A method for cultivating enoki mushrooms using camellia peel as a culture medium
By degrading and treating the camellia peel with a substrate, the effects of inhibitory substances in the camellia peel on the growth of enoki mushrooms were resolved, the utilization of cellulose and lignin was promoted, and the rapid growth and high yield of enoki mushrooms were achieved, thereby improving product quality and reducing resource waste.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Patents(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- GUIZHOU WALNUT RES INST
- Filing Date
- 2024-01-26
- Publication Date
- 2026-06-30
Smart Images
Figure BDA0004683111290000091 
Figure BDA0004683111290000101
Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] This invention relates to the field of enoki mushroom cultivation technology, and in particular to a method for cultivating enoki mushrooms using camellia peel as a culture medium. Background Technology
[0002] Flammable velocipedes, belonging to the family Trigonometrical in the order Allegorical, are edible fungi. They are not only delicious but also a nutritious and healthy food sourced from high-protein, low-calorie, and polysaccharide-rich mushrooms. Currently, the main cultivation materials for flammable velocipedes are sawdust, cottonseed hulls, and sugarcane bagasse. However, with the development of the flammable velocipede industry, these materials are becoming increasingly scarce, making the search for new cultivation materials extremely urgent.
[0003] Camellia oleifera is an important woody oilseed tree species, widely distributed and with high yield. Camellia oleifera pericarp, the dried shell of the fruit after the seeds are removed, is an important byproduct of camellia oleifera production. The abundant cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in the pericarp can be used as carbon sources by *Flammulina velutipes*, making the cultivation of *Flammulina velutipes* using the pericarp as a raw material feasible. A common method for cultivating *Flammulina velutipes* using the pericarp involves directly planting the crushed and sterilized pericarp. Its advantages are simplicity and low cost; however, the disadvantages include the inhibition of mycelial growth by saponins and tannins in the pericarp, low utilization of cellulose and lignin, and relatively slow growth of *Flammulina velutipes*.
[0004] Therefore, this invention improves the traditional method of cultivating enoki mushrooms using camellia peel, thereby promoting the degradation of camellia peel and increasing the growth rate of enoki mushrooms. Summary of the Invention
[0005] Therefore, the purpose of this invention is to provide a method for cultivating enoki mushrooms using camellia peel as a culture medium, thereby solving the problem of enoki mushrooms' tolerance to camellia peel.
[0006] The present invention solves the above-mentioned technical problems through the following technical means:
[0007] A method for cultivating enoki mushrooms using camellia peel as a culture medium, the method comprising the following steps:
[0008] (1) Pretreatment: The camellia peel is crushed and sieved to obtain camellia peel residue;
[0009] (2) Degradation treatment: The camellia peel residue is pre-wetted with water, and mixed microbial agent, wheat bran, sucrose, quicklime and degradation agent are added. After fermentation, the moisture content is controlled until there is no obvious outflow to obtain the culture medium.
[0010] (3) Matrix treatment: Jasmonic acid was added to the culture substrate, and the substrate was dried after high temperature and high pressure treatment to obtain the treated culture substrate;
[0011] (4) Making mushroom bags: Pack the treated culture medium into bags. Use polyethylene plastic bags with a specification of 17cm×35cm to pack the culture medium. Each bag contains about 300g of dry material. After the culture medium cools to room temperature, inoculate it with enoki mushroom spawn under sterile conditions, temperature of 20-23℃ and humidity of 70-75%. After inoculation, mushroom bags are obtained.
[0012] (5) Cultivating mushrooms: Place the mushroom bags in the cultivation room for mycelial cultivation. Cultivate in the dark, control the temperature at 18-22℃, and control the relative humidity at 75-85%. After the mycelium has fully grown, carry out mushroom cultivation management. Control the temperature of the mushroom house at 10-12℃, keep it dark, spray water 1-2 times a day, keep the ground and sealing paper moist, keep the relative humidity at 80-85%, and ventilate once in the morning and once in the evening.
[0013] (6) Harvesting: Generally, the stipe can be harvested when it is 13-14cm long and the cap diameter is 0.8-1.5cm.
[0014] Furthermore, the fermentation conditions in step (2) are: the moisture content is adjusted to 60-70%, the temperature is 30-40℃, and the fermentation time is 6-8 days.
[0015] Furthermore, the specific operation of the matrix treatment in step (3) is as follows: jasmonic acid is added to the culture medium and treated for 1.5 to 2 hours under the conditions of 0.15 to 0.2 MPa and 115 to 120°C.
[0016] Furthermore, the amount of enoki mushroom spawn inoculated in step (4) is 5-8% of the culture medium.
[0017] Furthermore, the proportions of raw materials in the culture medium during step (2) are as follows:
[0018] The mass ratio of camellia fruit peel residue, wheat bran, sucrose, quicklime, mixed microbial agent, and degradation agent is (60-75): (20-35): (1-2): (1-2): (0.5-0.8): (1-2).
[0019] Furthermore, the mass of jasmonic acid added in step (3) is 0.4-0.5% of the culture medium.
[0020] Furthermore, the mixed microbial agent is: Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus foetida, with a mass ratio of 1:(0.6-0.8).
[0021] Furthermore, the raw materials of the degradation agent are as follows: potassium ferrate, sodium silicate, chitosan oligosaccharide, and ferulic acid esterase.
[0022] Furthermore, the proportions of each raw material in the degradation agent are as follows:
[0023] The mass ratio of potassium ferrate, sodium silicate, chitosan oligosaccharide, and ferulic acid esterase is 1:(0.2-0.3):(0.6-0.8):(0.4-0.5).
[0024] Furthermore, the preparation method of the degradation agent is as follows:
[0025] Potassium ferrate was added to deionized water and stirred at 300–350 rpm for 2–3 min to obtain a potassium ferrate solution. The solution was then heated to 50–60 °C, and sodium silicate, chitosan oligosaccharide, and ferulic acid esterase were added to the potassium ferrate solution. The solution was stirred until completely dissolved and then cooled to room temperature to obtain the degradation agent.
[0026] Degradation and substrate treatment of Camellia oleifera fruit peel will degrade the tannins and saponins in the fruit peel that inhibit mycelial growth, while promoting the degradation of cellulose and lignin in the fruit peel, making them easier for Enoki mushrooms to absorb, thereby promoting the growth of Enoki mushrooms.
[0027] Potassium ferrate was added to the degradation agent. Potassium ferrate oxidizes the hydroxyl groups in the glucosinolate bonds of cellulose and lignin, breaking carbon-carbon and carbon-oxygen bonds, thus accelerating the degradation of cellulose and lignin and making the camellia peel more readily utilized by enoki mushrooms. In addition, potassium ferrate not only supplements the potassium required for mushroom growth but also sterilizes the culture medium, preventing mycelium from wilting and rotting due to contamination by other microorganisms. Furthermore, the chitosan oligosaccharide in the degradation agent reacts with the hydroxyl groups in cellulose, further promoting cellulose degradation. A certain amount of ferulic acid esterase was also added to the degradation agent, accelerating the release of lignin from the cell wall, causing more lignin to leak out and synergistically degrading lignin with potassium ferrate. However, potassium ferrate is easily oxidized and decomposed; therefore, sodium silicate was added to inhibit the decomposition and precipitation of potassium ferrate, increasing its stability.
[0028] Even after the degradation agent breaks down cellulose, some raw materials remain. During fermentation, the pH gradually decreases, making the substrate acidic. The residual potassium ferrate decomposes in this acidic environment, releasing iron ions. Excessive iron ions can inhibit mycelial growth. Therefore, jasmonic acid is added during substrate treatment. Since the substrate contains moisture, jasmonic acid dissolves at high temperatures and mixes into the substrate, reducing the absorption of iron ions by the mycelia and preventing the toxicity of excessive iron ions to the mycelia. Furthermore, the substrate is sterilized under high temperature and high pressure, inhibiting the growth of pathogens and harmful microorganisms.
[0029] Beneficial effects:
[0030] This invention improves upon the traditional method of cultivating enoki mushrooms using camellia oleifera fruit peel. By degrading the cellulose and lignin in the fruit peel, the peel becomes more readily utilized by enoki mushrooms, thereby promoting their growth and increasing yield. This invention not only saves production costs and improves the quality of enoki mushrooms but also increases the utilization of forest residues and reduces resource waste. Detailed Implementation
[0031] The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments:
[0032] Example 1: Cultivation of Enoki Mushrooms using Camellia oleifera Peel as Culture Medium
[0033] Preparation of degradation agent:
[0034] Add 1g of potassium ferrate to 100ml of deionized water and stir at 300r / min for 2min to obtain a potassium ferrate solution. Then heat to 50℃ and add 0.2g of sodium silicate, 0.6g of chitosan oligosaccharide and 0.4g of ferulic acid esterase to the potassium ferrate solution. Stir until completely dissolved and cool to room temperature to obtain the degradation agent.
[0035] Preparation of mixed bacterial agent:
[0036] Take 1g of Aspergillus niger and 0.6g of Aspergillus buergerianus, add them to 50ml of water, and stir well to obtain a mixed bacterial agent.
[0037] Cultivation of enoki mushrooms:
[0038] (1) Pretreatment: The camellia peel is crushed and sieved to obtain camellia peel residue;
[0039] (2) Degradation treatment: Take 6 kg of camellia peel residue, mix with water and pre-wet, add 2 kg of wheat bran, 0.1 kg of sucrose, 0.1 kg of quicklime, 0.05 kg of the mixed microbial agent prepared by the above method, and 0.1 kg of the degradation agent prepared by the above method, add water to adjust the moisture content to 60%, ferment at 30℃ for 6 days, and after fermentation, control the moisture until there is no obvious outflow to obtain the culture medium;
[0040] (3) Matrix treatment: The culture medium was transferred into an autoclave, and jasmonic acid was added at 0.4% of the mass of the culture medium. The mixture was treated at 0.15 MPa and 115 °C for 1.5 h, and then dried to obtain the treated culture medium.
[0041] (4) Preparation of mushroom bags: Pack the treated culture medium into bags. Use polyethylene plastic bags with a specification of 17cm×35cm to pack the culture medium into bags. Each bag contains about 300g of dry material. Inoculate under sterile conditions, temperature of 20℃ and humidity of 70%. The inoculation amount is 15g. After inoculation, mushroom bags are obtained.
[0042] (5) Cultivating mushrooms: Place the mushroom bags in the cultivation room for mycelial cultivation. Cultivate in the dark, control the temperature at 18℃, and control the relative humidity at 75%. After the mycelium has fully grown, carry out mushroom cultivation management. Control the temperature of the mushroom house at 12℃, keep it dark, spray water once a day, keep the ground moist and the sealing paper moist, keep the relative humidity at 80%, and ventilate once in the morning and once in the evening.
[0043] (6) Harvesting: Generally, the stipe can be harvested when it is about 13cm long and the cap is about 0.8cm in diameter.
[0044] Example 2: Cultivation of Enoki Mushrooms using Camellia oleifera Peel as Culture Medium
[0045] Preparation of degradation agent:
[0046] Add 1g of potassium ferrate to 100ml of deionized water and stir at 330r / min for 2.5min to obtain a potassium ferrate solution. Then heat to 55℃ and add 0.25g of sodium silicate, 0.7g of chitosan oligosaccharide and 0.45g of ferulic acid esterase to the potassium ferrate solution. Stir until completely dissolved and cool to room temperature to obtain the degradation agent.
[0047] Preparation of mixed bacterial agent:
[0048] Take 1g of Aspergillus niger and 0.7g of Aspergillus buergerianus, add them to 50ml of water, and stir well to obtain a mixed bacterial agent.
[0049] Cultivation of enoki mushrooms:
[0050] (1) Pretreatment: The camellia peel is crushed and sieved to obtain camellia peel residue;
[0051] (2) Degradation treatment: Take 6.8 kg of camellia peel residue, mix with water and pre-wet, add 2.8 kg of wheat bran, 0.15 kg of sucrose, 0.15 kg of quicklime, 0.06 kg of the mixed microbial agent prepared by the above method, and 0.15 kg of the degradation agent prepared by the above method, add water to adjust the moisture content to 65%, ferment at 35℃ for 7 days, and after fermentation, control the moisture until there is no obvious outflow to obtain the culture medium;
[0052] (3) Matrix treatment: The culture medium was transferred into an autoclave, and jasmonic acid was added at 0.45% of the mass of the culture medium. The mixture was treated at 0.18 MPa and 118 °C for 1.8 h, and then dried to obtain the treated culture medium.
[0053] (4) Preparation of mushroom bags: Pack the treated culture medium into bags. Use polyethylene plastic bags with a specification of 17cm×35cm to pack the culture medium into bags. Each bag contains about 300g of dry material. Inoculate under sterile conditions, temperature of 22℃ and humidity of 73%. The inoculation amount is 18g. After inoculation, mushroom bags are obtained.
[0054] (5) Cultivating mushrooms: Place the mushroom bags in the cultivation room for mycelial cultivation. Cultivate in the dark, control the temperature at 20℃, and control the relative humidity at 80%. After the mycelium has fully grown, carry out mushroom cultivation management. Control the temperature of the mushroom house at 11℃, keep it dark, spray water twice a day, keep the ground moist and the sealing paper moist, keep the relative humidity at 82%, and ventilate once in the morning and once in the evening.
[0055] (6) Harvesting: Generally, the stipe can be harvested when it is about 13cm long and the cap is about 1.2cm in diameter.
[0056] Example 3: Cultivation of Enoki Mushrooms using Camellia oleifera Peel as Culture Medium
[0057] Preparation of degradation agent:
[0058] Add 1g of potassium ferrate to 100ml of deionized water and stir at 350r / min for 3min to obtain a potassium ferrate solution. Then heat to 60℃ and add 0.3g of sodium silicate, 0.8g of chitosan oligosaccharide and 0.5g of ferulic acid esterase to the potassium ferrate solution. Stir until completely dissolved and cool to room temperature to obtain the degradation agent.
[0059] Preparation of mixed bacterial agent:
[0060] Take 1g of Aspergillus niger and 0.8g of Aspergillus buergerianus, add them to 50ml of water, and stir well to obtain a mixed bacterial agent.
[0061] Cultivation of enoki mushrooms:
[0062] (1) Pretreatment: The camellia peel is crushed and sieved to obtain camellia peel residue;
[0063] (2) Degradation treatment: Take 7.5 kg of camellia peel residue, mix with water and pre-wet, add 3.5 kg of wheat bran, 0.2 kg of sucrose, 0.2 kg of quicklime, 0.08 kg of the mixed microbial agent prepared by the above method, and 0.2 kg of the degradation agent prepared by the above method, add water to adjust the moisture content to 70%, ferment at 40℃ for 8 days, and after fermentation, control the moisture until there is no obvious flow, to obtain the culture medium;
[0064] (3) Matrix treatment: The culture medium was transferred into an autoclave, and jasmonic acid was added at 0.5% of the mass of the culture medium. The mixture was treated at 0.2 MPa and 120 °C for 2 hours and then dried to obtain the treated culture medium.
[0065] (4) Preparation of mushroom bags: Pack the treated culture medium into bags. Use polyethylene plastic bags with a specification of 17cm×35cm to pack the culture medium into bags. Each bag contains about 300g of dry material. Inoculate under sterile conditions, with a temperature of 23℃ and a humidity of 75%. The inoculation amount is 24g. After inoculation, mushroom bags are obtained.
[0066] (5) Cultivating mushrooms: Place the mushroom bags in the cultivation room for mycelial cultivation. Cultivate in the dark, control the temperature at 22℃, and control the relative humidity at 85%. After the mycelium has fully grown, carry out mushroom cultivation management. Control the temperature of the mushroom house at 12℃, keep it dark, spray water twice a day, keep the ground moist and the sealing paper moist, keep the relative humidity at 85%, and ventilate once in the morning and once in the evening.
[0067] (6) Harvesting: Generally, the stipe can be harvested when it is about 14cm long and the cap is about 1.5cm in diameter.
[0068] Comparative Example 1:
[0069] This comparative example is compared with the degrading agent of Example 1. The only difference between this example and Example 1 is that potassium ferrate is replaced with potassium permanganate in the preparation of the degrading agent. The specific method is as follows:
[0070] Add 1g of potassium permanganate to 100ml of deionized water and stir at 300r / min for 2min to obtain potassium ferrate solution. Then heat to 50℃ and add 0.2g of sodium silicate, 0.6g of chitosan oligosaccharide and 0.4g of ferulic acid esterase to potassium ferrate solution. Stir until completely dissolved and cool to room temperature to obtain degradation agent.
[0071] The cultivation method and steps for this comparative example of enoki mushrooms are the same as those in Example 1, and the mixed inoculant used is the same as that in Example 1.
[0072] Comparative Example 2: This comparative example is compared with the degrading agent of Example 1. The only difference from Example 1 is that sodium silicate is not added during the preparation of the degrading agent. The specific method is as follows:
[0073] Add 1g of potassium ferrate to 100ml of deionized water and stir at 300r / min for 2min to obtain a potassium ferrate solution. Then heat to 50℃ and add 0.6g of chitosan oligosaccharide and 0.4g of ferulic acid esterase to the potassium ferrate solution. Stir until completely dissolved and cool to room temperature to obtain the degradation agent.
[0074] The cultivation method and steps for this comparative example of enoki mushrooms are the same as those in Example 1, and the mixed inoculant used is the same as that in Example 1.
[0075] Comparative Example 3:
[0076] This comparative example is compared with the degrading agent of Example 1. The only difference between this example and Example 1 is that chitosan oligosaccharide is not added during the preparation of the degrading agent. The specific method is as follows:
[0077] Add 1g of potassium ferrate to 100ml of deionized water and stir at 300r / min for 2min to obtain a potassium ferrate solution. Then heat to 50℃ and add 0.2g of sodium silicate and 0.4g of ferulic acid esterase to the potassium ferrate solution. Stir until completely dissolved and cool to room temperature to obtain the degradation agent.
[0078] The cultivation method and steps for this comparative example of enoki mushrooms are the same as those in Example 1, and the mixed inoculant used is the same as that in Example 1.
[0079] Comparative Example 4:
[0080] This comparative example is compared with the degrading agent of Example 1. The only difference between this example and Example 1 is that ferulic acid esterase is not added during the preparation of the degrading agent. The specific method is as follows:
[0081] Add 1g of potassium ferrate to 100ml of deionized water and stir at 300r / min for 2min to obtain a potassium ferrate solution. Then heat to 50℃ and add 0.2g of sodium silicate and 0.6g of chitosan oligosaccharide to the potassium ferrate solution. Stir until completely dissolved and cool to room temperature to obtain the degradation agent.
[0082] The cultivation method and steps for this comparative example of enoki mushrooms are the same as those in Example 1, and the mixed inoculant used is the same as that in Example 1.
[0083] Comparative Example 5:
[0084] This comparative example is compared with the culture medium of Example 1. The only difference between this example and Example 1 is that no mixed bacterial agent is added to the culture medium. The specific method is as follows:
[0085] (1) Pretreatment: The camellia peel is crushed and sieved to obtain camellia peel residue;
[0086] (2) Degradation treatment: Take 6 kg of camellia peel residue, mix with water to pre-wet, add 2 kg of wheat bran, 0.1 kg of sucrose, 0.1 kg of quicklime and 0.1 kg of degradation agent, add water to adjust the moisture content to 60%, ferment at 30℃ for 6 days, after fermentation, control the moisture until there is no obvious outflow, and obtain the culture medium;
[0087] (3)-(5) are the same as in Example 1.
[0088] The cultivation method and steps for this comparative example of enoki mushrooms are the same as those in Example 1.
[0089] Comparative Example 6:
[0090] This comparative example is compared with the matrix treatment of Example 1. The only difference from Example 1 is that jasmonic acid is not added during the matrix treatment process. The specific method is as follows:
[0091] (1)-(2) are the same as in Example 1;
[0092] (3) Matrix treatment: The culture medium was transferred into an autoclave and treated for 1.5 h at 0.15 MPa and 115 °C. The culture medium was then dried to obtain the treated culture medium.
[0093] (4)-(6) are the same as in Example 1.
[0094] The degradation agent and mixed bacterial agent used in this comparative example are the same as those in Example 1.
[0095] Comparative Example 7:
[0096] This comparative example is compared with Example 1. The difference between Example 1 and Example 1 is that the camellia peel is treated with existing technology, that is, with sodium hydroxide solution. The specific method is as follows:
[0097] (1) Pretreatment: The camellia peel is crushed and sieved to obtain camellia peel residue;
[0098] (2) Degradation treatment: Take 6 kg of camellia fruit peel residue and add it to a 10 wt% sodium hydroxide solution until the camellia fruit peel residue is completely submerged. Treat it at 200℃ for 2 hours, then filter out the camellia fruit peel residue with a filter cloth, cool it to room temperature, add 2 kg of wheat bran, 0.1 kg of sucrose, 0.1 kg of quicklime and 0.3 kg of the mixed microbial agent prepared in Example 1, adjust the moisture content to 60%, and ferment at 30℃ for 6 days. After the fermentation is completed, control the moisture until there is no obvious outflow to obtain the culture medium.
[0099] (3) Matrix treatment: The culture medium was transferred into an autoclave and treated at 0.15 MPa and 115 °C for 6 hours to obtain the treated culture medium, which was then dried for later use.
[0100] (4)-(6) are the same as in Example 1.
[0101] Comparative Example 8:
[0102] This comparative example is compared with the example example, and the only difference from Example 1 is that no degradation agent is used.
[0103] (1) Pretreatment: The camellia peel is crushed and sieved to obtain camellia peel residue;
[0104] (2) Degradation treatment: Take 6 kg of camellia peel residue, mix with water and pre-wet, add 2 kg of wheat bran, 0.1 kg of sucrose, 0.1 kg of quicklime and 0.05 kg of the mixed microbial agent prepared in Example 1, add water to adjust the moisture content to 60%, ferment at 30℃ for 6 days, and after fermentation, control the moisture until there is no obvious outflow to obtain the culture medium;
[0105] (3)-(5) are the same as in Example 1.
[0106] Experiment 1:
[0107] To detect the degradation effect of the degrading agent on Camellia oleifera fruit peel, an experiment was set up to determine the lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose content of the treated fruit peel. Experimental group 1 was treated with the degrading agent prepared in Example 1; control groups 1-4 were treated with the degrading agents prepared in Comparative Examples 1-4, respectively; control group 5 was treated according to the method in Comparative Example 8; and control group 6 was treated without the degrading agent according to the method in Comparative Example 9. After treatment, the lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose content in the fruit peel of each experimental group was determined using the Van Soest method. The results are shown in Table 1.
[0108] Table 1
[0109]
[0110]
[0111] Analysis of Table 1 yields the following results:
[0112] 1. Compared with experimental group 1, control group 1 did not add potassium ferrate to the degradation agent, but added potassium permanganate instead. The amount of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose in the treated camellia peel was higher, indicating that potassium permanganate was not as effective as potassium ferrate in degrading camellia peel.
[0113] 2. Compared with experimental group 1, control group 2 did not add sodium silicate when preparing the degradation agent. Due to the lack of sodium silicate to protect potassium ferrate, potassium ferrate was oxidized and decomposed during the degradation of camellia peel and lost its function. As a result, control group 2 had insufficient degradation effect on camellia peel, and the content of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose in the treated camellia peel was high.
[0114] 3. Compared with experimental group 1, control group 3 did not add chitosan oligosaccharide during the preparation of the degradation agent. The cellulose content of the treated camellia peel was higher because chitosan oligosaccharide can react with the hydroxyl groups in cellulose, thereby promoting the degradation of cellulose.
[0115] 4. Compared with experimental group 1, control group 4 did not add ferulic acid esterase during the preparation of the degradation agent. The lignin leakage from the cell wall was slower, resulting in a lower degradation rate of the camellia peel by the degradation agent, leading to a higher lignin content in the treated camellia peel.
[0116] 5. Compared with experimental group 1, control group 5, which was treated with sodium hydroxide solution at high temperature, had higher contents of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose in the treated camellia peel, indicating that the degradation efficiency of camellia peel by sulfuric acid was poor.
[0117] 6. Control group 6 did not undergo degradation treatment of Camellia oleifera peel, and the content of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose in Camellia oleifera peel was relatively high. However, the content of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose in Camellia oleifera peel treated with the degradation agent of Example 1 was significantly reduced, indicating that the degradation agent of Example 1 can effectively degrade Camellia oleifera peel.
[0118] Experiment 2:
[0119] Six experimental groups were set up, using *Flammulina velutipes* (ACCC 52180) purchased from the laboratory as the experimental strain. Cultivation of *Flammulina velutipes* was carried out in late April. *Flammulina velutipes* was cultivated according to the methods of Example 1, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Examples 5-8, respectively. Each experimental group cultivated 50 bags of *Flammulina velutipes*, with each bag containing 300g of culture medium and 15g of inoculum. During cultivation, the mycelial condition, time to full coverage, and yield of *Flammulina velutipes* were recorded. During mycelial culture, 20 bags of *Flammulina velutipes* were randomly selected, and their mycelial growth was recorded and the growth rate was calculated. Simultaneously, the iron content of the mycelium was measured after 12 days of mycelial culture. The results are shown in Table 2:
[0120] Table 2
[0121] hyphae Time to fill the bag (d) Growth rate (cm / d) Yield (g / bag) Iron content of mycelium (mg) Example 1 The mycelium is dark white, dense and robust. 21 0.54 320 0.021 Comparative Example 1 The mycelium is white and thick. 26 0.43 263 0.022 Comparative Example 5 The mycelium is white and thick. 25 0.45 269 0.021 Comparative Example 6 The mycelium is thick and white. 26 0.43 265 0.162 Comparative Example 7 The mycelium is white and thick. 27 0.42 254 0.017 Comparative Example 8 The mycelium is yellowish and slender. 31 0.32 232 0.018
[0122] Analysis of Table 2 shows that:
[0123] 1. Compared with Example 1, potassium ferrate was replaced with potassium permanganate in the preparation of the degradation agent in Comparative Example 1. Potassium permanganate promotes the degradation of cellulose and lignin in the camellia peel. However, the degradation efficiency is not as high as that of potassium ferrate, resulting in slow degradation of cellulose and lignin in the camellia peel in Comparative Example 1, leading to a lower growth rate, lower yield, and poorer quality of enoki mushrooms.
[0124] 2. Compared with Example 1, Comparative Example 5 did not add mixed inoculants during the preparation of the culture medium. The mycelial growth rate of the cultivated enoki mushrooms was slower and the time to fill the bag was longer. This is because the substrate prepared in Comparative Example 5 contained substances such as saponins and tannins that were not degraded by the mixed inoculants. Saponins and tannins inhibit mycelial growth, resulting in a slower growth rate, a longer time to fill the bag, and a reduced yield.
[0125] 3. Compared with Example 1, Comparative Example 6 did not add jasmonic acid during substrate treatment, resulting in a high iron content in the mycelium. This indicates that the mycelium absorbed more iron ions, leading to slow mycelial growth and a longer time to fill the bag. Jasmonic acid can reduce the absorption of iron ions by the mycelium and increase its growth rate.
[0126] 4. Compared with Example 1, Comparative Example 7 directly uses sodium hydroxide solution to treat the camellia peel at high temperature, resulting in a lower degradation rate of cellulose and lignin. Therefore, the mycelium has a lower utilization rate of it, which leads to slower growth of enoki mushrooms, longer bag filling time, and poorer quality.
[0127] 5. Compared with Example 1, Comparative Example 8 did not use a degradation agent in the process of preparing the culture medium. The lignin and cellulose in the camellia peel were not well degraded, resulting in low utilization and slow growth of enoki mushrooms with poor quality.
[0128] The above embodiments are only used to illustrate the technical solutions of the present invention and are not intended to limit it. Although the present invention has been described in detail with reference to preferred embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that modifications or equivalent substitutions can be made to the technical solutions of the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, and all such modifications and substitutions should be covered within the scope of the claims of the present invention. Technical aspects, shapes, and structures not described in detail in this invention are all well-known technologies. 。
Claims
1. A method for cultivating enoki mushrooms using camellia peel as a culture medium, characterized in that, The method includes the following steps: (1) Pretreatment: The camellia peel is crushed and sieved to obtain camellia peel residue; (2) Degradation treatment: The camellia peel residue is pre-wetted with water, mixed with mixed microbial agent, wheat bran, sucrose, quicklime and degradation agent, and fermented to obtain culture medium; (3) Matrix treatment: Jasmonic acid was added to the culture substrate, and the substrate was dried after high temperature and high pressure treatment to obtain the treated culture substrate; (4) Making mushroom bags: Pack the treated culture medium into bags and inoculate with enoki mushroom spawn under aseptic conditions to obtain mushroom bags; (5) Cultivating mushrooms: Place the mushroom bags in the cultivation room for mycelial cultivation. After the mycelium has fully grown, carry out mushroom cultivation management. (6) Harvesting: Generally, the stipe can be harvested when it reaches 13-14 cm in length and the cap diameter is 0.8-1.5 cm; The specific operation of the substrate treatment in step (3) is as follows: add jasmonic acid to the culture substrate and treat it for 1.5 to 2 hours under the conditions of 0.15 to 0.2 MPa and 115 to 120°C; The raw materials for the degradation agent are as follows: potassium ferrate, sodium silicate, chitosan oligosaccharide, and ferulic acid esterase; The proportions of raw materials in the culture medium during step (2) are as follows: The mass ratio of camellia fruit peel residue, wheat bran, sucrose, quicklime, mixed microbial agent, and degradation agent is (60-75):(20-35):(1-2):(1-2):(0.5-0.8):(1-2); The mass of jasmonic acid added in step (3) is 0.4-0.5% of the culture medium. The mixed microbial agent is: Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus foetida, with a mass ratio of 1:(0.6-0.8). The proportions of each raw material in the degradation agent are as follows: The mass ratio of potassium ferrate, sodium silicate, chitosan oligosaccharide, and ferulic acid esterase is 1:(0.2-0.3):(0.6-0.8):(0.4-0.5).
2. The method for cultivating enoki mushrooms using camellia peel as a culture medium according to claim 1, characterized in that, The fermentation conditions in step (2) are: the moisture content is adjusted to 60-70%, the temperature is 30-40℃, and the fermentation time is 6-8 days.
3. The method for cultivating enoki mushrooms using camellia pericarp as a culture medium according to claim 2, characterized in that, In step (4), the amount of enoki mushroom spawn inoculated is 5-8% of the culture medium.
4. The method for cultivating enoki mushrooms using camellia peel as a culture medium according to claim 3, characterized in that, The degradation agent is prepared as follows: Potassium ferrate was added to deionized water and stirred at 300–350 rpm for 2–3 min to obtain a potassium ferrate solution. The solution was then heated to 50–60 °C, and sodium silicate, chitosan oligosaccharide, and ferulic acid esterase were added to the potassium ferrate solution. The solution was stirred until completely dissolved and then cooled to room temperature to obtain the degradation agent.