water consumption of garlic during its growth period is calculated using the water balance equation:

[0012] ET=I+P+GR-D+W1-W2

[0013] In the formula, ET is the water consumption of garlic during the whole growth period; I is the irrigation quota during the growth period of garlic; P is the effective precipitation during the growth period of garlic; G is the groundwater recharge; R is the surface runoff; D is the deep seepage; W1 is the soil water storage of 0-100cm soil layer when garlic is sown; W2 is the soil water storage of 0-100cm soil layer when garlic is harvested. There is no surface drainage during the experiment, and the groundwater level is below 5m, so the surface runoff and groundwater recharge can be ignored; the calculation method of deep seepage is the effective soil water content in the 100cm soil layer before irrigation or rainfall + irrigation amount - field water holding capacity, and all units in the formula are mm;

[0014] S5. Calculate the water use efficiency of garlic

[0015] Water use efficiency (WUE) is calculated using the following formula:

[0016] WUE=Y / ET

[0017] Where WUE is water use efficiency, unit is kg / m 3 ; Y is the garlic bulb yield, unit is kg / hm2 ; ET is the total water consumption of garlic during its growth period, in m 3 / hm 2 ;

[0018] S6. After calculating the water consumption and water utilization efficiency of garlic at different stages, water the garlic according to different needs.

[0019] To sum up, the beneficial effects of this application are: to explore the effects of different irrigation quotas on garlic growth, yield and water use efficiency, to explore the appropriate irrigation quota and water use quota for garlic, and to improve water use efficiency. The results of this plan are of great significance to enriching the garlic irrigation technology system and promoting the sustainable and stable development of the garlic industry. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] Other features, objects and advantages of the present application will become more apparent by reading the detailed description of non-limiting embodiments made with reference to the following drawings:

[0021] Figure 1 This is the daily change process of rainfall and temperature during the garlic growing period from 2021 to 2022;

[0022] Figure 2 The dynamic change process of soil moisture in the 0-40cm soil layer under different irrigation treatments;

[0023] Figure 3 Plant height and leaf area index of garlic under different irrigation treatments;

[0024] Figure 4 Water consumption and water use efficiency of garlic under different irrigation treatments; DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] The present application is further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and embodiments. It is to be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only used to explain the relevant invention, rather than to limit the invention. It is also necessary to explain that, for ease of description, only the parts related to the invention are shown in the accompanying drawings.

[0026] It should be noted that, in the absence of conflict, the embodiments and features in the embodiments of the present application can be combined with each other. The present application will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and in combination with the embodiments.

[0027] Example:

[0028] 1 Materials and methods

[0029] 1.1 Overview of the test area

[0030] The experiment was conducted from October 2021 to May 2022 at the Shandong Provincial Irrigation Experiment Center Station, which is located in Changqing District, Jinan City, Shandong Province (36°34′N, 116°50′E), with an altitude of 46m. It has a warm temperate semi-humid monsoon climate with distinct four seasons.

[0031] The average temperature over the years is 13.8℃, the frost-free period is 178 days, and the average annual sunshine hours are 1871 hours; the average evaporation over the years is 1400mm, and the average annual precipitation is 623mm, mainly distributed in June-September. The groundwater depth in the test area is greater than 5m; the soil type is loam, and the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium in the 0-20cm soil layer are 10.89g / kg, 1.07g / kg, 22.26mg / kg, and 83.98mg / kg, respectively. The soil conductivity is 0.29dS / m, the pH value is 7.88, the soil bulk density is 1.40g / cm3, and the field water holding capacity is 0.22 (g / g). The daily precipitation and temperature changes during the experiment are as follows: Figure 1 shown.

[0032] 1.2 Experimental design

[0033] The test was conducted in a bottomless test pit with an area of ​​6.66m2 (3.33m×2.0m). The test crop was garlic, the variety was Space No. 1, the sowing time was October 18, 2021, the sowing method was manual spot sowing, the row spacing was 20cm, and the plant spacing was 12cm.

[0034] The irrigation method is surface irrigation, the water source is well water, and the harvest time is May 22, 2022. Five treatments are set according to the irrigation quota, namely 30mm, 45mm, 60mm, 75mm and 90mm, respectively recorded as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5.

[0035] The irrigation period for each treatment was after sowing (October 21, 2021), green period (March 23, 2022), garlic stalk elongation period (April 20, 2022) and bulb expansion period (May 2, 2022). After irrigation with planting water, each plot was fully covered with film. The irrigation conditions of each treatment during the experiment are shown in Table 1. Other field management measures such as fertilization and plant protection were kept consistent for each treatment.

[0036]

[0037] Table 1

[0038] 1.3 Measurement items and methods

[0039] (1) Soil moisture content

[0040] The "Smart Soil" integrated tubular soil moisture meter (Oriental Smart Sense, China) is used to monitor soil moisture (volume moisture content). The measurement depth is 0-100 cm, a sensor is arranged every 10 cm, and the data collection time interval is 1 h. A tubular soil moisture meter is installed in each measuring pit.

[0041] (2) Garlic plant height and leaf area

[0042] During the greening period of garlic, 5 plants with the same growth were marked in each plot, and the plant height and leaf area were measured with a ruler at the greening period, jointing period, garlic stalk elongation period and bulb expansion period. Among them, the plant height is the height from the ground to the top of the longest green leaf of the plant, and the leaf area is measured by the leaf length and the maximum leaf width. The leaf area is the product of the leaf length, the maximum leaf width and the conversion coefficient (0.82). The leaf area index is calculated using the following formula:

[0043] LAI=Sρ×10 -4

[0044] Where LAI is leaf area index; S is leaf area per plant (cm2 / plant); ρ is plant density (plant / m2).

[0045] (3) Garlic yield and appearance quality

[0046] Investigate the number of rows of garlic in each pit and the number of garlic plants in each row, and calculate the harvest density of garlic. Collect 30 consecutive garlic plants in each pit, remove the soil attached to the surface, cut the roots and remove the stems with a length of 1.5-2cm, weigh the fresh weight of the bulb (garlic), and calculate the garlic yield of each treatment. For each treatment, use a vernier caliper to measure the height and transverse diameter of the bulb (garlic) of 10 plants to measure the size and shape of the garlic. Among them, the maximum diameter of the garlic on the cross section with the largest area perpendicular to the garlic stalk is the major diameter of the garlic, the minimum diameter on the cross section is the minor diameter of the garlic, and the transverse diameter is characterized by the mean of the two.

[0047] (4) Garlic water consumption and water use efficiency

[0048] The water consumption of garlic during its growth period is calculated using the water balance equation:

[0049] ET=I+P+GR-D+W1-W2

[0050] In the formula, ET is the water consumption of garlic during the whole growth period (mm); I is the irrigation quota during the growth period of garlic (mm); P is the effective precipitation during the growth period of garlic (mm); G is the groundwater recharge (mm); R is the surface runoff (mm); D is the deep seepage (mm); W1 is the soil water storage of 0-100cm soil layer when garlic is sown (mm); W2 is the soil water storage of 0-100cm soil layer when garlic is harvested (mm). There was no surface drainage during the experiment, and the groundwater level was below 5m, so the surface runoff and groundwater recharge can be ignored; the calculation method of deep seepage is the effective soil water content in the 100cm soil layer before irrigation or rainfall (mm) + irrigation amount (or rainfall, mm) - field water holding capacity (mm).

[0051] Water use efficiency (WUE) is calculated using the following formula:

[0052] WUE=Y / ET

[0053] Where WUE is water use efficiency (kg / m 3 ); Y is garlic bulb yield (fresh weight) (kg / hm 2 ); ET is the total water consumption of garlic during its growth period (m 3 / hm 2 ).

[0054] 2 Results and analysis

[0055] 2.1 Dynamic changes of soil moisture in garlic fields under different irrigation treatments

[0056] Figure 2 The dynamic change characteristics of soil moisture in the 0-40cm soil layer under different irrigation treatments during the growth period of garlic are shown. It can be seen that with the advancement of the growth process of garlic, the change pattern of soil moisture in the 0-40cm soil layer of each treatment is consistent. With the increase of irrigation quota, the average soil moisture content in the 0-40cm soil layer during the growth period of garlic showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing, with the T4 treatment being the largest and the T1 treatment being the smallest. Compared with the T1 treatment, the soil moisture content in the T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments increased by 2.94%, 3.39%, 4.41% and 3.49%, respectively. It can be seen that the soil moisture content in the 0-40cm soil layer of the garlic field did not increase proportionally with the increase of irrigation quota.

[0057] 2.2 Plant height and leaf area index of garlic under different irrigation treatments

[0058] Figure 3 The plant height and leaf area index of garlic under different irrigation treatments are shown. It can be seen that with the increase of irrigation quota,

[0059] The height and leaf area index of garlic showed a trend of gradual increase in any growth period. In the green stage, there was no significant difference in the height of garlic among the five irrigation treatments; in the jointing stage, garlic stalk elongation stage and garlic stalk expansion stage, there was no significant difference in the height of garlic among the T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments, but the difference between the T1 and T5 treatments reached a significant level. Compared with the T1 treatment, the final plant height of garlic in the T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments increased by 2.30%, 2.84%, 4.12% and 5.94%, respectively, among which only the difference between the T5 and T1 treatments reached a significant level. In the green stage, jointing stage and garlic stalk expansion stage, there was no significant difference in the leaf area index between the T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments, but the difference between the T1 and T5 treatments reached a significant level. Compared with T1 treatment, the maximum leaf area index (garlic stalk elongation period) of garlic in T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments increased by 30.18%, 38.71%, 52.57% and 57.33%, respectively. Among them, the difference between T5 and T1 and T2 treatments reached a significant level.

[0060] 2.3 Garlic yield and appearance quality under different irrigation treatments

[0061] Table 2 shows the appearance quality and yield of garlic bulbs under different irrigation treatments. As can be seen from the table, with the increase of irrigation quota, the height and transverse diameter of the bulbs showed a trend of gradual increase. Compared with the T1 treatment, the height of the garlic bulbs in the T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments increased by 6.27%, 11.49%, 13.67% and 14.71%, respectively, and the transverse diameter of the bulbs increased by 6.45%, 12.17%, 12.88% and 15.26%, respectively. Among them, the differences between T3, T4, T5 and T1 treatments reached a significant level, but there was no significant difference between them and T2 treatment. The bulb yield gradually increased with the increase of irrigation quota. Among them, the difference in garlic yield between T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments was not significant, but it was significantly increased by 16.64%, 21.05%, 23.14% and 23.56% compared with T1 treatment.

[0062]

[0063] Table 2 Appearance quality and yield of garlic bulbs under different irrigation treatments

[0064] 2.4 Water consumption and water use efficiency of garlic under different irrigation treatments

[0065] Figure 4 The water consumption and water use efficiency of garlic under different irrigation treatments are shown. Figure 4(a) It can be seen that the water consumption of garlic gradually increased with the increase of irrigation quota. Compared with T1, the water consumption of garlic in T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments increased by 6.70%, 15.54%, 28.10% and 41.74% respectively. Among them, the differences between T3, T4 and T5 treatments and T1 treatment reached a significant level. Figure 4 (b) It can be seen that with the increase of irrigation quota, the water use efficiency of garlic showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Compared with the T1 treatment, the water use efficiency of the T2 and T3 treatments increased by 9.32% and 4.77%, respectively, while the water use efficiency of the T4 and T5 treatments decreased by 3.87% and 12.82%, respectively.

[0066] The following conclusions are drawn from the above examples:

[0067] (1) During the growth period of garlic, the moisture content of the 0-40 cm soil layer increased first and then decreased with the increase of irrigation quota. Compared with the T1 treatment, the average soil moisture content of garlic during the growth period in the T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments increased by 2.94%, 3.39%, 4.41% and 3.49%, respectively.

[0068] (2) With the increase of irrigation quota, garlic plant height, leaf area index, bulb height, bulb diameter, yield and water consumption all showed a trend of gradual increase, and water use efficiency increased first and then decreased. Compared with T1 treatment, garlic bulb yield in T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments increased significantly by 16.64%, 21.05%, 23.14% and 23.56%, respectively; water consumption of garlic in T2 and T3 treatments increased by 6.70% and 15.54%, and water use efficiency increased by 9.32% and 4.77%; water consumption of garlic in T4 and T5 treatments increased by 28.10% and 41.74%, and water use efficiency decreased by 3.87% and 12.82%. (3) Compared with the high quota irrigation treatment (T5), there were no significant differences in plant height, leaf area index, bulb size and yield of garlic in T2 and T3 treatments, but water consumption was significantly reduced and water use efficiency was significantly improved; plant height, leaf area index, bulb height, bulb diameter and yield of garlic in T1 treatment were significantly reduced. Taking all factors into consideration, it is recommended that the appropriate irrigation quota for garlic in the study area is 45-60 mm, and the irrigation quota is 160-240 mm.

[0069] The above description is only an explanation of the preferred embodiments of the present application and the technical principles and other schemes used. At the same time, the scope of the invention involved in the present application is not limited to the technical scheme formed by a specific combination of the above technical features, but also should cover other technical schemes formed by any combination of the above technical features or their equivalent features without departing from the inventive concept. For example, the above features are replaced with the technical features with similar functions disclosed in the present application (but not limited to) by each other to form a technical scheme.

Claims

1. An irrigation method for improving garlic yield and water utilization efficiency, characterized in that: The irrigation method is as follows, S1. Determine the soil moisture content. Monitor the soil moisture content through a tubular moisture meter. The measurement depth is 0-100cm. A tubular moisture meter is arranged every 10cm. The data collection time interval is 1h. A tubular moisture meter is installed in each measuring pit. S2. Record the height and leaf area of ​​garlic plants. Use a ruler to measure the height and leaf area of ​​garlic plants during the greening period, jointing period, stalk elongation period and bulb expansion period. The leaf area index is calculated as follows: LAI=Sρ×10 -4 , The plant height is the height from the ground to the top of the longest green leaf of the plant. The leaf area is measured by leaf length and maximum leaf width. The leaf area is the product of leaf length, maximum leaf width and conversion coefficient 0.

82. In the formula, LAI is leaf area index; S is the leaf area per plant, unit is cm 2 / plant; ρ is plant density, unit is plant / m 2 ; S3. Observe the yield and appearance quality of garlic, investigate the number of rows of garlic in each pit and the number of garlic plants in each row, calculate the harvest density of garlic, collect 30 consecutive garlic plants in each pit, remove the soil attached to the surface, cut the roots and remove the stems with a length of 1.5-2 cm, weigh the fresh weight of the bulbs, and calculate the yield of garlic in each treatment. For each treatment, measure the bulb height and bulb transverse diameter of 10 plants with a vernier caliper to measure the size and shape of the garlic, wherein the maximum diameter of the garlic on the cross section with the largest area perpendicular to the garlic stem direction is the major diameter of the garlic, the minimum diameter on the cross section is the minor diameter of the garlic, and the transverse diameter is characterized by the mean of the two; S4. Calculate the water consumption of garlic. The water consumption of garlic during its growth period is calculated using the water balance equation: ET=I+P+GR-D+W1-W2 In the formula, ET is the water consumption of garlic during the whole growth period; I is the irrigation quota during the growth period of garlic; P is the effective precipitation during the growth period of garlic; G is the groundwater recharge; R is the surface runoff; D is the deep seepage; W1 is the soil water storage of 0-100cm soil layer when garlic is sown; W2 is the soil water storage of 0-100cm soil layer when garlic is harvested. There is no surface drainage during the experiment, and the groundwater level is below 5m, so the surface runoff and groundwater recharge can be ignored; the calculation method of deep seepage is the effective soil water content in the 100cm soil layer before irrigation or rainfall + irrigation amount - field water holding capacity, and all units in the formula are mm; S5. Calculate the water use efficiency of garlic Water use efficiency (WUE) is calculated using the following formula: WUE=Y / ET Where WUE is water use efficiency, unit is kg / m 3 ; Y is the garlic bulb yield, unit is kg / hm 2 ; ET is the total water consumption of garlic during its growth period, in m 3 / hm 2 ; S6. After calculating the water consumption and water utilization efficiency of garlic at different stages, water the garlic according to different needs.

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