Photosensitive particles and their preparation, oxygen generating units and use of such oxygen generating units

Abstract

The invention relates to a photosensitive particle (25) having a carrier element (27) to which a material (29) is adhered by means of an adhesive (28), wherein the material (29) comprises photoactive dye molecules (30). A plurality of such photosensitive particles (25) can be arranged in a photovoltaic cell (22) of an oxygen generation unit (21).

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to photosensitive particles, methods for preparing such photosensitive particles, oxygen generating units, and uses of such oxygen generating units. Background Technology

[0002] Oxygen is required in many applications and in practice. Oxygen can be provided in the form of molecular oxygen, either gaseous or dissolved in water. Alternatively, oxygen may be bound to hydrogen as water (H₂O) or as a concentrated form of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). The preparation of oxygen is energy-intensive and environmentally harmful. Summary of the Invention

[0003] The objective of this invention is to provide oxygen in an environmentally friendly and sustainable manner.

[0004] To address the aforementioned task, the present invention provides photosensitive particles according to the features of claim 1. In particular, the present invention provides a photosensitive particle having a carrier element, on which a material is adhered by means of an adhesive, wherein the material comprises photoactive dye molecules.

[0005] The material preferably comprises non-living, particularly dead, organic matter. Particularly preferably, the material comprises humic components and / or clay minerals. More particularly preferably, the material has a plant leaf polymer. The plant leaf polymer can be provided from plant leaf material. It has been shown that plant leaf polymers are very suitable for necrotic and separated autumn leaves.

[0006] Photoactive dye molecules can be excited by appropriate light incident. This can lead to the transfer of electrons and protons to neighboring molecules. If the neighboring molecule is molecular oxygen, this can lead to the formation of hydrogen peroxide. When dye molecules bind to the humic-clay mineral complex, free radicals can be generated. For example, free radicals generated as superoxide anions can trigger proton transfer to transition metals, such as iron or copper present in the humic-clay mineral complex, thereby separating molecular oxygen from the humic-clay mineral complex, which can then be converted into hydrogen peroxide. As a result, hydrogen peroxide and water-soluble molecular oxygen can thus be produced using photosensitive particles and an oxygen generation unit, which will be described in more detail below. Therefore, photosensitive particles can be used to provide oxygen in an environmentally friendly and sustainable manner.

[0007] This sustainability can be further improved if the photosensitive particles are designed in a way that the photoactive dye molecules are sensitive to the spectrum of sunlight, preferably within the visible range of the sunlight spectrum. Dye molecules are photosensitive to a specific wavelength when they can absorb the energy of light at that specific wavelength by being excited, for example. The absorbed energy can then be released again in other forms. For example, plant dyes have conjugated double bonds, i.e., alternating double and single bonds, whose pi electrons can be excited by light. Corresponding artificial light sources can be constructed. Alternatively, however, the sun can be used as a light source. This characteristic satisfies the previously described plant leaf materials, which contain photoactive dye molecules in the visible light spectrum.

[0008] The carrier element preferably has a maximum diameter of 1 cm, more preferably between 100 micrometers and 0.5 cm, particularly preferably between 0.5 mm and 3 mm, and very particularly preferably between 1 mm and 2 mm.

[0009] The carrier element can be shaped arbitrarily in principle, but is preferably spherical.

[0010] Preferably, the carrier element is made of plastic. More preferably, the carrier element is microplastic particles. The microplastic particles can be made of either a primary or secondary plastic.

[0011] It can be specified that the adhesive includes a mucous substance. The mucous substance preferably contains polysaccharides. The mucous substance can be a mucin. The mucous substance can be human, animal, or plant mucus. The mucous substance can also be a saliva substitute, such as hyaluronic acid.

[0012] Preferably, the adhesive is used to coat the carrier element.

[0013] As previously described, the material preferably comprises non-living, particularly dead, organic matter. The material may in particular include humic components and / or clay minerals. The humic component is preferably a humic substance. Clay minerals can form particularly favorable complexes with humic substances.

[0014] The clay mineral is preferably a mineral with an average particle size of less than 5 micrometers, more preferably less than 2 micrometers.

[0015] Humus can contain a high density of photoactive dye molecules in suitable locations. Humus also contains a high proportion of lignin and polyphenol fragments, and layers of photoactive dye molecules integrated therein are suitable for this invention.

[0016] Particularly advantageous is that the material contains plant leaf polymers. Plant leaf polymers from aged, particularly autumnal months of September and October, regenerated, separated, and necrotic leaves form a particularly advantageous structure. Particularly advantageously, the plant leaf polymers from the plant families are from dicotyledonous angiosperms, especially those with a cellulose share of 15 to 50%, a hemicellulose share of 3 to 50%, and / or a lignin share of 7 to 10%. Plant leaf polymers from the necrotic leaves of broad-leaved trees can have high concentrations of different dye molecules.

[0017] Particularly preferred are those photosensitive particles prepared by the method described below.

[0018] To address the aforementioned task, the independent claims for a method for preparing photosensitive particles are defined according to the present invention. In particular, to address the above-mentioned task, a method for preparing photosensitive particles is therefore proposed according to the present invention, wherein a material comprising photoactive dye molecules is applied to a carrier element using an adhesive. Thus, an adhesive bond is established between the material and the carrier element by the adhesive. This application can be performed, for example, by the carrier element being encapsulated by the material or embedded within the material. This can be achieved, for example, by mixing the material, the adhesive, and the carrier element. Photosensitive particles can be prepared in this manner, constructed according to the present invention, particularly as described above, and / or according to any one of the claims for photosensitive particles. Preferably, multiple photosensitive particles of this type are prepared simultaneously by the method. For this purpose, multiple carrier elements can be mixed with the material and the adhesive, for example.

[0019] The carrier element, adhesive, and material can be constructed as previously described.

[0020] The carrier element can preferably be manufactured by crushing, for example, large plastics that may come from plastic granules, plastic waste, or plastic scrap, by means of, for example, a paper shredder and / or a cryogenic vibratory mill. Thus, the carrier element can be crushed, in particular, into particles of the diameter further described above.

[0021] Mucus substances used as adhesives can be prepared by extracting mucus from humans, animals, or plants, or by chemically preparing mucus substances. For example, a viscous mixture is produced by adding sodium tetraborate solution (Na2B4O7) to polyvinyl alcohol solution (C2H4O). The condensation reaction leads to crosslinking of the polyethylene chains, and the crosslinking stage and viscosity formation can be tuned to produce (borax) mucus.

[0022] Materials containing photoactive dye molecules can be obtained, for example, by isolating and / or providing inactive, particularly dead, organic matter. Preferably, plant leaf polymers are provided from autumn leaves or foliage as previously described. Particularly preferably, in dry matter, based on the total share of the plant leaf material, the share of plant dyes is at least 1% and / or its lignin mass share is greater than 1%, and / or its chlorophyll decomposition product, non-fluorescent chlorophyll metabolite (NCC), accounts for 0.6% to 1.2% by mass.

[0023] Preferably, the provided plant leaf polymer is dried, preferably until the water content of the plant leaf material reaches a maximum of 25%, particularly a maximum of 20%, a maximum of 10%, or a maximum of 5%.

[0024] Preferably, the dried plant leaf material is pulverized. Particularly preferably, the plant material is pulverized into particle sizes between 0.01 mm and 2 mm, particularly between 0.1 mm and 1 mm.

[0025] Preferably, plant leaf material, particularly dried and / or pulverized plant leaf material, is mixed with clay minerals. Preferably, the mass fraction of plant leaf material is between 60% and 99%, the mass fraction of clay minerals is between 1% and 20%, and the mass fraction of water and / or another material is between 0% and 20%. The mass fractions refer to a mixture having a 100% mass fraction.

[0026] It can be specified that the material containing photoactive dye molecules is mixed with the adhesive. Preferably, the material has a mass fraction between 80% and 99%, and the adhesive has a mass fraction between 1% and 10%. Furthermore, water can be incorporated in at a mass fraction between 0% and 10%. Generally, the aforementioned mass fractions refer to the mass of a mixture having a 100% mass fraction.

[0027] It can be specified that the material-adhesive mixture is then mixed with a carrier element, for example, by adding the carrier element to the material-adhesive mixture and then mixing it with the material-adhesive mixture. Thus, the carrier element can be coated with the adhesive. Preferably, the viscosity of the adhesive and / or the volume ratio of the carrier element to the material-adhesive mixture are adjusted during mixing such that the outer surface of the coating is at most 10%, preferably at most 5%, larger than the surface of the coated carrier element.

[0028] To address the aforementioned task, features for the independent claims concerning the oxygen generation unit are defined according to the present invention. In particular, to address the aforementioned task, an oxygen generation unit is therefore proposed according to the present invention, wherein the oxygen generation unit comprises a photovoltaic cell in which a plurality of photosensitive particles are arranged, wherein the photosensitive particles are constructed according to the present invention, particularly as described above, and / or according to any one of the claims concerning the photosensitive particles. As previously described, usable oxygen can be generated in an environmentally friendly and sustainable manner using such an oxygen generation unit.

[0029] Preferably, the photovoltaic cell has a hollow body with a light-transmitting wall. Particularly preferably, the photovoltaic cell, and especially the aforementioned wall, is light-transmitting in the visible light and / or sunlight spectrum.

[0030] To improve oxygen production efficiency, the photosensitive particles can be specified to be suspended in the photovoltaic cell liquid. The photovoltaic cell liquid preferably contains water, and the water content can also be 100%.

[0031] To improve oxygen production, a further improvement to the oxygen generation unit may specify that it has an oxygen generation circuit for the photovoltaic cell liquid, wherein the photovoltaic cell is integrated into the oxygen generation circuit. Therefore, the circulating photovoltaic cell liquid also flows through the photovoltaic cell. Thus, the photovoltaic cell preferably has an inlet and an outlet for the photovoltaic cell liquid. A pump may be arranged in the oxygen generation circuit. This pump can provide the drive required to circulate the photovoltaic cell liquid in the oxygen generation circuit. The oxygen generation circuit also preferably includes at least one conduit through which the photovoltaic cell liquid can circulate.

[0032] The oxygen generating unit may be configured to have a tank connected to the oxygen generating circuit, through which the photovoltaic liquid can be transported into the oxygen generating circuit. The tank may be filled with photovoltaic liquid, particularly water. Alternatively or additionally, the oxygen generating unit may have an output line connected to the oxygen generating circuit, through which the photovoltaic liquid can be discharged. The photovoltaic liquid may, for example, be introduced into another tank or directly to a consumer via the output line. For this purpose, the output line may be connected to a corresponding inlet of the consumer. The consumer may, for example, be a bioreactor as described below or a device as described below for converting ammonia from an ammonia-containing aqueous liquid into molecular nitrogen. However, this is merely an exemplary consumer. The invention can be applied to various types of consumers.

[0033] Therefore, the oxygen generating unit according to the invention can be used in particular to produce hydrogen peroxide and / or molecular oxygen dissolved in water. The oxygen thus produced can be used in a variety of applications.

[0034] For example, it can be specified that an oxygen generation unit supplies molecular oxygen dissolved in water to a bioreactor used to convert organic residues and / or waste into an organic nutrient solution. Such a bioreactor is described, for example, in publication DE102017131089A1, and in particular can be constructed as described in the claims of that publication.

[0035] For example, it may be optionally or additionally specified that an oxygen generation unit is used to supply hydrogen peroxide and / or molecular oxygen dissolved in water to equipment used to convert ammonia from an ammonia-containing aqueous liquid into molecular nitrogen.

[0036] The efficiency of consumers can be improved by using hydrogen peroxide and / or dissolved molecular oxygen generated by photosensitive particles and oxygen generation units, such as the efficiency of the previously described bioreactor or the conversion rate of ammonia to molecular nitrogen in the previously mentioned device for converting ammonia from an ammonia-containing aqueous liquid to molecular nitrogen.

[0037] Such a device can be constructed, in particular, as described below.

[0038] An apparatus for converting ammonia from an ammonia-containing aqueous liquid into molecular nitrogen may have means for circulating the liquid in a loop, an inlet for adding the liquid to the loop, and an extraction opening for extracting the liquid from the loop. The loop may include a cathode chamber having a cathode. The apparatus may also include an anode chamber for converting ammonia into molecular nitrogen, wherein the anode chamber has an anode. The anode chamber may have an input line for circulating the liquid, a through-hole for circulating the liquid into the cathode chamber, and an output line for circulating the liquid, which may be connected to the input line of the anode chamber via a pump for pumping the circulating liquid. In such an apparatus, the anode chamber and the cathode chamber belong to a common loop. Here, the liquid can be continuously and repeatedly guided through the anode chamber and the cathode chamber. This enables continuous, environmentally friendly, and controlled ammonia conversion, even when the initial ammonia concentration is low and, particularly, the final target ammonia concentration is low, wherein electrical energy is also generated during the ammonia conversion.

[0039] The output line of the oxygen generating unit (such as the previously mentioned output line) can be connected, for example, to the previously mentioned inlet. Thus, the oxygen generating unit can have an input line to a circuit containing ammonia liquid, thereby introducing hydrogen peroxide and / or dissolved molecular oxygen into the ammonia-containing liquid circuit.

[0040] The anode chamber of the previously mentioned device is preferably configured to convert ammonia into nitrogen during operation. The cathode chamber can be configured to, during operation, output electrons from the anode to the cathode to the liquid with the chemical involvement of protons, molecular oxygen, and / or hydrogen peroxide present in the liquid, which can be converted into water molecules. Preferably, a catalyst, such as manganese dioxide, is arranged in the anode chamber for the catalytic cracking of hydrogen peroxide, preferably into molecular oxygen and water. Preferably, the cathode material is a catalyst for the catalytic cracking of hydrogen peroxide into molecular oxygen and water, such as manganese dioxide. Preferably, the anode material is zinc.

[0041] The invention will now be described in more detail with the aid of a few embodiments, but the invention is not limited to these few embodiments. Other variations and embodiments of the invention are obtained by combining features of one or more claims with each other and / or with embodiments of the device according to the invention and / or features of the aforementioned variations. Attached Figure Description

[0042] In the attached diagram:

[0043] Figure 1 An embodiment of an oxygen generating unit constructed according to the present invention is shown, which is connected to a consumer of the generated oxygen.

[0044] Figure 2 An embodiment of the photosensitive particles constructed according to the present invention is shown.

[0045] Figure 3 Shown in detail in Figure 2 The consumers shown in the image. Detailed Implementation

[0046] In the following description of different embodiments of the invention, even with variations in construction or shape, elements that are functionally consistent are given consistent reference numerals.

[0047] exist Figure 1 The oxygen generating unit 21 shown has a photovoltaic cell 22, which has a hollow body 23 with walls 24 that are translucent to light in the spectrum of sunlight. A plurality of photosensitive particles 25 are arranged in the hollow body 23.

[0048] exist Figure 2 The image shows such a photosensitive particle 25. The particle 25 has a carrier element 27, which may be a microplastic particle. The carrier element 27 is surrounded by an adhesive 28 surrounding a slimy substance, within which is embedded a material 29 containing photoactive dye molecules 30. Figure 2In the illustrated embodiment, photoactive dye molecules 30 are embedded in a complex composed of humic substances 45 and clay minerals 46. In this figure, only individual complexes 45 and 46 and the photoactive dye molecule 30 are greatly magnified and schematically clearly labeled. In reality, there are a very large number of humic substances, clay mineral particles, and dye molecules 30. If such photosensitive particles 25 are suspended in a photovoltaic cell liquid 26 (which may be water), the excitation of the photoactive dye molecules 30 may lead to the formation of free radicals, which cause oxygen to dissolve from the humic-clay mineral complex. Furthermore, the excitation of the dye molecules 30 may cause the dissolved oxygen to be converted into hydrogen peroxide or molecular oxygen dissolved in the photovoltaic cell liquid 26. This process is further described in more detail above.

[0049] Photovoltaic cell 22 is integrated into oxygen generation circuit 53. Photovoltaic liquid 26 can be circulated by means of pump 36 and a piping system forming the circuit and having at least one pipe 61. Photovoltaic liquid 26 rich in hydrogen peroxide and / or molecular oxygen can be discharged from oxygen generation circuit 53 via output pipe 62, filter 55 and valve 39 connected to oxygen generation circuit 53.

[0050] Since the photovoltaic liquid 26 missing in the oxygen generation circuit 53 can be replaced by a tank 44 connected via valve 40, which is filled with photovoltaic liquid 26, preferably water. Excess photovoltaic liquid 26, rich in hydrogen peroxide and oxygen, can also optionally be introduced into the tank 43 for later use and temporarily stored there. Sunlight can be used as the light source 54. Alternatively, an artificial light source 54 that produces light within a wavelength range suitable for photovoltaic cell 22 can also be used.

[0051] The above describes in detail other variations of the oxygen generation unit 21 and the photosensitive particles 25, as well as the method for manufacturing the photosensitive particles 25.

[0052] exist Figure 2 The oxygen generating unit 21 shown is connected to the consumer 63. For this purpose, the output line 62 of the oxygen generating unit 21 is connected to the inlet 4 of the consumer 63.

[0053] Consumer 63 can be constructed in different ways. Two of the many possibilities have already been described. Figure 1 One application scenario is illustrated, wherein consumer 63 is configured as device 1 for converting ammonia from an ammonia-containing aqueous liquid into molecular nitrogen. This device 1... Figure 3 The diagram shows in more detail, particularly the arrangement of three anode chamber modules 18 connected in series within the cathode chamber 7. Figure 1The image shows only one of the three anode chamber modules 18 in an abstract manner, and one such anode chamber module 18 may also be sufficient. The consumer 63 will be described in more detail below.

[0054] The aqueous liquid may be a residual liquid, such as a fermentation product from a biogas device, in which the solid components have been largely separated.

[0055] The device 1 includes a cathode chamber 7. The cathode chamber 7 includes a container 56 with impermeable walls. The container 56 may be provided with a removable cover on the upper side, thereby providing an extraction opening 5 on the upper side for extracting liquid 2 located in the container 56.

[0056] The extraction opening 5 can also be constructed on the container 56 in such a way that the container has an outlet that can be closed by a valve.

[0057] In the cathode chamber 7, cathodes 6 are arranged on both sides of the container 56, and the cathodes use manganese dioxide as the cathode material. The cathodes 6 are electrically connected to each other via electrical connectors 34.

[0058] An anode chamber 9 is arranged within the cathode chamber 7, and particularly within the container 56 of the cathode chamber 7. The anode chamber 9 has multiple anode chamber modules 18 connected in series. Each anode chamber module 18 has a container 57 with an opaque wall. For the series connection, each anode chamber module 18, and particularly each container 57, has an inlet 59 and an outlet 60. The outlet conduit 60 is connected via a conduit to the inlet 59 of the corresponding next anode chamber module 18.

[0059] The input pipe 10 is connected to the inlet 59 of the first anode chamber module 18, so that liquid 2 can be introduced into the anode chamber 9. The output pipe 60 of the last anode chamber module 18 forms a through-hole 11 in the cathode chamber 7. Therefore, liquid 2 introduced into the anode chamber 9 via the input pipe 10 passes through each anode chamber module 18 in sequence and enters the cathode chamber 7 at the through-hole 11 in the anode chamber 9.

[0060] The cathode chamber 7 is filled with liquid 2 up to level 33. The cathode chamber 7 has an outlet pipe 12 through which the liquid introduced into the cathode chamber 7 from the anode chamber 9 can be discharged.

[0061] The output line 12 is connected to the inlet 10 of the anode chamber 9 via the pump 13, allowing the liquid 2 to circulate in the loop 3. The formed fluid flow 52 is shown in the accompanying drawings. Arrows indicate the flow direction. The pump 13 pumps the liquid 2 from the cathode chamber 7 and into the anode chamber 9. The liquid 2 flows back into the cathode chamber 7 through the through-hole 11, where it is pumped back into the anode chamber 9 by the pump 13. When the valve 14 at the through-hole 11 is opened, a liquid loop is thus created, in which the liquid 2 flows through the device 1 multiple times.

[0062] An anode 8 is arranged in each anode chamber module 18. Zinc is used as the anode material. When the ammonia-containing liquid 2 flows along the anode 8, the ammonia reacts with hydroxide ions to form water and molecular nitrogen. Electrons are also released and migrate to the cathode 6, which is electrically connected to the anode 8 in parallel via wires 48 and 50. The electrons can then react with molecular oxygen dissolved in the liquid 2 at the cathode 6 and can form water by absorbing free protons.

[0063] Therefore, the reaction at the anode 8 and cathode 6 results in a potential difference between the anode 8 and cathode 6, thereby generating electrical energy. This generated electrical energy can be used to supply power to the load 51. The anode 8 forms the negative electrode 47, while the cathode forms the positive electrode 49.

[0064] Measuring sensors 19 and 20 are arranged in the cathode chamber 7 and are immersed in the liquid 2. Measuring sensor 19 can be, for example, a measuring sensor that can measure the oxygen concentration in the liquid 2. Measuring sensor 20 can be, for example, a measuring sensor that can measure the ammonia concentration in the liquid 2.

[0065] The anode chamber module 18, particularly its container 57, has an outlet 15 opposite to the inlet 10 and the through-hole 11. The outlet 15 is sized, and particularly narrowly sized, such that during normal operation, the amount of liquid flowing through the through-hole 11 into the cathode chamber 7 is several times greater than the total amount of liquid 2 flowing into the cathode chamber 7 through all the outlets 15. The outlet 15 is arranged higher in the anode container 57 than the corresponding output conduit 60. The outlet 15 is directly located at the cathode 6, allowing hydrogen peroxide or molecular oxygen flowing through the outlet 15 to directly reach the cathode 6.

[0066] Outlet 15 is particularly important during the initialization of device 1. Device 1 has inlet 4, through which liquid 2 can be added to loop 3. Tank 41 is filled with liquid 2, which has an initial ammonia concentration of, for example, 800 mg / L. Tank 41 is connected to inlet 4 via a pipeline, wherein the inlet pipeline can be closed via valve 37. To initialize device 1, cathode chamber 7 is filled up to level 33 with valve 37 open. Then, valve 37 is closed.

[0067] In addition to the oxygen generating unit 21 used to supply hydrogen peroxide to consumer 63, a temporary storage tank 42 filled with hydrogen peroxide can be provided. Storage tank 42 is connected to inlet 4 via valve 38, which can be operated instead of valve 39 to supply hydrogen peroxide to consumer 63. Valves 39 allow hydrogen peroxide-rich photovoltaic liquid 26 to be introduced from oxygen generating unit 21 into circuit 3 of device 1. Valve 39 or 38 is initially closed. After filling cathode chamber 7 with liquid 2, valve 14 is closed and valve 39 or 38 is opened, allowing hydrogen peroxide to flow via inlet 4 and input line 10 to the first anode chamber module 18 of anode chamber 9 by means of a pump 35. In each anode chamber module 18, the contact surface of catalyst 16 made of manganese dioxide is located on an inclined central bottom 58. Hydrogen peroxide is catalytically converted into molecular oxygen by manganese dioxide. Here, the volume increases significantly because hydrogen peroxide is liquid and molecular oxygen is gaseous. The pressure in the anode chamber module 18 increases, and oxygen is forced out from outlet 15 and introduced into the cathode 6. Hydrogen peroxide can also be carried along this path and directly reach the cathode 6 via outlet 15. The oxygen content in the liquid 2 can be measured using oxygen concentration measuring sensor 19. Once the desired concentration is reached, the initialization phase ends, and the device 1 can operate in normal operating mode.

[0068] In normal operation, valves 37, 38, and 39 are closed, and valve 14 is opened. Pump 13 is activated, causing liquid 2 to begin forming liquid flow 52, ​​which circulates through device 1 in loop 3. The reaction at anode 8 and cathode 6 begins. The high initial oxygen concentration at cathode 6 and the oxygen recirculation caused by the use of manganese dioxide as the cathode material cause the ammonia conversion rate to rapidly reach high operating values. The molecular nitrogen formed can escape into the atmosphere, for example, through upward ventilation in cathode chamber 7, or be collected by other means.

[0069] During normal operation, the oxygen concentration can be checked using sensor 19. If the oxygen concentration is below a critical value, valve 39 or 38 can be opened to add hydrogen peroxide and, if necessary, dissolved molecular oxygen to the continuously circulating liquid 2 through inlet 4.

[0070] This invention relates to a photosensitive particle 25 having a carrier element 27 and a material 29 adhered to the carrier element by means of an adhesive 28, wherein the material 29 comprises photoactive dye molecules 30. A plurality of such photosensitive particles 25 can be arranged in a photovoltaic cell 22 of an oxygen generation unit 21.

[0071] List of reference numerals

[0072] 1 Equipment

[0073] 2 Liquid

[0074] 3 circuits

[0075] 4 entrances

[0076] 5. Extract the opening

[0077] 6 Cathode

[0078] 7 Cathode Chamber

[0079] 8 Anode

[0080] 9 Anode Chamber

[0081] 10. Inlet Piping

[0082] 11 Pass-through part

[0083] 12 Output piping

[0084] 13 pumps

[0085] 14 valves

[0086] 15 Exports

[0087] 16 Catalysts

[0088] 18 Anode Chamber Module

[0089] 19 Measurement Sensors

[0090] 20 Measurement Sensors

[0091] 21 Oxygen Generation Unit

[0092] 22 photovoltaic cells

[0093] 23 Hollow bodies

[0094] 24 wall

[0095] 25 photosensitive particles

[0096] 26. Liquid photovoltaic cells

[0097] 27 Carrier Components

[0098] 28 Adhesives

[0099] 29 Materials

[0100] 30 photoactive dye molecules

[0101] 33 Liquid Level

[0102] 34 Electrical connectors

[0103] 35 pumps

[0104] 36 pumps

[0105] 37 valve

[0106] 38 valves

[0107] 39 valve

[0108] 40 valve

[0109] 41 Storage tank

[0110] 42 storage tanks

[0111] 43 Storage tanks

[0112] 44 storage tanks

[0113] 45 Humus

[0114] 46 Clay minerals

[0115] 47 Negative electrode

[0116] 48 Electrical wires

[0117] 49 Positive electrode

[0118] 50 electrical wires

[0119] 51 Consumable

[0120] Liquid flow in 52 3

[0121] 53 Oxygen Generation Circuit

[0122] 54 Light Sources

[0123] 55 Filter

[0124] 56 7 containers

[0125] 57 18 containers

[0126] The middle bottom of 58 and 57

[0127] Entrance to 59 18

[0128] 60 18 output piping

[0129] 61 Pipeline

[0130] 62 Output piping

[0131] 63 Consumers

Claims

1. A photosensitive particle (25) having a carrier element (27) and a material (29) adhered to the carrier element by means of an adhesive (28), wherein the material (29) contains photoactive dye molecules (30), the material (29) includes non-living organic matter, the non-living organic matter including dead organic matter, the material (29) containing photoactive dye molecules (30) is obtained by separating and / or providing non-living organic matter.

2. The photosensitive particle (25) according to claim 1, characterized in that, The material (29) includes humic components (45) and / or clay minerals (46).

3. The photosensitive particle (25) according to claim 1, characterized in that, The material (29) has a plant leaf polymer.

4. The photosensitive particle (25) according to claim 1, characterized in that, The photoactive dye molecule (30) is sensitive to the spectrum of sunlight.

5. The photosensitive particle (25) according to claim 1, characterized in that, The photoactive dye molecule (30) is sensitive in the visible range of the sunlight spectrum.

6. The photosensitive particle (25) according to claim 1, characterized in that, The carrier element (27) has a maximum diameter of 1 cm.

7. The photosensitive particle (25) according to claim 1, characterized in that, The carrier element (27) has a maximum diameter between 0.1 mm and 5 mm.

8. The photosensitive particle (25) according to claim 1, characterized in that, The carrier element (27) is made of plastic.

9. The photosensitive particle (25) according to claim 1, characterized in that, The carrier element (27) is a microplastic particle.

10. The photosensitive particle (25) according to claim 1, characterized in that, The adhesive (28) includes a viscous substance.

11. The photosensitive particle (25) according to claim 1, characterized in that, The adhesive (28) encapsulates the carrier element (27).

12. An oxygen generating unit (21) comprising a photovoltaic cell (22) in which a plurality of photosensitive particles (25) according to any one of claims 1 to 11 are arranged.

13. The oxygen generating unit (21) according to claim 12, characterized in that, The photovoltaic cell (22) has a hollow body (23) with a light-transmitting wall (24).

14. The oxygen generating unit (21) according to claim 12, characterized in that, The photosensitive particles (25) are suspended in the water-containing photovoltaic liquid (26).

15. The oxygen generating unit (21) according to claim 14, characterized in that, The oxygen generating unit (21) has an oxygen generating circuit (53) for the photovoltaic cell liquid (26), wherein the photovoltaic cell (22) is connected in the oxygen generating circuit (53), wherein the oxygen generating circuit (53) includes at least one conduit and / or pump.

16. The oxygen generating unit (21) according to claim 15, characterized in that, The oxygen generating unit (21) has a tank (44) connected to the oxygen generating circuit (53), through which the photovoltaic cell liquid (26) can be transported to the oxygen generating circuit (53), and / or the oxygen generating unit (21) has an output pipe (62) connected to the oxygen generating circuit (53), through which the photovoltaic cell liquid (26) can be discharged.

17. A method for preparing photosensitive particles (25) according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein, The material (29) containing photoactive dye molecules (30) is applied to the carrier element (27) by means of the adhesive (28).

18. The method according to claim 17, characterized in that, The carrier element (27) is made by crushing large plastics.

19. The method according to claim 17, characterized in that, The use of mucus as an adhesive (28) is made by extracting mucus from humans, animals or plants or by chemically preparing mucus.

20. The method according to claim 17, characterized in that, Materials (29) containing photoactive dye molecules (30) are obtained by separating and / or providing non-living organic matter.

21. The method according to claim 20, characterized in that, The non-living organic matter includes dead organic matter.

22. The method according to claim 20, characterized in that, To provide the non-living organic matter, a plant leaf material comprising a plant leaf polymer is provided, wherein, in dry matter, based on the total share of the plant leaf material, the share of plant dye is at least 1% and / or the mass share of its lignin is greater than 1%, and / or the mass share of its chlorophyll decomposition product, non-fluorescent chlorophyll metabolite (NCC), is 0.6% to 1.2%.

23. The method according to claim 22, characterized in that, The plant leaf material is dried until the water content of the plant leaf material reaches a maximum of 25%, wherein the dried plant leaf material is then pulverized.

24. The method according to claim 22, characterized in that, The plant leaf material is mixed with clay minerals, wherein the mass fraction of the plant leaf material is between 60% and 99%, the mass fraction of the clay minerals is between 1% and 20%, and the mass fraction of water and / or another material is between 0% and 20%.

25. The method according to claim 17, characterized in that, The material (29) containing the photoactive dye molecule (30) is mixed with the adhesive (28) to form a material-adhesive mixture, wherein the material has a mass fraction between 80% and 99%, the adhesive has a mass fraction between 1% and 10%, and the water has a mass fraction between 0% and 10%.

26. The method according to claim 25, characterized in that, The material-adhesive mixture is mixed with the carrier element (27) such that the carrier element (27) is wrapped by the adhesive (28), wherein the viscosity of the adhesive (28) and / or the volume ratio of the carrier element (27) to the material-adhesive mixture is adjusted during mixing such that the outer surface of the wrapping is at most 10% larger than the surface of the wrapped carrier element (27).

27. The method according to claim 25, characterized in that, The material-adhesive mixture is mixed with the carrier element (27) such that the carrier element (27) is wrapped by the adhesive (28), wherein the viscosity of the adhesive (28) and / or the volume ratio of the carrier element (27) to the material-adhesive mixture is adjusted during mixing such that the outer surface of the wrapping is at most 5% larger than the surface of the wrapped carrier element (27).

28. Use of the oxygen generating unit (21) according to any one of claims 12 to 16 for the preparation of hydrogen peroxide and / or molecular oxygen dissolved in water.

29. The use according to claim 28, wherein, Hydrogen peroxide and / or dissolved molecular oxygen are supplied to the equipment (1) used to convert ammonia from an ammonia-containing aqueous liquid to molecular nitrogen and / or to the bioreactor used to convert organic residues and / or waste into a solution of organic nutrients.

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