A method for planting morel high ridge

Abstract

The present application relates to the Morel planting technical field, specifically to a kind of Morel high ridge planting method, including early cooling, mid-term heat preservation and late warming measures, also including the following steps: by constructing high ridge structure, utilize the characteristics of slow change of ground temperature, create long-term stable growth environment for Morel, specifically including cooling treatment after sowing to before mushroom induction, warming treatment after mushroom induction to harvesting period;Beneficial effect is: increase the mushroom area.Planting according to the method, the mushroom area is equivalent to 1.2-2.2 times of traditional planting method, with the increase of the proportion of soil ridge height;Create the best survival conditions and space of Morel.The mushroom position is on ridge slope, and ground heat line or "underground water heat exchange pipe belt" can be laid in ridge ditch, and ridge top is covered with grass mat and other coverings, which plays the role of warming, heat preservation, moisture retention and ventilation, creates stable and most suitable growth environment for Morel growth, realizes stable yield.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of morel mushroom cultivation technology, specifically a method for cultivating morel mushrooms on raised beds. Background Technology

[0002] Traditional morel cultivation involves creating the necessary temperature, humidity, air, and light conditions for morel growth during the appropriate season, along with supplemental external nutrients, allowing the fruiting bodies to grow and develop on the ground surface. Disadvantages of this traditional method:

[0003] ① Morel mushrooms grow on flat surfaces, and the area occupied by the nutrient bags limits the fruiting area, resulting in limited yield. ② Morel mushrooms are highly sensitive to changes in temperature, light, air, and humidity during the primordia formation and young mushroom growth period. Traditional methods struggle to create the necessary conditions for morel growth, easily leading to mushroom death or even crop failure. ③ The suitable time for morel fruiting in nature is very narrow (mid-March to early April in the Central Plains region). Outside this period, it is very difficult to artificially control temperature and humidity, resulting in a short fruiting period, concentrated market supply, and lower prices due to traditional cultivation methods. ④ Traditional cultivation methods involve shallow ditches on both sides of the planting beds, generally no more than 30cm, primarily for drainage. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a method for cultivating morel mushrooms on raised beds, in order to solve the problems mentioned in the background art.

[0005] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a method for cultivating morel mushrooms on raised beds, including measures for cooling in the early stage, maintaining temperature in the middle stage, and increasing temperature in the later stage; the method further includes the following steps:

[0006] By constructing a high-ridge structure and taking advantage of the slow temperature change of the soil, a long-term stable growth environment for morel mushrooms is created. Specifically, this includes cooling and heat preservation treatments after sowing and before fruiting, and warming treatments after fruiting and during the harvest period.

[0007] Preferably, the initial cooling measures include spraying cooling in the area between the inner and outer greenhouses, spraying during the day when the outside temperature is high, and allowing cold air to enter at night when the temperature is low, in order to reduce the temperature around the nutrient bags and the soil in the inner greenhouse; it also includes:

[0008] Outer shade netting installation: Laying a layer of shade netting on the outer canopy reduces the radiant heating of the canopy by sunlight. At the same time, the shade netting is breathable, which helps water mist to dissipate to the outside and lowers the temperature inside the canopy.

[0009] Double-layer protection for the inner greenhouse: A layer of greenhouse film is laid in the inner greenhouse, and then a shade net is covered on the outside to further reduce light radiation, control heat conduction and heat convection in the inner greenhouse, and reduce the temperature of the inner greenhouse.

[0010] Nighttime ventilation and cooling: Open the inner shed at night to allow the cool air from outside to flow into the inner shed naturally and carry away the heat accumulated during the day;

[0011] During the day, the greenhouse is closed to lock in the cold air. The air exchange channels between the inner greenhouse and the outside are closed, and the cold air is "locked" in the inner greenhouse to maintain a relatively low and stable temperature inside the greenhouse.

[0012] By implementing the above measures continuously for a week, the temperature inside the greenhouse will be reduced to the target temperature.

[0013] Preferred mid-term insulation measures include replacing the outer canopy with a film with a thickness of 8 mil or more to increase light transmittance and heat retention, while maintaining the inner canopy with a structure of one layer of film and one layer of shade net, and controlling the temperature between 3-15℃.

[0014] Preferably, the later warming measures include setting up a structure with two layers of film in the outer shed and a layer of straw mat in the middle, removing the shade net in the inner shed and leaving only one layer of film, spraying warming in the area between the inner and outer sheds in extremely cold conditions, and laying "groundwater heat exchange pipe belts" in the furrows to heat with underground circulating water.

[0015] Preferably, it also includes soil treatment before sowing: including deep plowing of the land, application of phorate granules, quicklime powder and decomposed cow and sheep manure, and rotary tilling to prevent underground pests and improve the soil.

[0016] Preferred methods also include using 600 catties of seeds per mu (unit of land area). Under the premise of pre-warming the soil, 400 catties of inoculum is spread on the ground, and the soil is tilled twice. Then, the remaining 200 catties of inoculum is spread on the surface. The inner shed is lightly sprayed with water, the inner shed is closed to maintain humidity, and external cooling measures are taken to keep the temperature in the inner shed below 16 degrees Celsius.

[0017] Preferably, the specific steps of raising ridges include using mechanical ridge raising, with a ridge bottom width of 40-60cm, a furrow bottom width of 25cm, a ridge height of 40-60cm, a ridge top width of 25cm, a row of small holes punched in the middle of the ridge top leading to the furrow bottom, and laying drip irrigation tape for drip irrigation, which is used for water infiltration and mycelial growth.

[0018] Preferably, the method also includes the placement of nutrient bags and covering with black mulch: under the premise that bacterial frost is produced on the top of the ridge, the nutrient bags should not be pressed on the drip irrigation tape after the drip irrigation tape is removed, otherwise the drip irrigation will not be smooth. The nutrient bags should be 17×35cm in size. After cutting the opening, place two bags side by side at the top of the ridge, press them down slightly, and finally cover the entire ridge with perforated black mulch.

[0019] Preferably, it also includes mycelial growth management: after sowing and before fruiting, comprehensive cooling and heat preservation measures are adopted, and spray cooling is flexibly used according to changes in the outside temperature to keep the soil temperature within a suitable range and ensure normal mycelial growth.

[0020] Preferred methods also include mushroom cultivation and preservation: removing the mulch for proper ventilation and drying, modifying the inner and outer sheds, making secondary holes, laying "underground water and heat exchange pipes", erecting crossbars, setting up light strips, covering with straw mats, carrying out drip irrigation to promote mushroom growth, turning on the "underground water and heat exchange pipes" for heating, strengthening field management, and taking comprehensive warming measures to create a suitable environment for primordia outbreak and fruiting body growth.

[0021] Preferred methods also include delaying the fruiting of morel mushrooms. This is achieved by regulating the temperature of groundwater and soil, combining the rearrangement of nutrient bags, the replenishment of nutrients, the cooling effect of the "groundwater heat exchange pipe belt," and comprehensive cooling measures.

[0022] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0023] 1. Increased fruiting area. When planted using this method, fruiting occurs mainly on the ridge slope, and the fruiting area is 1.2-2.2 times that of traditional planting methods, with the proportion increasing as the ridge height increases;

[0024] 2. Creating optimal living conditions and space for morel mushrooms. The raised-ridge design increases the soil layer's height above the ground, reducing the direct heating effect of ground radiation on the ridges. In early management, methods such as misting for cooling, adjusting shading facilities, or utilizing natural ventilation can further lower the temperature on the ridges, making it lower than the surrounding ground temperature and reaching the suitable temperature range for morel mushroom growth. Under lower temperature conditions, morel mushrooms can better carry out physiological metabolic activities, promoting mycelial growth and fruiting body formation. Simultaneously, the low-temperature environment effectively inhibits the reproduction of other microorganisms, reducing their competition with morel mushrooms, thereby controlling contamination and improving the yield and quality of morel mushrooms. In later treatment, "underground water and heat exchange pipes" can be laid in the furrows, and the ridge tops can be covered with straw mats or other coverings to increase temperature, retain heat, retain moisture, and allow for ventilation, creating a stable and optimal growth environment for morel mushrooms and achieving stable yields.

[0025] 3. It allows for extending the fruiting time at both ends of the season. By utilizing the regulating effect of groundwater temperature, the temperature inside the greenhouse can be raised and lowered as needed, enabling off-season cultivation. This not only allows for earlier but also later fruiting, thus increasing economic benefits.

[0026] 4. Increased nutrient bag distribution provides a solid material foundation for higher yields. Nutrient bags are placed centrally at the top of the ridges, with 6,000 bags (12,000 catties) per acre, which is 2 to 2.6 times that of traditional planting methods. This intensive management provides a material basis for increasing morel mushroom production. Attached Figure Description

[0027] Figure 1 This is a flowchart of the method of the present invention;

[0028] Figure 2This is a schematic diagram of the cross-section of the mushroom shed design of this invention. Detailed Implementation

[0029] To make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clear and complete, the embodiments of the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only some, not all, embodiments of the present invention, and are merely illustrative of the embodiments of the present invention. They are not intended to limit the embodiments of the present invention. All other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0030] Example 1, please refer to Figures 1 to 2 This invention provides a technical solution: a method for cultivating morel mushrooms on raised beds, including measures for cooling in the early stage, maintaining warmth in the middle stage, and increasing warmth in the later stage. The method further includes the following steps:

[0031] I. Temperature Control Measures for Early-Maturing Morel Cultivation in the Central Plains Region

[0032] The key to high-ridge, three-dimensional, early-maturing morel cultivation in the Central Plains region lies in cooling the soil in the early stage (from sowing to before fruiting) and increasing the temperature in the later stage (from fruiting to harvest). The advantage of high ridges is that they utilize the slow temperature increase and decrease of the soil, acting as a buffer and creating a long-term stable growth environment for the morels. Observations show that, under the same external temperature conditions, the surface temperature within the ridges after high ridge cultivation is buffered by about 2°C compared to traditional planting methods.

[0033] For early-maturing cultivation, the sowing time must be advanced accordingly. However, the drawback of early sowing is that excessively high temperatures when placing the nutrient bags can lead to contamination by other microorganisms. This technology effectively solves this problem by using high ridging. After high ridging, the temperature at the top of the ridges is not affected by the soil temperature (in the Central Plains region, the temperature below ground is higher than the surface temperature at this time), and will be close to the air temperature. The measures taken are: under the premise of double-layer shade netting, spraying mist between the inner and outer greenhouses to cool down during the day when the outside temperature is high, and allowing cold outside air to enter at night when the temperature is low. This can effectively reduce the temperature around the nutrient bags and the soil in the inner greenhouse, creating an environment suitable for the growth of morel mycelium and preventing contamination of the nutrient bags by other microorganisms.

[0034] Maintaining adequate temperature during the winter mushroom growing season is crucial. This can be addressed through a combination of measures: raising the ridges to slow temperature drops in the furrows under special climatic conditions; covering the space between ridges with straw mats after mushroom induction, or covering the straw mats with white plastic film; spraying between the inner and outer greenhouses to utilize the exothermic reaction of groundwater to maintain temperature; using hot air blowers between the inner and outer greenhouses; and laying "groundwater heat exchange pipes" in the furrows to utilize groundwater circulation for warming. In morel cultivation, to cope with the challenges of low winter temperatures, a groundwater circulation heat exchange system, namely the "groundwater heat exchange pipes," is designed. This system is laid between the ridges, utilizing the constant temperature characteristics of groundwater (approximately 15℃), which is precisely within the optimal range for morel growth, effectively avoiding overheating or overcooling caused by air temperature fluctuations. This design is not only cost-effective but also easy to lay and maintain, ensuring stable growth of morels during winter. As the season transitions to April and the outside temperature gradually rises, the groundwater heat exchange pipes originally laid between the ridges are moved to the top of the ridges. This adjustment strategy aims to utilize the constant temperature of groundwater to lower the soil temperature at the top of the ridges through heat exchange, thus meeting the specific temperature requirements of morel mushrooms during this growth stage. The advantage of this layout is that the heat exchange pipes and control valves are laid directly on the surface, allowing for easy adjustment of the circulating water volume based on real-time weather conditions and the growth status of the morel mushrooms. This precise control of heat exchange efficiency and corresponding temperature ensures that the morel mushrooms are in an optimal growth environment throughout their entire growth cycle. Furthermore, for ease of management and operation, all corresponding control valves are located on one side of the greenhouse. This layout design allows operators to easily adjust the circulating water system in real time as needed, improving the convenience and flexibility of production management.

[0035] 1. Initial temperature drop (October 20 - November 26)

[0036] (1) Use one layer of 12-needle shade netting for the outer canopy, with a refractive index of about 95%. (2) Use one layer of film (4-5 mil thick) plus another layer of 12-needle shade netting for the inner canopy. (3) Spray the area between the inner and outer canopies (the higher the atomization, the better). (4) Open the inner canopy at night when the temperature is low to let the cold air in, and close the inner canopy during the day to lock in the cold air.

[0037] 2. Mid-term insulation (November 26 - December 20)

[0038] (1) Keep the inner shed unchanged (i.e., one layer of film plus one layer of shade net); (2) Replace the outer shed with a film with a thickness of more than 8 mils (to increase light transmission and heat preservation); (3) Keep the temperature at 3-15℃.

[0039] 3. Later stage of warming (December 20 - January 20)

[0040] (1) Outer shed: Two layers of film sandwich a layer of straw mat (commonly known as "two films sandwiching a mat"); (2) Inner shed: Remove the shade net and leave only one layer of film; (3) Spray the area between the inner and outer sheds to increase the temperature when the temperature is extremely low, or use a hot air tube to heat the area; (4) Cover the area between the two rows with straw mats, and then cover the straw mats with white film (cover for a short time after fruiting, and gradually lift the film after the fruiting bodies grow to enhance ventilation); (5) Lay "groundwater heat exchange pipe belts" in the furrows to circulate groundwater for heating.

[0041] II. Sowing and Cultivating Fungi

[0042] 1. Pre-broadcast preparation

[0043] ① Soil treatment: Deep plow the land once in late September or early October to a depth of 35-40cm. On a cloudy day, evenly spread 5 kg of phorate granules (3% effective content) per acre on the ground. Protect from direct sunlight and immediately rotary till. Seven days later, spread 100-150 kg of quicklime powder and 400-500 kg of well-rotted cow or sheep manure per acre on the ground, and then rotary till twice more to a depth of at least 15cm.

[0044] ② Layout of Inner and Outer Shelves: The greenhouse should ideally be oriented north-south. The outer greenhouse should be constructed using 1-inch steel pipes, spaced 1 meter apart, to form a 3.2-meter high and 8-meter wide structure; the length is unlimited. The inner greenhouse should be constructed using 4-point steel pipes, spaced 3 meters apart, to form a 2.8-meter high and 7.6-meter wide structure. A central support column should be placed every 3 meters, running through both the inner and outer greenhouses, supporting the outer greenhouse and extending to the ground, and securely fixed. The outer greenhouse should be covered with a layer of 12-needle dense shade netting. The inner greenhouse should be constructed using a layer of thin film (4-5 microns thick) covered with another layer of 12-needle dense shade netting. Install a row of sprinklers on each side of both the inner and outer greenhouses. The distance between the two sprinklers should be determined based on the spray diameter and water pressure, generally one sprinkler every 1 meter. Ensure that the spray from each sprinkler is evenly distributed within the greenhouse, leaving no dead spots. The distance between the inner and outer greenhouses should be at least 20 cm. Dig a drainage ditch between the inner and outer greenhouses, stretching the inner film and placing it at the bottom of the ditch. The inner film should extend beyond the bottom of the ditch and press against the inside of the outer greenhouse film to prevent water from the drainage ditch from seeping into the inner greenhouse.

[0045] ③ Soil pre-wetting: With the above facilities in place, around October 20th, open both ends of the inner shed, then open the inner shed and hang the sprayer until there is a small amount of water on the soil surface.

[0046] ④ Inner Shelf Cooling: Late October marks the beginning of the Frost's Descent solar term. In the Central Plains region, daytime temperatures are high while nighttime temperatures are low. After pre-moistening the soil, close both ends of the inner greenhouse during the day and spray mist between the inner and outer greenhouses to cool them. Stop spraying at night and open the inner greenhouse to allow cool air in for ventilation and cooling. Continue this process for several days until the inner greenhouse temperature drops. Sowing can begin once the soil temperature at a depth of 5-10 cm stabilizes at 16℃.

[0047] 2. Sowing (around October 25th)

[0048] 600 jin of seeds are used per mu.

[0049] Method: First, spread 400 catties of inoculum on the pre-moistened soil surface and till twice. Then, spread the remaining 200 catties of inoculum on the surface. Lightly spray water inside the inner shed and close it to maintain humidity. Continue misting between the inner and outer sheds to lower the temperature. Using an outside temperature of 16℃ as a reference, mist when the outside temperature is above 16℃ and stop misting when it is below 16℃, keeping the inner shed temperature below 16℃. After approximately 3-5 days, the inoculum will have covered the ground.

[0050] 3. Raising ridges (October 29-30)

[0051] When using mechanical ridging, it's best to run the ridges north-south for even heating. The ridge bottom should be 40-60cm wide, the furrow bottom 25cm wide, the ridge height 40-60cm, and the ridge top 25cm wide. The key to mechanical ridging is properly controlling the soil moisture content, ideally around 20-25%. As long as it's manageable, higher moisture levels are more conducive to mycelial growth. (Test by hand: the soil should clump together when squeezed in your hand but crumble when dropped on the ground.)

[0052] 4. Insert water into the hole.

[0053] After ridging, promptly make a row of small holes from top to bottom in the middle of the ridge top, all the way to the bottom of the furrow. The holes should be 30cm apart and about 0.8-1cm in diameter.

[0054] 5. Lay drip irrigation tape and implement drip irrigation.

[0055] After drilling the holes, lay the Noor drip irrigation tape on the top of the ridge, with the drip holes facing upwards. Irrigate by dripping water in small amounts multiple times to prevent the ridge top from collapsing. Generally, drip for 2-3 minutes at a time, then stop for 2-4 hours to allow the water to seep in before resuming dripping. Adjust the frequency based on soil characteristics and water retention. Stop dripping when a small amount of water seeps out from the ridge slope 5cm from the bottom of the furrow, and when it is expected that the water will completely reach the bottom within 1-2 days. Allow the water to seep in automatically. The soil moisture content of the entire ridge should be approximately 35%.

[0056] 6. Place the nutrient bags.

[0057] After drip irrigation, a layer of bacterial frost will form on the soil ridges as moisture increases, and the temperature at the top of the ridges will drop. When the temperature within 5cm of the top of the ridge is below 15℃, nutrient bags can be placed (nutrient bag formula: 50% corn cob, 45-47% wheat, 3-5% quicklime powder. First, mix the dry corn cob with 5% quicklime powder, add an equal amount of water, ferment for 3-4 days, then add the other ingredients and mix well, adjust the moisture content to about 65%, bag, sterilize, and let cool before use). Before placing the nutrient bags, remove the drip irrigation tape, and do not let the nutrient bags press on the drip irrigation tape. Use 17x35cm nutrient bags, 3-4 mils thick, cylindrical (do not use flat machine-made nutrient bags), each bag is about 30cm long, and each bag contains about 2 catties of wet material. The cutting method for the nutrient bags is the same as the conventional operation. Place two bags side by side at the top of the ridge. After placing one group, place another group next to it, densely packed with bags, leaving no gaps between them. Each acre can hold about 6,000 nutrient bags, yielding approximately 12,000 jin of wet feed.

[0058] 7. Cover with plastic film.

[0059] After observing for 7 days that the mycelium has entered the nutrient bag and there is no contamination, place the drip irrigation tape in the upper middle position of the nutrient bag (if the soil becomes too dry in the later stages, additional drip irrigation can be applied). Then cover with a 1.5-meter-wide perforated, slightly permeable black mulch film (perforation density of 10×10cm, hole diameter of 1cm, and film thickness of 0.8 mil). Maintain the temperature between 3-16℃ for mycelial growth. Minimize disturbance.

[0060] 8. Management during the incubation period.

[0061] The period from sowing to mushroom cultivation is the mycelium growth period. This should be adjusted flexibly according to changes in outside temperature. In late October, when the outside temperature is still high, open the outer greenhouse's overhead sprayer when the daily temperature exceeds 16℃, spraying between the inner and outer greenhouses to lower the temperature inside. Stop spraying when the temperature drops below 16℃. Continue spraying until the outside daytime temperature drops below 16℃ (around mid-November in the Central Plains region). At night, when the outside temperature is low, open both ends of the inner greenhouse to allow cool air to enter. After mid-November, if the temperature drops too low, and the temperature inside the greenhouse falls below freezing, take insulation measures. Replace the outer greenhouse shade net with a thin film (at least 8 mils thick). The inner greenhouse should still have one layer of thin film plus one layer of shade netting. On sunny days, ventilate appropriately at the leeward side.

[0062] III. Mushroom cultivation and preservation (December 20 - January 20)

[0063] Around December 20th, after about two months of transformation and absorption, the mycelium matures, and a small number of primordia appear, at which point mushroom cultivation can begin. Steps:

[0064] 1. Remove the mulch film. Remove the mulch film, open both ends of the inner greenhouse for ventilation and drying for 3 days. Use 25ml of bifenthrin-thiamethoxam suspension emulsion (total effective ingredient 10%) per acre, plus 6 vials of injectable penicillin sodium (4 million units), plus 100ml of streptomycin, and dilute with 60kg of water (the volume of two sprayers) and spray evenly between the furrows inside the greenhouse.

[0065] 2. Modification of inner and outer greenhouses. The outer greenhouse consists of "two films sandwiching a tarpaulin", and the inner greenhouse consists of a single layer of plastic film.

[0066] 3. Secondary punching. First, remove the drip tape from the top of the nutrient bags, and then punch the water inlet hole again from top to bottom between the two rows of nutrient bags, using the same method as before.

[0067] 4. Lay the "underground water heat exchange pipes". Because the temperature on the south side of a north-south oriented greenhouse is higher than on the north side in winter, the flow direction of the "underground water heat exchange pipes" should be designed to be from north to south to maintain a consistent temperature throughout the greenhouse. Lay 3-4 parallel 6-point thick plastic pipes at the bottom of the trench, connecting both ends to the main inlet and outlet pipes. Install a valve at the inlet of each pipe to control the water flow. Each pipe should not exceed 60 meters in length; if the greenhouse is too long, two or three sets can be designed. At the point where the pipes enter the trench, build a 20cm high earthen embankment to prevent water leakage into the trench. After laying the "underground water heat exchange pipes", conduct a water test to ensure there are no leaks. After mushroom cultivation, turn on the pump to flow water, using the underground water temperature to warm the trench.

[0068] 5. Set up horizontal supports. Place bamboo strips horizontally between two rows, one strip every meter. Finally, place the drip irrigation tape on the bamboo strips, ensuring the bamboo strips do not press down on the drip irrigation tape to avoid disrupting the drip irrigation process.

[0069] 6. Install LED light strips. Install LED light strips in the middle of the furrows on the bamboo strips, with the bottom of the strip about 15cm from the bottom of the furrow. Adjust the brightness to the minimum, approximately 600-1000 lux. Turn them on during the day and off at night, for approximately 5 hours and 40 minutes each day.

[0070] 7. Cover with straw mats. Lay a layer of straw mats flat on the two rows of bamboo strips. The straw mats should be 50cm-60cm wide, depending on the width of the rows. In the early days when it is cold, a layer of white plastic film can be covered on the straw mats. Later, this film can be removed to facilitate ventilation (the amount of white plastic film to be covered should be adjusted according to the ground temperature).

[0071] Note: The four steps of setting up the tower crossbar, putting back the drip irrigation pipe, setting up the light strip, and covering with straw mats can be completed in one go; otherwise, field operations will be more difficult.

[0072] 8. Drip irrigation for mushroom growth. After completing the above steps, turn on the drip irrigation pipes, applying small amounts frequently and flexibly, ensuring water reaches the bottom of the furrows and that the ridges do not collapse. Drip irrigation should be completed within 3 days.

[0073] 9. Open the "Groundwater Heat Exchange Pipes" for heating. After drip irrigation for mushroom cultivation begins, simultaneously open all "Groundwater Heat Exchange Pipes." In the Central Plains region, the groundwater temperature is around 15℃ from late December to mid-January. Use 3-4 water pipes continuously for heat exchange to quickly raise the temperature in the furrows to 6-10℃, facilitating a large-scale primordia eruption. Utilize the water pipe valves to flexibly control the water flow and maintain a suitable temperature in the furrows. The straw mats have good air permeability, so there's no need to worry about insufficient oxygen. On sunny days, appropriate ventilation can be provided to keep the air inside the greenhouse fresh. In extremely low temperatures, misting can be applied between the inner and outer greenhouse areas to increase temperature, or a hot air blower can be used for heating.

[0074] Key points for management during the mushroom cultivation period: A comprehensive consideration of temperature, light, air, and humidity is necessary, and all measures should be taken to ensure that conditions meet or closely approximate the survival environment of morel mushrooms at each stage. ① From primordia appearance to primordia differentiation: Temperature 6-20℃, relative humidity 85-95%, artificial lighting, suitable high carbon dioxide concentration, no ventilation required. ② From primordia differentiation to needle tip stage: Temperature 3-16℃, relative humidity around 80%, artificial lighting, relatively increased oxygen consumption, avoid ventilation but frequent air exchange. On sunny days, open the outer greenhouse during the day to allow oxygen in, close the outer greenhouse and open the inner greenhouse for ventilation at night, or open both the inner and outer greenhouses during the day to allow oxygen in, and close them completely at night for insulation; on cold and cloudy days, open the inner greenhouse for ventilation first during the day, then slightly open the outer greenhouse for ventilation, and close both the inner and outer greenhouses at night for insulation. ③ From young mushrooms to mature mushrooms: Temperature 5-18℃, relative humidity 70-80%, artificial lighting, and prevention of high temperature and high humidity or low temperature and high humidity. At this time, respiration is stronger and oxygen demand is greater. It is necessary to make good use of the staggered opening and closing of the inner and outer sheds for ventilation, or leave ventilation openings on the leeward side for ventilation to keep the air in the inner and outer sheds fresh.

[0075] After morel mushrooms develop primordia, they consume a lot of water, and due to gravity, water will continuously seep downwards, easily causing uneven water distribution, with the top of the soil being dry and the bottom wet. It is necessary to frequently observe water changes and promptly turn on drip irrigation to replenish water if the upper part is found to be lacking water. After about a month of cultivation, morel mushrooms can be harvested when they reach 80% maturity. After harvesting one batch of mushrooms, let them dry for 2-3 days, then rebuild the bamboo trellis, install LED lights, cover with straw mats, and begin drip irrigation to promote fruiting and maintain the mushrooms.

[0076] IV. Delayed fruiting of morel mushrooms

[0077] Because raised beds can effectively utilize groundwater to regulate the temperature within the furrows, the Central Plains region has not only been able to bring morel mushrooms to market earlier, around the Spring Festival, but also to harvest them as late as early May. These are times when fresh morel mushrooms command higher prices, resulting in greater profits.

[0078] In the Central Plains region, the groundwater temperature in April and May is 13.5-14.5℃, and the soil temperature 40cm below the surface is 15-18℃. With proper management, these conditions can meet the growth requirements of morel mushrooms. Sowing can be done in various greenhouses from late October to early February of the following year. After 40-50 days of nutrient conversion and absorption, followed by mushroom cultivation, and another 20-30 days of growth, the mushrooms can be harvested. Fresh mushrooms are available from late January to early May.

[0079] Nutrients can be replenished by replacing the nutrient bags instead of sowing seeds. The method is as follows: In late February or early March, after 2-3 flushes of morel mushrooms, their nutrients are depleted and need to be replenished. Remove all the old nutrient bags, then spray insecticide and fungicide (pesticides and dosages as above), turn on the inner greenhouse sprinklers to increase humidity, and cultivate the mycelium for 7 days. Then, place new nutrient bags, reducing the amount used to 2000 bags per acre. To prevent the adverse effects of high temperatures on morel growth, place the "underground water heat exchange pipes" previously installed at the bottom of the furrows above the nutrient bags on the ridge tops, under the straw mats, and circulate water to cool them down. After cultivating the mycelium from mid-March to mid-April, and promoting fruiting in mid-April, harvesting can begin in early May.

[0080] V. Varieties

[0081] This method works for all morel varieties, but the effect varies depending on the temperature profile of the cultivar. For low-temperature varieties, early cultivation and earlier market entry are recommended. For high-temperature varieties, delayed cultivation and later market entry are recommended. Both methods can yield higher profits.

[0082] Example 2, based on Example 1, proposes cooling and warming measures for early-maturing morel cultivation in the Central Plains region (October-December).

[0083] Early cooling period (October 20 - November 26)

[0084] External canopy setup: Use a single layer of 12-needle shade netting with a refractive index of approximately 95%.

[0085] Inner canopy setup: one layer of 4-5 micrometer thick film plus one layer of 12-needle shade net.

[0086] Cooling measures:

[0087] When the outside temperature is high during the day, high-frequency spraying should be carried out in the area between the inner and outer greenhouses, and the higher the degree of atomization, the better, in order to reduce the temperature inside the greenhouse.

[0088] When the temperature is low at night, open both ends of the inner shed to let in cold air from the outside, which will further reduce the temperature inside the shed.

[0089] Target temperature: By taking the above measures, the temperature inside the greenhouse is kept below 16℃ to ensure that the mycelium grows normally without being contaminated by other microorganisms.

[0090] Mid-term thermal insulation (November 26-December 20)

[0091] External canopy adjustment: Replace the external canopy shade net with a film of 8 mils or more to increase light transmission and heat preservation effect.

[0092] Inner canopy maintained: The inner canopy setup remains unchanged, consisting of one layer of film and one layer of shade netting.

[0093] Temperature control: By adjusting the ventilation and covering of the inner and outer sheds, the temperature inside the shed is maintained between 3-15℃, providing a stable environment for mycelial growth.

[0094] Later warming period (December 20 - January 20)

[0095] External canopy renovation: The "two-film-one-straw mat" structure is adopted, that is, two layers of film with a straw mat sandwiched in between, to enhance the heat preservation effect.

[0096] Adjustments to the inner canopy: Remove the shade netting, leaving only one layer of film.

[0097] Temperature increase measures:

[0098] Spraying is applied to the area between the inner and outer sheds, utilizing the exothermic reaction of groundwater to maintain the temperature.

[0099] A hot air gun is used to heat the space between the inner and outer sheds.

[0100] Lay straw mats between the two rows and cover them with a white film for a short time to promote primordia formation, then gradually uncover the film to enhance air permeability.

[0101] A groundwater heat exchange pipe is laid in the furrow to circulate groundwater and maintain the temperature in the furrow at 6-10℃. The advantages of the groundwater heat exchange pipe are: 1. Low cost; groundwater can be extracted and circulated between the rows, only wasting electricity; 2. Groundwater temperature is stable at around 15 degrees Celsius in winter, which is the optimal growth temperature for morel mushrooms, so there is no need to worry about the water temperature affecting the mushrooms; 3. The groundwater heat exchange pipe can be controlled by valves to regulate the groundwater flow and thus the temperature; 4. The groundwater heat exchange pipe is laid between the rows, allowing for easy inspection and relocation as needed according to seasonal changes.

[0102] Example 3, based on Example 1, proposes a method for morel mushroom inoculation and cultivation management (October 25th - mid-November).

[0103] Pre-broadcast preparation:

[0104] Soil treatment:

[0105] Till the soil to a depth of 35-40cm, apply 5 kg of phorate granules (3% effective content) per acre, and rotary till twice.

[0106] Seven days later, apply 100-150 kg of quicklime powder and 400-500 kg of well-rotted cow and sheep manure per mu, then till twice to a depth of more than 15 cm.

[0107] sowing:

[0108] Time: Around October 25th.

[0109] Seed usage: 600 jin per mu.

[0110] Method: First, spread 400 catties of inoculum on the pre-moistened soil surface, then till twice. Next, spread the remaining 200 catties of inoculum on the surface. Lightly spray water inside the inner shed, close the inner shed to maintain humidity, and continue spraying water between the inner and outer sheds to cool the soil, keeping the inner shed temperature below 16℃.

[0111] High ridges:

[0112] Dates: October 29-30.

[0113] Specifications: 40-60cm wide at the bottom of the ridge, 25cm wide at the bottom of the furrow, 40-60cm high at the top of the ridge, and 25cm wide at the top of the ridge.

[0114] Soil moisture content: approximately 20-25%; it can be formed into a ball when squeezed in the hand, but will crumble when dropped on the ground.

[0115] Insert water holes and lay drip irrigation tape:

[0116] Punching holes: Punch a row of small holes in the middle of the top of the ridge, all the way to the bottom of the furrow. The holes should be 30cm apart and 0.8-1cm in diameter.

[0117] Drip irrigation: Lay out the Noor patch drip irrigation tape with the drip holes facing upwards, and drip irrigate in small amounts multiple times until a small amount of water seeps out from the bottom of the ridge, and the soil moisture content is about 35%.

[0118] Place the nutrient bag:

[0119] Time: Place when the temperature at the top of the ridge is below 15℃.

[0120] Specifications and quantity: 17x35cm, thickness 3-4 mils, each bag is about 30cm long, contains about 2 jin of wet material, and about 6,000 bags are placed per acre.

[0121] Mulching and management during the microbial cultivation period:

[0122] Cover with plastic film: Use perforated micro-permeable black plastic film (perforation density 10x10cm, hole diameter 1cm, film thickness 0.8 mil) for covering.

[0123] Management during the mycelium growth period: Adjust the ventilation and misting of the inner and outer sheds flexibly according to changes in the outside temperature, maintain the temperature between 3-16℃, and minimize disturbance.

[0124] Example 4, based on Example 1, proposes a delayed fruiting management method for morel mushrooms (mid-April to early May).

[0125] Preliminary preparations:

[0126] Time: Late February to early March, after morel mushrooms have produced fruiting 2-3 flushes.

[0127] Nutritional supplementation: Remove the old nutrient bag, spray insecticide and fungicide (as before), and cultivate bacteria for 7 days.

[0128] Rearrange the nutrient bags:

[0129] Quantity: Reduced to 2,000 bags per acre.

[0130] Location: Place the nutrient bags on top of the ridges, with appropriate spacing between each bag to ensure that the mycelium fully absorbs nutrients.

[0131] Cooling measures:

[0132] Groundwater heat exchange pipe belt: The pipe belt that was previously laid at the bottom of the furrow is moved to the top of the ridge above the nutrient bag and under the straw mat, and water is circulated to cool it down, preventing the adverse effects of high temperature on the mycelium.

[0133] Mushroom cultivation and preservation:

[0134] Time: Start initiating mushroom cultivation in mid-April.

[0135] measure:

[0136] Bamboo strips were erected and LED light strips were installed to maintain suitable lighting and temperature.

[0137] Cover with straw mats and adjust the covering material flexibly according to the weather conditions to maintain the temperature, humidity and ventilation inside the shed.

[0138] Use drip irrigation pipes for mushroom cultivation to maintain appropriate soil moisture.

[0139] Regularly check soil moisture and mycelial growth, and replenish water and adjust management measures in a timely manner.

[0140] Harvesting:

[0141] Time: Morel mushrooms can be harvested after about a month of cultivation, when they reach 80% maturity.

[0142] Subsequent management: After harvesting, let the mushrooms dry for 2-3 days, then rebuild the facilities and carry out the next round of mushroom cultivation.

[0143] It has the following advantages:

[0144] 1. After raising the ridges, straw mats or other coverings can be laid on the top of the ridges, and artificial lighting systems can be set up between the ridges to increase temperature, keep warm, keep moist, allow air to pass through, and supplement light, creating a stable and optimal growth environment for morel mushrooms to achieve stable production.

[0145] 2. After raising the ridges, the temperature at the top of the ridges is no longer affected by the soil temperature in the early stage of sowing, and the nutrient bags are protected from contamination by miscellaneous bacteria.

[0146] 3. After raising the ridges, "groundwater heat exchange bags" can be laid between the ridges to use groundwater circulation to increase or decrease the temperature in the furrows, thus enabling morel mushrooms to grow out of season.

[0147] 4. After raising the ridges, the amount of nutrient bags used can be increased, thus increasing yield.

[0148] 5. After raising the ridges, the morel fruiting bodies grow and develop on the ridge slopes, increasing the fruiting area and improving yield.

[0149] There are two major challenges in raised-ridge cultivation, both of which have been solved by this technology: 1. After raising the ridges, morel mushrooms tend to grow towards the light, which can easily lead to crooked mushrooms after they emerge in the furrows. This problem is solved by artificial lighting to change the direction of the light. 2. After raising the ridges, soil moisture continuously seeps downwards due to gravity, resulting in a situation where the top is dry and the bottom is wet. This problem can be solved by timely water replenishment through a drip irrigation system on the ridge top, which can balance the soil moisture and not affect the growth and development of morel mushrooms.

[0150] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A method for cultivating morel mushrooms on raised beds, comprising measures for early-stage cooling, mid-stage heat preservation, and late-stage warming, characterized in that: The method further includes the following steps: By constructing a high-ridge structure and utilizing the slow temperature change of the soil, a long-term stable growth environment for morel mushrooms is created. This includes cooling and insulation treatments after sowing and before fruiting, and warming treatments after fruiting and during harvest. Early cooling measures include misting the area between the inner and outer greenhouses, misting during the day when the outside temperature is high, and allowing cool air to enter at night when the temperature is low, to reduce the temperature around the nutrient bags and in the soil within the inner greenhouse. Other measures include: Outer shade netting installation: Laying a layer of shade netting on the outer canopy reduces the radiant heating of the canopy by sunlight. At the same time, the shade netting is breathable, which helps water mist to dissipate to the outside and lowers the temperature inside the canopy. Double-layer protection for the inner greenhouse: A layer of greenhouse film is laid in the inner greenhouse, and then a shade net is covered on the outside to further reduce light radiation, control heat conduction and heat convection in the inner greenhouse, and reduce the temperature of the inner greenhouse. Nighttime ventilation and cooling: Open the inner shed at night to allow the cool air from outside to flow into the inner shed naturally and carry away the heat accumulated during the day; Close the greenhouse during the day to lock in the cold air: During the day, close the air exchange channels between the inner greenhouse and the outside, "lock" the cold air in the inner greenhouse, and maintain a relatively low and stable temperature inside the greenhouse; The above measures were implemented continuously for a week to reduce the temperature inside the greenhouse to the target temperature. Mid-term insulation measures included replacing the outer greenhouse with a film with a thickness of more than 8 microns to increase light transmission and heat retention, while maintaining the inner greenhouse with a structure of one layer of film and one layer of shade netting, and controlling the temperature between 3-15℃. Late-term heating measures included setting up a structure of two layers of film with a layer of straw mat in between for the outer greenhouse, removing the shade netting from the inner greenhouse and leaving only one layer of film, and spraying warming mist in the area between the inner and outer greenhouses in extremely cold conditions, and laying "groundwater heat exchange pipes" in the furrows to circulate and heat the groundwater.

2. The method for cultivating morel mushrooms on raised beds according to claim 1, characterized in that: Also package Soil treatment before sowing includes deep plowing, spreading phorate granules, quicklime powder and well-rotted cow and sheep manure, and rotary tilling evenly to prevent underground pests and improve the soil.

3. The method for cultivating morel mushrooms on raised beds according to claim 1, characterized in that: With the soil pre-moistened, spread 400 catties of mushroom spawn per acre on the ground, till twice, then spread another 200 catties of mushroom spawn on the surface. Lightly spray water inside the greenhouse, close the greenhouse to maintain humidity, cool the outside, and keep the temperature inside the greenhouse below 16 degrees Celsius.

4. The method for cultivating morel mushrooms on raised beds according to claim 1, characterized in that: The specific steps of raising ridges include using machinery to raise ridges with a ridge bottom width of 40-60cm, a furrow bottom width of 25cm, a ridge height of 40-60cm, a ridge top width of 25cm, and a row of small holes punched in the middle of the ridge top leading to the furrow bottom. Drip irrigation tape is then laid for drip irrigation, which is used for water infiltration and mycelial growth.

5. The method for cultivating morel mushrooms on raised beds according to claim 1, characterized in that: Use 17×35 nutrient bags. After the frost has formed on the top of the ridge, cut the nutrient bags and place them side by side in groups of two, pressing them down slightly. Then, put the drip irrigation tape back on top of the nutrient bags, ensuring that the nutrient bags do not press down on the drip irrigation tape.

6. The method for cultivating morel mushrooms on raised beds according to claim 1, characterized in that: It also includes mushroom cultivation and preservation: removing the mulch film for proper ventilation and drying, modifying the inner and outer sheds, making secondary holes, laying "underground water and heat exchange pipes", erecting crossbars, setting up light strips, covering with straw mats, carrying out drip irrigation to promote mushroom growth, turning on the "underground water and heat exchange pipes" for heating, strengthening field management, and taking comprehensive measures to increase temperature in order to create a suitable environment for primordia outbreak and fruiting body growth.

7. The method for cultivating morel mushrooms on raised beds according to claim 1, characterized in that: This also includes delaying the fruiting of morel mushrooms by regulating the temperature of groundwater and soil, combining the rearrangement of nutrient bags, the replenishment of nutrients, and the cooling effect of the "groundwater heat exchange pipe belt," as well as comprehensive cooling measures to delay the fruiting of morel mushrooms.

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