High-efficiency picking and high-yield cultivation method of equisetiform fruit

Abstract

The application discloses a high-efficiency picking and high-yield cultivation method of horse hoof fruits, and comprises the following steps: step one, selecting corms; step two, accelerating germination; step three, preparing for false planting; step four, carrying out false planting; step five, managing the false planting field; step six, removing poor-quality variant seedlings; step seven, selecting a cultivation paddy field; step eight, carrying out planting and whole field operation; step nine, preparing nutrient soil; step ten, carrying out planting; step eleven, carrying out field management; step twelve, carrying out disease and pest control; and step thirteen, picking. The cultivation method can improve picking efficiency, reduce cost, and does not damage horse hoof fruits due to digging. The yield of corms in a general field can reach 1500-1600 kg per mu, and the yield in a high-yield field can reach 2000-2200 kg per mu. According to the picking method, 1-2 mu of horse hoof fruits can be picked by one person per day, the working efficiency is greatly improved, the labor cost is reduced, the planting benefit is improved, and there is no damage rate.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the field of planting of Eleocharis dulcis, in particular to a high-efficiency harvesting and high-yield cultivation method of Eleocharis dulcis fruit. BACKGROUND

[0002] Eleocharis dulcis is crisp and sweet, and has high juice and refreshing taste, and is a kind of medicine and food. It is widely used in catering and fruit juice beverage, and is a kind of agricultural product with great development prospect, and is favored by consumers. The biggest cost of traditional planting of Eleocharis dulcis is the cost of manual harvesting, which has low working efficiency, high labor intensity, high harvesting scrap rate, and seriously affects the planting income and enthusiasm of farmers. A person can harvest 60 square meters of bulb fruit per day at most, and the daily wage of each person is 150 yuan, and the harvesting cost of each mu is about 1700 yuan. Therefore, the planting income is too low, which affects the development of Eleocharis dulcis planting industry. In addition, the traditional planting method has weak disease resistance and low yield. Therefore, a high-efficiency harvesting and high-yield cultivation method of Eleocharis dulcis fruit is urgently needed. SUMMARY

[0003] The present application relates to the field of planting of Eleocharis dulcis, in particular to a high-efficiency harvesting and high-yield cultivation method of Eleocharis dulcis fruit.

[0004] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present application provides the following technical scheme: a high-efficiency harvesting and high-yield cultivation method of Eleocharis dulcis fruit, comprising the following steps: step one: selecting bulb; step two: germination; step three: preparing for false planting; step four: false planting; step five: false planting field management; step six: removing poor quality variation seedlings; step seven: selecting cultivation paddy field; step eight: planting whole field operation; step nine: preparing nutrient soil; step ten: planting; step eleven: field management; step twelve: disease and pest control; and step thirteen: harvesting.

[0005] In the above step one, the epidermis is dark brown, without damage and rot, the top bud and lateral bud are healthy and thick, the single bulb weight is 16-20 grams, and the bulb of the previous year is used as the bulb for seed selection;

[0006] In step two above, before germination, soak the seed bulbs in 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder for 24 hours to kill pathogens on the bulb surface. In late April or early May, prepare a 4cm thick seedbed using substrate and fermented sheep / cow manure. Moisten the seedbed, sow the seed bulbs with the buds facing upwards in close rows on the dryland seedbed, and cover with substrate or fine sandy loam, thick enough to cover the top bud of the bulb. Each 20 kg of seed bulbs requires an effective seedbed area of ​​1.7-1.8 square meters. Water thoroughly, cover with a plastic film arched shed to retain moisture, and the seed bulbs will emerge after 5-9 days. Afterward, open the plastic film at both ends of the arched shed for ventilation for 1-3 hours every noon. If the seedbed soil is dry, water promptly to increase humidity. After another 10-15 days, when the water chestnut seedlings reach a height of 8-10 cm, they can be transplanted.

[0007] In step three above, select a paddy field with loose, fertile soil and convenient irrigation and drainage as the seedling cultivation field for water chestnut transplanting. Deeply plow, harrow, and level the transplanting field, divide the seedling field into sections and ditches, with each section being 1.5 meters wide. Apply base fertilizer evenly, irrigate the field to soak the soil, and make the water level 1-2 centimeters above the surface of the section. Drain the water when transplanting.

[0008] In step four above, shallow planting is required when inserting seedlings into the transplanting paddy field, with a row spacing of 15 cm. During transplanting, insert the bulbs 1-2 cm deep into the mud. Each acre of cultivated field requires an effective transplanting paddy field area of ​​50-60 square meters. When the water chestnut plants tiller, maintain the water level in the paddy field at 2-3 cm. Gradually increase the water depth as the plants grow. 7-10 days after transplanting the tissue-cultured water chestnut seedlings, after the seedlings have completed their greening stage, apply diluted manure. 30-40 days after transplanting, when the seedlings reach a height of 35-40 cm, they are ready for permanent transplanting.

[0009] In step five above, 10 days after transplanting, apply compound fertilizer and urea, maintaining a frequency of once every 10 days. Stop fertilizing 10 days before transplanting the seedlings and enter the hardening-off stage. Spray propiconazole and tebuconazole during the seedling raising process to prevent stem blight and powdery mildew, once every 10 days. Spray a pre-transplanting agent once a week before transplanting. To control white stem borers, apply insecticide granules.

[0010] In step six above, plants with thin underground stolons and long internodes; unusual leaf color, turning light green; strong tillering, forming clumps close to the mother plant; weak plants with small leaves; particularly short and sturdy plants with dark green leaves and horizontally curled leaves should be removed to ensure the purity of the field-grown water chestnut tissue culture seedlings.

[0011] In step seven above, select a paddy field with convenient irrigation and drainage, loose topsoil, and firm subsoil, with a topsoil depth of 20-25 cm.

[0012] In the above step eight, after the paddy field is selected in step seven, the paddy field is sprayed with herbicide once, and one week later, the paddy field is ploughed, raked and leveled to prepare the soil. Then, a 60 cm wide and 20 silk thick film is planted in the ditch of the paddy field, and 15 cm of the film is reserved on the ridge.

[0013] In the above step nine, after the base fertilizer is prepared, 15 kg of calcium superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 5 kg of potassium chloride and 5 kg of ammonium bicarbonate are added to the base fertilizer, and the mixture is stirred and packaged for use. Then, two-thirds of the film ditch is filled with the mixture, and one-third of the ploughed and raked mud is filled in the film ditch to make the film ditch level with the field. Trace element fertilizer and disease and pest control agents are also added.

[0014] In the above step ten, the planting time is generally arranged in the first ten days of June, and the height of the seedlings has reached 30-40 cm. Before planting, the seedlings are carefully dug and soaked in 500-600 times liquid of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 800-1000 times liquid of 70% thiabendazole wettable powder for 15 minutes. At the same time, diseased and weak seedlings are removed. When planting, one plant is planted in each hole, each plant has 3-4 leafy stems, and the base of the plant is planted in the mud with a depth of 10-15 cm. The plant spacing is 40 cm, and 3000-3400 plants are planted per mu.

[0015] In the above step eleven, after the tissue culture seedlings of the horse hoof are planted for 10 days, a tillering fertilizer can be appropriately applied, such as 10 kg of compound fertilizer or urea and potassium sulfate, to ensure sufficient fertilizer for the plants. After the horse hoof tissue culture seedlings are planted for 20 days, a division fertilizer is applied during weeding, which is also a compound fertilizer or urea and potassium sulfate, to ensure more division. In early September, a certain amount of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and decomposed bran fertilizer is applied to ensure that the plants are more robust. Generally, around September 20, an appropriate amount of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer is applied to ensure more joints and larger joints. In early October, an appropriate amount of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer is applied to promote the growth of the corms. During the fertilization process, water must be combined, and the existing fertility of the soil must be combined to fertilize appropriately and scientifically. Watering must be combined with the growth of the plants and the different fertilizers applied to treat them differently during the fertilization process.

[0016] In the above step twelve, the stalk blight, fusarium wilt, powdery mildew, white stem borer and physiological red leaf of the horse hoof plant are prevented and treated respectively.

[0017] In the above step thirteen, the specific harvesting method is as follows: since the corms are mainly concentrated in the ploughing layer of 9-20 cm, water is maintained in the field during harvesting, the 15 cm reserved film head is found, and the film ditch is sprayed on both sides with a water gun or the upper 8-9 cm mud soil is loosened, and then the film is pulled to expose the corms for collection. The corms can be packed in bags.

[0018] As a preferred technical scheme of the present application, in the step two, the 50% carbendazim wettable powder is 500-600 times liquid, and the 70% thiabendazole wettable powder is 800-1000 times liquid; the component ratio of the substrate and the fermented sheep and cattle manure is 70:30.

[0019] As a preferred technical scheme of the present application, in the step three, the base fertilizer is 1500 kg of fully decomposed pig manure, cattle manure, chicken manure or 150 kg of fully decomposed cake fertilizer.

[0020] As a preferred technical scheme of the present application, in the step eight, the film cannot be buried in the field ditch, so as to facilitate the picking and prevent the film from being muddy; the film is made into U-shaped by using a mold, and the two sides of the film are parallel to or slightly lower than the field plane, which is beneficial to the mud entering the film ditch; two-thirds of the nutrient soil is filled in the ditch, and one-third of the mud is filled in the ditch to be flat with the field, so as to stabilize the seedlings, and the row spacing is 50 cm.

[0021] As a preferred technical scheme of the present application, in the step nine, the components of the base fertilizer include 45% of fully decomposed livestock and poultry manure, 40% of substrate and 15% of yellow earth.

[0022] As a preferred technical scheme of the present application, in the step ten, when the horse hoof seedlings are too long, the stems and leaves above the horse hoof seedlings need to be cut off, and only the base of about 30 cm needs to be left; the horse hoof seedlings are planted on the same day, and the planting can be selected on overcast days or in the afternoon with relatively low temperature; when the horse hoof seedlings are planted, the soil beside the roots is smoothed by hand, and after the planting is completed, one layer of shallow water is returned to promote survival.

[0023] As a preferred technical scheme of the present application, in the step eleven, the specific treatment is that in the early stage of tillering and branching, shallow water irrigation is needed; in the later stage, with the growth of the plants, more water is needed for irrigation, and short-term dehydration is adopted before the branching fertilizer and the fruiting fertilizer are applied.

[0024] As a preferred technical scheme of the present application, in the step twelve, the prevention and treatment of stem blight is specifically: eliminating pathogens, harvesting and decomposing the diseased stems or burning them, and digging out the diseased plants; in the field, on the basis of good seed planting, seedling planting and soil disinfection, the field is sprayed with the pesticide for prevention and treatment from the middle of August, the pesticide is sprayed once every 10 days in the early stage, and special attention should be paid to spraying the pesticide in time after the rain; the field with diseased plants is sprayed with the pesticide once every 3-5 days in the early stage of the disease, and the spraying is repeated for 3 times; then the pesticide is sprayed once every 10 days; the prevention and treatment pesticide is selected from 2000 times liquid of 12.5% hexaconazole wettable powder, 1500 times liquid of 25% propiconazole emulsion or 600 times liquid of 0.5% Streling water agent.

[0025] As a preferred technical scheme of the present application, in step twelve, the prevention and treatment of the blight is specifically: one is to regularly patrol the field, seal the disease area after finding the diseased plants, and remove and destroy the diseased plants; one of the following is selected: 800 times liquid of thiuram 50% wettable powder, 1000 times liquid of 70% mancozeb wettable powder, 500 times liquid of 50% carbendazim wettable powder, 1000 times liquid of 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder, 800 times liquid of thiram suspension concentrate, 700 times liquid of 54.5% thiram wettable powder, 500 times liquid of 80% zineb wettable powder, and 400 times liquid of 5% xylopane wettable powder, and the like, and spraying is performed once every 8-12 days, and the prevention and treatment is continuously performed for 3-4 times.

[0026] As a preferred technical scheme of the present application, in step twelve, the prevention and treatment of the blight is specifically: one is to regularly patrol the field, seal the disease area after finding the diseased plants, and remove and destroy the diseased plants; one of the following is selected: 800 times liquid of thiuram 50% wettable powder, 1000 times liquid of 70% mancozeb wettable powder, 500 times liquid of 50% carbendazim wettable powder, 1000 times liquid of 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder, 800 times liquid of thiram suspension concentrate, 700 times liquid of 54.5% thiram wettable powder, 500 times liquid of 80% zineb wettable powder, and 400 times liquid of 5% xylopane wettable powder, and the like, and spraying is performed once every 8-12 days, and the prevention and treatment is continuously performed for 3-4 times.

[0027] As a preferred technical scheme of the present application, in step twelve, the prevention and treatment of the blight is specifically: one is to regularly patrol the field, seal the disease area after finding the diseased plants, and remove and destroy the diseased plants; one of the following is selected: 800 times liquid of thiuram 50% wettable powder, 1000 times liquid of 70% mancozeb wettable powder, 500 times liquid of 50% carbendazim wettable powder, 1000 times liquid of 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder, 800 times liquid of thiram suspension concentrate, 700 times liquid of 54.5% thiram wettable powder, 500 times liquid of 80% zineb wettable powder, and 400 times liquid of 5% xylopane wettable powder, and the like, and spraying is performed once every 8-12 days, and the prevention and treatment is continuously performed for 3-4 times.

[0028] As a preferred technical scheme of the present application, in step twelve, the prevention and treatment of the blight is specifically: one is to regularly patrol the field, seal the disease area after finding the diseased plants, and remove and destroy the diseased plants; one of the following is selected: 800 times liquid of thiuram 50% wettable powder, 1000 times liquid of 70% mancozeb wettable powder, 500 times liquid of 50% carbendazim wettable powder, 1000 times liquid of 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder, 800 times liquid of thiram suspension concentrate, 700 times liquid of 54.5% thiram wettable powder, 500 times liquid of 80% zineb wettable powder, and 400 times liquid of 5% xylopane wettable powder, and the like, and spraying is performed once every 8-12 days, and the prevention and treatment is continuously performed for 3-4 times.

[0029] As a preferred technical scheme of the present application, in step thirteen, the harvest period of the horse hoof is from late October to late March of the next year, the corms harvested from late October to mid-December have low yield, low sugar content, tender meat, light taste, thin skin, and poor storage resistance; the corms harvested from late December to late March of the next year have high yield, high sugar content, and deep skin color, and are suitable for fresh eating and storage; the harvest time is determined according to the market situation and actual demand.

[0030] Compared with the prior art, the present application has the advantages that: the cultivation method can improve the harvesting efficiency and reduce the cost, and the horse hoof is not damaged by digging; the yield of the corms per mu in general fields can reach 1500-1600 kg, and the yield in high-yield fields can reach 2000-2200 kg; the harvesting method can harvest 1-2 mu per day per person, greatly improving the work efficiency, reducing the labor cost, improving the planting benefit, and having no damage rate. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present application. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present application, rather than all the embodiments of the present application. Based on the embodiments in the present application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative work fall within the scope of the present application.

[0032] The present application provides a high-efficiency picking and high-yield cultivation method of lotus root fruits, comprising the following steps: step one, selecting corms; step two, germination; step three, preparing for false planting; step four, false planting; step five, field management of false planting; step six, removing poor quality mutant seedlings; step seven, selecting cultivation paddy field; step eight, planting and field operation; step nine, preparing nutrient soil; step ten, planting; step eleven, field management; step twelve, disease and pest control; and step thirteen, picking.

[0033] In the above step one, the selected corms are mature corms of the previous year, with deep brown epidermis, no damage and rot, healthy and thick top bud and lateral bud, and a single corm weight of 16-20 grams.

[0034] Specifically, the selected corms are mature corms of the previous year, with deep brown epidermis, no damage and rot, healthy and thick top bud and lateral bud, and a single corm weight of 18 grams.

[0035] In the above step two, before germination, the corms are soaked in 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder for 24 hours to kill the surface bacteria of the corms; in late April or early May, a seedbed is prepared by laying 4 cm of substrate and fermented sheep and cattle manure, the seedbed is sprayed with water, the corms are closely planted in the dry land seedbed with the buds facing up, and the seedbed is covered with substrate or fine sandy loam, with a thickness suitable for covering the top bud of the corm; 20 kg of corms require an effective seedbed area of 1.7-1.8 m, then the seedbed is watered thoroughly, covered with a plastic film arched shed to keep the seedbed moist, and after 5-9 days, the corms will break through the soil and germinate, then the plastic film at both ends of the arched shed is opened for 1-3 hours every day at noon for ventilation, and the seedbed soil is watered in time to increase the humidity when it is dry; after another 10-15 days, when the seedling height of the corms reaches 8-10 cm, the corms are false planted.

[0036] Specifically, the 50% carbendazim wettable powder is 500-600 times liquid, the 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder is 800-1000 times liquid, and the component ratio of the substrate and fermented sheep and cattle manure is 70:30. The 50% carbendazim wettable powder has a control effect on various crop diseases caused by fungi, can be used for foliar spraying, seed treatment and soil treatment, and can effectively control various crop diseases caused by fungi. The 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder has an internal absorption, prevention and treatment effect.

[0037] In the above step three, the soil is loose and fertile, and the paddy field is selected as the Zizania aquatica seedling field. The seedling field is ploughed, raked and leveled. The seedling field is divided into compartments and ditches, 1.5M wide per mu, and base fertilizer is evenly applied. The field is irrigated to soak the soil, and the water level is 1-2 cm higher than the compartment surface. The water is drained when the seedlings are planted. The base fertilizer is 1500 kg of fully decomposed pig manure, cow manure, chicken manure, or 150 kg of fully decomposed cake fertilizer;

[0038] In the above step four, the seedlings need to be shallowly planted in the seedling field, and the row spacing of the seedlings is 15 cm. When planting, the corms are planted 1-2 cm deep in the mud. Each mu of cultivation field requires 50-60 square meters of effective area of seedling paddy field. The seedling field of Zizania aquatica needs to be kept moist, and the management of dry and wet alternation after planting is very important for the root growth of Zizania aquatica tissue culture seedlings. The water in the seedling field should be maintained at 2-3 cm during the tillering of Zizania aquatica plants, and then the water depth should be gradually increased as the plants grow. After 7-10 days of transplanting, the seedlings complete the greening stage, and then apply thin manure water. After 30-40 days of planting, the height of the seedlings can reach 35-40 cm, and then the seedlings can be planted;

[0039] In the above step five, after 10 days of transplanting, apply compound fertilizer and urea, and maintain a frequency of applying every 10 days. Stop fertilizing 10 days before transplanting to enter the seedling stage. Spray propiconazole and tebuconazole to prevent damping-off and powdery mildew during the seedling process. Spray once every 10 days, and spray once before transplanting to send the seedlings. Use bithionomethylsulfoxide granules to kill white moths;

[0040] In the above step six, the underground creeping stems are thin, the internodes are long, the leaf color is different from others, the leaf color is light green, the branching is strong, the plants are thin and weak, the leaves are small, the plants are particularly short and strong, the leaf color is dark green, and the plants with horizontal growth and curled leaves are removed to ensure the purity of the Zizania aquatica tissue culture seedlings;

[0041] In detail, it is extremely common to have individual variation seedlings in large quantities of Zizania aquatica tissue culture seedlings. Therefore, in order to further ensure the quality of Zizania aquatica tissue culture seedlings, these variation seedlings must be strictly removed, which is the key to maintaining the advantage of Zizania aquatica tissue culture seedlings. This requires removing variation seedlings during seedling cultivation in the seedling field. If variation seedlings are not removed, Zizania aquatica seedlings will appear early decline in the field. The underground creeping stems are thin, the internodes are long, the leaf color is different from others, the leaf color is light green, the branching is strong, the plants are thin and weak, the leaves are small, the plants are particularly short and strong, the leaf color is dark green, and the plants with horizontal growth and curled leaves are removed to ensure the purity of the Zizania aquatica tissue culture seedlings.

[0042] In the above step seven, the paddy field is selected from loam soil or sandy loam soil which is convenient for irrigation and drainage, and has loose plough layer and solid bottom soil layer, and the depth of the plough layer is 20-25 cm; specifically, the horse hoof prefers wet, warm, light and is not cold-resistant, and is suitable for growing in the loam soil or sandy loam soil which is convenient for irrigation and drainage, and has loose plough layer and solid bottom soil layer, and the depth of the plough layer is 20-25 cm.

[0043] In the above step eight, after the paddy field in step seven is selected, the herbicide is sprayed once, and one week later, the field is ploughed, raked and leveled to prepare the soil, then a 25 cm wide and 20 cm deep ditch is formed in the field, and a 60 cm wide and 20 silk thick film is planted in the ditch of the paddy field, and 15 cm long film is reserved on the ridge;

[0044] Specifically, the film cannot be buried in the ditch, so as to facilitate the mud during picking, the film is shaped into a U-shaped type by using a mold, and the two sides of the film are parallel to or slightly lower than the field plane, which is beneficial to the mud entering the film ditch, two-thirds of the nutrient soil is filled in the ditch, and one-third of the mud is filled in the ditch to be flat with the field, so as to stabilize the seedlings, and the row spacing is 50 cm.

[0045] In the above step nine, after the base fertilizer is prepared, 15 kg of calcium superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 5 kg of potassium chloride and 5 kg of ammonium bicarbonate are added to the base fertilizer, and the mixture is stirred uniformly, packaged and used, then two-thirds of the base fertilizer is poured into the film ditch, one-third of the mud is ploughed, raked and broken, and filled into the film ditch to be flat with the field, and trace element fertilizer and disease and insecticide are added; the components of the base fertilizer include 45% of fully decomposed livestock and poultry manure, 40% of matrix and 15% of yellow soil.

[0046] In the above step ten, the planting time is generally arranged in the first ten days of June, and the height of the seedlings reaches 30-40 cm, before planting, the seedlings are carefully dug, soaked in 500-600 times liquid of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 800-1000 times liquid of 70% thiabendazole wettable powder for 15 minutes, and the diseased seedlings and weak seedlings are removed, when planting, one seedling is planted in each hole, each seedling has 3-4 roots of leafy stems, the depth of the seedling base planted in the mud is 10-15 cm, and the plant spacing is 40 cm, and 3000-3400 seedlings are planted per mu; when the horse hoof seedlings are too long, the stems and leaves above the horse hoof seedlings need to be cut off, and only the base of about 30 cm needs to be left, the horse hoof seedlings need to be planted on the same day, and the planting can be selected on overcast days or in the afternoon with relatively low temperature, when planting, the mud beside the roots is smoothed, and after planting, one layer of shallow water is returned to promote survival.

[0047] The step eleven above, after the horse hoof tissue culture seedlings are planted for 10 days, the tillering fertilizer is applied, compound fertilizer or urea 10KG, potassium sulfate can be appropriately used for spraying, so as to ensure that the plant has sufficient fertilizer; after the horse hoof tissue culture seedlings are inserted for 20 days, the tillering fertilizer is applied in the process of weeding, and compound fertilizer or urea, potassium sulfate is also applied, so as to ensure that the tillering is more; a certain amount of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and rotten bran fertilizer is applied in early September to ensure that the plant is more robust; generally, appropriate amount of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer is applied around September 20 to ensure more nodes and large jie; in early October, appropriate amount of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer is applied to promote the growth of corm; during the fertilization process, water must be combined, and the existing fertility in the soil must be combined to carry out appropriate and scientific fertilization; water needs to be combined during the fertilization process, and the growth of the plant and the different fertilizers applied are treated differently;

[0048] Specifically, the different treatment is that shallow irrigation is needed in the early tillering and tillering period, and more water is needed for irrigation as the plant grows and the jie swells in the later period. Short-term dehydration and field exposure are taken before applying tillering fertilizer and jie fertilizer.

[0049] In the step twelve above, the stem blight, wilt, powdery mildew, white borer and physiological red leaf of the horse hoof plant are prevented and treated respectively;

[0050] Specifically, the horse hoof stem blight is more serious in high temperature and high humidity weather, the field temperature is 17-29℃, the optimum temperature is 24-29℃, the continuous rain or heavy fog heavy dew weather, too much nitrogen fertilizer, lack of potassium, the field disease starts in mid-August, and the peak period of disease is from mid-September to late September. The prevention and treatment of stem blight is as follows: eliminate the pathogen, the diseased stems should be harvested, composted and rotten or concentrated and burned, and the diseased jie should be dug out; on the basis of good jie planting, seedling and soil disinfection, field spraying prevention and treatment should be started from mid-August, spraying once every 10 days in the early stage, and special attention should be paid to spraying in time after rain, the field with diseased plants is sprayed once every 3-5 days in the early stage of disease, and sprayed for 3 times, and then sprayed once every 10 days, the prevention and treatment agent is selected from enzalol 12.5% wettable powder 2000 times liquid or propiconazole 25% emulsion 1500 times liquid or streling 0.5% water 600 times liquid;

[0051] The Fusarium wilt is also called the water chestnut blight, which can occur during the whole growth period of the water chestnut, especially the adult plants are seriously harmed. The Fusarium wilt is prevented and treated specifically as follows: one is to frequently patrol the field, to seal the disease area after the disease plants are found, and to remove and destroy the disease plants; to select one or more than one of the thiram wettable powder 800 times liquid, the 70% mancozeb wettable powder 1000 times liquid, the 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500 times liquid, the 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder 1000 times liquid, the thiram suspension concentrate 800 times liquid, the 54.5% thiram wettable powder 700 times liquid, the 80% zineb wettable powder 500 times liquid, and the 5% xylopinad wettable powder 400 times liquid, and to spray once every 8-12 days for 3-4 times continuously.

[0052] The water chestnut powdery mildew is most serious after the end of September, and spreads particularly fast. The powdery mildew is prevented and treated specifically as follows: to spray the tridemorph 40% suspension concentrate 600 times liquid during the initial disease period, to spray once every 4-5 days for 2-3 times continuously;

[0053] The water chestnut white moth eats the stem tube base by boring into the stem as the larva. The white moth mainly occurs from the middle of August to the end of September, and the generations are overlapped, which brings difficulties to the prevention and treatment. The white moth is prevented and treated specifically as follows: to select the Mirele 3% granules 1-1.5 kg per 667 m2, and to alternately spray the 25% dimethoate aqueous solution 600 times liquid, the 50% cartap soluble powder 800 times liquid, or the 2.5% deltamethrin emulsion 2000 times liquid in the low-age larva peak period to prevent and treat the field;

[0054] The physiological red leaf of the water chestnut mainly occurs from August to September, and the main reason is that the water chestnut is planted for many years, which causes the lack of trace elements such as boron, magnesium, copper, molybdenum, and zinc in the field soil. The symptom is that the upper part of the stem and leaf is red without dryness or only the top small section of the stem is dry. The physiological red leaf is prevented and treated specifically as follows: to spread the boron and zinc fertilizer 2 kg per 667 m2, and to spray the foliage fertilizer; to mix the ten-element boron fertilizer 100 g and the potassium dihydrogen phosphate 150 g with water 60 kg to spray the stem and leaf, to spray once every 5 days for 2-3 times continuously.

[0055] In the above step thirteen, the specific harvesting method is as follows: since the corms are mainly concentrated in the 9-20 cm ploughing layer, the water is kept in the field during the harvesting, the 15 cm film head is found, the water gun is sprayed on both sides of the film ditch, or the upper 8-9 cm mud soil is loosened, the film is pulled to make the water chestnut corms all exposed, and then the corms are collected; the corms are packed in bags; the yield of the corms is 1500-1600 kg per mu in general, and the yield of the corms can reach 2000-2200 kg per mu in high-yield fields;

[0056] Specifically, the horse hoof harvesting period is from late October to late March of the next year, the corm yield is low, the sugar content is low, the meat is tender, the taste is light, and the skin is thin, and it is not resistant to storage from late October to mid-December; the corm yield is high, the sugar content is high, the skin color is deep, and it is suitable for fresh eating and storage from late December to late March of the next year; the harvesting time should be determined according to the market situation and actual demand.

[0057] Although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, technical solutions recorded in the foregoing embodiments can be modified or some technical features can be replaced by equivalent ones by those skilled in the art, and any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present application shall be included in the protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A method for high-efficiency harvesting and high-yield cultivation of equisetiform horse hoof fruits, characterized in that, The method comprises the following steps: step one, selecting seed corms; step two, accelerating germination; step three, preparing for false planting; step four, false planting; step five, field management; step six, removing poor quality mutant seedlings; step seven, selecting cultivation paddy field; step eight, planting and field preparation; step nine, preparing nutrient soil; step ten, planting; step eleven, field management; step twelve, disease and pest control; and step thirteen, harvesting; In step one, the seed corms are selected from the mature corms of the previous year, which have dark brown skin, no damage or rot, healthy and thick top and lateral buds, and a weight of 16-20 grams; In step two, before accelerating germination, the seed corms are soaked in 50% carbendazol wettable powder or 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder for 24 hours to kill the pathogenic bacteria on the surface of the corms; in late April or early May, a seedbed is prepared by laying 4 cm of substrate and fermented sheep and cattle manure, the seedbed is sprayed with water, the seed corms are closely planted in the dry land seedbed with the buds facing up, and the seed corms are covered with substrate or fine sandy loam, preferably with a thickness that covers the top buds; 1.7-1.8 square meters of effective seedbed area is required for every 20 kilograms of seed corms, then the seedbed is watered thoroughly, and a plastic film is covered on the arched shed to keep the seedbed moist; after 5-9 days, the seed corms will break through the soil and germinate, then the plastic film at both ends of the arched shed is opened for 1-3 hours every day at noon for ventilation, and the seedbed soil is watered in time to increase the humidity when the soil is dry; after another 10-15 days, when the seedling height reaches 8-10 centimeters, the false planting is performed; In step three, a paddy field with loose and fertile soil and convenient irrigation is selected as the false planting seedbed, the false planting seedbed is ploughed, raked and leveled, the seedbed is divided into compartments and ditches, each mu of land is divided into 1.5M wide compartments, base fertilizer is evenly applied, the soil is irrigated to make the water level 1-2 centimeters higher than the compartment surface, and the water is drained before false planting; In step four, the false planting seedbed is shallowly planted, and the planting distance is 15 centimeters; during false planting, the corms are planted 1-2 centimeters deep in the mud; 50-60 square meters of effective area of the false planting seedbed is required for each mu of cultivation field; the water in the seedbed is maintained at 2-3 centimeters during the tillering of the corms, and then the water depth is gradually increased as the corms grow; after 7-10 days of transplanting, the seedlings are green again, and auxiliary thin manure water is applied; after 30-40 days of false planting, the seedling height reaches 35-40 centimeters, and then the corms are planted; In step five, after 10 days of transplanting, compound fertilizer and urea are applied, and the frequency of application is once every 10 days; 10 days before transplanting, the fertilization is stopped to enter the seedling training stage; during the seedling training process, propiconazole and tebuconazole are sprayed to prevent damping-off and powdery mildew, and the spraying frequency is once every 10 days; 1 week before transplanting, the seedlings are sprayed with a migration agent to prevent white stem borer, and bensultap granules are applied to kill the white stem borer; In step six, the underground stolons are thin, the internodes are long, the leaf color is different from others and light green, the branching is strong, the plants are weak, the leaves are small, the plants are particularly short and strong, the leaf color is dark green, and the plants with horizontally growing and curled leaves are removed to ensure the purity of the corms. In the above step seven, the paddy field with loamy soil or sandy loam soil is selected, which is convenient for irrigation and drainage, and the plough layer is loose and the bottom soil layer is solid, and the depth of the plough layer is 20-25 cm; In the above step eight, after the paddy field in step seven is selected, the paddy field is first sprayed with herbicide, and then deep ploughing, fine raking and leveling are performed to prepare the soil, and then a 60 cm wide and 20 silk thick film is planted in the water field ditch, and a 15 cm long film is reserved on the ridge; The film cannot be buried in the field ditch to facilitate mud picking, and the film is shaped into a U-shaped mold, and the two sides of the film are parallel to the field or slightly lower than the field surface, which is beneficial to the mud entering the film ditch, and two-thirds of the nutrient soil is filled in the ditch, and one-third of the mud is filled in the field to stabilize the seedlings, and the row spacing is 50 cm; In the above step nine, after the base fertilizer is prepared, 15 kg of calcium superphosphate or calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer, 5 kg of potassium chloride and 5 kg of ammonium bicarbonate are added to the base fertilizer; After stirring evenly, it is packed for use, and then two-thirds of the film ditch is filled, and one-third of the mud is filled in the film ditch and leveled with the field; And add trace element fertilizer and pesticide; In the above step ten, the planting time is generally arranged in the first ten days of June, and the height of the seedling reaches 30-40 cm, and the seedling is carefully dug before planting, soaked in 50% carbendazim wettable powder 500-600 times liquid or 70% thiabendazole wettable powder 800-1000 times liquid for 15 minutes, and weak seedlings and weak seedlings are removed, and each hole is planted with 1 plant, each plant has 3-4 leafy stems, and the plant base is planted in the mud with a depth of 10-15 cm, and the plant spacing is 40 cm, and 3000-3400 plants per mu are planted; In the above step eleven, after the horse hoof tissue culture seedling is planted for 10 days, the tillering fertilizer can be appropriately used to spray compound fertilizer or urea 10 kg, potassium sulfate, so as to ensure sufficient fertilizer for the plant; After the horse hoof tissue culture seedling is inserted for 20 days, the tillering fertilizer is applied during weeding, and compound fertilizer or urea, potassium sulfate is also applied, so as to ensure more tillering; In early September, a certain amount of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer and rotten bran fertilizer is applied to ensure that the plant is more robust; Generally, appropriate amount of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer is applied around September 20 to ensure more nodes and large jie; In early October, appropriate amount of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer is applied to promote the growth of tubers; During fertilization, water must be combined, and the existing fertility in the soil must be combined to fertilize scientifically; During the fertilization process, water needs to be combined, and the water needs to be combined with the growth of the plant and the different fertilizers applied; In the above step twelve, the stalk blight, fusarium wilt, powdery mildew, white stem borer and physiological red leaf of the horse hoof plant are prevented and treated; The prevention and treatment of stem blight is specifically: eliminate pathogens, the diseased stems should be harvested and composted, or concentrated and burned, and the diseased plants should be dug out; on the basis of good seed planting, seedling and soil disinfection, field spraying should be started from mid-August, spraying once every 10 days in the early stage, and special attention should be paid to spraying in time after rain, spraying once every 3-5 days in the early stage of disease, and spraying once every 10 days after 3 times of continuous spraying, and the control agent is selected from 12.5% wettable powder of enzalol 2000 times liquid, 25% emulsion of propiconazole 1500 times liquid or 0.5% water of Streling 600 times liquid; The prevention and treatment of stem blight is specifically: one is to regularly patrol the field, and to lock the disease area in time after finding the diseased plants, and to remove and destroy the diseased plants; one of the following is selected: 800 times liquid of thiophanate-methyl wettable powder, 1000 times liquid of 70% mancozeb wettable powder, 500 times liquid of 50% carbendazim wettable powder, 1000 times liquid of 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder, 800 times liquid of thiram suspension concentrate, 700 times liquid of 54.5% thiram wettable powder, 500 times liquid of 80% mancozeb wettable powder, 400 times liquid of 5% xylopane wettable powder, and the like, and spraying once every 8-12 days, for 3-4 times of continuous control; The prevention and treatment of powdery mildew is specifically: spraying 40% suspension of tridemorph 600 times liquid in the initial disease period, spraying once every 4-5 days, for 2-3 times of continuous use; The prevention and treatment of white stem borer is specifically: in the peak period of low-age larvae, 1-1.5 kg of 3% granules of Mirele is selected per 667 m2, and 25% aqueous solution of dimethoate 600 times liquid, 50% soluble powder of dimethoate 800 times liquid or 2.5% emulsion of deltamethrin 2000 times liquid are alternately sprayed in the field for control; The prevention and treatment of physiological red leaves is specifically: 2 kg of boron and zinc fertilizer is applied per 667 m2, and foliar fertilizer is sprayed; 100 g of ten-element boron fertilizer and 150 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate are mixed with 60 kg of water to spray the stems and leaves, spraying once every 5 days, for 2-3 times of continuous spraying; In the above step thirteen, the specific harvesting method is: since the bulbs are mainly concentrated in the 9-20 cm plough layer, water is kept in the field during harvesting, a 15 cm thin film head is found, a water gun is aimed at the two sides of the film ditch, or the upper 8-9 cm mud soil is loosened, the film is pulled to expose the bulb, and then the bulb is collected.

2. The efficient harvesting and high yield cultivation method of the horse hoof fruit according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the above step two, the 50% carbendazim wettable powder is 500-600 times liquid, and the 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder is 800-1000 times liquid; the component ratio of the substrate and the fermented sheep and cattle manure is 70:

30.

3. The method for efficient harvesting and high-yield cultivation of water chestnut fruit according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the above step three, the base fertilizer is 1500 kg of fully decomposed pig manure, cattle manure, chicken manure or 150 kg of fully decomposed cake fertilizer.

4. The method for efficient harvesting and high-yield cultivation of water chestnut fruit according to claim 1, characterized in that: In the above step nine, the components of the base fertilizer include 45% of fully decomposed livestock and poultry manure, 40% of substrate and 15% of yellow soil.

5. The efficient harvesting and high yield cultivation method of the horse hoof fruit according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step ten, when the horse hoof seedlings are too long, the stems and leaves above the horse hoof seedlings need to be cut off, only the base of about 30 cm is left, the horse hoof seedlings are planted on the same day, and the planting can be carried out on an overcast day or in the afternoon with relatively low temperature, the soil beside the roots is smoothed when the horse hoof seedlings are planted, and 1 layer of shallow water is returned after the planting to promote survival.

6. The efficient harvesting and high yield cultivation method of the horse hoof fruit according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step eleven, the specific differentiation treatment is that shallow water irrigation is needed in the tillering and branching period, more water is needed for irrigation with the growth of the plants in the later period, and short-term dehydration is adopted in the open field before the application of branching fertilizer and fruiting fertilizer.

7. The efficient harvesting and high yield cultivation method of the horse hoof fruit according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step thirteen, the horse hoof harvesting period is from late October to late March of the next year, the corms harvested from late October to mid-December have low yield, low sugar content, tender meat, light taste, thin skin and poor storage resistance; the corms harvested from late December to late March of the next year have high yield, high sugar content and deep skin color, which are suitable for fresh eating and storage; the harvesting time is determined according to the market situation and actual demand.