A pre-stack seismic inversion method and system for weathering crust karst reservoir

Abstract

The present invention relates to a prestack seismic inversion method and system for a weathering crust karst reservoir, the method comprising: obtaining prestack seismic gathers, weathering crust time horizons and well logging elastic curves, and performing well seismic calibration; obtaining deshielded prestack seismic gathers; obtaining pseudo-elastic curves matching the deshielded prestack seismic gathers; obtaining pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data of the reservoir based on the deshielded prestack seismic gathers and the pseudo-elastic curves; and carrying out comprehensive interpretation of the reservoir based on the pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data. The present invention specifically eliminates and weakens the shielding effect of the strong reflection energy of the weathering crust and the Gibbs effect, and can improve the resolution of prestack seismic inversion and the accuracy of karst reservoir prediction.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of interpretation of seismic data of petroleum geophysical exploration, and particularly relates to a pre-stack seismic inversion method and system for a weathering crust karst reservoir. Background Art

[0002] Deep marine carbonate paleokarst is widely developed in my country. Weathering crust karst reservoirs are mainly distributed in the Ordos, Tarim and Sichuan basins, etc., and are one of the main gas-producing layers in China's marine oil and gas basins.

[0003] The weathering crust karst reservoir has strong heterogeneity. The karst development degree is obviously different in close proximity, and the oil and gas enrichment degree and production capacity between wells are also very different. The strong heterogeneity of the reservoir has greatly restricted the exploration of weathering crust karst oil and gas reservoirs. At present, seismic prediction of weathering crust karst reservoirs is the main task of carbonate karst oil and gas reservoir exploration.

[0004] The weathering crust karst reservoir is often covered by low-velocity shale, and the weathering crust is under high-velocity carbonate rock. The elastic parameters of the strata on both sides of the weathering crust change too dramatically, showing discontinuity, forming strong reflections on the seismic profile. The stronger the seismic reflection energy, the more dramatic the change in wave impedance between strata.

[0005] Due to the limitations of seismic trace and wavelet length, seismic sampling rate and seismic inversion frequency band, the Gibbs phenomenon is easily generated near the weathering crust. The Gibbs effect causes severe oscillations in the seismic inversion results near the weathering crust. At the same time, the elastic parameter differences between the rock layers in the upper and lower strata of the weathering crust interface are very small, often much smaller than the oscillations caused by the Gibbs phenomenon, resulting in a severe shielding effect, which distorts the inversion results and makes it difficult to accurately reflect the true elastic characteristics of the karst reservoir, affecting the accuracy of pre-stack inversion reservoir prediction.

[0006] Due to the constraints of the current conventional inversion method implementation ideas and the limited bandwidth of seismic data, the geological characteristics of discontinuous elastic parameters near the weathering crust surface are not taken into account, and it is difficult to achieve accurate prediction of reservoirs near the weathering crust. How to make use of limited seismic data and comprehensive utilization of existing geological and logging information to make up for the shortcomings of the current seismic inversion method is the main task to improve the accuracy of the seismic inversion method for weathering crust karst reservoirs.

[0007] Therefore, a prestack seismic inversion method for weathering crust karst reservoirs is urgently needed to overcome the defects of current seismic inversion methods. Summary of the invention

[0008] In view of the above problems, the present invention provides a pre-stack seismic inversion method for weathering crust karst reservoir, the method comprising:

[0009] Obtain pre-stack seismic gathers, weathering crust time horizons and well logging elastic curves, and perform well-seismic calibration;

[0010] Obtain deshielded pre-stack seismic gathers;

[0011] Obtain pseudoelastic curves that match the deshielded prestack seismic gathers;

[0012] Based on the deshielded prestack seismic gathers and pseudoelastic curves, the pseudoelastic parameter inversion data of the reservoir is obtained;

[0013] Based on the pseudoelastic parameter inversion data, a comprehensive reservoir interpretation is carried out.

[0014] Furthermore, the step of obtaining the deshielded prestack seismic gathers is as follows:

[0015] Performing deshielding processing on the prestack seismic gathers along the weathering crust time horizon to obtain deshielded prestack seismic gathers;

[0016] The deshielding processing of the pre-stack seismic gather along the weathering crust time horizon is to implement the de-strong reflection shielding processing of the seismic data by using the reflection coefficient fitting method, and other seismic reflections except the strong reflection axis remain unchanged.

[0017] Furthermore, the pseudo-elastic curve obtained and matched with the deshielded pre-stack seismic gather is specifically:

[0018] The logging elastic curve is de-stepped to obtain a pseudo-elastic curve that matches the de-shielded pre-stack seismic gather.

[0019] Further, the obtaining of pseudoelastic parameter inversion data includes:

[0020] Based on the deshielded prestack seismic gathers and pseudo-elastic curves, interpolation is performed to establish the initial model of pseudo-elastic parameters, seismic wavelets with different offsets are extracted, and pre-stack seismic inversion is carried out to obtain pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data.

[0021] Furthermore, the pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data specifically includes:

[0022] The distribution range of pseudo-elastic parameters of the reservoir is analyzed based on the pseudo-elastic curve, and the reservoir is identified and interpreted based on the pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data.

[0023] The present invention also provides a pre-stack seismic inversion system for weathering crust karst reservoirs, the system comprising:

[0024] The acquisition unit is used to obtain pre-stack seismic gathers, weathering crust time horizons and well logging elastic curves, and perform well-seismic calibration;

[0025] Obtain deshielded pre-stack seismic gathers;

[0026] Obtain pseudoelastic curves that match the deshielded prestack seismic gathers;

[0027] An analysis and interpretation unit, used to obtain pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data of the reservoir based on deshielded pre-stack seismic gathers and pseudo-elastic curves;

[0028] Based on the pseudoelastic parameter inversion data, a comprehensive reservoir interpretation is carried out.

[0029] Furthermore, the step of obtaining the deshielded prestack seismic gathers is as follows:

[0030] Performing deshielding processing on the prestack seismic gathers along the weathering crust time horizon to obtain deshielded prestack seismic gathers;

[0031] The deshielding processing of the pre-stack seismic gather along the weathering crust time horizon is to implement the de-strong reflection shielding processing of the seismic data by using the reflection coefficient fitting method, and other seismic reflections except the strong reflection axis remain unchanged.

[0032] Furthermore, the pseudo-elastic curve obtained and matched with the deshielded pre-stack seismic gather is specifically:

[0033] The logging elastic curve is de-stepped to obtain a pseudo-elastic curve that matches the de-shielded pre-stack seismic gather.

[0034] Further, the obtaining of pseudoelastic parameter inversion data includes:

[0035] Based on the deshielded prestack seismic gathers and pseudo-elastic curves, interpolation is performed to establish the initial model of pseudo-elastic parameters, seismic wavelets with different offsets are extracted, and pre-stack seismic inversion is carried out to obtain pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data.

[0036] Furthermore, the pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data specifically includes:

[0037] The distribution range of pseudo-elastic parameters of the reservoir is analyzed based on the pseudo-elastic curve, and the reservoir is identified and interpreted based on the pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data.

[0038] (1) The present invention adopts a different approach from conventional seismic inversion techniques to address the problem of numerical distortion in seismic inversion near the weathering crust surface. Through seismic processing, the shielding effect of strong reflection energy at the weathering crust interface is eliminated, and the weak reflection seismic signals of the karst reservoir are restored and highlighted; the logging data is de-stepped to eliminate the Gibbs effect; the elastic parameters of pre-stack seismic inversion can better reflect the geophysical characteristics of the karst reservoir, thereby improving the prediction accuracy of the weathering crust karst reservoir;

[0039] (2) The technology of the present invention is relatively independent. It uses pre-stack seismic gathers and pseudo-elastic curves after deshielding processing, and mainly implements seismic inversion through currently available inversion software. The whole scheme borrows well seismic calibration, interpolation modeling technology, wavelet extraction technology and pre-stack seismic inversion technology, and has good technical feasibility.

[0040] (3) Compared with the current AVO attribute prediction method under strong reflection shielding, the method proposed in this paper can achieve quantitative reservoir prediction results;

[0041] (4) Compared with the traditional prestack seismic inversion method and process, the method proposed in this paper is a significant technical improvement, which specifically eliminates and weakens the shielding effect of strong reflection energy of the weathering crust and the Gibbs effect, and can improve the resolution of prestack seismic inversion and the accuracy of karst reservoir prediction.

[0042] Other features and advantages of the present invention will be described in the following description, and partly become apparent from the description, or understood by practicing the present invention. The purpose and other advantages of the present invention can be realized and obtained by the structures pointed out in the description, claims and drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0043] In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the following briefly introduces the drawings required for use in the embodiments or the description of the prior art. Obviously, the drawings described below are some embodiments of the present invention. For ordinary technicians in this field, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without paying creative work.

[0044] Figure 1 A flow chart of a pre-stack seismic inversion method for a weathering crust karst reservoir according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown;

[0045] Figure 2 The results of pre-stack seismic gathers and well logging calibration according to an embodiment of the present invention are shown;

[0046] Figure 3 The pre-stack seismic gather before strong reflection shielding is shown according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0047] Figure 4 The pre-stack seismic gather after strong reflection shielding is shown according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0048] Figure 5 The results of deshielding prestack seismic gathers and pseudoelastic curve calibration according to an embodiment of the present invention are shown;

[0049] Figure 6 (a) shows the measured initial model of longitudinal wave velocity according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0050] Figure 6 (b) shows the initial model of pseudo longitudinal wave velocity according to an embodiment of the present invention;

[0051] Figure 7 It is shown that the longitudinal wave velocity and density identify the reservoir according to an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0052] In order to make the purpose, technical solution and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solution in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below in conjunction with the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention. Obviously, the described embodiments are part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0053] The present invention provides a method for pre-stack seismic inversion of weathering crust karst reservoirs, such as Figure 1 As shown, Figure 1 The flow chart of the prestack seismic inversion method for weathering crust karst reservoir according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. The method comprises: obtaining prestack seismic gathers, weathering crust time horizons and logging elastic curves, and performing well-seismic calibration; performing deshielding processing on the prestack seismic gathers along the weathering crust time horizon to obtain deshielded prestack seismic gathers, wherein the deshielding processing on the prestack seismic gathers along the weathering crust time horizon is to use the reflection coefficient fitting method to realize the de-strong reflection shielding processing of seismic data, and other seismic reflections except the strong reflection axis remain unchanged. De-stepping the logging elastic curve to obtain a pseudo-elastic curve matching the deshielded prestack seismic gathers; interpolating the pseudo-elastic curve to establish an initial model of pseudo-elastic parameters, interpolating the initial model of pseudo-elastic parameters based on the deshielded prestack seismic gathers and the pseudo-elastic curve, extracting seismic wavelets of different offsets, carrying out prestack seismic inversion, and obtaining pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data; analyzing the distribution range of pseudo-elastic parameters of the reservoir, and performing reservoir identification and interpretation on the pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data. Specifically, obtain pre-stack seismic gathers, weathering crust time horizons and well logging elastic curves, and perform well-seismic calibration; Figure 2 As shown, Figure 2 The results of pre-stack seismic gathers and well logging calibration according to an embodiment of the present invention are shown; Figure 2 The position shown in a is the seismic reflection phase axis corresponding to the deep Cambrian bottom weathering crust in the area. The weathering crust is above low-impedance mudstone and below is Sinian high-impedance dolomite, which makes the weathering crust surface energy much higher than the reflection of the upper and lower strata; Figure 2b~d show that the corresponding weathering crust surface has a sudden change in P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity and density. The oil and gas reservoir is located within the time range of 20ms below the weathering crust interface. The weak wave crest seismic reflection corresponding to the karst reservoir is covered by the sub-wave side lobe of the strong reflection interface of the weathering crust due to its weak energy, which makes it difficult to truly reflect the lateral change characteristics of the oil and gas reservoir. Therefore, it is necessary to perform deshielding processing on the prestack seismic gather along the weathering crust time horizon to obtain the deshielded prestack seismic gather.

[0054] For example, in a prestack seismic trace set, for any actual seismic trace, search and determine the maximum amplitude value and time position of the seismic reflection of the weathering crust surface in the target time window along the weathering crust time horizon; generate multiple Ricker wavelets with different main frequencies and maximum energy amplitude values, and obtain a Ricker wavelet that is closest to the seismic reflection waveform of the weathering crust surface at this time position; remove the Ricker wavelet from the actual seismic trace, complete the processing of all seismic traces in sequence, and obtain the deshielded prestack seismic trace set. Figure 3 and 4 As shown, Figure 3 The pre-stack seismic gather before strong reflection shielding according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. Figure 4 The prestack seismic trace gather after strong reflection shielding according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown; before comparison processing, the seismic reflection amplitude of the karst reservoir section below the weathering crust surface becomes stronger and the continuity becomes better, and the seismic reflection energy of the reservoir is effectively restored.

[0055] Then, the logging elastic curve is de-stepped to obtain a pseudo-elastic curve that matches the unshielded pre-stack seismic gather. The pre-stack seismic gather completes the shielding treatment of the strong reflection of the weathering crust, which is equivalent to eliminating the difference between the elastic parameters of the entire formation on both sides of the strong reflection interface of the weathering crust. The energy, waveform and AVO characteristics of the seismic reflection have changed greatly. In order to match the unshielded pre-stack seismic gather to carry out pre-stack seismic inversion, it is necessary to eliminate the elastic parameter difference equivalent to the strong reflection of the weathering crust from the logging elastic curve to obtain a pseudo-elastic curve.

[0056] Exemplarily, in order to obtain logging data that matches the deshielded prestack seismic gathers, the pseudo-elastic curve is obtained by the following steps.

[0057] (1) Determine the top depth t of the discontinuous boundary corresponding to the weathering crust 0 and bottom depth t 1 ;t i represents the i-th depth sampling point;

[0058] (2) Calculate the average elastic parameters of the strata on both sides of the weathering crust respectively, and calculate the step elastic curve of the corresponding weathering crust according to the following formula;

[0059]

[0060] in, Represents a step elastic curve; E u Represents the average elastic parameter of the stratum above the strong reflection interface; E d Indicates the average elastic parameters of the strata below the strong reflection interface;

[0061] (3) In order to maintain the measured elastic parameter characteristics of the target layer, the pseudo-elastic curve is obtained according to the following formula:

[0062]

[0063] in, represents a pseudo-elastic curve; Represents a step elastic curve; E u Represents the average elastic parameter of the stratum above the strong reflection interface; E d Represents the average elastic parameter of the stratum below the strong reflection interface; E i represents the measured elastic curve;

[0064] Figure 5 b~d are pseudo-elastic curves obtained by the above steps: longitudinal wave velocity, shear wave velocity and density, respectively. Figure 5 a is the synthetic pre-stack seismic gather corresponding to the pseudoelastic curve. The arrows in the figure indicate the location where the new and obvious phase axis appears at the bottom of the reservoir after the Gibbs effect is eliminated. Figure 4 Similar AVO features in .

[0065] The pseudo-elastic curve is further used for interpolation to establish an initial model of pseudo-elastic parameters. Based on the de-shielded pre-stack seismic gathers and pseudo-elastic curves, seismic wavelets of different offset distances are extracted, and pre-stack seismic inversion is carried out to obtain pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data. The pseudo-elastic parameter distribution characteristics of the reservoir are then analyzed to determine the distribution range of the elastic parameters of the reservoir. Based on the pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data, a comprehensive reservoir interpretation is carried out.

[0066] Figure 6 a is the initial model established using the measured wave impedance curve. Figure 6 b is the initial model established using the pseudo wave impedance curve. Figure 6 b After eliminating the sudden steepness, the longitudinal change becomes more gentle;

[0067] Figure 7 This is an intersection diagram of elastic parameters of different types of rocks in the embodiment. It can be seen from the figure that good reservoirs are concentrated in areas with relatively low P-wave velocity and high density values, and have little overlap with non-reservoir layers, so they can be effectively distinguished.

[0068] The present invention also provides a pre-stack seismic inversion system for weathering crust karst reservoirs, the system comprising: an acquisition unit, used to acquire pre-stack seismic gathers, weathering crust time horizons and well logging elastic curves, and perform well-seismic calibration; acquire deshielded pre-stack seismic gathers; acquire pseudo-elastic curves matching the deshielded pre-stack seismic gathers;

[0069] An analysis and interpretation unit, used to obtain pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data of the reservoir based on deshielded pre-stack seismic gathers and pseudo-elastic curves;

[0070] Based on the pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data, comprehensive reservoir interpretation is carried out. Among them, obtaining the deshielded prestack seismic gathers is specifically: deshielding the prestack seismic gathers along the weathering crust time horizon to obtain the deshielded prestack seismic gathers, and the deshielding of the prestack seismic gathers along the weathering crust time horizon is to use the reflection coefficient fitting method to achieve the de-strong reflection shielding of the seismic data, and other seismic reflections except the strong reflection axis remain unchanged. Obtaining the pseudo-elastic curve matching the deshielded prestack seismic gathers is specifically: de-stepping the logging elastic curve to obtain the pseudo-elastic curve matching the deshielded prestack seismic gathers.

[0071] Acquiring pseudoelastic parameter inversion data includes: interpolating and establishing an initial pseudoelastic parameter model based on deshielded prestack seismic gathers and pseudoelastic curves, extracting seismic wavelets at different offsets, performing prestack seismic inversion, and acquiring pseudoelastic parameter inversion data. Pseudoelastic parameter inversion data specifically also includes: analyzing the distribution range of pseudoelastic parameters of the reservoir based on the pseudoelastic curve, and performing reservoir identification and interpretation on the pseudoelastic parameter inversion data.

[0072] Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that they can still modify the technical solutions described in the aforementioned embodiments, or make equivalent substitutions for some of the technical features therein; and these modifications or substitutions do not make the essence of the corresponding technical solutions deviate from the spirit and scope of the technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention.

Claims

1. A pre-stack seismic inversion method for weathering crust karst reservoirs, It is characterized in that The method comprises: Obtain pre-stack seismic gathers, weathering crust time horizons and well logging elastic curves, and perform well-seismic calibration; Perform strong reflection shielding processing on prestack seismic gathers along the weathering crust time horizon to obtain shielded prestack seismic gathers; Acquire a pseudo-elastic curve that matches the unshielded pre-stack seismic gather; specifically: de-step the logging elastic curve to eliminate the difference between the elastic parameters of the entire formation on both sides of the strong reflection interface of the weathering crust, and acquire a pseudo-elastic curve that matches the unshielded pre-stack seismic gather; acquire the pseudo-elastic curve by the following steps: (1) Determine the top depth of the discontinuous boundary corresponding to the weathering crust and bottom depth ; Represents the depth of the i-th depth sampling point; (2) Calculate the average elastic parameters of the strata on both sides of the weathering crust respectively, and calculate the step elastic curve of the corresponding weathering crust according to the following formula; in, represents a step elasticity curve; It represents the average elastic parameters of the strata above the strong reflection interface; Indicates the average elastic parameters of the strata below the strong reflection interface; (3) In order to maintain the measured elastic parameter characteristics of the target layer, the pseudo-elastic curve is obtained according to the following formula: in, represents a pseudo-elastic curve; represents a step elasticity curve; represents the measured elastic curve; Based on the deshielded prestack seismic gathers and pseudoelastic curves, the pseudoelastic parameter inversion data of the reservoir is obtained; Based on the pseudoelastic parameter inversion data, a comprehensive reservoir interpretation is carried out.

2. The prestack seismic inversion method for weathering crust karst reservoir according to claim 1, It is characterized in that The method of obtaining the deshielded prestack seismic gathers is specifically as follows: Performing deshielding processing on the prestack seismic gathers along the weathering crust time horizon to obtain deshielded prestack seismic gathers; The deshielding processing of the pre-stack seismic gather along the weathering crust time horizon is to implement the de-strong reflection shielding processing of the seismic data by using the reflection coefficient fitting method, and other seismic reflections except the strong reflection axis remain unchanged.

3. The prestack seismic inversion method for weathering crust karst reservoir according to claim 1, It is characterized in that The obtaining of pseudoelastic parameter inversion data comprises: Based on the deshielded prestack seismic gathers and pseudo-elastic curves, interpolation is performed to establish the initial model of pseudo-elastic parameters, seismic wavelets at different offsets are extracted, and pre-stack seismic inversion is carried out to obtain pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data.

4. The prestack seismic inversion method for weathering crust karst reservoir according to any one of claims 1 to 3, It is characterized in that The pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data specifically includes: The distribution range of pseudo-elastic parameters of the reservoir is analyzed based on the pseudo-elastic curve, and the reservoir is identified and interpreted based on the pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data.

5. A pre-stack seismic inversion system for weathering crust karst reservoirs, It is characterized in that The system comprises: The acquisition unit is used to obtain pre-stack seismic gathers, weathering crust time horizons and logging elastic curves, and perform well-seismic calibration; the weathering crust time horizon is the time range within 20ms below the weathering crust interface; Perform strong reflection shielding processing on prestack seismic gathers along the weathering crust time horizon to obtain shielded prestack seismic gathers; Acquire a pseudo-elastic curve that matches the unshielded pre-stack seismic gather; specifically: de-step the logging elastic curve to eliminate the difference between the elastic parameters of the entire formation on both sides of the strong reflection interface of the weathering crust, and acquire a pseudo-elastic curve that matches the unshielded pre-stack seismic gather; acquire the pseudo-elastic curve by the following steps: (1) Determine the top depth of the discontinuous boundary corresponding to the weathering crust and bottom depth ; Represents the depth of the i-th depth sampling point; (2) Calculate the average elastic parameters of the strata on both sides of the weathering crust respectively, and calculate the step elastic curve of the corresponding weathering crust according to the following formula; in, represents a step elasticity curve; It represents the average elastic parameters of the strata above the strong reflection interface; Indicates the average elastic parameters of the strata below the strong reflection interface; (3) In order to maintain the measured elastic parameter characteristics of the target layer, the pseudo-elastic curve is obtained according to the following formula: in, represents a pseudo-elastic curve; represents a step elasticity curve; represents the measured elastic curve; An analysis and interpretation unit, used to obtain pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data of the reservoir based on deshielded pre-stack seismic gathers and pseudo-elastic curves; Based on the pseudoelastic parameter inversion data, a comprehensive reservoir interpretation is carried out.

6. The pre-stack seismic inversion system for weathering crust karst reservoir according to claim 5, It is characterized in that The method of obtaining the deshielded prestack seismic gathers is specifically as follows: Performing deshielding processing on the prestack seismic gathers along the weathering crust time horizon to obtain deshielded prestack seismic gathers; The deshielding processing of the pre-stack seismic gather along the weathering crust time horizon is to implement the de-strong reflection shielding processing of the seismic data by using the reflection coefficient fitting method, and other seismic reflections except the strong reflection axis remain unchanged.

7. The pre-stack seismic inversion system for weathering crust karst reservoir according to claim 5, It is characterized in that The obtaining of pseudoelastic parameter inversion data comprises: Based on the deshielded prestack seismic gathers and pseudo-elastic curves, interpolation is performed to establish the initial model of pseudo-elastic parameters, seismic wavelets at different offsets are extracted, and pre-stack seismic inversion is carried out to obtain pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data.

8. The pre-stack seismic inversion system for weathering crust karst reservoir according to any one of claims 5 to 7, It is characterized in that The pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data specifically includes: The distribution range of pseudo-elastic parameters of the reservoir is analyzed based on the pseudo-elastic curve, and the reservoir is identified and interpreted based on the pseudo-elastic parameter inversion data.

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