A method for determining participation of energy storage clusters in frequency modulation auxiliary services based on principal-agent game

Abstract

The application discloses a method for determining participation of energy storage clusters in frequency modulation auxiliary services based on principal-agent game, and the method comprises the following steps: constructing an energy storage cluster frequency modulation compensation income model; constructing a thermal power cluster frequency modulation compensation income model; constructing a frequency modulation service purchase cost model; taking the frequency modulation service purchase cost model as a lower model, taking the energy storage cluster frequency modulation compensation income model and the thermal power cluster frequency modulation compensation income model as upper models, and solving a decision model comprising the upper models and the lower model, so as to determine the frequency modulation capacity and the frequency modulation mileage of each energy storage subject in different time periods, as a frequency modulation participation scheme of the energy storage cluster.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of energy storage configuration, and in particular to a method for determining an energy storage cluster's participation in frequency regulation auxiliary services based on a master-slave game. Background Art

[0002] The energy storage industry plays a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions and absorbing renewable energy. With its large capacity, fast response, and high efficiency, energy storage can effectively address the challenges associated with renewable energy grid integration. It can also provide auxiliary services such as frequency regulation, peak regulation, and voltage regulation, maintaining grid voltage and frequency stability and reducing waveform distortion associated with power quality. However, current energy storage utilization is low, and its involvement in frequency regulation is limited.

[0003] To this end, a method based on master-slave game to determine the energy storage cluster's participation in frequency regulation auxiliary services is needed. Summary of the Invention

[0004] To this end, the present invention provides a method for determining whether an energy storage cluster participates in frequency regulation auxiliary services based on a master-slave game, in an effort to solve or at least alleviate the above problems.

[0005] According to a first aspect of the present invention, a method for determining the participation of an energy storage cluster in a frequency regulation auxiliary service based on a master-slave game is provided, the method comprising: constructing an energy storage cluster frequency regulation compensation benefit model, including an energy storage cluster frequency regulation benefit function with the goal of maximizing the energy storage cluster frequency regulation benefit, wherein the decision variables include the frequency regulation capacity, frequency regulation mileage, and frequency regulation mileage quotation declared by each energy storage entity in the energy storage cluster at different time periods; constructing a thermal power cluster frequency regulation compensation benefit model, including a thermal power cluster frequency regulation benefit function with the goal of maximizing the thermal power cluster frequency regulation benefit, wherein the decision variables include the frequency regulation capacity, frequency regulation mileage, and frequency regulation mileage quotation declared by each thermal power entity in the thermal power cluster at different time periods. price; construct a frequency regulation service purchase cost model, including a frequency regulation service purchase cost function with the goal of minimizing the cost of purchasing frequency regulation services, whose decision variables include the clearing price of frequency regulation mileage in different time periods, and the frequency regulation capacity and frequency regulation mileage winning bids for each energy storage entity and each thermal power unit in different time periods; use the frequency regulation service purchase cost model as the lower-level model, and the energy storage cluster frequency regulation compensation benefit model and the thermal power cluster frequency regulation compensation benefit model as the upper-level model, and solve the decision model including the upper-level model and the lower-level model to determine the frequency regulation capacity and frequency regulation mileage winning bids for each energy storage entity in different time periods as the frequency regulation participation plan for the energy storage cluster.

[0006] According to a second aspect of the present invention, a computing device is provided, comprising: one or more processors; a memory; and one or more programs, wherein the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, and the one or more programs include instructions for executing the method for determining the participation of an energy storage cluster in a frequency regulation auxiliary service based on a master-slave game according to the present invention.

[0007] This invention constructs a frequency regulation service purchase cost model as a lower-level model, and frequency regulation compensation revenue models for energy storage clusters and thermal power clusters as upper-level models. The decision model, encompassing both the upper-level and lower-level models, is then solved to determine the frequency regulation capacity and mileage of each energy storage entity's winning bid during different time periods. This is then used as the frequency regulation participation plan for the energy storage cluster, maximizing the energy storage cluster's frequency regulation revenue, allowing the cluster to participate in frequency regulation as much as possible, and improving its utilization rate.

[0008] Furthermore, when generating a frequency regulation participation plan for an energy storage cluster, the frequency regulation market revenue of the energy storage cluster includes frequency regulation capacity compensation revenue determined based on the winning frequency regulation capacity and the frequency regulation capacity compensation price, which can compensate the energy storage cluster in terms of revenue. In the process of maximizing frequency regulation benefits, the energy storage cluster can flexibly set pricing by considering revenue compensation, thereby increasing the winning capacity, improving the utilization rate of energy storage, achieving cost compensation pricing for the energy storage cluster, and establishing a compensation mechanism for the energy storage cluster's participation in frequency regulation ancillary services. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] To achieve the above and related purposes, the present invention describes certain illustrative aspects in conjunction with the following description and accompanying drawings, which indicate various ways in which the principles disclosed in the present invention can be practiced, and all aspects and their equivalents are intended to fall within the scope of the claimed subject matter. The above and other objects, features and advantages disclosed in the present invention will become more apparent by reading the following detailed description in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Throughout this disclosure, the same reference numerals generally refer to the same parts or elements.

[0010] Figure 1 A schematic diagram showing the change in peak-to-valley difference throughout the year after wind power is connected;

[0011] Figure 2 A schematic diagram showing thermal power and energy storage participating in grid frequency regulation according to an exemplary embodiment is shown;

[0012] Figure 3 A method for determining the participation of an energy storage cluster in frequency regulation auxiliary services based on a master-slave game according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention is shown;

[0013] Figure 4 A schematic diagram of a decision model according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention is shown;

[0014] Figure 5 A schematic diagram showing the frequency regulation mileage demand and frequency regulation capacity demand for each period;

[0015] Figure 6 A schematic diagram showing the frequency regulation capacity of thermal power units and energy storage entities that won bids in each time period;

[0016] Figure 7 A schematic diagram showing the frequency regulation mileage of thermal power units and energy storage entities that won bids in each period;

[0017] Figure 8 A schematic diagram showing the frequency regulation mileage quotation of energy storage entities and thermal power units is shown;

[0018] Figure 9 A schematic diagram showing the frequency regulation mileage quotation and frequency regulation mileage clearing price of the energy storage entity;

[0019] Figure 10 A structural block diagram of a computing device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] Exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Although exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure are shown in the accompanying drawings, it should be understood that the present disclosure can be implemented in various forms and should not be limited by the embodiments set forth herein. On the contrary, these embodiments are provided to enable a more thorough understanding of the present disclosure and to fully convey the scope of the present disclosure to those skilled in the art. The same reference numerals generally refer to the same components or elements.

[0021] Frequency regulation and peak shaving are two distinct types of power ancillary services. Power ancillary services refer to services provided by grid-connected power generation entities (e.g., thermal power, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power, photovoltaic power, solar thermal power, pumped storage, and captive power plants), as well as new energy storage technologies such as electrochemical, compressed air, and flywheels, to maintain safe and stable power system operation, ensure power quality, and promote clean energy consumption. These services are provided by adjustable loads (including those aggregated through aggregators and virtual power plants) that can respond to power dispatch instructions, including those provided by power aggregators and virtual power plants, to maintain safe and stable power system operation, ensure power quality, and promote clean energy consumption.

[0022] Frequency regulation refers to the service provided by the grid-connected entities when the power system frequency deviates from the target frequency, by adjusting the active power output to reduce the frequency deviation through methods such as the speed regulation system and automatic power control. Frequency regulation is divided into primary frequency regulation and secondary frequency regulation. Primary frequency regulation refers to the service provided by conventional units when the power system frequency deviates from the target frequency, by adjusting the active power output to reduce the frequency deviation through the automatic response of the speed regulation system and the rapid frequency response of grid-connected entities such as new energy and energy storage. Secondary frequency regulation refers to the service provided by the grid-connected entities through automatic power control technologies, including automatic generation control (AGC) and automatic power control (APC), to track the instructions issued by the power dispatching agency and adjust the power generation and consumption in real time according to a certain regulation rate to meet the power system frequency and interconnection line power control requirements.

[0023] Peak shaving refers to the service provided by grid-connected entities to adjust power generation and consumption or start and stop equipment according to dispatch instructions in order to track the peak and valley changes in system load and changes in renewable energy output.

[0024] Using energy storage to achieve frequency and peak regulation can effectively solve problems such as insufficient grid regulation capacity and increased difficulty in frequency stability caused by a high proportion of renewable energy in the grid.

[0025] Energy storage specifically refers to a device that stores energy through a medium or device and releases it when needed. Its operational processes include the input and output of energy and materials, as well as energy conversion and storage. The energy stored in energy storage can come from renewable energy sources. Integrating energy storage into the electricity market can, to a certain extent, promote the absorption of renewable energy sources such as wind and solar power, and optimize market allocation. Furthermore, as a new and flexible market player participating in electricity ancillary services market transactions, energy storage offers multiple benefits.

[0026] Renewable energy refers to non-fossil energy sources such as wind, solar, hydro, biomass, and geothermal energy. High renewable energy penetration refers to the penetration rate of a renewable energy system, representing the percentage of electricity generated by a specific renewable energy source relative to the total power generation or consumption in the power grid. When defining high renewable energy penetration, a preset penetration limit can be set. When the penetration rate in a power grid reaches this limit, the renewable energy in the grid is considered high renewable.

[0027] Renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar power, are characterized by intermittent supply, randomness, and high volatility. Taking the impact of a high proportion of wind power integrated into the power system on grid peak regulation as an example, this impact can be categorized into two scenarios: positive and negative peak regulation. In the positive peak regulation scenario, a high proportion of wind power acts as a negative load, reducing the peak-to-valley difference in the net load curve when superimposed on the load curve. Conversely, the negative peak regulation scenario indicates that a high proportion of wind power integrated into the grid further increases the peak-to-valley difference in the net load curve. The peak-to-valley difference in the net load curve refers to the difference between the peak and valley values ​​of the grid's net load curve.

[0028] Figure 1 The figure shows the change of peak-to-valley difference throughout the year after wind power is connected. Figure 1 As shown in the data, in a certain year, the number of days with wind power anti-peak regulation in a certain province's power grid reached 224 days, accounting for 61.4% of the total number of days in the year. After a high proportion of wind power was connected, the peak-to-valley difference in the net load of the power system reached a maximum of 3380.42MW; on these days, the system peak regulation pressure increased after the province's wind power was connected.

[0029] With the integration of a high proportion of renewable energy into the grid and changes in user electricity load, the grid frequency will change when the supplied power cannot match the required power. For example, if user power consumption increases but the grid's power generation does not increase accordingly, the grid voltage will drop, causing the grid frequency to drop. Therefore, the grid frequency needs to be regulated. Furthermore, peak shaving is necessary to improve grid operation stability and reduce the peak-to-valley difference in the grid's net load curve.

[0030] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the participation of thermal power and energy storage in grid frequency regulation in an exemplary embodiment is shown. When the load-active power balance of the grid is broken, the grid frequency will change. At this time, the speed regulator of the thermal power generator set will first perform a primary frequency regulation, which controls the output of each unit by changing the opening of the speed regulator control valve, so as to balance it as much as possible with the change in the external disturbance. The reaction speed of the primary frequency regulation is in seconds, but due to the droop characteristics of the generator set, when the system returns to the power balance state, the frequency has not returned to the rated value, which is a differential regulation. Therefore, in order to achieve zero-difference frequency adjustment, a secondary frequency regulation must be further performed on this basis. In the secondary frequency regulation, the generator set needs to correct the output of the generator set according to the ACE signal, and its reaction speed is relatively slow compared to the primary frequency regulation. In grid operation, ACE means regional control deviation.

[0031] Because traditional generators have low ramp rates and slow frequency recovery, energy storage is added to the grid to participate in secondary frequency regulation. Energy storage must rapidly respond to frequency regulation commands issued by the controller to reduce frequency deviations, thereby accelerating the grid's final equilibrium point.

[0032] During grid frequency regulation, the output power of generator sets is controlled to track real-time changes in load disturbances. When the grid experiences frequency deviation, a linear combination of the frequency deviation and the power exchange deviation of the grid's tie lines is typically used to form a regional control error signal. This signal is used as feedback for frequency regulation, generating the ACE signal. Thermal power plants and energy storage controllers receive the frequency regulation instructions issued by the ACE signal. The energy storage and generators combine their power to generate a frequency deviation, thereby balancing system power generation with load demand, maintaining system frequency stability, and ensuring that the power exchange of the grid's tie lines remains within a normal range.

[0033] According to one embodiment of the present invention, when energy storage participates in frequency regulation, multiple energy storage units will participate in the frequency regulation. These multiple energy storage units can be managed by a unified energy storage operator. The energy storage operator enables each energy storage unit to participate in frequency regulation in the form of an energy storage cluster. The energy storage cluster includes multiple energy storage entities. The energy storage operator uniformly sets the frequency regulation capacity, frequency regulation mileage, and frequency regulation mileage quotation for each energy storage entity to maximize the peak regulation benefits of the entire energy storage cluster.

[0034] According to one embodiment of the present invention, energy storage clusters participate in frequency regulation by bidding in the frequency regulation market, limited to the frequency regulation capacity and frequency regulation mileage they win. Energy storage clusters also compete with thermal power clusters, with both participating in frequency regulation to meet peak regulation demands in the market. A thermal power cluster, comprising multiple thermal generating units, also centrally arranges the frequency regulation capacity, frequency regulation mileage, and mileage bids submitted by each unit to maximize frequency regulation benefits for the entire cluster.

[0035] The frequency regulation market is a power ancillary services market. It can be implemented as a day-ahead spot market, organizing market transactions for the frequency regulation services provided by energy storage clusters through day-ahead dispatch. This involves receiving frequency regulation demands from each demander in each time period, determining the total frequency regulation demand for each period, including frequency regulation capacity and mileage requirements; receiving frequency regulation capacity, mileage, and mileage quotes submitted by each energy storage entity and thermal power unit in each time period; clearing bids based on mileage quotes from low to high; and determining the clearing price for frequency regulation mileage in each time period when the projected transaction capacity meets the frequency regulation demand for that period. Finally, transactions are conducted based on the clearing price for frequency regulation mileage and the frequency regulation capacity compensation price, determining the winning frequency regulation capacity and mileage for the energy storage cluster and thermal power cluster, and obtaining their frequency regulation participation plans. Frequency regulation is then implemented according to these plans.

[0036] Figure 3 A method for determining the participation of an energy storage cluster in frequency regulation auxiliary services based on master-slave game according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention is shown. Figure 3As shown, first, step 310 is executed to construct an energy storage cluster frequency regulation revenue compensation model, including an energy storage cluster frequency regulation revenue function with the goal of maximizing the energy storage cluster frequency regulation revenue. Its decision variables include the frequency regulation capacity, frequency regulation mileage, and frequency regulation mileage quotation declared by each energy storage entity in different time periods.

[0037] The energy storage cluster frequency regulation revenue function includes: determining the energy storage cluster frequency regulation revenue based on the energy storage cluster frequency regulation market revenue and the energy storage cluster frequency regulation service cost. The energy storage cluster frequency regulation revenue function can be expressed according to the following formula:

[0038] max F ES =F EC -C ES

[0039] F ES is the frequency regulation benefit of the energy storage cluster, F EC is the energy storage cluster frequency regulation market revenue, C ES The frequency regulation service cost of the energy storage cluster. max F ES The energy storage cluster frequency regulation revenue function aims to maximize the energy storage cluster frequency regulation revenue. The energy storage cluster frequency regulation revenue is the revenue earned by the energy storage cluster after deducting the energy storage cluster frequency regulation service costs. The energy storage cluster frequency regulation market revenue is the revenue earned by the energy storage cluster from the frequency regulation market. The energy storage cluster frequency regulation service costs are the costs required for the energy storage cluster to provide frequency regulation services.

[0040] The energy storage cluster frequency regulation market revenue is determined based on the winning frequency regulation capacity, frequency regulation mileage, frequency regulation capacity compensation price, frequency regulation mileage clearing price, and the comprehensive frequency regulation performance indicators of each energy storage entity, including:

[0041]

[0042] are the frequency regulation capacity compensation price and frequency regulation mileage clearing price in period t, are the frequency regulation capacity and frequency regulation mileage won by the kth energy storage entity in period t, n ES,k is the comprehensive frequency regulation performance indicator for the kth energy storage entity. The frequency regulation capacity compensation price can be determined based on market conditions. The value range of t is 1-T, where T is the total number of time periods obtained by dividing a day (i.e., the scheduling day for the energy storage cluster and thermal power cluster to participate in peak regulation) into fixed time periods. If each time period is 1 hour, T can be 24. The value range of k is 1-K, where K is the number of energy storage entities included in the energy storage cluster.

[0043] According to one embodiment of the present invention, Determined according to the frequency regulation market. In the energy storage cluster frequency regulation market revenue, the frequency regulation capacity compensation revenue brought by the frequency regulation capacity compensation price The party receiving frequency regulation services can make the expense, compensating the energy storage cluster providing the frequency regulation services. In practice, frequency regulation service providers, such as energy storage clusters, will determine their final frequency regulation revenue based on their frequency regulation market revenue, including frequency regulation capacity compensation revenue, thereby flexibly determining the bid price for providing frequency regulation services. This is known as flexible pricing based on cost compensation. Cost-compensation pricing within the frequency regulation market not only reduces the price charged by energy storage clusters for providing frequency regulation services, but also encourages them to actively provide frequency regulation services in the market, allowing them to better participate in frequency regulation services.

[0044] The cost of energy storage cluster frequency regulation services is determined based on the winning frequency regulation capacity and unit frequency regulation cost, including:

[0045]

[0046] MC 1,k is the unit cost of frequency regulation of the k-th energy storage entity.

[0047] The constraints of the energy storage cluster frequency regulation compensation revenue model include: declared frequency regulation capacity constraints, declared frequency regulation mileage constraints, frequency regulation mileage quotation constraints, state of charge constraints, and power and electricity margin constraints for frequency regulation services.

[0048] Frequency regulation capacity constraints include:

[0049]

[0050] is the frequency regulation capacity declared by the k-th energy storage entity in period t, The maximum frequency regulation capacity allowed to be declared by the k-th energy storage entity.

[0051]

[0052] is the frequency regulation mileage declared by the k-th energy storage entity in period t, is the maximum frequency regulation mileage allowed to be declared by the k-th energy storage entity, s ES,k is the historical frequency regulation mileage calling coefficient (frequency regulation mileage multiplier) of the k-th energy storage entity.

[0053] Frequency regulation mileage quotation constraints include:

[0054]

[0055] are the minimum frequency regulation mileage quotation and the maximum frequency regulation mileage quotation allowed by the k-th energy storage entity, The frequency regulation mileage quotation for the kth energy storage entity in period t.

[0056] State of Charge constraints include:

[0057]

[0058] S k,t , S k,t-1 are the charge amount of the kth energy storage subject at time period t and time period t-1, respectively, are the charging power and discharging power of the kth energy storage subject at time period t, respectively, are the charging efficiency and discharging efficiency of the kth energy storage subject, respectively, and Δt1, Δt2 are the charging time and discharging time within time period t, respectively. According to an embodiment of the present application, the discharging of the energy storage subject within the discharging time can be specifically implemented as a process of providing frequency modulation service.

[0059] S k,min S ESS,k ≤ S k,t ≤ S k,max S ESS,k

[0060] S k,min and S k,max are the minimum state of charge and maximum state of charge allowed for the kth energy storage subject, respectively, S ESS,k is the rated capacity of the kth energy storage subject, S k,t is the charge amount of the kth energy storage subject at time period t. The state of charge is the ratio of the charge amount to the rated capacity.

[0061] S T =S0

[0062] S T and S0 are the state of charge of the battery at the end time and start time of the dispatch day of the energy storage subject, respectively, and the formula indicates that the charge amount of the energy storage subject at the end time of the dispatch day is equal to the charge amount of the energy storage subject at the start time of the dispatch day.

[0063] Since the energy storage cluster needs to participate in both the electricity market and the frequency modulation auxiliary service market, a part of the capacity needs to be reserved for the call of AGC, so the energy storage cluster needs to reserve power and energy margin, and the power and energy margin constraints of the frequency modulation service include:

[0064]

[0065] and are the maximum charging power and maximum discharging power allowed for the kth energy storage subject, respectively.

[0066]

[0067] t AGCThe AGC continuous operation time required when the energy storage cluster is called. AGC is an automatic generation control system.

[0068] Subsequently, step 320 is executed to construct a thermal power cluster frequency regulation compensation benefit model, including a thermal power cluster frequency regulation benefit function with the goal of maximizing the thermal power cluster frequency regulation benefit, whose decision variables include the frequency regulation capacity, frequency regulation mileage, and frequency regulation mileage quotation declared by each thermal power entity in the thermal power cluster at different time periods.

[0069] The thermal power cluster frequency regulation revenue function includes: determining the thermal power cluster frequency regulation revenue based on the thermal power cluster frequency regulation market revenue and the thermal power cluster frequency regulation service cost. The thermal power cluster frequency regulation revenue function can be expressed according to the following formula:

[0070]

[0071] F G is the frequency regulation benefit of thermal power cluster, F GC The market revenue of thermal power cluster frequency regulation is is the frequency regulation service cost of thermal power cluster. max F G The thermal power cluster frequency regulation revenue function aims to maximize the thermal power cluster frequency regulation revenue. The thermal power cluster frequency regulation revenue is the revenue earned by the thermal power cluster after deducting the thermal power cluster frequency regulation service costs. The thermal power cluster frequency regulation market revenue is the revenue earned by the thermal power cluster from the frequency regulation market. The thermal power cluster frequency regulation service costs are the costs required for the thermal power cluster to provide frequency regulation services.

[0072] The frequency regulation market revenue of thermal power units is determined based on the frequency regulation capacity, frequency regulation mileage, frequency regulation capacity compensation price, frequency regulation mileage clearance price, and the comprehensive frequency regulation performance indicators of each thermal power unit, including:

[0073]

[0074] are the frequency regulation capacity and frequency regulation mileage of the mth thermal power unit in period t, respectively. G,m is the comprehensive frequency regulation performance index of the mth thermal power unit.

[0075] According to one embodiment of the present invention, Determined according to the frequency regulation market. In the thermal power cluster frequency regulation market revenue, the frequency regulation capacity compensation revenue brought by the frequency regulation capacity compensation price The party receiving frequency regulation services can make the expense, thereby compensating the thermal power cluster providing the frequency regulation services. In specific implementation, frequency regulation service providers, such as thermal power clusters, will determine their final frequency regulation revenue based on their frequency regulation market revenue, including frequency regulation capacity compensation revenue, thereby flexibly determining the bid price for providing frequency regulation services. This is known as flexible pricing based on cost compensation. Implementing cost compensation pricing within the frequency regulation market not only reduces the price paid by thermal power clusters for providing frequency regulation services, but also encourages them to actively provide frequency regulation services in the market, allowing them to better participate in frequency regulation services.

[0076]

[0077] MC 2,k is the unit cost of frequency regulation of the k-th thermal power unit.

[0078] The constraints of the frequency regulation compensation benefit model for thermal power clusters include: declared frequency regulation capacity constraints, declared frequency regulation mileage constraints, frequency regulation mileage quotation constraints, thermal power unit output constraints, and ramp-up and landslide constraints.

[0079] The declared frequency regulation capacity constraints include:

[0080]

[0081] is the frequency regulation capacity declared by the kth thermal power entity in period t, The maximum frequency regulation capacity allowed to be declared by the k-th energy storage entity.

[0082] The declared FM mileage constraints include:

[0083]

[0084] is the frequency regulation mileage declared by the kth thermal power entity in period t, is the maximum frequency regulation mileage allowed to be declared by the k-th energy storage entity, s G,m is the historical frequency regulation mileage call coefficient (frequency regulation mileage multiplier) of the mth thermal power unit.

[0085] Frequency regulation mileage quotation constraints include:

[0086]

[0087] are the minimum frequency regulation mileage quotation and the maximum frequency regulation mileage quotation allowed for the mth thermal power unit, The frequency regulation mileage quotation of the k-th thermal power entity in period t.

[0088] Output constraints for thermal power units include:

[0089]

[0090] Q m,min , Q m,max are the minimum and maximum outputs allowed for the mth thermal power unit, Q m,t The output of the mth thermal power unit in period t.

[0091] Slope climbing and landslide constraints include:

[0092] When Q m,t Greater than Q m,t-1 hour:

[0093] Q m,t -Q m,t-1 ≤V m

[0094] Q m,t-1 is the output of the mth thermal power unit in the t-1 period, V m is the maximum ramp rate of the mth thermal power unit;

[0095] When Q m,t Less than Q m,t-1 hour:

[0096] Q m,t-1 -Q m,t ≤D m

[0097] D m The maximum landslide rate of the mth thermal power unit.

[0098] Subsequently, step 330 is executed to construct a frequency regulation service purchase cost model, including a frequency regulation service purchase cost function with the goal of minimizing the cost of purchasing frequency regulation services. Its decision variables include the clearing price of frequency regulation mileage in different time periods, and the winning frequency regulation capacity and frequency regulation mileage of each energy storage entity and each thermal power unit in different time periods.

[0099] The cost function for purchasing frequency modulation services includes:

[0100]

[0101] F L The cost of purchasing frequency regulation services includes the cost of purchasing the frequency regulation capacity provided by energy storage clusters and thermal power clusters and the cost of frequency regulation mileage.

[0102] The constraints of the frequency regulation service purchase cost model include: frequency regulation demand balance constraints and clearing rule constraints.

[0103] Frequency regulation demand balance constraints include frequency regulation capacity demand balance constraints and frequency regulation mileage demand balance constraints.

[0104] Frequency regulation capacity demand balancing constraints include:

[0105]

[0106] is the frequency regulation capacity demand during period t.

[0107] Frequency regulation mileage demand balance constraints include:

[0108]

[0109] is the frequency regulation mileage demand during period t.

[0110] The clearing rule constraints include:

[0111]

[0112] represents the frequency regulation mileage value that can be called by energy storage cluster k in period t, It indicates the frequency regulation mileage value that can be called upon by thermal power unit m in period t.

[0113] Finally, step 340 is executed, using the frequency regulation service purchase cost model as the lower-level model, and the energy storage cluster frequency regulation compensation revenue model and the thermal power cluster frequency regulation compensation revenue model as the upper-level model. The decision model including the upper-level model and the lower-level model is solved to determine the frequency regulation capacity and frequency regulation mileage winning bids for each energy storage entity in different time periods, which serves as the frequency regulation participation plan for the energy storage cluster.

[0114] Figure 4 FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a decision model according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Figure 4 As shown in FIG, the decision model includes an upper model and a lower model. The upper model includes the frequency regulation compensation benefit model of the energy storage cluster and the frequency regulation compensation benefit model of the thermal power cluster, and the lower model includes the frequency regulation service purchase cost model.

[0115] Solving the decision model including the upper model and the lower model includes: inputting the decision variables of the upper model into the upper model to determine the clearing price; and determining the frequency regulation capacity and frequency regulation mileage of each energy storage entity that wins the bid in different time periods based on the clearing price.

[0116] According to one embodiment of the present invention, the decision model can be specifically implemented as a master-slave game model, wherein the lower model is the master model and the upper model is the slave model. The master-slave game model is reflected in that the slave model can only passively receive the market organization process of the master model, and clear according to the prescribed clearing price to determine the frequency modulation benefit.

[0117] According to one embodiment of the present invention, the frequency regulation demand of each demand party in each time period is received to obtain the total frequency regulation demand in each time period, including the frequency regulation capacity demand and the frequency regulation mileage demand; the frequency regulation capacity, frequency regulation mileage, and frequency regulation mileage quotation declared by each energy storage entity and thermal power unit in each time period are received; clearing is performed from low to high according to the frequency regulation mileage quotation, and when the expected transaction capacity meets the frequency regulation demand in the time period, the clearing price of the frequency regulation mileage in each time period is determined; finally, transactions are conducted according to the clearing price of the frequency regulation mileage and the frequency regulation capacity compensation price, the winning frequency regulation capacity and frequency regulation mileage of the energy storage cluster and the thermal power cluster are determined, the frequency regulation participation plan of the energy storage cluster and the thermal power cluster is obtained, and frequency regulation is implemented according to the frequency regulation participation plan.

[0118] According to one embodiment of the present invention, a thermal power cluster in a certain region consists of three thermal power units and an energy storage cluster consists of one energy storage entity. When the frequency regulation market organizes the thermal power cluster and energy storage cluster to provide frequency regulation services, the frequency regulation market divides the dispatching day into fixed 15-minute periods, with each 15-minute period forming a dispatching period. The power dispatching organization clears the frequency regulation market in one-hour intervals. The system's required frequency regulation capacity for each clearing period is 5% of the load during the current period. The region also has time-of-use electricity prices, including: a peak price of 1,005 yuan / MWh for periods including 9:00-11:00 and 15:00-17:00; a peak price of 831 yuan / MWh for periods including 8:00-9:00, 13:00-15:00, and 17:00-22:00; and a valley price of 232 yuan / MWh for periods including 11:00-13:00 and 22:00-8:00 the following day.

[0119] Table 1 and Table 2 show the parameters of the thermal power unit and the energy storage body respectively.

[0120] Table 1 Thermal power unit parameters

[0121]

[0122] Table 2 Energy storage main parameters

[0123]

[0124] and are the maximum charging power and maximum discharging power of the kth energy storage entity respectively.

[0125] Figure 5 A schematic diagram showing the frequency regulation mileage demand and frequency regulation capacity demand for each time period.

[0126] The decision model was solved based on the above parameters, and the frequency regulation capacity and frequency regulation mileage winning bids for thermal power units and energy storage entities in each time period were obtained. Figure 6A schematic diagram showing the frequency regulation capacity won by thermal power units and energy storage entities in each time period. Figure 7 A schematic diagram showing the frequency regulation mileage won by thermal power units and energy storage entities in each period.

[0127] like Figure 6 and Figure 7 As shown, the energy storage unit charges between 11:00 AM and 12:00 PM, so the frequency regulation demand between 9:00 AM and 12:00 PM is fully met by the thermal power units. Energy storage unit N1's total installed capacity accounts for only 6% of the total installed capacity of the thermal power units, but its total bid capacity accounts for approximately 51.8% of the total frequency regulation demand, fulfilling the primary role in the frequency regulation market. Compared to thermal power units, energy storage units offer superior frequency regulation characteristics. For the same frequency regulation range, energy storage units respond more quickly to frequency regulation signals and can provide a greater frequency regulation range. Therefore, as a high-quality frequency regulation resource, they receive priority in the frequency regulation market.

[0128] Figure 8 The schematic diagram of the frequency regulation mileage quotation of energy storage entities and thermal power units is shown in Figure 8 As shown, energy storage providers' frequency regulation mileage quotes range from 6 to 11 yuan / MW, while thermal power units' frequency regulation mileage quotes range from 19 to 28 yuan, both falling within the pre-set quotation range. The frequency regulation mileage quotes for energy storage providers are consistently lower than those for thermal power units. One reason for this is that energy storage clusters comprehensively consider the bidding strategies of other entities, frequency regulation capacity compensation revenue, and their own operating characteristics, strategically quoting in the market to maximize their own profits.

[0129] Figure 9 The schematic diagram shows the frequency regulation mileage quotation and frequency regulation mileage clearing price of the energy storage entity, as shown in Figure 9 As shown in the figure, the frequency regulation mileage clearing price in the frequency regulation auxiliary service market is always higher than the frequency regulation mileage quotation of the energy storage entity, and the changing trend of the clearing price is consistent with the changing trend of the frequency regulation mileage quotation of the energy storage entity.

[0130] Table 3 Frequency regulation benefits of market players

[0131]

[0132] Table 3 lists the overall benefits of participating in the frequency regulation ancillary services market for each market participant. As shown in Table 3, thermal power unit G1 meets the majority of the electricity market demand, operating at full capacity almost all the time. Therefore, it no longer participates in the frequency regulation ancillary services market, and its total frequency regulation benefits are zero. All other market participants benefit significantly. This invention rationally establishes a mechanism for generating bids and clearing prices for market participants in the frequency regulation ancillary services market, incentivizing them to participate in frequency regulation ancillary services and effectively utilizing high-quality frequency regulation resources.

[0133] The present invention is suitable for execution in a computing device. Figure 10 1 shows a block diagram of a computing device according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. In a basic configuration, computing device 1000 includes at least one processing unit 1020 and system memory 1010. According to one aspect, system memory 1010 includes, but is not limited to, volatile storage (e.g., random access memory), non-volatile storage (e.g., read-only memory), flash memory, or any combination of such memories, depending on the configuration and type of computing device. According to one aspect, system memory 1010 includes an operating system 1011.

[0134] According to one aspect, operating system 1011, for example, is suitable for controlling the operation of computing device 1000. Furthermore, examples may be practiced in conjunction with graphics libraries, other operating systems, or any other application programs and are not limited to any particular application or system. Figure 10 This basic configuration is illustrated in FIG by those components within dashed line 1015. According to one aspect, computing device 1000 has additional features or functionality. For example, according to one aspect, computing device 1000 includes additional data storage devices (removable and / or non-removable), such as magnetic disks, optical disks, or tape.

[0135] As stated above, according to one aspect, a program module 1012 is stored in system memory 1010. According to one aspect, program module 1012 can be implemented as one or more computer program products. This application does not limit the type of computer program product. For example, the computer program product may include: email, word processing applications, spreadsheet applications, database applications, slide presentation applications, drawing or computer-aided applications, web browsers, etc. In some embodiments according to the present application, the computer programs / instructions related to method 300 for determining whether an energy storage cluster participates in frequency regulation auxiliary services based on a master-slave game are packaged into a computer program product. When these computer programs / instructions are executed by a processor (i.e., processing unit 1020), method 300 for determining whether an energy storage cluster participates in frequency regulation auxiliary services based on a master-slave game according to the present application is implemented.

[0136] According to one aspect, examples may be practiced on a circuit comprising discrete electronic components, a packaged or integrated electronic chip containing logic gates, a circuit utilizing a microprocessor, or a single chip containing electronic components or a microprocessor. Figure 10Each or any combination of the components shown in the FIGURE can be implemented as a system on a chip (SOC) practicing examples. According to one aspect, such a SOC device can include one or more processing units, graphics units, communications units, system virtualization units, and various application functionality all of which are integrated (or "burned") onto the chip substrate according to this aspect. When operating via the SOC, the functionality described in this disclosure can be operated via application-specific logic integrated with other components of the computing device 1000 on the single integrated circuit (chip). Embodiments of the application can also be practiced using other technologies that now exist or are developed in the future, including, but not limited to, mechanical, optical, fluidic, and quantum technologies. In addition, embodiments of the application can be practiced within a general computer system or in any other circuits or systems.

[0137] According to an aspect, the computing device 1000 can also include one or more input devices 1031, such as a keyboard, mouse, pen, voice input device, touch input device, etc. One or more output devices 1032, such as a display, speakers, a printer, etc. can also be included. The aforementioned devices are examples and others can be used. The computing device 1000 can include one or more communication connections 1033 allowing communications with other computing devices 1040. Examples of suitable communication connections 1033 include, but are not limited to: RF transmitter, receiver, and / or transceiver circuitry; universal serial bus (USB), parallel, and / or serial ports. The computing device 1000 can be connected to other computing devices 1040 via the communication connection 1033.

[0138] Embodiments of the application also provide a non-transitory readable storage medium storing instructions for causing a computing device to perform a method according to embodiments of the application. The readable medium of the present embodiment includes permanent and non-permanent, removable and non-removable media, and can be implemented by any method or technology to store information. The information can be computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules or other data. Examples of readable storage media include, but are not limited to: phase change memory (PRAM), static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), other types of random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), flash memory or other memory technology, compact disc read only memory (CD-ROM), digital versatile disc (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassette, magnetic tape disk storage or other magnetic storage device, or any other non-transitory readable storage medium.

[0139] According to one aspect, communication media is implemented by computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal (e.g., a carrier wave or other transport mechanism), and includes any information delivery media. According to one aspect, the term "modulated data signal" describes a signal that has one or more characteristics set or changed in such a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example, and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such as acoustic, radio frequency (RF), infrared, and other wireless media.

[0140] It should be noted that although the computing device shown above only includes the processing unit 1020, the system memory 1010, the input device 1031, the output device 1032, and the communication connection 1033, in a specific implementation, the device may also include other components necessary for normal operation. In addition, those skilled in the art will understand that the device may only include the components necessary to implement the embodiments of this specification, and does not necessarily include all the components shown in the figure.

[0141] In addition, an embodiment of the present invention also includes A10, a method as described in A1, wherein solving the decision model including the upper-level model and the lower-level model includes: inputting the decision variables of the upper-level model into the upper-level model to determine the clearing price; and determining the frequency regulation capacity and frequency regulation mileage of each energy storage entity that has won the bid in different time periods based on the clearing price.

[0142] When program code is executed on a programmable computer, the computing device generally includes a processor, a storage medium readable by the processor (including volatile and non-volatile memory and / or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device. The memory is configured to store the program code, and the processor is configured to execute the master-slave game-based method for determining whether an energy storage cluster participates in frequency regulation auxiliary services according to the instructions in the program code stored in the memory.

[0143] By way of example and not limitation, computer-readable media include computer storage media and communication media. Computer-readable media include computer storage media and communication media. Computer storage media stores information such as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. Communication media generally embodies computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated data signal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery media. Combinations of any of the above are also included within the scope of computer-readable media.

Claims

1. A method for determining whether an energy storage cluster participates in frequency regulation auxiliary services based on a master-slave game, the method comprising: Construct a frequency regulation compensation revenue model for energy storage clusters, including a frequency regulation revenue function that aims to maximize the frequency regulation revenue of the energy storage cluster. Its decision variables include the frequency regulation capacity, frequency regulation mileage, and frequency regulation mileage quotes declared by each energy storage entity in the energy storage cluster at different time periods. A frequency regulation compensation revenue model for thermal power clusters is constructed, including a frequency regulation revenue function for the thermal power cluster that aims to maximize the frequency regulation revenue of the thermal power cluster. Its decision variables include the frequency regulation capacity, frequency regulation mileage, and frequency regulation mileage quotes declared by each thermal power entity in the thermal power cluster at different time periods. Construct a frequency regulation service purchase cost model, including a frequency regulation service purchase cost function that aims to minimize the cost of purchasing frequency regulation services. Its decision variables include the clearing price of frequency regulation mileage at different time periods, as well as the frequency regulation capacity and frequency regulation mileage awarded by each energy storage entity and each thermal power unit at different time periods. The frequency regulation service purchase cost model is used as the lower-level model, and the energy storage cluster frequency regulation compensation revenue model and the thermal power cluster frequency regulation compensation revenue model are used as the upper-level model. The decision model including the upper-level model and the lower-level model is solved to determine the frequency regulation capacity and frequency regulation mileage winning bids for each energy storage entity in different time periods, which serves as the frequency regulation participation plan for the energy storage cluster. The frequency modulation service purchase cost function includes: F L Purchase cost for FM service, are the frequency regulation capacity compensation price and frequency regulation mileage clearing price in period t, are the frequency regulation capacity and frequency regulation mileage won by the kth energy storage entity in period t, n ES，k is the comprehensive frequency regulation performance index of the kth energy storage entity, are the frequency regulation capacity and frequency regulation mileage of the mth thermal power unit in period t, respectively. G，m is the comprehensive frequency regulation performance index of the mth thermal power unit. The value range of t is 1-T, where T is the total number of time periods obtained by dividing a day into fixed time periods. The value range of k is 1-K, where K is the number of energy storage entities included in the energy storage cluster.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein The energy storage cluster frequency regulation revenue function includes: determining the energy storage cluster frequency regulation revenue based on the energy storage cluster frequency regulation market revenue and the energy storage cluster frequency regulation service cost. The energy storage cluster frequency regulation market revenue includes: are the frequency regulation capacity compensation price and frequency regulation mileage clearing price in period t, are the frequency regulation capacity and frequency regulation mileage won by the kth energy storage entity in period t, n ES，k is the comprehensive frequency regulation performance index of the kth energy storage entity. The value range of t is 1-T, where T is the total number of time periods obtained by dividing a day into fixed time periods. The value range of k is 1-K, where K is the number of energy storage entities included in the energy storage cluster.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein The constraints of the energy storage cluster frequency regulation compensation revenue model include: declared frequency regulation capacity constraints, declared frequency regulation mileage constraints, frequency regulation mileage quotation constraints, state of charge constraints, and power and electricity margin constraints for frequency regulation services.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein The thermal power cluster frequency regulation revenue function includes: determining the thermal power cluster frequency regulation revenue based on the thermal power cluster frequency regulation market revenue and the thermal power cluster frequency regulation service cost. The thermal power cluster frequency regulation market revenue includes: are the frequency regulation capacity compensation price and frequency regulation mileage clearing price in period t, are the frequency regulation capacity and frequency regulation mileage of the mth thermal power unit in period t, respectively. G，m is the comprehensive frequency regulation performance index of the mth thermal power unit. The value range of t is 1-T, where T is the total number of time periods obtained by dividing a day into fixed time periods. The value range of k is 1-K, where K is the number of energy storage entities included in the energy storage cluster.

5. The method according to claim 1 or 4, wherein The constraints of the thermal power cluster frequency regulation compensation benefit model include: declared frequency regulation capacity constraint, declared frequency regulation mileage constraint, frequency regulation mileage quotation constraint, thermal power unit output constraint and ramp-up and landslide constraint.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein: The constraints of the frequency regulation service purchase cost model include frequency regulation demand balance constraints and clearing rule constraints.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein: The frequency regulation demand balance constraint includes the frequency regulation capacity demand balance constraint: is the frequency regulation capacity demand during period t.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein: Frequency regulation demand balance constraints also include frequency regulation mileage demand balance constraints: is the frequency regulation mileage demand during period t.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein: Solving the decision model including the upper model and the lower model includes: Inputting the decision variables of the upper model into the upper model to determine the clearing price; The frequency regulation capacity and frequency regulation mileage awarded to each energy storage entity in different time periods are determined based on the clearing price.

10. A computing device comprising: one or more processors; Memory; as well as One or more programs, wherein the one or more programs are stored in a memory and configured to be executed by one or more processors, the one or more programs comprising instructions for executing the method according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

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