An adaptive photonic analysis method for multi-scale cross-dimension structured photovoltaic systems

Abstract

The application discloses a kind of adaptive photonic analysis methods for multi-scale cross-dimension structure photovoltaic system, belong to photonic analysis technical field of photovoltaic system.The application eliminates the assumption condition generally used in existing optical method, uses the adaptive matching of optical structure scale and dimension, the period calculation domain adaptive matching of asynchronous texture, multi-scale cross-dimension adaptive coupling, adaptive tracking of photon propagation and other technologies, under the premise of guaranteeing calculation precision, substantially improve the multi-scale cross-dimension photonic calculation efficiency.Secondly, the photonic analysis method proposed in the application has universality and can be widely applied to various photovoltaic systems, such as packaging level single-junction photovoltaic cell, laminated photovoltaic cell, photovoltaic window and photovoltaic-collector coupling system.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of photonics analysis of photovoltaic cells, and specifically relates to an adaptive photonics analysis method for multi-scale, cross-dimensional photovoltaic systems. Background Technology

[0002] Photovoltaic systems, built upon photovoltaic cells, including photovoltaic windows, photovoltaic-collector systems, and photovoltaic-thermal power systems, are widely used in architecture, medicine, displays, and sensing. However, with increasing performance and structural complexity, multi-scale, cross-dimensional coupling propagation of photons occurs within photovoltaic systems. Taking a single photovoltaic cell as an example, the thickness of each functional layer varies across scales, from macroscopic (approximately 1-3 mm for encapsulation glass) to micrometers (approximately 200 μm for photovoltaic light conversion layers) and then to nanometers (approximately 10-100 nm for antireflection and passivation layers), making it impossible for single geometric optics or wave optics methods to cover these dimensions. Simultaneously, at the wave optics level, there are dimensional gaps ranging from one-dimensional stacked structures (planar deposited passivation layers) to three-dimensional micro / nano structures (surface micro / nano antireflection structures), requiring wave optics processing to simultaneously consider multi-layer interference, microcavity effects, and multidirectional scattering. In coupled systems such as photovoltaic windows and photovoltaic-collectors, the propagation of photons becomes even more complex due to the addition of more unit components. Therefore, accurately describing the propagation process of photons in photovoltaic systems is an important prerequisite for achieving the rational distribution and efficient utilization of solar photon energy.

[0003] Currently, research on optical properties at a single scale is relatively mature and abundant. However, when applied to complex structures at multiple scales and dimensions, optical analysis is often conducted by ignoring assumptions such as multi-scale boundary reflection, isotropic multi-directional scattering, and low-dimensional coherent structures. This results in unclear and inaccurate mechanisms by which the internal structural characteristics of photovoltaic systems affect photon propagation, making it impossible to achieve precise photon control in photovoltaic systems. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To overcome the shortcomings of the prior art, the present invention aims to provide an adaptive photonics analysis method for multi-scale, cross-dimensional photovoltaic systems, which can efficiently and accurately describe the propagation of photons in multi-scale, cross-dimensional structures, laying a solid foundation for accurate optical control and system performance optimization of photovoltaic systems.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is as follows:

[0006] An adaptive photonics analysis method for multi-scale, multi-dimensional photovoltaic systems includes the following steps:

[0007] Step 1: Adaptively match the scale and dimension of optical structures, and match the corresponding analysis methods for structures of different scales and dimensions;

[0008] Step 2: For photovoltaic systems with asynchronous textures, adaptively match the periodic computation domain. Texture structure refers to the difference in texture shape, size, or period between the upper and lower surfaces of the structure.

[0009] Step 3: Multi-scale cross-dimensional adaptive coupling, which is a corresponding coupling method for matching the wavelength, phase, and distribution propagation relationship between photons between structures of different scales and dimensions;

[0010] Step 4: Initialize the settings for the number of incident photons, spectral radiation intensity, wavelength, and incident angle, and randomly set the initial coordinates of each photon;

[0011] Step 5: Adaptive loop tracking of photon propagation.

[0012] In one embodiment, step 1 uses the ratio of the device structural feature size to the maximum wavelength of the light source as the criterion. If the ratio is greater than 3, it is considered a geometric optical structure and matched with ray tracing and ray transmission matrix analysis methods; otherwise, it is considered a wave optical structure, and continuous identical optical structures are considered as a unit as a whole.

[0013] In one embodiment, the wave optical structure is classified into aperiodic stacked structure, one-dimensional periodic distribution structure, two-dimensional periodic distribution structure, and three-dimensional periodic distribution structure, and matched with the transfer matrix method, one-dimensional structure matching transfer matrix method, two-dimensional structure matching strict coupled-wave analysis method, and finite-difference time-domain method, respectively. The aperiodic stacked structure refers to a multilayer stacked structure with multiple materials of varying thicknesses or multiple materials distributed aperiodically. The one-dimensional periodic distribution structure refers to a multilayer stacked structure with the same material of the same thickness and two or more materials distributed in a one-dimensional periodic pattern. The two-dimensional periodic distribution structure refers to a structure periodically distributed in the x and y axes. The three-dimensional periodic distribution structure refers to a structure periodically distributed in the x, y, and z axes.

[0014] In one embodiment, step 2, determining the difference in the periodic calculation domain of different optical structures, includes:

[0015] (1) In the photovoltaic system, the periodic computation domains corresponding to the wave optical structure and the geometric optical structure are independent of each other, and the numerical transfer between the multi-scale periodic computation domains is achieved by multi-scale cross-dimensional adaptive coupling.

[0016] (2) When the wave optical structures of different dimensions in the photovoltaic system are continuous, the periodic computation domain of the wave optical structure is the periodic computation domain corresponding to the largest feature structure size; when they are discontinuous, the periodic computation domains of the wave optical structures of different dimensions are independent of each other, and the numerical transfer between the periodic computation domains across dimensions is achieved by multi-scale cross-dimensional adaptive coupling.

[0017] In one embodiment, step 3, multi-scale cross-dimensional adaptive coupling, includes:

[0018] (1) For the reflection and refraction of photons between the geometric optical structure and the stacked structure, the Fresnel equation is used to couple the transmission relationship of wavelength, phase and distribution between the incident photon and the refracted and reflected photon;

[0019] (2) For the scattering, interference and diffraction phenomena of photons incident between geometric optical structures and one-dimensional periodic distribution structures, two-dimensional periodic distribution structures and three-dimensional periodic distribution structures, the grating equation based on the Huygens–Fresnel principle is used to couple the transmission relationship of wavelength, phase and distribution between incident photons and scattered, interfering and diffracted photons.

[0020] (3) For the scattering, interference and diffraction phenomena of photons incident between the stacked structure and the one-dimensional periodic distribution structure, two-dimensional periodic distribution structure and three-dimensional periodic distribution structure, the grating equation based on the Huygens-Fresnel principle is used to couple the transmission relationship of wavelength, phase and distribution between the incident photons and the scattered, interfering and diffracted photons.

[0021] In one embodiment, step 4 involves randomly setting the initial coordinates of each photon based on the Monte Carlo random function algorithm.

[0022] In one embodiment, step 5, adaptive cyclic tracking of photon propagation, includes:

[0023] By using adaptive photon splitting order constraints and adaptive diffraction order constraints, the optical propagation process of photons in a photovoltaic system is traced, and the distribution of absorbed photons and the reflection and transmission losses in the photovoltaic system are obtained.

[0024] In one embodiment, the adaptive photon splitting order limitation refers to the fact that during the propagation of photons in a photovoltaic system, due to multiple reflections and refractions caused by macroscopic texture structures, photons entering the photovoltaic system undergo multi-level splitting. The ratio of split photons to the initial incident photons is used as the judgment weight to adaptively limit the splitting order for different photon wavelengths, spectral radiation intensities, incident angles, and different structural materials.

[0025] The adaptive photon diffraction order limitation refers to the adaptive limitation of the diffraction order for different photon wavelengths, spectral radiation intensity, incident angles, and different structural materials, based on the ratio of photons with different phases to the initial incident photons during the propagation of photons in a photovoltaic system, due to the diffraction phenomenon that occurs in micro- and nano-scale optical structures.

[0026] This invention also provides an adaptive photonics analysis system for multi-scale, multi-dimensional photovoltaic systems, comprising:

[0027] The optical structure scale and dimension adaptive matching module obtains the device structure feature size and the maximum wavelength of the light source and calculates the ratio between the two. When the ratio is greater than 3, it is regarded as a geometric optical structure and matched with the ray tracing method and the ray transmission matrix analysis method; otherwise, it is regarded as a wave optical structure, and continuous identical optical structures are treated as a unit as a whole.

[0028] The periodic computation domain adaptive matching module acquires the texture morphology, size, and period of the upper and lower surfaces for photovoltaic systems with asynchronous textures, and matches the corresponding computation domains for different optical structures. The asynchronous texture refers to the different texture morphology, size, or period of the upper and lower surfaces of the structure.

[0029] The multi-scale, cross-dimensional adaptive coupling module provides corresponding coupling methods for matching the wavelength, phase, and distribution propagation relationships between photons between structures of different scales and dimensions. Specifically: for reflection and refraction of photons between geometric optical structures and stacked structures, the Fresnel equation is used to couple the wavelength, phase, and distribution propagation relationships between incident photons and refracted / reflected photons; for scattering, interference, and diffraction phenomena of photons between geometric optical structures and one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional periodic distribution structures, a grating equation based on the Huygens–Fresnel principle is used to couple the wavelength, phase, and distribution propagation relationships between incident photons and scattered, interfered, and diffracted photons; for scattering, interference, and diffraction phenomena of photons between stacked structures and one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional periodic distribution structures, a grating equation based on the Huygens–Fresnel principle is used to couple the wavelength, phase, and distribution propagation relationships between incident photons and scattered, interfered, and diffracted photons.

[0030] Step 4: Parameter setting module, initialize the number of incident photons, spectral radiation intensity, wavelength and incident angle, and randomly set the initial coordinates of each photon;

[0031] Step 5: The photon propagation adaptive cyclic tracking module tracks the optical propagation process of photons in the photovoltaic system by limiting the adaptive photon splitting order and the adaptive diffraction order, thereby obtaining the distribution of absorbed photons and the reflection and transmission losses in the photovoltaic system.

[0032] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0033] 1. This invention eliminates the assumptions commonly used in existing optical methods, such as ignoring cross-scale boundary reflection, isotropic multi-directional scattering, and low-dimensional coherent structures, and establishes a multi-scale, cross-dimensional integrated photonics analysis method for photons, enabling an accurate description of the multi-scale, cross-dimensional propagation process of photons in photovoltaic systems.

[0034] 2. This invention employs techniques such as adaptive matching of optical structure scale and dimension, asynchronous texture adaptive matching, multi-scale cross-dimensional coupling adaptive matching, and adaptive tracking of photon propagation, which can significantly improve computational efficiency while ensuring computational accuracy.

[0035] 3. The photonics analysis method proposed in this invention has universality and can be widely applied to various photovoltaic systems, such as encapsulated single-junction photovoltaic cells, tandem photovoltaic cells, photovoltaic windows, and photovoltaic-collector coupling systems. Attached Figure Description

[0036] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the ultrathin photovoltaic cell with an inverted pyramid texture in Embodiment 1 of the present invention.

[0037] Figure 2 The figure shows the experimental verification results of the photonics analysis method involved in Embodiment 1 of the present invention.

[0038] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the perovskite / silicon tandem photovoltaic cell with asynchronous texture in Embodiment 2 of the present invention.

[0039] Figure 4 The figure shows the experimental verification results of the photonics analysis method involved in Embodiment 2 of the present invention. Detailed Implementation

[0040] To enable those skilled in the art to more clearly understand the features and effects of the present invention, the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples. The specific examples described herein are only for explaining the present invention and are not intended to limit the present invention. Furthermore, the technical features involved in the embodiments of the present invention described below are only for the illustrative object and are not limiting.

[0041] The terms and expressions used in this specification and claims are to be generally described and defined. Unless otherwise specified, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the common meaning understood by those skilled in the art in relation to this invention, and in the event of any conflict, the definitions in this specification shall prevail.

[0042] The theories or mechanisms described and disclosed herein, whether right or wrong, should not in any way limit the scope of the invention, that is, the contents of the invention can be implemented without being limited by any particular theory or mechanism.

[0043] In this document, all features defined by numerical ranges or percentage ranges, such as numerical values, quantities, contents, and concentrations, are for the sake of brevity and convenience only. Accordingly, descriptions of numerical ranges or percentage ranges should be considered as covering and specifically disclosing all possible sub-ranges and individual numerical values ​​within those ranges, including integers and fractions.

[0044] In this article, unless otherwise specified, “contains,” “includes,” “containing,” “has,” or similar terms cover the meanings of “composed of” and “mainly composed of,” for example, “A contains a” covers the meanings of “A contains a and others” and “A contains only a.”

[0045] For the sake of brevity, not all possible combinations of the technical features in each implementation scheme or embodiment are described herein. Therefore, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, the technical features in each implementation scheme or embodiment can be combined arbitrarily, and all possible combinations should be considered within the scope of this specification.

[0046] The present invention will be further illustrated below with reference to specific embodiments. It should be understood that these embodiments are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Furthermore, it should be understood that after reading the teachings of this invention, those skilled in the art can make various alterations or modifications to the invention, and these equivalent forms also fall within the scope defined by the appended claims.

[0047] This invention provides an adaptive photonics analysis method for multi-scale, multi-dimensional photovoltaic systems, comprising the following steps:

[0048] Step 1: Adaptively match the scale and dimension of optical structures, thereby automatically matching the corresponding photonics analysis methods for optical structures of different scales and dimensions in photovoltaic systems.

[0049] Photovoltaic systems exhibit a wide variety of optical structures, which can be categorized into multiple scales based on their characteristic dimensions and further subdivided into various dimensions based on their periodic characteristics. In this invention, the ratio of the device structure's characteristic dimension to the maximum wavelength of the light source is used as the criterion. If this ratio is greater than 3, the device structure is determined to be a geometric optical structure, and is matched using ray tracing and ray transmission matrix analysis methods. Otherwise, the device structure is determined to be a wave optical structure, and continuous identical optical structures are treated as a single unit. Based on this criterion, this invention divides the device structure into two scales.

[0050] In terms of dimensions, this invention classifies wave optical structures into stacked structures, one-dimensional periodic distribution structures, two-dimensional periodic distribution structures, and three-dimensional periodic distribution structures, i.e., four dimensions. The stacked structures are further divided into aperiodic and periodic stacked structures. An aperiodic stacked structure refers to a multi-layered structure where multiple materials have varying thicknesses or multiple materials are non-periodicly distributed along the longitudinal z-axis of the photovoltaic system. A periodic stacked structure refers to a multi-layered structure where the same materials have the same thickness, and two or more materials are periodically distributed along the longitudinal z-axis of the photovoltaic system in a one-dimensional manner. A one-dimensional periodic distribution structure refers to a non-stacked structure where the same materials have the same dimensions, and two or more materials are periodically distributed along the x or y-axis of the photovoltaic system surface in a one-dimensional manner. A two-dimensional periodic distribution structure refers to a structure periodically distributed along the x and y axes of the photovoltaic system surface. A three-dimensional periodic distribution structure refers to a structure periodically distributed along the x, y, and z axes. This invention matches the aforementioned stacked structure, one-dimensional periodic distribution structure, two-dimensional periodic distribution structure, and three-dimensional periodic distribution structure with the transmission matrix method, the one-dimensional structure matching transmission matrix method, the two-dimensional structure matching strict coupled wave analysis method, and the finite-difference time-domain method, respectively.

[0051] Through this step, the present invention will achieve adaptive classification of the corresponding optical structure and optimal matching of the corresponding photonics analysis method based on the user-defined photovoltaic system.

[0052] Step 2: Adaptive matching of the periodic computation domain for photovoltaic systems with asynchronous textures.

[0053] Texture structures are primarily used on the upper and lower surfaces of photovoltaic cells to enhance light absorption. Asynchronous textures, on the other hand, refer to the use of different morphologies, sizes, or periodic textures on the upper and lower surfaces of the photovoltaic cell. In this step, based on the characteristics of asynchronous textures, a suitable periodic calculation domain for the photovoltaic system is matched, including:

[0054] (1) In the photovoltaic system, the periodic computation domains corresponding to the wave optical structure and the geometric optical structure are independent of each other, and the numerical transfer between the multi-scale periodic computation domains is achieved by multi-scale cross-dimensional adaptive coupling.

[0055] (2) When the wave optical structures of different dimensions in the photovoltaic system are continuous, the periodic computation domain of the wave optical structure is the periodic computation domain corresponding to the largest feature structure size; when they are discontinuous, the periodic computation domains of the wave optical structures of different dimensions are independent of each other, and the numerical transfer between the periodic computation domains across dimensions is achieved by multi-scale cross-dimensional adaptive coupling.

[0056] Step 3: Multi-scale cross-dimensional adaptive coupling, which is a corresponding coupling method for matching the wavelength, phase, and distribution transmission relationship between photons between optical structures of different scales and dimensions in a photovoltaic system.

[0057] Photons produce different optical phenomena when propagating between optical structures of different scales and dimensions, such as refraction, reflection, absorption, scattering, and diffraction. Therefore, the multi-scale, cross-dimensional adaptive coupling in this step mainly includes:

[0058] (1) The photon incident between the geometric optical structure and the stacked structure mainly undergoes reflection and refraction. This invention uses the Fresnel equation to couple the transmission relationship of wavelength, phase and distribution between the incident photon and the refracted photon and the reflected photon.

[0059] (2) The incident photon between the geometric optical structure and the one-dimensional periodic distribution structure, two-dimensional periodic distribution structure, and three-dimensional periodic distribution structure mainly involves scattering, interference, and diffraction. In these cases, the present invention uses the grating equation based on the Huygens–Fresnel principle to couple the transmission relationship of wavelength, phase, and distribution between the incident photon and the scattered, interfered, and diffracted photon.

[0060] (3) The main phenomena of photon incident between the stacked structure and the one-dimensional periodic distribution structure, two-dimensional periodic distribution structure, and three-dimensional periodic distribution structure are scattering, interference, and diffraction. In these cases, the present invention uses the grating equation based on the Huygens–Fresnel principle to couple the transmission relationship of wavelength, phase, and distribution between the incident photon and the scattered, interfered, and diffracted photon.

[0061] Step 4: Initialize the settings for the number of incident photons, spectral radiation intensity, wavelength, and incident angle, and randomly set the initial coordinates of each photon;

[0062] For example, the initial coordinates of each photon can be randomly set based on the Monte Carlo random function algorithm.

[0063] Step 5: Adaptive loop tracking of photon propagation.

[0064] Depending on the structure, photon propagation is accompanied by photon splitting and photon diffraction, with the distribution of absorbed photons and the reflection / transmission loss during propagation primarily determined by the photon splitting order and the photon diffraction order, respectively. Therefore, in this step, by adaptively limiting the photon splitting order and the diffraction order, the optical propagation process of photons in the photovoltaic system is efficiently and accurately tracked, yielding the distribution of absorbed photons and the reflection / transmission loss within the photovoltaic system.

[0065] The adaptive photon splitting order limitation refers to the fact that during the propagation of photons in a photovoltaic system, multiple reflections and refractions occur due to macroscopic texture structures, resulting in multi-level splitting of photons entering the photovoltaic system. The ratio of the photon energy of the split photon to that of the initial incident photon (which can be customized) is used as the judgment weight to adaptively limit the splitting order for different photon wavelengths, spectral radiation intensities, incident angles, and different structural materials. The smaller the weight, the higher the calculation accuracy, but the lower the calculation efficiency.

[0066] The adaptive photon diffraction order constraint refers to the adaptive constraint of the diffraction order during photon propagation in a photovoltaic system, where diffraction occurs due to the micro- and nano-scale optical structures. This constraint uses the ratio (which can be customized) of the photon energy of different phase photons to the initial incident photon as a weight to determine the diffraction order for different photon wavelengths, spectral radiation intensities, incident angles, and structural materials. A smaller weight results in higher computational accuracy but lower computational efficiency.

[0067] The photonics analysis method proposed in this invention can be widely applied to various photovoltaic systems, such as encapsulated single-junction photovoltaic cells, tandem photovoltaic cells, photovoltaic windows, and photovoltaic-collector coupling systems. The specific process and effects of the analysis method of this invention are described in detail in the following embodiments.

[0068] Example 1

[0069] Photonic analysis objects such as Figure 1 The image shows an ultrathin monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic cell (ITO, SiO2, and c-Si thicknesses are 40 nm, 100 nm, and 20 μm, respectively) with an inverted pyramidal texture (lattice constant of 5 μm and sidewall angle of 54.7°). The incident photon spectrum ranges from 300 to 1200 nm. The specific photonic analysis steps are as follows:

[0070] Step 1: Adaptive matching of optical structure scale and dimension. First, the ratios of the inverted pyramid feature size, ITO, SiO2, and c-Si layer thicknesses to the maximum wavelength of the light source are 4.17, 0.03, 0.08, and 16.67, respectively. Therefore, photons will propagate in a geometric optical manner on the surface of the inverted pyramid texture structure and in the c-Si layer, which is analyzed using the matching ray tracing method. In contrast, photons will propagate in a wave optical manner in the air / ITO / SiO2 / c-Si and c-Si / SiO2 / Ag stacked aperiodic wave optical structure layers, which is analyzed using the matching transfer matrix method.

[0071] Step 2: Adaptive matching of the periodic computation domain for photovoltaic systems with asynchronous textures. In this example, photons propagate in a geometrical optical manner on the three-dimensional inverted pyramid texture structure on the surface of the ultrathin monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic cell, and wave optics only exist in stacked non-periodic structures. Therefore, the periodic computation domains of each optical structure are independent.

[0072] Step 3: Multi-scale cross-dimensional coupling adaptive matching. This example only involves stacked aperiodic wave optical structures and geometric optical structures. Therefore, the Fresnel equation will be used to couple the wavelength, phase, and distribution propagation relationships between incident photons, refracted photons, and reflected photons.

[0073] Step 4: Initialize the number of incident photons (10000), spectral radiation intensity (AM1.5), wavelength (300-1200nm), and incident angle (0°), and set the initial coordinates of each photon based on the Monte Carlo random function algorithm.

[0074] Step 5: Adaptive tracking of photon propagation. (1) Photons may be reflected multiple times on the surface of the inverted pyramid. An adaptive photon splitting order method is adopted, and the ratio of the spectral energy of the reflected photons to that of the initial incident photons is used as the criterion to optimize the photon splitting order. The transfer matrix method is used to calculate and record the multi-level photons that enter the device through the air / ITO / SiO2 / c-Si stacked non-periodic wave optical structure layer. (2) The ray tracing method is used to calculate the transmission process of photons in the c-Si layer, and then the transfer matrix method is used to calculate the transmission process of photons in the c-Si / SiO2 / Ag stacked non-periodic wave optical structure layer. (3) The photons reflected by the bottom c-Si / SiO2 / Ag stacked non-periodic wave optical structure layer will pass through the c-Si layer (using the ray tracing method) and the c-Si / SiO2 / ITO / air stacked non-periodic wave optical structure layer (using the adaptive photon splitting order method and the transfer matrix method). (4) The process of (1)-(3) is repeated until the photon energy inside the device is less than the set threshold.

[0075] like Figure 2 As shown, the absorption spectrum curve of the c-Si layer obtained by the above photonic analysis method is in good agreement with the experimental results, proving that the method has high accuracy.

[0076] Example 2

[0077] Photonic analysis objects such as Figure 3 The image shows a perovskite / silicon tandem photovoltaic cell with a pyramidal texture (lattice constant of 5 μm) at the bottom, comprising LiF / IZO / SnO2 / C. 60 / Perovskite / PTAA / ITO / nc-SiO xThe thicknesses of H(n) / a-Si(i) / c-Si(n) / a-Si(i) / a-Si(p) / AZO / Ag are 110 nm, 80 nm, 5 nm, 50 nm, 700 nm, 50 nm, 5 nm, 25 nm, 5 nm, 200 μm, 5 nm, 5 nm, 70 nm, and 80 nm, respectively. The incident photon spectrum range is 300-1200 nm. The specific photonic analysis steps are as follows:

[0078] Step 1: Adaptive matching of optical structure scale and dimension. First, LiF / IZO / SnO2 / C 60 / Perovskite / PTAA / ITO / nc-SiO x The ratio of the thickness of the H(n) / a-Si(i) layers to the maximum wavelength of the light source (1200 nm) is at most 0.58, and they are non-periodic stacked structures. Therefore, the propagation of photons from LiF to a-Si(i) will match the transfer matrix method. The ratios of the lattice constants of the c-Si(n) layer and the pyramid texture to the maximum wavelength of the light source (1200 nm) are 166.67 and 4.17, respectively. Therefore, the propagation of photons on the surface of the c-Si(n) layer and the pyramid texture structure matches the ray tracing method of geometric optics. The ratio of the thickness of the a-Si(i) / a-Si(p) / AZO / Ag layers to the maximum wavelength of the light source (1200 nm) is at most 0.067, and they are non-periodic stacked structures. Therefore, the propagation of photons from a-Si(i) to Ag will match the transfer matrix method.

[0079] Step 2: Adaptive matching of the periodic computation domain for photovoltaic systems with asynchronous textures. Photons propagate in a geometrical optical manner on the three-dimensional pyramidal texture structure on the lower surface of the perovskite / silicon tandem photovoltaic cell, and wave optics only exist in the tandem non-periodic structure. Therefore, the periodic computation domains of each optical structure are independent.

[0080] Step 3: Multi-scale cross-dimensional coupling adaptive matching. This example only involves stacked aperiodic wave optical structures and geometric optical structures. Therefore, the Fresnel equation will be used to couple the wavelength, phase, and distribution propagation relationships between incident photons, refracted photons, and reflected photons.

[0081] Step 4: Initialize the number of incident photons (10000), spectral radiation intensity (AM1.5), wavelength (300-1200nm), and incident angle (0°), and set the initial coordinates of each photon based on the Monte Carlo random function algorithm.

[0082] Step 5: Adaptive tracking of photon propagation. (1) The transmission matrix method was used to simulate the reflection, absorption, and transmission of photons from the air-LiF / IZO / SnO2 / C60 / perovskite / PTAA / ITO / nc-SiOx:H(n) / a-Si(i) / c-Si(n) stacked non-periodic wave optical structure layer at the top of the perovskite / silicon tandem photovoltaic cell into the c-Si(n) layer; (2) The ray tracing method was used to calculate the photon propagation process in the c-Si(n) layer, and the transmission matrix method was used to calculate and record the process. (2) Photons reflected back into the device through the c-Si(n) / a-Si(i) / a-Si(p) / AZO / Ag stacked aperiodic wave optical structure layer; (3) The transmission process of the bottom reflected photons in the c-Si(n) layer is calculated by ray tracing, and then the transmission matrix method is used to calculate the transmission process of photons from c-Si(n) back to LiF (stacked aperiodic wave optical structure layer); (4) The process (1)-(3) is repeated until the photon energy inside the device is less than the set threshold.

[0083] like Figure 4 As shown, the absorption spectrum curves of the perovskite and monocrystalline silicon layers in the perovskite / silicon tandem photovoltaic cell obtained by the above photonics analysis method are in good agreement with the experimental results, proving that the method has high accuracy.

[0084] The above content is only for illustrating the technical concept of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the present invention. Any modifications made to the technical solution based on the technical concept proposed in this invention shall fall within the scope of protection of the claims of this invention.

[0085] The above content is only for illustrating the technical concept of the present invention and should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection of the present invention. Any modifications made to the technical solution based on the technical concept proposed in this invention shall fall within the scope of protection of the claims of this invention.

Claims

1. An adaptive photonics analysis method for multi-scale, multi-dimensional photovoltaic systems, characterized in that, Includes the following steps: Step 1: Adaptively match the scale and dimension of optical structures, and match the corresponding analysis methods for structures of different scales and dimensions; Step 2: For photovoltaic systems with asynchronous textures, adaptively match the periodic computation domain. The asynchronous texture refers to the different texture morphology, size, or period on the upper and lower surfaces of the structure. Step 3: Multi-scale cross-dimensional adaptive coupling, which is a corresponding coupling method for matching the wavelength, phase, and distribution transmission relationship between photons between structures of different scales and dimensions; Step 4: Initialize the settings for the number of incident photons, spectral radiation intensity, wavelength, and incident angle, and randomly set the initial coordinates of each photon; Step 5: Adaptive loop tracking of photon propagation; In step 1, the ratio of the device's structural feature size to the maximum wavelength of the light source is used as the criterion. If the ratio is greater than 3, it is considered a geometric optical structure and matched with ray tracing and ray transmission matrix analysis methods; otherwise, it is considered a wave optical structure, and continuous identical optical structures are treated as a unit as a whole. The wave optical structures are classified into aperiodic stacked structures, one-dimensional periodic distribution structures, two-dimensional periodic distribution structures, and three-dimensional periodic distribution structures, and matched with the transfer matrix method, one-dimensional structure matching transfer matrix method, two-dimensional structure matching strict coupled-wave analysis method, and finite-difference time-domain method, respectively. Among them, the aperiodic stacked structure refers to a multilayer stacked structure in which multiple materials have different thicknesses or multiple materials are distributed aperiodically; the one-dimensional periodic distribution structure refers to a multilayer stacked structure in which the same material has the same thickness and two or more materials are distributed in a one-dimensional periodic manner; the two-dimensional periodic distribution structure refers to a structure that is periodically distributed in the x and y axes; and the three-dimensional periodic distribution structure refers to a structure that is periodically distributed in the x, y, and z axes. Step 3, multi-scale cross-dimensional adaptive coupling, includes: (1) For the reflection and refraction of photons between the geometric optical structure and the stacked structure, the Fresnel equation is used to couple the transmission relationship of wavelength, phase and distribution between the incident photon and the refracted and reflected photon; (2) For the scattering, interference and diffraction phenomena of photons incident between geometric optical structures and one-dimensional periodic distribution structures, two-dimensional periodic distribution structures and three-dimensional periodic distribution structures, the grating equation based on the Huygens-Fresnel principle is used to couple the transmission relationship of wavelength, phase and distribution between incident photons and scattered, interfering and diffracted photons. (3) For the scattering, interference and diffraction phenomena of photons occurring between the stacked structure and the one-dimensional periodic distribution structure, the two-dimensional periodic distribution structure and the three-dimensional periodic distribution structure, the grating equation based on the Huygens-Fresnel principle is used to couple the transmission relationship of wavelength, phase and distribution between the incident photon and the scattered, interfering and diffracted photons.

2. The adaptive photonics analysis method for multi-scale, cross-dimensional photovoltaic systems according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step 2, determining the differences in the periodic calculation domain for different optical structures, includes: (1) In the photovoltaic system, the periodic computational domains corresponding to the wave optical structure and the geometric optical structure are independent of each other, and the numerical transfer between the multi-scale periodic computational domains is achieved by multi-scale cross-dimensional adaptive coupling. (2) When the wave optical structures of different dimensions in the photovoltaic system are continuous, the periodic computation domain of the wave optical structure is the periodic computation domain corresponding to the largest feature structure size; when they are discontinuous, the periodic computation domains of the wave optical structures of different dimensions are independent of each other, and the numerical transfer between the periodic computation domains across dimensions is achieved by multi-scale cross-dimensional adaptive coupling.

3. The adaptive photonics analysis method for multi-scale, cross-dimensional photovoltaic systems according to claim 1, characterized in that, In step 4, the initial coordinates of each photon are randomly set based on the Monte Carlo random function algorithm.

4. The adaptive photonics analysis method for multi-scale, cross-dimensional photovoltaic systems according to claim 1, characterized in that, Step 5, adaptive cyclic tracking of photon propagation, includes: By using adaptive photon splitting order constraints and adaptive diffraction order constraints, the optical propagation process of photons in a photovoltaic system is traced, and the distribution of absorbed photons and the reflection and transmission losses in the photovoltaic system are obtained.

5. The adaptive photonics analysis method for multi-scale, cross-dimensional photovoltaic systems according to claim 4, characterized in that, The adaptive photon splitting order limitation refers to the fact that during the propagation of photons in a photovoltaic system, multiple reflections and refractions occur due to macroscopic texture structures, resulting in multiple splits of photons entering the photovoltaic system. The ratio of split photons to the initial incident photons is used as the judgment weight to adaptively limit the splitting order for different photon wavelengths, spectral radiation intensities, incident angles, and different structural materials. The adaptive photon diffraction order limitation refers to the adaptive limitation of the diffraction order for different photon wavelengths, spectral radiation intensity, incident angles, and different structural materials, based on the ratio of photons with different phases to the initial incident photons during the propagation of photons in a photovoltaic system, due to the diffraction phenomenon that occurs in micro- and nano-scale optical structures.

6. An adaptive photonics analysis system for multi-scale, multi-dimensional photovoltaic systems, characterized in that, include: The optical structure scale and dimension adaptive matching module obtains the device structure feature size and the maximum wavelength of the light source and calculates the ratio between the two. When the ratio is greater than 3, it is regarded as a geometric optical structure and matched using the ray tracing method and the ray transmission matrix analysis method. Otherwise, it is treated as a wave optical structure, and continuous identical optical structures are treated as a single unit. The wave optical structures are classified into aperiodic stacked structures, one-dimensional periodic distribution structures, two-dimensional periodic distribution structures, and three-dimensional periodic distribution structures, and matched with the transfer matrix method, one-dimensional structure matching transfer matrix method, two-dimensional structure matching strict coupled-wave analysis method, and finite-difference time-domain method, respectively. Among them, the aperiodic stacked structure refers to a multilayer stacked structure in which multiple materials have different thicknesses or multiple materials are distributed aperiodically; the one-dimensional periodic distribution structure refers to a multilayer stacked structure in which the same material has the same thickness and two or more materials are distributed in a one-dimensional periodic manner; the two-dimensional periodic distribution structure refers to a structure that is periodically distributed in the x and y axes; and the three-dimensional periodic distribution structure refers to a structure that is periodically distributed in the x, y, and z axes. The periodic computation domain adaptive matching module acquires the texture morphology, size, and period of the upper and lower surfaces for photovoltaic systems with asynchronous textures, and matches the corresponding computation domains for different optical structures. The asynchronous texture refers to the different texture morphology, size, or period of the upper and lower surfaces of the structure. The multi-scale, cross-dimensional adaptive coupling module provides corresponding coupling methods for matching the wavelength, phase, and distribution propagation relationships between photons between structures of different scales and dimensions. Specifically: for reflection and refraction of photons between geometric optical structures and stacked structures, the Fresnel equation is used to couple the wavelength, phase, and distribution propagation relationships between incident photons and refracted / reflected photons; for scattering, interference, and diffraction phenomena of photons between geometric optical structures and one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional periodic distribution structures, a grating equation based on the Huygens–Fresnel principle is used to couple the wavelength, phase, and distribution propagation relationships between incident photons and scattered, interfered, and diffracted photons; for scattering, interference, and diffraction phenomena of photons between stacked structures and one-dimensional, two-dimensional, and three-dimensional periodic distribution structures, a grating equation based on the Huygens–Fresnel principle is used to couple the wavelength, phase, and distribution propagation relationships between incident photons and scattered, interfered, and diffracted photons. The parameter setting module initializes the number of incident photons, spectral radiation intensity, wavelength, and incident angle, and randomly sets the initial coordinates of each photon. The photon propagation adaptive cyclic tracking module tracks the optical propagation process of photons in a photovoltaic system by limiting the adaptive photon splitting order and the adaptive diffraction order, thereby obtaining the distribution of absorbed photons and the reflection and transmission losses in the photovoltaic system.

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