Method for strengthening seedling of solanaceae crops and application of furilazole

Abstract

This invention relates to the field of crop cultivation and discloses a method for strengthening seedlings of Solanaceae crops and the application of furazolidone. The method involves preparing an aqueous solution of furazolidone at a concentration of 3 mg / L to 6 mg / L, and spraying it onto the surface of the seedling trays after sowing but before emergence, until the trays are moist. Alternatively, it can be sprayed onto the seedlings when the cotyledons have expanded, until the leaves are moist. This invention allows for earlier application of the seedling-strengthening spray, prior to emergence after sowing, without inhibiting normal seed germination, avoiding excessive growth during the cotyledon stage, and especially inhibiting excessive elongation of the hypocotyls and epicotyls. It achieves a seedling-strengthening effect that other techniques cannot achieve. The method is simple to operate, uses readily available raw materials, requires minimal dosage, has low cost, is safe for seedlings, shortens the seedling period, eliminates the need for hardening-off, and saves labor, water, and fertilizer.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to a method for promoting seedling vigor in Solanaceae crops and the application of furazolidone, belonging to the field of crop cultivation. Background Technology

[0002] Due to the high temperature and humidity of the seedling environment, or improper artificial fertilization management, "leggy seedlings" are easily caused, which is one of the biggest bottleneck problems in the current development of the chili pepper industry. Leggy seedlings are tall, with excessively elongated, soft, and weak internodes; large, thin, yellowish-green leaves; underdeveloped root systems with few lateral roots; long recovery period after transplanting; low survival rate; fruiting position shifts upwards; easy lodging; reduced yield; and lower quality, all of which have a serious negative impact on the development of the chili pepper industry. Therefore, the "leggy seedling" problem is a major bottleneck problem in chili pepper seedling cultivation that urgently needs to be solved, severely restricting the development of the chili pepper industry. To address the bottleneck problem of "leggy seedlings," research on chili pepper seedling cultivation techniques is essential and urgent. This research aims to reduce seedling height, thicken stems, produce thicker, darker leaves, develop a well-developed root system with many lateral roots, advance flowering, increase yield, improve quality, and further enhance economic benefits. Providing technical support for the industrialization and standardization of the chili pepper industry is both necessary and urgent.

[0003] The main method for cultivating strong seedlings relies on agricultural management measures, such as ventilation, humidity control, temperature reduction, and repeated water control to harden the seedlings. This is labor-intensive, costly, and yields unsatisfactory results. Secondly, the use of conventional plant growth retardants such as chlormequat chloride, dextrose, paclobutrazol, and uniconazole can have a certain effect on dwarfing and strengthening pepper seedlings, but it is not yet ideal. Moreover, the concentration of these plant growth retardants is difficult to control and is easily affected by the seedling climate. When the concentration is too low, it will not have a seedling strengthening effect, while a slightly higher concentration can easily cause seedling burn or stunted growth, resulting in huge and irreparable losses for producers. These plant growth retardants have been banned or strictly restricted in green food production. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To address the aforementioned technical problems, this invention provides a method for strengthening seedlings of Solanaceae crops and the application of furazolidone. By applying furazolidone to the seedlings of Solanaceae crops, this method can shorten the seedling period, eliminate the need for hardening-off, save labor, water, and fertilizer, and avoid fertilizer waste and environmental pollution, thus showing broad application prospects.

[0005] The present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions.

[0006] The present invention provides a method for promoting seedling growth of Solanaceae crops, which involves preparing an aqueous solution of furazolidone with a concentration of 3mg / L to 6mg / L, spraying the surface of the seedling tray of Solanaceae crops with the solution until the tray is moist after sowing and before the seedlings emerge, or spraying the seedlings of Solanaceae crops with the solution until the leaves are moist when the seedlings have grown to the point where the cotyledons have expanded.

[0007] The spraying rate of the furazolidone aqueous solution is 150 ml / m³. 2 .

[0008] The furazolidone used is a furazolidone product with a purity greater than 98%.

[0009] The furazolidone was prepared at a concentration of 6 mg / L.

[0010] The furazolidone is first dissolved in anhydrous ethanol, and then water is added to make up to a final volume.

[0011] The seedlings of the Solanaceae crops mentioned are seedlings of plants in the genera Capsicum, Solanum, and Tobacco.

[0012] The leaf surface is moist when there is no water droplet accumulation or dripping on the leaf surface of the seedling.

[0013] The seedlings of the Solanaceae crop are managed using floating seedling cultivation in greenhouses.

[0014] The present invention also provides an application of furazolidone, wherein an aqueous solution of furazolidone with a concentration of 3 mg / L to 6 mg / L is applied to the seedlings of Solanaceae crops.

[0015] The furazolidone used is a furazolidone product with a purity greater than 98%.

[0016] The beneficial effects of this invention are as follows: it allows the seedling-strengthening spraying stage to be advanced, before emergence after sowing, without inhibiting normal seed germination, avoiding excessive growth during the cotyledon stage of seedlings, and especially inhibiting excessive elongation of the hypocotyl and epicotyl, achieving a seedling-strengthening effect that other techniques cannot achieve; it is simple to operate, uses readily available raw materials, requires very little dosage, and has low cost; seedlings absorb the spray quickly and effectively, and it is less likely to cause seedling burn or stunting, making it safe for seedlings; it can shorten the seedling period, eliminates the need for hardening-off, saves labor, water, and fertilizer, and avoids waste of pesticides and fertilizers and environmental pollution, thus having broad application prospects; in particular, it can solve the bottleneck problem of excessive seedling growth in chili seedling production, seek new solutions for weak seedlings, and obtain strong seedlings in chili production, which is worthy of further scientific exploration and necessary research, and has significant positive implications for the healthy development of the chili industry. Attached Figure Description

[0017] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram illustrating the operating principle of the present invention;

[0018] Figure 2This is a comparison chart of seedling emergence results in Example 1 of the present invention;

[0019] Figure 3 This is a comparison chart of seedling emergence results in Example 2 of the present invention;

[0020] Figure 4 This is a comparison chart of seedling emergence results in Example 3 of the present invention;

[0021] Figure 5 This is a comparison chart of the seedling emergence results in Example 4 of the present invention; Detailed Implementation

[0022] The technical solution of the present invention is further described below, but the scope of protection is not limited to what is described.

[0023] Furazolidone has been used in dwarfing experiments on ornamental flowers such as daffodils, chrysanthemums, sunflowers, gladioli, lilies, tulips, sage, impatiens, freesias, and ornamental sugar beets, achieving good dwarfing effects. No plant toxins were observed in either spraying or drenching, indicating its safety. No similar experimental reports have been found on furazolidone in capsicum crops. However, the effects vary significantly depending on the crop, the concentration used for spraying or drenching, and the growth stage of the treatment, making this study lacking in reference value.

[0024] Example 1

[0025] Before seedling emergence after sowing chili seeds, spray the seed trays evenly with a 6 mg / L aqueous solution of furazolidone (≥98% purity), ensuring the surface is moist but without water droplets. The spraying rate is 150 ml / m². 2 When the physiological age of the seedlings reaches 6-8 true leaves, they meet the standard for robust seedlings in production.

[0026] The emergence results of this embodiment are compared with those of the control group, for example... Figure 1 As shown in the figure, the right side is the control group (not sprayed with furazolidone aqueous solution, and allowed to grow naturally), and the left side is this example.

[0027] Example 2

[0028] Before seedling emergence after sowing tomato seeds, spray the seedbed evenly with a 5 mg / L aqueous solution of furazolidone (≥98% purity), ensuring the surface is moist but without water droplets. The spraying rate is 150 ml / m². 2 When the physiological age of the seedlings reaches 6 true leaves, they meet the standard for robust seedlings in production.

[0029] The emergence results of this embodiment compared with the control group are as follows: Figure 2 As shown in the figure, the right side is the control group (not sprayed with furazolidone aqueous solution, and allowed to grow naturally), and the left side is this example.

[0030] Example 3

[0031] Before eggplant seedlings emerge after sowing, spray the trays evenly with a 4 mg / L aqueous solution of furazolidone (≥98% purity), ensuring the surface is moist but without water droplets. The spraying rate is 150 ml / m². 2 When the physiological seedlings reach the age of 6 true leaves, they meet the standard for robust seedlings in production.

[0032] The emergence results of this embodiment compared with the control group are as follows: Figure 3 As shown in the figure, the right side is the control group (not sprayed with furazolidone aqueous solution, and allowed to grow naturally), and the left side is this example.

[0033] Example 4

[0034] Before emergence after tobacco seed sowing, spray the seed trays evenly with a 3 mg / L aqueous solution of furazolidone (≥98% purity), ensuring the surface is moist but without water droplets. The spraying rate is 150 ml / m². 2 When the physiological seedlings reach 5-6 true leaves, they meet the standard for robust seedlings in production.

[0035] The emergence results of this embodiment compared with the control group are as follows: Figure 4 As shown in the figure, the right side is the control group (not sprayed with furazolidone aqueous solution, and allowed to grow naturally), and the left side is this example.

[0036] Example 5

[0037] During the cotyledon expansion stage of chili peppers, spray the seedlings with an aqueous solution of 6 mg / L furazolidone with a purity of ≥98%. Spray evenly to moisten the leaves without water droplets accumulating or dripping. When the seedlings reach the physiological age of 6 true leaves, they meet the standard for robust seedlings in production.

[0038] Compared with the control group of conventional technical solutions, the above embodiments all showed reduced plant height, increased stem diameter, increased chlorophyll content, and significantly increased dry and fresh weight of plants. They also improved the root-to-shoot ratio and seedling vigor index, increased root surface area and root volume, increased the number of effective roots, reduced the length of ineffective roots, and promoted earlier flowering. The above methods are simple to operate, use readily available raw materials, require minimal dosage, and are low in cost. After spraying, pepper seedlings are less likely to experience burn or stunting, making the method safe for pepper seedlings. It can shorten the seedling period, eliminate the need for hardening-off, save labor, water, and fertilizer, and avoid fertilizer waste and environmental pollution, thus showing broad application prospects.

[0039] Furthermore, by adopting the above-described embodiments, the seedling-strengthening spraying stage is moved forward to before seedling emergence after sowing, which does not inhibit normal seed germination and avoids excessive growth of seedlings during the cotyledon stage. In particular, it inhibits excessive elongation of the hypocotyl and epicotyl, achieving a seedling-strengthening effect that other technical means cannot achieve.

[0040] Experimental Example 1

[0041] This experiment mainly measures the effects of spraying furazolidone on the growth, development, photosynthesis, and cell structure of chili peppers after sowing but before emergence. See Example 1 for details.

[0042] 1. Materials and Methods

[0043] 1.1 Overview of the experimental site: The seedling greenhouse of the Maopotang Experimental Base in Jinxin Community, Jinzhu Town, Huaxi District, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province is located in the central part of Guizhou Province, in the southern part of Guiyang City. The altitude is 1068m, the average annual temperature is 16℃, the average annual precipitation is 1335mm, and the average annual sunshine duration is 1188h.

[0044] 1.2 Experimental Materials: The tested chili pepper variety was "Yuyi Strawberry Pepper" from Henan Yuyi Seed Industry Co., Ltd.; the tested reagent was furazolidone produced by Yuanye Company, with a purity of ≥98%; the seedling trays were 136-well white polystyrene foam trays, with dimensions of 66cm long, 33.5cm wide, and 5.3cm high, with upper hole inner diameter of 30mm×30mm, lower hole inner diameter of 8.5mm×8.5mm, and bottom hole of 5mm×5mm; the seedling substrate was produced by Guangzhou Shengsheng Agriculture Co., Ltd.; the seedling pond was 40m long, 3.2m wide, and 15cm high, constructed with red brick mortar. One electron microscope, two petri dishes, sterile water, double-sided stainless steel blades, glass slides, coverslips, absorbent paper, etc., were also provided.

[0045] 1.3 Experimental Methods: Seedlings were sown on June 16, 2024, with four treatments: T1, T2, T3, and T4 (control). Each treatment had 56 wells, with one seed per well, and three replicates. Conventional floating seedling management was used in a greenhouse. After sowing, furazolidone was sprayed at the following concentrations: T1 3 mg / L, T2 6 mg / L, T3 9 mg / L, and T4 was sprayed with water as a control. The furazolidone was first dissolved in 10 ml of anhydrous ethanol, then diluted to 1 L with water, and sprayed evenly onto the seed trays until moist. Samples were taken on July 13 for relevant index measurements. Thirty days after spraying, photosynthetic parameters of mature pepper leaves (the fourth true leaf from the bottom) were measured at 11:00 AM on a sunny day. Thirty days after spraying, stems and leaves of both treatment and control pepper seedlings were cross-sectioned, hand-cut, and photographed under an electron microscope for recording.

[0046] 1.4 Measurements: The height of chili seedlings was measured using a steel ruler, stem diameter using vernier calipers, chlorophyll content using a TYS-3N portable chlorophyll meter (Beijing Jinkelida Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.), dry and fresh weight using a 0.1% electronic balance, and root length, root surface area, root diameter, root volume, and number of root tips using a Top Cloud Agriculture GXY-A plant root analyzer. Root-to-shoot ratio = plant root dry weight / plant aboveground dry weight; seedling vigor index = (plant stem diameter / plant height + root dry weight / plant aboveground dry weight) × total plant dry weight. A Li-Cor 6400XT photosynthesis system was used to measure photosynthetic parameters of chili seedling leaves, including net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, and transpiration rate. An Oswald microelectron microscope was used to photograph and record the cell arrangement structure of cross-sections of leaves and stems from both treated and control plants.

[0047] 1.5 Data Processing

[0048] Excel software was used for data recording and organization; SPSS 26.0 software was used for data processing and statistical analysis.

[0049] 2 Results and Analysis

[0050] 2.1 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on pepper plant height

[0051] The results in Table 1 show that different concentrations of furazolidone sprayed on plants had a certain inhibitory effect on plant height compared with the control, with the lowest height reaching 11.1 cm, a reduction of 35.47%, and no severe inhibition was observed in the leaves.

[0052] Table 1 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on agronomic traits of chili peppers

[0053]

[0054] The data in the table represent the average number of plants per treatment (5 plants), with different letters indicating differences.

[0055] 2.2 Effect of different furazolidone concentrations on pepper stem diameter

[0056] The results in Table 1 show that after spraying with different concentrations of furazolidone, the stems of peppers increased to varying degrees compared with the control, and the difference from the control was significant. The thickest stem reached 3.47 mm, an increase of 24.82%.

[0057] 2.3 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on the number of pepper leaves

[0058] The results in Table 1 show that after spraying with different concentrations of furazolidone, the number of leaves of peppers increased to varying degrees compared with the control, with the highest number of leaves reaching 7.3, which is an increase of 37.74% compared with the control of 5.3 leaves.

[0059] 2.4 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on chlorophyll content in pepper leaves

[0060] The results in Table 1 show that, after spraying with different concentrations of furazolidone, the SPAD values ​​of each treatment increased with the increase of the treatment concentration compared with the control. The SPAD value of the control increased from 43.7 to 58.7, an increase of 34.32%.

[0061] 2.5 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on the fresh and dry weight of chili peppers

[0062] The results in Table 1 show that spraying different concentrations of furazolidone significantly increased the fresh and dry weight of chili pepper roots, by 215.22% and 186.49% respectively compared with the control. The fresh and dry weight of the aboveground parts also increased, especially the dry weight. The total dry weight and total fresh weight both increased, with the total dry weight increasing by 80% compared with the control.

[0063] 2.6 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on pepper root indicators

[0064] The results in Table 2 show that different concentrations of furazolidone resulted in longer total root lengths, with the longest being 225 mm in treatment T1. The total root surface area also increased, with the maximum value in treatment T1 reaching 66.8 mm. 2 The root system projected area increased significantly, with a maximum value of 21.28 mm. 2 The total root volume increased, with a maximum value of 3.07 cm. 3 Compared with the control, the number of roots increased by 157.98%; the maximum number of root tips was 133, which was significantly higher than the control.

[0065] Table 2 Effects of different furazolidones on pepper root indicators

[0066]

[0067] 2.7 Effects of spraying furazolidone on the net photosynthetic rate of pepper leaves

[0068] Table 3 shows that the net photosynthetic rate of chili seedlings increased after spraying with furazolidone. The net photosynthetic rate of the treatment was 22.8, which was 8.06% higher than that of the control (21.1).

[0069] Table 3 Effects of furazolidone spraying on photosynthetic parameters of chili leaves

[0070]

[0071] The data in the table are the average of 3 plants per treatment, and different letters indicate differences.

[0072] 2.8 Effect of furazolidone spraying on stomatal conductance of pepper leaves

[0073] Table 3 shows that after spraying chili seedlings with furazolidone, the stomatal conductance of treatment T1 was 0.47, which was 46.88% higher than that of the control (0.32).

[0074] 2.9 Effect of spraying furazolidone on intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in pepper leaves

[0075] Table 3 shows that after spraying pepper seedlings with furazolidone, the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in the T1 treatment was 274, which was higher than that in the control, but the difference was not statistically significant, representing an increase of 1.11%.

[0076] 2.10 Effect of spraying furazolidone on the transpiration rate of chili pepper leaves

[0077] Table 3 shows that after spraying chili seedlings with furazolidone, the transpiration rate of treatment T1 was 9.6, which was not statistically significant compared with the control (10.2), and only decreased by 5.88%.

[0078] 2.11 Effects of furazolidone spray on cell structure in cross-section of pepper stems

[0079] After spraying with furazolidone, the collenchyma tissue in the cortex of pepper stems is well-developed, the cells are more tightly arranged and clustered into 4 bundles, which are relatively concentrated. The chloroplast content in the cortical cells increases and is more evenly distributed. The vascular bundles in the vascular cylinder are well-developed, the cambium produces primary xylem inward and primary phloem outward, the stems thicken significantly, and the mechanical tissues are well-developed.

[0080] 2.12 Effects of spraying furazolidone on cell structure in cross-section of pepper leaves

[0081] After spraying with furazolidone, the palisade tissue on the upper epidermis of pepper leaves is tightly arranged, the palisade cells become longer, the chlorophyll content in the cells is higher, and the proportion of spongy tissue in the lower epidermis is smaller, which increases the palisade-to-spongy ratio and increases the mechanical strength of the leaves.

[0082] 3. Conclusions and Discussion

[0083] There are many standards for evaluating the quality of chili seedlings, but most scholars agree that the root-to-shoot ratio and the seedling vigor index are the most important. Higher values ​​for both indicate higher seedling quality and stronger seedlings. This experiment, combining the survey indicators in Tables 1 and 2, concluded that the T1 treatment, with a concentration of 3 mg / L furazolidone applied as a surface spray, effectively inhibited growth, reduced plant height, shortened internodes, controlled excessive vegetative growth, and achieved the best seedling vigor.

[0084] Spraying furazolidone before emergence after sowing increases the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of chili leaves and reduces the transpiration rate of chili leaves, but the difference is not statistically significant.

[0085] After spraying furazolidone, the collenchyma tissue in the chili stems is well developed, the xylem is thickened, the chlorophyll content in the cortical cells increases, the palisade tissue in the mesophyll is well developed, the cells are tightly arranged, and the chloroplast content is high. This can compensate for the net photosynthetic rate, enhance photosynthesis, increase the mechanical strength of the stems and leaves, improve the resistance of chili seedlings, and provide a guarantee for strong chili seedlings.

[0086] Experiment Example 2

[0087] This experiment mainly measures the effects of spraying furazolidone on tomato growth, photosynthesis, and cell structure after sowing and before emergence of tomato seeds. See Example 2 for details.

[0088] 1. Materials and Methods

[0089] 1.1 Overview of the test site: Same as in Experiment 1.

[0090] 1.2 Experimental Materials: The tomato used in the experiment was the variety "Xinbaoguan No. 1" produced by Liyang Fengnong Vegetable Seedling Research Institute in Lintong District, Xi'an City; the test reagents, seedling trays, seedling substrate, and seedling ponds were the same as in Experiment 1. One electron microscope, two petri dishes, sterile water, double-sided stainless steel blades, glass slides, coverslips, absorbent paper, etc.

[0091] 1.3 Experimental Methods: Seedlings were sown on June 16, 2024, with four treatments: T1, T2, T3, and T4 (control). Each treatment had 56 wells, with one seed per well, and three replicates. Conventional floating seedling management was used in a greenhouse. After sowing, furazolidone was sprayed at the following concentrations: T1 3 mg / L, T2 6 mg / L, T3 9 mg / L, and T4 was sprayed with water as a control. The furazolidone was first dissolved in 10 ml of anhydrous ethanol, then diluted to 1 L with water, and sprayed evenly onto the seed trays until moist. Samples were taken on July 9th for relevant index measurements. 25 days after spraying, photosynthetic parameters of mature tomato leaves (the third true leaf from the bottom) were measured at 11:00 AM on a sunny day. 25 days after spraying, stems and leaves of tomato seedlings from both treatments and the control were cross-sectioned, hand-cut, and photographed under an electron microscope for recording.

[0092] 1.4 Measurements: Tomato seedling height was measured using a steel ruler, stem diameter using vernier calipers, chlorophyll content using a TYS-3N portable chlorophyll meter (Beijing Jinkelida Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.), dry and fresh weight using a 0.1% electronic balance, and root length, root surface area, root diameter, root volume, and number of root tips using a Top Cloud Agriculture GXY-A plant root analyzer. Root-to-shoot ratio = plant root dry weight / plant aboveground dry weight; seedling vigor index = (stem diameter / plant height + root dry weight / plant aboveground dry weight) × total plant dry weight. A Li-Cor 6400XT photosynthesis system was used to measure photosynthetic parameters of tomato seedling leaves, including net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, and transpiration rate. An Oswald microelectron microscope was used to photograph and record the cell arrangement structure of cross-sections of leaves and stems from both treated and control plants.

[0093] 1.5 Data processing: Same as in Experiment 1.

[0094] 2 Results and Analysis

[0095] 2.1 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on tomato plant height

[0096] The results in Table 4 show that different concentrations of furazolidone sprayed on plants had a certain inhibitory effect on plant height compared with the control, with the lowest height reaching 11.3 cm, a reduction of 17.52%, and no severe inhibition was observed in the leaves.

[0097] Table 4. Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on agronomic traits of tomatoes

[0098]

[0099] The data in the table represent the average number of plants per treatment (3 plants), with different letters indicating differences.

[0100] 2.2 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on tomato stem diameter

[0101] The results in Table 4 show that after spraying with different concentrations of furazolidone, the stems of tomatoes increased to varying degrees compared with the control, and the difference was significant. The thickest stem reached 3.28 mm, an increase of 4.46%.

[0102] 2.3 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on the number of tomato leaves

[0103] The results in Table 4 show that after spraying with different concentrations of furazolidone, the number of leaves of T2 tomatoes reached 3.7 compared with the control, which is an increase of 23.33% compared with the control's 3 leaves.

[0104] 2.4 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on chlorophyll content in tomatoes

[0105] The results in Table 4 show that after spraying with different concentrations of furazolidone, the SPAD values ​​of all treatments increased compared with the control. The SPAD value of the control (54.0) increased to 55.9 in T2, an increase of 3.52%, which was relatively small.

[0106] 2.5 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on the fresh and dry weight of tomatoes

[0107] The results in Table 4 show that spraying different concentrations of furazolidone significantly increased the fresh and dry weight of tomato roots, by 6.47% and 16.74% respectively compared with the control. The fresh and dry weight of the aboveground parts also increased, especially the dry weight. The total dry weight and total fresh weight both increased, with the total dry weight increasing by 12.16% compared with the control.

[0108] 2.6 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on tomato root indicators

[0109] Table 5 shows that different concentrations of furazolidone resulted in longer total root lengths, with the longest being 242.82 mm in treatment T1. The total root surface area also increased, with the maximum value in treatment T1 reaching 61.01 mm. 2 The root system projected area increased significantly, with a maximum value of 19.42 mm². 2 The total root volume increased, with a maximum value of 2.15 cm. 3 Compared with the control, the number of roots increased by 11.40%; the maximum number of root tips was 259, which was significantly higher than the control.

[0110] Table 5 Effects of different furazolidones on tomato root indicators

[0111]

[0112] The data in the table are the average of 3 plants per treatment, and different letters indicate differences.

[0113] 2.7 Effects of spraying furazolidone on the net photosynthetic rate of tomato leaves

[0114] Table 6 shows that the net photosynthetic rate of tomato seedlings decreased after spraying with furazolidone. The net photosynthetic rate of the treatment was 14.75, which was 23.89% lower than that of the control (19.38).

[0115] Table 6. Effects of furazolidone spraying on photosynthetic parameters of tomato leaves.

[0116]

[0117] The data in the table are the average of 3 plants per treatment, and different letters indicate differences.

[0118] 2.8 Effects of spraying furazolidone on stomatal conductance of tomato leaves

[0119] Table 6 shows that after spraying tomato seedlings with furazolidone, the stomatal conductance of treatment T1 was 0.26, which was 18.75% lower than that of the control (0.32).

[0120] 2.9 Effects of spraying furazolidone on intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in tomato leaves

[0121] Table 6 shows that after spraying tomato seedlings with furazolidone, the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in treatment T1 was 253.18, which was 13.08% higher than that in the control.

[0122] 2.10 Effect of spraying furazolidone on the transpiration rate of tomato leaves

[0123] Table 6 shows that after spraying tomato seedlings with furazolidone, the transpiration rate of treatment T1 was 8.39, which was significantly different from the control rate of 10.61, decreasing by 20.92%.

[0124] 2.11 Effects of spraying furazolidone on cell structure in cross-section of tomato stems

[0125] After spraying with furazolidone, the collenchyma tissue in the cortex of tomato stems became well-developed, the periderm cells became longer, the phloem cells became longer, the cells were arranged more tightly, and the vascular bundles in the xylem were clustered into 4 bundles, which were relatively concentrated; the chloroplast content in the cortical cells increased and the distribution became more uniform; the vascular bundles in the vascular cylinder became well-developed, the cambium produced primary xylem inward and primary phloem outward, the stems thickened significantly, and the mechanical tissues became well-developed.

[0126] 2.12 Effects of spraying furazolidone on cell structure in cross-section of tomato leaves

[0127] After spraying with furazolidone, the palisade tissue on the upper epidermis of tomato leaves is tightly arranged, the palisade cells become longer, and the chlorophyll content in the cells is higher. The spongy tissue in the lower epidermis accounts for a smaller proportion and is tightly arranged, which increases the palisade-to-spongy ratio and increases the mechanical strength of the leaves.

[0128] 3. Conclusions and Discussion

[0129] Regarding the quality of tomato seedlings, higher values ​​for both the root-to-shoot ratio and the seedling vigor index indicate higher seedling quality, which translates to robust seedlings in production. This experiment, combining the survey indicators from Tables 4 and 5, concluded that the T1 treatment, with a concentration of 3 mg / L furazolidone applied as a top dressing, effectively inhibited growth, reduced plant height, shortened internodes, controlled excessive vegetative growth, and achieved the best seedling vigor.

[0130] Spraying furazolidone on the seedbed before seedling emergence after sowing tomatoes can significantly inhibit and reduce the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of tomato leaves, increase the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration of leaves, and reduce the transpiration rate of leaves.

[0131] After spraying with furazolidone, the collenchyma tissue in the tomato stems is well developed, the xylem is thickened, the chlorophyll content in the cortical cells increases, the palisade tissue in the mesophyll is well developed, the cells are tightly arranged, and the chloroplast content is high, which increases the mechanical strength of the stems and leaves, improves the resistance of tomato seedlings, and provides a guarantee for strong tomato seedlings.

[0132] Experimental Example 3

[0133] This experiment mainly measures the effects of spraying furazolidone on eggplant growth, development, photosynthesis, and cell structure after sowing and before emergence. See Example 3 for details.

[0134] 1. Materials and Methods

[0135] 1.1 Overview of the test site: Same as in Experiment 1.

[0136] 1.2 Experimental Materials: The eggplant used in the experiment was the variety "Hong Shaokao" produced by Sichuan Luwang Seed Industry Co., Ltd.; the reagents, seedling trays, seedling substrate, and seedling beds used in the experiment were the same as in Example 1. One electron microscope, two petri dishes, sterile water, double-sided stainless steel blades, glass slides, coverslips, absorbent paper, etc.

[0137] 1.3 Experimental Methods: Seedlings were sown on June 16, 2024, with four treatments: T1, T2, T3, and T4 (control). Each treatment had 56 wells, with one seed per well, and three replicates. Conventional floating seedling management was used in a greenhouse. After sowing, furazolidone was sprayed at the following concentrations: T1 3 mg / L, T2 6 mg / L, T3 9 mg / L, and T4 was sprayed with water as a control. The furazolidone was first dissolved in 10 ml of anhydrous ethanol, then diluted to 1 L with water, and sprayed evenly onto the seed trays until moist. Samples were taken on July 13 for relevant index measurements. Twenty-five days after spraying, photosynthetic parameters of mature eggplant leaves (the third true leaf from the bottom) were measured at 11:00 AM on a sunny day. Twenty-five days after spraying, stems and leaves of both treatment and control eggplant seedlings were cross-sectioned, hand-cut, and photographed under an electron microscope for recording.

[0138] 1.4 Measurements: The height of eggplant seedlings was measured using a steel ruler, stem diameter using vernier calipers, chlorophyll content using a TYS-3N portable chlorophyll meter (Beijing Jinkelida Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.), dry and fresh weight using a 0.1% electronic balance, and root length, root surface area, root diameter, root volume, and number of root tips using a Top Cloud Agriculture GXY-A plant root analyzer. Root-to-shoot ratio = plant root dry weight / plant aboveground dry weight; seedling vigor index = (plant stem diameter / plant height + root dry weight / plant aboveground dry weight) × total plant dry weight. A Li-Cor 6400XT photosynthesis system was used to measure photosynthetic parameters of eggplant seedling leaves, including net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, and transpiration rate. An Oswald microelectron microscope was used to photograph and record the cell arrangement structure of cross-sections of leaves and stems from both treated and control plants.

[0139] 1.5 Data processing: Same as in Experiment 1.

[0140] 2 Results and Analysis

[0141] 2.1 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on eggplant plant height

[0142] The results in Table 7 show that different concentrations of furazolidone sprayed on plants had a certain inhibitory effect on plant height compared with the control, with the lowest height reaching 7.7 cm, a reduction of 32.46%. No severe inhibition was observed in the leaves.

[0143] Table 7 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on agronomic traits of eggplant.

[0144]

[0145]

[0146] The data in the table represent the average number of plants per treatment (3 plants), with different letters indicating differences.

[0147] 2.2 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on eggplant stem diameter

[0148] The results in Table 7 show that after spraying with different concentrations of furazolidone, the stems of eggplants increased to varying degrees compared with the control, and the difference was significant. The thickest stem reached 3.27 mm, an increase of 6.17%.

[0149] 2.3 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on the number of eggplant leaves

[0150] The results in Table 7 show that after spraying with different concentrations of furazolidone, the number of leaves on T3 eggplant reached 4.7 compared with the control, which is an increase of 9.3%.

[0151] 2.4 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on chlorophyll content in eggplant

[0152] The results in Table 7 show that after spraying with different concentrations of furazolidone, the SPAD values ​​of all treatments increased compared with the control. The SPAD value of the control increased from 54.5 to 64.8 in T1, an increase of 18.9%.

[0153] 2.5 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on the fresh and dry weight of eggplant

[0154] The results in Table 7 show that spraying different concentrations of furazolidone significantly increased the fresh and dry weight of eggplant roots, by 18.24% and 33.33% respectively compared with the control. The fresh and dry weight of the aboveground parts also increased, with the increase in aboveground fresh weight being more significant. Both total dry weight and total fresh weight increased, with the total dry weight increasing by 6.9% compared with the control.

[0155] 2.6 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on eggplant root indicators

[0156] Table 8 shows that different concentrations of furazolidone resulted in longer total root lengths, with the longest being 192.01 mm in treatment T1. The total root surface area also increased, reaching a maximum of 75.75 mm in treatment T3. 2 The root system projected area increased significantly, with a maximum value of 24.11 mm for the T3 treatment. 2 The total root volume increased in all cases, with the maximum increase being 4.06 cm in the T3 treatment. 3 Compared with the control, the number of roots increased by 45.52%; the maximum number of root tips was 152.67, which was significantly higher than the control.

[0157] Table 8 Effects of different furazolidones on eggplant root indicators

[0158]

[0159] The data in the table are the average of 3 plants per treatment, and different letters indicate differences.

[0160] 2.7 Effects of spraying furazolidone on the net photosynthetic rate of eggplant leaves

[0161] Table 9 shows that after spraying eggplant with furazolidone, the net photosynthetic rate decreased. The net photosynthetic rate of the treatment was 25.75, which was 6.23% lower than that of the control (27.46).

[0162] Table 9. Effects of furazolidone spraying on photosynthetic parameters of eggplant leaves.

[0163]

[0164] The data in the table are the average of 3 plants per treatment, and different letters indicate differences.

[0165] 2.8 Effect of furazolidone spraying on stomatal conductance of eggplant leaves

[0166] Table 9 shows that after spraying eggplant with furazolidone, the stomatal conductance of treatment T1 was 0.37, which was less than the control (0.39), a decrease of 5.13%.

[0167] 2.9 Effects of spraying furazolidone on intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in eggplant leaves

[0168] Table 9 shows that after spraying eggplant with furazolidone, the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in the T1 treatment was 187.33, which was 4.66% higher than that in the control.

[0169] 2.10 Effect of spraying furazolidone on transpiration rate of eggplant leaves

[0170] Table 9 shows that after spraying eggplant with furazolidone, the transpiration rate of the T1 treatment was 11.36, which was significantly different from the control rate of 13.55, decreasing by 16.16%.

[0171] 2.11 Effects of spraying furazolidone on cell structure in cross-section of eggplant stem

[0172] After spraying with furazolidone, the eggplant stems thickened, the periderm cells became longer and consisted of 2-3 layers of suberized cells, the phloem cells thickened and the cells were arranged more tightly, the vascular bundles in the xylem were scattered, and the secondary xylem was significantly thickened; the chloroplast content in the cortical cells increased and the distribution was more uniform; the vascular bundles in the vascular cylinder thickened and the mechanical tissue was well developed.

[0173] 2.12 Effects of spraying furazolidone on cell structure in cross-section of eggplant leaves

[0174] After spraying with furazolidone, the palisade tissue on the upper epidermis of eggplant leaves became densely packed, the palisade cells became longer, and the chlorophyll content within the cells was higher. The spongy tissue on the lower epidermis was less abundant and densely packed, increasing the palisade-to-sponge ratio and enhancing the mechanical strength of the leaves. The veins exhibited crescent-shaped vascular bundles and became semi-lignified.

[0175] 3. Conclusions and Discussion

[0176] Based on a comprehensive analysis of the survey indicators in Tables 7 and 8, this experiment concluded that spraying with a T3 treatment at a concentration of 9 mg / L furazolidone could inhibit growth, reduce plant height, shorten internodes, control excessive vegetative growth, and produce the best eggplant seedlings.

[0177] Spraying furazolidone can reduce the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of eggplant leaves, increase the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration of eggplant leaves, and reduce the transpiration rate.

[0178] Spraying with furazolidone results in thicker eggplant stems, longer periderm cells, thicker phloem, increased chlorophyll content in cortical cells, well-developed palisade tissue in mesophyll, tightly packed cells, high chloroplast content, and increased mechanical strength of leaves.

[0179] Experiment Example 4

[0180] This experiment mainly measures the effects of spraying furazolidone on tobacco growth, development, photosynthesis, and cell structure after sowing and before emergence of tobacco seeds. See Example 4 for details.

[0181] 1. Materials and Methods

[0182] 1.1 Overview of the test site: Same as in Experiment 1.

[0183] 1.2 Experimental Materials: The tobacco material used for testing was the variety "Ben's Tobacco" provided by the College of Life Sciences, Guizhou University; the test reagents, seedling trays, seedling substrate, and seedling beds were the same as in Experiment 1. One electron microscope, two petri dishes, sterile water, double-sided stainless steel blades, glass slides, coverslips, absorbent paper, etc.

[0184] 1.3 Experimental Methods: Seedlings were sown on June 21, 2024, with four treatments: T1, T2, T3, and T4 (control). Each treatment had 56 wells, with one seed per well, and three replicates. Conventional floating seedling management was used in a greenhouse. After sowing, furazolidone was sprayed at the following concentrations: T1 3 mg / L, T2 6 mg / L, T3 9 mg / L, and T4 was sprayed with water as a control. The furazolidone was first dissolved in 10 ml of anhydrous ethanol, then diluted to 1 L with water, and sprayed evenly onto the seed trays until moist. Samples were taken on July 21 for relevant index measurements. 25 days after spraying, photosynthetic parameters of mature tobacco leaves (the third true leaf from the bottom) were measured at 11:00 AM on a sunny day. 25 days after spraying, stems and leaves of both treatment and control tobacco seedlings were cross-sectioned, hand-cut, and photographed under an electron microscope for recording.

[0185] 1.4 Measurements: The height of tobacco seedlings was measured using a steel ruler, stem diameter using vernier calipers, chlorophyll content using a TYS-3N portable chlorophyll meter (Beijing Jinkelida Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.), dry and fresh weight using a 0.1% electronic balance, and root length, root surface area, root diameter, root volume, and number of root tips using a Top Cloud Agriculture GXY-A plant root analyzer. Root-to-shoot ratio = plant root dry weight / plant aboveground dry weight; seedling vigor index = (plant stem diameter / plant height + root dry weight / plant aboveground dry weight) × total plant dry weight. A Li-Cor 6400XT photosynthesis system was used to measure photosynthetic parameters of tobacco seedling leaves, including net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, and transpiration rate. An Oswald microelectron microscope was used to photograph and record the cell arrangement structure of cross-sections of leaves and stems from both treated and control plants.

[0186] 1.5 Data processing: Same as in Experiment 1.

[0187] 2 Results and Analysis

[0188] 2.1 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on tobacco plant height

[0189] The results in Table 10 show that different concentrations of furazolidone sprayed on plants had a certain inhibitory effect on plant height compared with the control, with the lowest height reaching 6.1 cm, a reduction of 40.78%, and no severe inhibition of leaf clustering was observed.

[0190] Table 10 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on tobacco agronomic traits

[0191]

[0192]

[0193] The data in the table represent the average number of plants per treatment (3 plants), with different letters indicating differences.

[0194] 2.2 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on tobacco stem diameter

[0195] The results in Table 10 show that after spraying with different concentrations of furazolidone, the stem diameter of tobacco increased to varying degrees compared with the control, and the difference was significant. The thickest stem reached 4.2 mm, an increase of 23.53%.

[0196] 2.3 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on tobacco leaf number

[0197] The results in Table 10 show that after spraying with different concentrations of furazolidone, the number of leaves in T3 tobacco reached 9 compared with the control, which is an increase of 28.57% compared with the control.

[0198] 2.4 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on tobacco chlorophyll content

[0199] The results in Table 10 show that after spraying with different concentrations of furazolidone, the SPAD values ​​of all treatments increased compared with the control. The SPAD value of the control increased from 39.9 to 55.5 in T2, an increase of 39.10%.

[0200] 2.5 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on the fresh and dry weight of tobacco

[0201] The results in Table 10 show that spraying different concentrations of furazolidone significantly increased the fresh and dry weight of tobacco roots, by 158.06% and 100% respectively compared with the control. The fresh and dry weight of the aboveground parts also increased, with the increase in fresh weight being more significant. Both the total dry weight and the total fresh weight increased, with the total dry weight increasing by 81.63% compared with the control.

[0202] 2.6 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on tobacco root indicators

[0203] The results in Table 11 show that different concentrations of furazolidone resulted in longer total root lengths, with the longest being 225.84 mm in the T3 treatment. The total root surface area also increased, with the maximum value in T3 reaching 44.14 mm. 2 The root system projected area increased significantly, with a maximum value of 13.74 mm for the T3 treatment. 2 The total root volume increased in all cases, with the maximum increase being 1.01 cm in the T3 treatment. 3 Compared with the control (0.49), the number of roots increased by 106.12%, and the maximum number of root tips was 279, which was significantly higher than the control.

[0204] Table 11 Effects of different furazolidones on tobacco root indicators

[0205]

[0206] The data in the table are the average of 3 plants per treatment, and different letters indicate differences.

[0207] 2.7 Effects of spraying furazolidone on the net photosynthetic rate of tobacco leaves

[0208] Table 12 shows that the net photosynthetic rate of tobacco increased after spraying with furazolidone. The net photosynthetic rate of the treatment was 21.78, which was comparable to that of the control (21.46).

[0209] Table 12 Effects of furazolidone spraying on photosynthetic parameters of tobacco leaves

[0210]

[0211] The data in the table are the average of 3 plants per treatment, and different letters indicate differences.

[0212] 2.8 Effects of furazolidone spraying on stomatal conductance of tobacco leaves

[0213] Table 12 shows that after spraying tobacco with furazolidone, the stomatal conductance of the T1 treatment was 0.25, which was 32.43% lower than that of the control (0.37).

[0214] 2.9 Effects of furazolidone spraying on intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in tobacco leaves

[0215] Table 12 shows that after spraying tobacco with furazolidone, the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in the T1 treatment was 206.3, which was lower than that in the control by 10.04%.

[0216] 2.10 Effect of furazolidone spraying on transpiration rate of tobacco leaves

[0217] Table 12 shows that after spraying tobacco with furazolidone, the transpiration rate of treatment T1 was 10.92, which was significantly different from the control (14.10), decreasing by 22.55%.

[0218] 2.11 Effects of furazolidone spray on cell structure in cross-section of tobacco stems

[0219] After spraying with furazolidone, the tobacco stems thickened, the periderm cells became longer and composed of multiple layers of suberized cells, the phloem cells thickened and the cells were arranged more tightly, the vascular bundles in the xylem were scattered, and the secondary xylem was significantly thickened; the chloroplast content in the cortical cells increased and the distribution was more uniform; the vascular bundles in the vascular cylinder thickened and the mechanical tissue was well developed.

[0220] 2.12 Effects of furazolidone spraying on cell structure in cross-section of tobacco leaves

[0221] After spraying with furazolidone, the palisade tissue on the upper epidermis of tobacco leaves became densely packed, with palisade cells becoming slender and arranged in two rows. The chlorophyll content within the cells was high. The spongy tissue on the lower epidermis was less abundant and more compactly arranged, increasing the palisade-to-spongy ratio and enhancing the mechanical strength of the leaves. The veins exhibited vascular bundles and became semi-lignified.

[0222] 3. Conclusions and Discussion

[0223] Based on a comprehensive analysis of the survey indicators in Tables 10 and 11, this experiment concluded that spraying with a T1 treatment concentration of 3 mg / L furazolidone, with a small dosage, can effectively inhibit growth, reduce plant height, shorten internodes, control excessive growth, and promote strong seedlings.

[0224] Spraying furazolidone can reduce stomatal conductance and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in tobacco leaves, and lower the transpiration rate.

[0225] Spraying with furazolidone results in thicker eggplant stems, longer periderm cells, thicker phloem, increased chlorophyll content in cortical cells, well-developed palisade tissue in the mesophyll, denser cell arrangement, higher chloroplast content, and increased mechanical strength of the leaves. It also delays flowering in tobacco and inhibits its reproductive growth.

[0226] As can be seen from Experiments 1 to 4 above, furazolidone has a good seedling-strengthening effect when applied to the seedbed of Solanaceae crops such as peppers, tomatoes, eggplants, and tobacco before emergence. The dosage is extremely small, with a concentration of 3-9 mg / L and a spraying rate of 150 ml / m². 2 When the physiological seedlings reach 6-8 leaves, they are considered robust seedlings for production.

[0227] Experimental Example 5

[0228] This experiment mainly determined the effect of furazolidone on the growth and development of peppers during the cotyledon expansion stage. See Example 5.

[0229] 1. Materials and Methods

[0230] 1.1 Overview of the test site: Same as in Experiment 1.

[0231] 1.2 Experimental materials: The tested chili peppers, tested chemicals, seedling trays, seedling substrate, and seedling ponds were the same as in Experiment 1.

[0232] 1.3 Experimental Methods: Seedlings were sown on May 29, 2024, with four treatments: T1, T2, T3, and T4 (control). Each treatment had 56 wells, with one seed per well, and three replicates. Conventional floating seedling management was used in a greenhouse. On June 16, furazolidone was sprayed at the following concentrations: T1 3 mg / L, T2 6 mg / L, T3 9 mg / L, and T4 (control) was sprayed with water. The furazolidone was first dissolved in 10 ml of anhydrous ethanol, then diluted to 1 L with water, and sprayed evenly to moisten the soil. Samples were taken on July 5 for relevant index measurements.

[0233] 1.4 Measurements: The height of chili seedlings was measured using a steel ruler; stem diameter was measured using vernier calipers; chlorophyll content was measured using a TYS-3N portable chlorophyll meter manufactured by Beijing Jinkelida Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.; dry and fresh weight was measured using a 0.1% electronic balance; root length, root surface area, root diameter, root volume, and number of root tips were measured using a Top Cloud Agriculture GXY-A plant root analyzer. Root-to-shoot ratio = plant root dry weight / plant above-ground dry weight; seedling vigor index = (plant stem diameter / plant height + root dry weight / plant above-ground dry weight) × total plant dry weight.

[0234] 1.5 Data processing: Same as in Experiment 1.

[0235] 2 Results and Analysis

[0236] 2.1 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on pepper plant height

[0237] The results in Table 13 show that different concentrations of furazolidone sprayed on plants had a certain inhibitory effect on plant height compared with the control, with the lowest height reaching 8.93 cm, a reduction of 47.69%. No serious inhibition of plant height was observed.

[0238] Table 13 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on agronomic traits of chili peppers

[0239]

[0240]

[0241] The data in the table represent the average number of plants per treatment (3 plants), with different letters indicating differences.

[0242] 2.2 Effect of different furazolidone concentrations on pepper stem diameter

[0243] The results in Table 13 show that after spraying with different concentrations of furazolidone, the stems of peppers showed varying degrees of thickening compared to the control, with significant differences. The thickest stem reached 2.76 mm, an increase of 14.05%.

[0244] 2.3 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on the number of pepper leaves

[0245] The results in Table 13 show that after spraying with different concentrations of furazolidone, the number of leaves of peppers increased to varying degrees compared with the control, with the highest number of leaves reaching 6.3, which is an increase of 18.87% compared with the control of 5.3 leaves.

[0246] 2.4 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on chlorophyll content in pepper leaves

[0247] The results in Table 13 show that, after spraying with different concentrations of furazolidone, the SPAD values ​​of each treatment increased with the increase of the treatment concentration compared with the control. The SPAD value of the control increased from 49.2 to 64.9, an increase of 31.91%.

[0248] 2.5 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on the fresh and dry weight of chili peppers

[0249] The results in Table 13 show that spraying different concentrations of furazolidone significantly increased the fresh and dry weight of chili pepper roots, by 133.33% and 92% respectively compared with the control. The fresh and dry weight of the aboveground parts also increased, especially the dry weight. The total dry weight and total fresh weight both increased, with the total dry weight increasing by 60.35% compared with the control.

[0250] 2.6 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on pepper root indicators

[0251] The results in Table 14 show that different concentrations of furazolidone resulted in longer total root lengths, with the longest being 213.8 mm in treatment T1. The total root surface area also increased, with the maximum value in treatment T1 reaching 57.91 mm. 2 The root system projected area increased significantly, with a maximum value of 18.44 mm. 2 The total root volume increased, with a maximum value of 2.29 cm. 3 Compared with the control, the number of roots increased by 67.15%; the maximum number of root tips was 147, which was significantly higher than the control.

[0252] Table 14 Effects of different furazolidones on pepper root indicators

[0253]

[0254]

[0255] The data in the table are the average of 3 plants per treatment, and different letters indicate differences.

[0256] 3. Conclusions and Discussion

[0257] Based on a comprehensive analysis of the survey indicators in Tables 13 and 14, this experiment concluded that the T1 treatment with a concentration of 3 mg / L furazolidone, when applied as a foliar spray, resulted in a higher root-to-shoot ratio and stronger seedling index. This treatment was able to inhibit growth, reduce plant height, shorten internodes, control excessive elongation, and improve the resistance of pepper seedlings, thus achieving the best effect on strengthening pepper seedlings.

[0258] Experimental Example 6

[0259] This experiment mainly measures the effects of spraying furazolidone on the growth, development, photosynthesis, cell structure, and endogenous hormones of peppers at the two-true-leaf stage.

[0260] 1. Materials and Methods

[0261] 1.1 Overview of the test site: Same as in Experiment 1.

[0262] 1.2 Experimental Materials: The tested chili pepper materials, reagents, seedling trays, seedling substrate, and seedling beds were the same as in Example 1. One electron microscope, two petri dishes, sterile water, double-sided stainless steel blades, glass slides, coverslips, absorbent paper, etc. 1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid (ACC) standard sample (purchased from Bailingwei Company), chromatographic grade methanol (purchased from Tedia Company), and other reagents were all domestically produced analytical grade. Equipment included: benchtop high-speed centrifuge (SORVAL, Germany), AR5120 electronic balance (AHOMS, USA), Agilent 1290 high-performance liquid chromatograph (Agilent Technologies, USA), SCIEX-6500Qtrap (MSMS) (AB InBev, USA), rotary mixer (Haimen Qilinbei Company), portable ultrasonic cleaner (Shenzhen Jietuo Technology), and nitrogen evaporator (Hangzhou Mio Instrument Co., Ltd.). Indoleacetic acid (IAA) standard (purchased from Dr. Ehrenstorfer), abscisic acid (ABA) standard (purchased from Sigma), gibberellin (GA3) standard (purchased from Olchemim), deuterated indoleacetic acid (D-IAA) standard (purchased from Olchemim), deuterated abscisic acid (D-ABA) standard (purchased from Olchemim), deuterated gibberellin (D-GA4) standard (purchased from Olchemim), UYC-200 full-temperature shaking incubator (Shanghai Xinmiao Medical Device Manufacturing Co., Ltd.).

[0263] 1.3 Experimental Methods: Seedlings were sown on March 15, 2023, with five treatments: T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5 (control). Each treatment was sown in 32 wells (alternating rows), with one seed per well, and three replicates. Conventional floating seedling management was used in a greenhouse. On April 20, when the seedlings reached the two-true-leaf stage, furazolidone was sprayed on the plants. The furazolidone concentrations were 3 mg / L for T1, 6 mg / L for T2, 9 mg / L for T3, and 12 mg / L for T4. T5 was sprayed with water as a control. The furazolidone was first dissolved in 10 ml of anhydrous ethanol, then diluted to 1 L with water. The spray was applied evenly to the leaves, ensuring the leaves were moist but not dripping. Samples were taken on April 29 for relevant parameter measurements. Fifteen days after spraying, photosynthetic parameters of mature pepper leaves (the fourth true leaf from the bottom) were measured at 11:00 AM on a sunny day. Fifteen days after spraying, the 6th true leaf and the 6th node of the stem were selected and transversely sectioned to make freehand sections. The sections were then photographed and recorded under an electron microscope. Fifteen days after spraying, the upper leaves and tender stems of the pepper treatment and control were selected, and the stems and leaves were mixed together for endogenous hormone detection. ACC detection of ethylene precursors: Grind 2-5 g of the target sample into a powder in liquid nitrogen, accurately weigh the sample, and transfer it to a 50 ml centrifuge tube; add 5 ml of deionized water to the powder, and sonicate in an ultrasonic cleaner for 30 min in a water bath; centrifuge at 10000 r / min for 5 min at 4℃, collect the supernatant, and adjust the pH to 4.0; add 20 ml of chloroform, shake to mix, centrifuge at 10000 r / min for 5 min at 4℃, and collect the supernatant; pass the supernatant through an MCX column activated with 3 ml of methanol and 3 ml of deionized water, and rinse the column with 2 ml of methanol and 1 ml of deionized water; elute the column with 5 ml of 1 M ammonia; filter through a 0.22 μm filter membrane, and perform HPLC-MS / MS detection. Detection of IAA, ABA, and GA3: Take out the cryopreserved sample and grind it into dry powder in liquid nitrogen. Weigh an appropriate amount of fresh plant sample into a glass test tube. Add isopropanol-water-hydrochloric acid mixed extraction solution to the glass test tube. Add 8 μL of 1 μg / mL internal standard solution and shake at low temperature for 30 min. Add dichloromethane and shake at low temperature for 30 min. Centrifuge at 13000 r / min for 5 min at low temperature and take the lower organic phase. Dry the organic phase with nitrogen gas in the dark and redissolve it with methanol (0.1% formic acid). Centrifuge at 4℃ for 10 min (13000 g), take the supernatant and filter it through a 0.22 μm filter membrane. Detect by HPLC-MS / MS.

[0264] 1.4 Measurements: The height of chili seedlings was measured using a steel ruler, stem diameter using vernier calipers, chlorophyll content using a TYS-3N portable chlorophyll meter (Beijing Jinkelida Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.), dry and fresh weight using a 0.1% electronic balance, and root length, root surface area, root diameter, root volume, and number of root tips using a Top Cloud Agriculture GXY-A plant root analyzer. Root-to-shoot ratio = plant root dry weight / plant aboveground dry weight; seedling vigor index = (plant stem diameter / plant height + root dry weight / plant aboveground dry weight) × total plant dry weight. A Li-Cor 6400XT photosynthesis system was used to measure photosynthetic parameters of chili seedling leaves, including net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr). An Oswald microelectron microscope was used to photograph and record the cell arrangement structure of cross-sections of leaves and stems from both treated and control plants. The contents of ACC, IAA, ABA, and GA3, the endogenous hormone precursors of ethylene, in pepper plants were detected.

[0265] 1.5 Data processing: Same as in Experiment 1.

[0266] 2 Results and Analysis

[0267] 2.1 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on pepper plant height

[0268] The results in Table 15 show that different concentrations of furazolidone sprayed on plants had a certain inhibitory effect on plant height compared with the control. The inhibitory effect became more and more obvious as the concentration increased, with the lowest height reaching 18.7 cm, a reduction of 37.67%. However, it did not cause severe inhibition of the leaves.

[0269] Table 15 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on pepper seedling quality

[0270]

[0271]

[0272] The data in the table represent the average number of plants per treatment (5 plants), with different letters indicating differences.

[0273] 2.2 Effect of different furazolidone concentrations on pepper stem diameter

[0274] The results in Table 15 show that after spraying with different concentrations of furazolidone, the stems of peppers showed varying degrees of thickening compared to the control, with significant differences. The thickest stem reached 3.914 mm, an increase of 23.39%.

[0275] 2.3 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on the number of pepper leaves

[0276] The results in Table 15 show that after spraying with different concentrations of furazolidone, the number of leaves of peppers increased to varying degrees compared with the control, with the highest number of leaves reaching 9, which is 25% higher than the 7.2 leaves in the control.

[0277] 2.4 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on chlorophyll content in pepper leaves

[0278] The results in Table 15 show that, after spraying with different concentrations of furazolidone, the SPAD values ​​of each treatment increased with the increase of treatment concentration compared with the control. The SPAD value of the control increased from 42.3 to 58.9, an increase of 39.24%.

[0279] 2.5 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on the fresh and dry weight of chili peppers

[0280] The results in Table 15 show that spraying different concentrations of furazolidone significantly increased the fresh and dry weight of chili pepper roots, by 120.09% and 170.13% respectively compared with the control. The fresh and dry weight of the aboveground parts also increased, especially the dry weight. The total dry weight and total fresh weight both increased, with the total dry weight increasing by 71.55% compared with the control.

[0281] 2.6 Effects of different furazolidone concentrations on pepper root indicators

[0282] The results in Table 16 show that different concentrations of furazolidone sprayed on roots resulted in a decrease in total root length, with the lowest value observed at T2 (35.42 cm). Conversely, the total root surface area increased, reaching a maximum of 52.72 cm at T4. 2 The average root diameter increased significantly, with a maximum value of 2.87 mm, and the total root volume also increased, with a maximum value of 3.09 cm. 3 Compared with the control, the number of root tips increased by 132.33%. The total number of root tips was statistically different, but the actual number of root tips at T4 was significantly higher than that of the control.

[0283] Table 16 Effects of different furazolidones on pepper root indicators

[0284]

[0285] The data in the table are the average of 5 plants per treatment, and different letters indicate differences.

[0286] 2.7 Effects of spraying furazolidone on the net photosynthetic rate of pepper leaves

[0287] Table 17 Changes in photosynthetic parameters of chili leaves after spraying with furazolidone

[0288] deal with <![CDATA[Pn(μmol·m -2 ·s -1 )]]> <![CDATA[Gs(mmol·m -2 ·s -1 )]]> <![CDATA[Ci(μmol·mol -1 )]]> <![CDATA[Tr(mmol·m -2 ·s -1 )]]> T1 21.6a 0.91a 343.5a 10.5a T2 17.4b 0.66b 309.4a 10.2a

[0289] The data in the table are the average of 5 plants per treatment, and different letters indicate differences.

[0290] Table 17 shows that the net photosynthetic rate of pepper seedlings decreased after spraying with furazolidone. The net photosynthetic rate of the T2 treatment was 17.4, which was 19.44% lower than that of the control (21.6).

[0291] 2.8 Effect of furazolidone spraying on stomatal conductance of pepper leaves

[0292] Table 17 shows that after spraying chili seedlings with furazolidone, the stomatal conductance of the T2 treatment decreased by 27.47% compared with the control of 0.91.

[0293] 2.9 Effect of spraying furazolidone on intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in pepper leaves

[0294] Table 17 shows that after spraying pepper seedlings with furazolidone, the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration in the T2 treatment was lower than that in the control, but the difference was not statistically significant, and the decrease was 9.93%.

[0295] 2.10 Effect of spraying furazolidone on the transpiration rate of chili pepper leaves

[0296] Table 17 shows that after spraying chili seedlings with furazolidone, the transpiration rate of the T2 treatment was 10.2, which was not statistically different from the control (10.5), and decreased by only 2.86%.

[0297] 2.11 Effects of furazolidone spray on cell structure in cross-section of pepper stems

[0298] After spraying with furazolidone, the collenchyma tissue in the cortex of pepper stems is well-developed, the cells are more tightly arranged and clustered into 4 bundles, which are relatively concentrated. The chloroplast content in the cortical cells increases and is more evenly distributed. The vascular bundles in the vascular cylinder are well-developed, the cambium produces primary xylem inward and primary phloem outward, the stems thicken significantly, and the mechanical tissues are well-developed.

[0299] 2.12 Effects of spraying furazolidone on cell structure in cross-section of pepper leaves

[0300] After spraying with furazolidone, the palisade tissue under the upper epidermis of pepper leaves is arranged more tightly, the palisade cells become longer, the chlorophyll content in the cells is higher, and the proportion of spongy tissue in the lower epidermis is less, which increases the palisade-to-spongy ratio and increases the mechanical strength of the leaves.

[0301] 2.13 Effect of spraying furazolidone on the content of ACC, an endogenous ethylene precursor in chili peppers

[0302] Table 18 shows that spraying furazolidone promotes the increase of ACC content, a precursor of ethylene synthesis, in pepper seedlings. Compared with the control (1.030), the content increased to 1.311, an increase of 27.28%, which reached a statistically significant difference.

[0303] Table 18 Effects of furazolidone spraying on endogenous hormone content in chili seedlings

[0304]

[0305]

[0306] The data in the table are the averages of three repetitions per treatment, with different letters indicating differences.

[0307] 2.14 Effect of spraying furazolidone on endogenous IAA content in chili peppers

[0308] Table 18 shows that spraying furazolidone increased the IAA content in pepper seedlings, from 3.610 in the control group to 5.335, an increase of 47.78%, which is a highly significant difference in biostatistics.

[0309] 2.15 Effect of spraying furazolidone on endogenous ABA content in chili peppers

[0310] As shown in Table 18, spraying furazolidone reduced the ABA content in pepper seedlings, from 4.727 in the control group to 2.467, a reduction of 47.81%, which reached a highly significant difference in biostatistics.

[0311] 2.16 Effect of furazolidone spraying on endogenous GA3 content in chili peppers

[0312] Table 18 shows that spraying furazolidone reduced the GA3 content in pepper seedlings, from 2.160 in the control group to 0.705, a reduction of 67.36%, which is a highly significant difference in biostatistics.

[0313] 3. Conclusions and Discussion

[0314] Based on a comprehensive analysis of the survey indicators in Tables 15 to 18, this experiment concluded that foliar spraying of pepper seedlings with a T3 treatment concentration of 9 mg / L furazolidone can inhibit growth, reduce plant height, shorten internodes, control excessive vegetative growth, and effectively promote robust pepper seedling development.

[0315] When chili seedlings have two true leaves, spraying with furazolidone can significantly inhibit and reduce the net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of chili leaves. It also reduces the intercellular carbon dioxide concentration and transpiration rate of chili leaves, but the difference is not statistically significant.

[0316] After spraying furazolidone, the collenchyma tissue in the chili stems is well developed, the xylem is thickened, the chlorophyll content in the cortical cells increases, the palisade tissue in the mesophyll is well developed, the cells are tightly arranged, and the chloroplast content is high. This can compensate for the net photosynthetic rate, enhance photosynthesis, increase the mechanical strength of the stems and leaves, improve the resistance of chili seedlings, and provide technical support for strong chili seedlings.

[0317] Spraying furazolidone during the chili seedling stage promoted the secretion and synthesis of ethylene precursors ACC and IAA, while inhibiting the synthesis of ABA and GA3. The increased content of ACC in chili seedlings inhibited stem elongation and promoted lateral thickening of stems and roots, as well as lateral striation of the stem. Increased IAA content promoted root cell growth and division, enhancing RNA and protein synthesis. Inhibition of ABA and GA3 synthesis slowed cell elongation and division, shortened internode length, and promoted the formation of robust seedlings for production.

[0318] Based on the above experimental examples 5 and 6, it can be seen that spraying 3 mg / L furazolidone at a rate of 150 ml / m² after sowing, before seedling emergence and until the cotyledons unfold, is effective. 2 The best effect is achieved by spraying at the two-true-leaf stage with 9 mg / L furazolidone. This method also yields good results in promoting strong seedlings and will not cause stunted growth. However, since the hypocotyls and elongations of pepper seedlings have already become excessive at this stage, further promoting seedling growth on this basis can easily result in tall, leggy seedlings. In addition, the concentration of the pesticide needs to be increased to 9-12 mg / L, which increases costs. Therefore, it is recommended to treat the seedlings earlier.

[0319] Experimental Example 7

[0320] This experiment mainly measures the effect of paclobutrazol on the growth and development of peppers before emergence after sowing.

[0321] 1. Materials and Methods

[0322] 1.1 Overview of the test site: Same as in Experiment 1.

[0323] 1.2 Experimental materials: The tested chili pepper materials, seedling trays, seedling substrate, and seedling ponds were the same as in Experiment 1; the tested drug was paclobutrazol produced by Beijing Solarbio Co., Ltd., with a purity of ≥95%.

[0324] 1.3 Experimental Methods: Seedlings were sown and raised on June 16, 2024. Four treatments were established: T1, T2, T3, and T4 (control). Each treatment had 56 wells, with one seed per well, and three replicates. Conventional floating seedling management was used in a greenhouse. On June 16, paclobutrazol was sprayed at the following concentrations: T1 15 mg / L, T2 30 mg / L, T3 45 mg / L, and T4 was sprayed with water as a control. Paclobutrazol was first dissolved in 20 ml of anhydrous ethanol, then diluted to 1 L with water, and sprayed evenly to moisten the soil. Samples were taken on July 13, and relevant indicators were measured.

[0325] 1.4 Measurements: The height of chili seedlings was measured using a steel ruler; stem diameter was measured using vernier calipers; chlorophyll content was measured using a TYS-3N portable chlorophyll meter manufactured by Beijing Jinkelida Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.; dry and fresh weight was measured using a 0.1% electronic balance; root length, root surface area, root diameter, root volume, and number of root tips were measured using a Top Cloud Agriculture GXY-A plant root analyzer. Root-to-shoot ratio = plant root dry weight / plant above-ground dry weight; seedling vigor index = (plant stem diameter / plant height + root dry weight / plant above-ground dry weight) × total plant dry weight.

[0326] 1.5 Data processing: Same as in Experiment 1.

[0327] 2 Results and Analysis

[0328] 2.1 Effects of different concentrations of paclobutrazol on pepper plant height

[0329] The results in Table 19 show that, compared with the control, spraying different concentrations of paclobutrazol had a certain inhibitory effect on plant height, with the lowest height being 6.4 cm, a reduction of 61.9%, and the plants showed severe inhibition of cluster growth.

[0330] Table 19 Effects of different concentrations of paclobutrazol on agronomic traits of chili peppers

[0331]

[0332] The data in the table represent the average number of plants per treatment (3 plants), with different letters indicating differences.

[0333] 2.2 Effects of different concentrations of paclobutrazol on the stem diameter of chili peppers

[0334] The results in Table 19 show that after spraying with different concentrations of paclobutrazol, the stems of peppers showed varying degrees of thickening compared to the control, with significant differences. The thickest stem reached 3.29 mm, an increase of 16.25%.

[0335] 2.3 Effects of different concentrations of paclobutrazol on the number of pepper leaves

[0336] The results in Table 19 show that after spraying with different concentrations of paclobutrazol, the number of leaves of peppers increased to varying degrees compared with the control, with the highest number of leaves reaching 7, which is an increase of 16.67% compared with the control of 6 leaves.

[0337] 2.4 Effects of different concentrations of paclobutrazol on chlorophyll content in pepper leaves

[0338] The results in Table 19 show that, after spraying with different concentrations of paclobutrazol, the SPAD values ​​of each treatment increased with the increase of the treatment concentration compared with the control. The SPAD value of the control increased from 44.1 to 62, an increase of 40.59%.

[0339] 2.5 Effects of different concentrations of paclobutrazol on the fresh and dry weight of chili peppers

[0340] The results in Table 19 show that spraying different concentrations of paclobutrazol significantly increased the fresh and dry weight of chili pepper roots, by 86.11% and 40% respectively compared with the control. The fresh and dry weight of the aboveground parts also increased, especially the dry weight. The total dry weight and total fresh weight both increased significantly, with the total dry weight increasing by 35.16% compared with the control.

[0341] 2.6 Effects of different concentrations of paclobutrazol on pepper root indicators

[0342] Table 20 shows that after spraying with different concentrations of paclobutrazol, the total root length increased from low to high concentrations, with the longest being 173.1 mm in the T3 treatment; the total root surface area also increased, with the maximum value in T3 reaching 54.10 mm. 2 The root projection area increased from low concentration to high concentration, with a maximum value of 17.22 mm. 2 The total root volume increased, with a maximum value of 2.69 cm. 3 Compared with the control, the number of roots increased by 56.40%; the total number of root tips increased from low to high concentrations, with a maximum of 105.3, which was higher than the control.

[0343] Table 20 Effects of different concentrations of paclobutrazol on chili root parameters

[0344]

[0345] The data in the table are the average of 3 plants per treatment, and different letters indicate differences.

[0346] 3. Conclusions and Discussion

[0347] This experiment, combined with a comprehensive analysis of the survey indicators in Tables 19 and 20, concluded that spraying with paclobutrazol at a concentration of 30 mg / L (T2 treatment) resulted in better overall agronomic traits in chili seedlings, effectively inhibiting growth, reducing plant height, shortening internodes, and controlling excessive vegetative growth. Spraying with paclobutrazol at a concentration of 45 mg / L resulted in severe inhibition of growth in the chili seedlings, leading to clustered, stunted seedlings.

[0348] Experimental Example 8

[0349] This experiment mainly measures the effect of uniconazole on the growth and development of peppers before emergence after sowing.

[0350] 1. Materials and Methods

[0351] 1.1 Overview of the test site: Same as in Experiment 1.

[0352] 1.2 Experimental materials: The tested chili pepper materials, seedling trays, seedling substrate, and seedling ponds were the same as in Experiment 1; the tested drug was tebuconazole produced by Anyang Quanfeng Biotechnology Co., Ltd., with a purity of ≥95%.

[0353] 1.3 Experimental Methods: Seedlings were sown and raised on June 16, 2024. Four treatments were established: T1, T2, T3, and T4 (control). Each treatment had 56 wells, with one seed per well, and three replicates. Conventional floating seedling management was used in a greenhouse. On June 16, uniconazole was sprayed at the following concentrations: T1 15 mg / L, T2 30 mg / L, T3 45 mg / L, and T4 was sprayed with water as a control. Uniconazole was first dissolved in 20 ml of anhydrous ethanol, then diluted to 1 L with water, and sprayed evenly to moisten the soil. Samples were taken on July 13 for relevant index measurements.

[0354] 1.4 Measurements: The height of chili seedlings was measured using a steel ruler; stem diameter was measured using vernier calipers; chlorophyll content was measured using a TYS-3N portable chlorophyll meter manufactured by Beijing Jinkelida Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.; dry and fresh weight was measured using a 0.1% electronic balance; root length, root surface area, root diameter, root volume, and number of root tips were measured using a Top Cloud Agriculture GXY-A plant root analyzer. Root-to-shoot ratio = plant root dry weight / plant above-ground dry weight; seedling vigor index = (plant stem diameter / plant height + root dry weight / plant above-ground dry weight) × total plant dry weight.

[0355] 1.5 Data processing: Same as in Experiment 1.

[0356] 2 Results and Analysis

[0357] 2.1 Effects of different concentrations of uniconazole on pepper plant height

[0358] The results in Table 21 show that different concentrations of clopidogrel sprayed on plants had a certain inhibitory effect on plant height compared with the control, with the lowest height being 9.5 cm, a reduction of 48.09%. No severe inhibition of clustering of plants was observed.

[0359] Table 21 Effects of different concentrations of uniconazole on agronomic traits of chili peppers

[0360]

[0361] The data in the table represent the average number of plants per treatment (3 plants), with different letters indicating differences.

[0362] 2.2 Effects of different concentrations of uniconazole on the stem diameter of chili peppers

[0363] The results in Table 21 show that after spraying with different concentrations of tebuconazole, the stems of peppers showed varying degrees of thickening compared to the control, with significant differences. The thickest stem reached 3.34 mm, an increase of 8%.

[0364] 2.3 Effects of different concentrations of uniconazole on the number of pepper leaves

[0365] The results in Table 21 show that after spraying with different concentrations of clopidogrel, the number of leaves of peppers increased to varying degrees compared with the control, with the highest number of leaves reaching 7.7, which is an increase of 14.93% compared with the control of 6.7 leaves.

[0366] 2.4 Effects of different concentrations of uniconazole on chlorophyll content in pepper leaves

[0367] The results in Table 21 show that, after spraying with different concentrations of clopidogrel, the SPAD values ​​of each treatment increased with the increase of the treatment concentration compared with the control. The SPAD value of the control increased from 48.4 to 59.5, an increase of 22.93%.

[0368] 2.5 Effects of different concentrations of uniconazole on the fresh and dry weight of chili peppers

[0369] The results in Table 21 show that spraying different concentrations of tebuconazole significantly increased the fresh and dry weight of chili pepper roots, by 59.78% and 55.17% respectively compared with the control. The fresh and dry weight of the aboveground parts also increased, especially the dry weight. The total dry weight and total fresh weight both increased significantly, with the total dry weight increasing by 30.28% compared with the control.

[0370] 2.6 Effects of different concentrations of uniconazole on pepper root indicators

[0371] Table 22 shows that different concentrations of clopidogrel sprayed increased the total root length, with the longest being 181.6 mm in the T2 treatment; the total root surface area also increased, with the maximum value in T2 reaching 61.05 mm. 2 The root system projected area increased, with a maximum value of 19.43 mm. 2 The total root volume increased significantly, with a maximum value of 3.35 cm. 3 Compared with the control, the number of roots increased by 77.25%; the total number of root tips also increased, with a maximum of 151.7, which was higher than the control.

[0372] Table 22 Effects of different concentrations of uniconazole on chili root parameters

[0373]

[0374] The data in the table are the average of 3 plants per treatment, and different letters indicate differences.

[0375] 3. Conclusions and Discussion

[0376] This experiment, combined with a comprehensive analysis of the survey indicators in Tables 21 and 22, concluded that spraying with 30 mg / L uniconazole (T2 treatment) resulted in better overall agronomic traits in chili seedlings. It effectively inhibited above-ground growth, reduced plant height, shortened internodes, controlled excessive vegetative growth, and promoted robust seedling development. Spraying with 45 mg / L uniconazole showed inhibitory effects on the chili seedlings, but did not result in clustered, stunted seedlings, and the seedling uniformity was poor.

[0377] Experimental Example 9

[0378] This experiment mainly measures the effect of mepiquat chloride on the growth and development of peppers before emergence after sowing.

[0379] 1. Materials and Methods

[0380] 1.1 Overview of the test site: Same as in Experiment 1.

[0381] 1.2 Experimental materials: The tested chili pepper materials, seedling trays, seedling substrate, and seedling ponds were the same as in Experiment 1; the tested reagent was mepiquat chloride produced by Sichuan Runer Technology Co., Ltd., with a purity of ≥98%.

[0382] 1.3 Experimental Methods: Seedlings were sown and raised on June 16, 2024. Four treatments were established: T1, T2, T3, and T4 (control). Each treatment had 56 wells, with one seed per well, and three replicates. Conventional floating seedling management was used in a greenhouse. On June 16, uniconazole was sprayed at the following concentrations: T1 15 mg / L, T2 30 mg / L, T3 45 mg / L, T4 60 mg / L, and T5 was sprayed with water as a control. Mepiquat chloride was first dissolved in 10 ml of anhydrous ethanol, then diluted to 1 L with water, and sprayed evenly to moisten the soil. Samples were taken on July 12, and relevant indicators were measured.

[0383] 1.4 Measurements: The height of chili seedlings was measured using a steel ruler; stem diameter was measured using vernier calipers; chlorophyll content was measured using a TYS-3N portable chlorophyll meter manufactured by Beijing Jinkelida Electronic Technology Co., Ltd.; dry and fresh weight was measured using a 0.1% electronic balance; root length, root surface area, root diameter, root volume, and number of root tips were measured using a Top Cloud Agriculture GXY-A plant root analyzer. Root-to-shoot ratio = plant root dry weight / plant above-ground dry weight; seedling vigor index = (plant stem diameter / plant height + root dry weight / plant above-ground dry weight) × total plant dry weight.

[0384] 1.5 Data processing: Same as in Experiment 1.

[0385] 2 Results and Analysis

[0386] 2.1 Effects of different concentrations of mepiquat chloride on chili pepper plant height

[0387] The results in Table 23 show that, compared with the control, spraying different concentrations of mepiquat chloride had little effect on plant height, with the lowest height being 17.03 cm, a decrease of 0.8%.

[0388] Table 23 Effects of different concentrations of mepiquat chloride on agronomic traits of chili peppers

[0389]

[0390] The data in the table represent the average number of plants per treatment (3 plants), with different letters indicating differences.

[0391] 2.2 Effects of different concentrations of mepiquat chloride on the stem diameter of chili peppers

[0392] The results in Table 23 show that after spraying with different concentrations of mepiquat chloride, the stems of chili peppers showed varying degrees of thickening compared to the control, with little difference from the control. The thickest stem reached 3.1 mm, an increase of 7.91%.

[0393] 2.3 Effects of different concentrations of mepiquat chloride on the number of pepper leaves

[0394] The results in Table 23 show that after spraying with different concentrations of mepiquat chloride, the number of leaves on chili peppers increased compared with the control, with the highest number of leaves reaching 6.7, which is an increase of 26.42% compared with the control of 5.3 leaves.

[0395] 2.4 Effects of different concentrations of mepiquat chloride on chlorophyll content in pepper leaves

[0396] The results in Table 23 show that after spraying with different concentrations of mepiquat chloride, the SPAD values ​​of each treatment increased compared with the control. The SPAD value of the control increased from 43.7 to 49.8 in the T4 treatment, an increase of 13.96%.

[0397] 2.5 Effects of different concentrations of mepiquat chloride on the fresh and dry weight of chili peppers

[0398] The results in Table 23 show that spraying different concentrations of mepiquat significantly increased the fresh and dry weight of chili roots, by 198.04% and 105.41% respectively compared with the control. The fresh and dry weight of the aboveground parts also increased, especially the dry weight. The total dry weight and total fresh weight both increased significantly, with the total dry weight increasing by 77.62% compared with the control.

[0399] 2.6 Effects of different concentrations of mepiquat chloride on chili pepper root indicators

[0400] Table 24 shows that spraying with different concentrations of mepiquat chloride increased the total root length, with the longest being 187.37 mm in the T2 treatment; the total root surface area also increased, with the maximum value in T2 reaching 58.15 mm. 2 The root system projected area increased, with a maximum value of 18.51 mm. 2The total root volume increased significantly, with a maximum value of 3.07 cm. 3 Compared with the control, the number of roots increased by 157.98%; the total number of root tips also increased, with a maximum of 136.33, which was significantly higher than the control.

[0401] Table 24 Effects of different concentrations of mepiquat chloride on chili root parameters

[0402]

[0403] The data in the table are the average of 3 plants per treatment, and different letters indicate differences.

[0404] 3. Conclusions and Discussion

[0405] This experiment, combined with a comprehensive analysis of the survey indicators in Tables 23 and 24, concluded that spraying with a T2 treatment of 30 mg / L methomyl resulted in better overall agronomic traits in the chili seedlings. Spraying with methomyl did not reduce the plant height of the chili seedlings, but it increased other agronomic traits.

[0406] Based on the results of Experiments 7 to 9 above, and combined with the results of Experiments 1 to 6 above, it can be found that furazolidone spraying has the best effect on strengthening pepper seedlings. It requires less dosage, is absorbed quickly, is safe for seedlings, and has higher values ​​for various agronomic traits. Its overall effect is significantly stronger than other seedling strengthening agents. Paclobutrazol spraying easily causes seedling wilting and phytotoxicity, resulting in stunted seedlings. Uniconazole spraying treatment requires a larger dosage, resulting in poor seedling uniformity and uneven seedling size. Mepiquat cannot reduce plant height, but only promotes growth, and has a poor seedling strengthening effect.

Claims

1. A method for promoting vigorous seedling growth in Solanaceae crops, characterized in that, Prepare an aqueous solution of furazolidone with a concentration of 3 mg / L to 6 mg / L. Spray the surface of the seedling tray of the solanaceous crop with furazolidone until the tray is moist after sowing and before the seedling emerges, or spray the seedling of the solanaceous crop with furazolidone until the leaves are moist when the seedlings have grown to the point where the cotyledons have expanded. The furazolidone used is a furazolidone product with a purity greater than 98%; The leaf surface is moist when there is no water droplet accumulation or dripping on the leaf surface of the seedling; The Solanaceae crops mentioned include peppers, tomatoes, eggplants, and tobacco.

2. The method for promoting seedling vigor in Solanaceae crops as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The spraying rate of the furazolidone aqueous solution is 150 ml / m³. 2 .

3. The method for promoting seedling vigor in Solanaceae crops as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The furazolidone was prepared at a concentration of 6 mg / L.

4. The method for promoting seedling vigor in Solanaceae crops as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The furazolidone is first dissolved in anhydrous ethanol, and then water is added to make up to a final volume.

5. The method for promoting seedling vigor in Solanaceae crops as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The seedlings of the Solanaceae crop are managed using floating seedling cultivation in greenhouses.

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