Method for estimating capacity of battery cell, battery management system, vehicle and computer program product

Abstract

The present application relates to a method for estimating the capacity of a battery cell, comprising: charging a battery pack comprising a plurality of battery cells until the battery pack charging ends (S1); discharging the battery cells of the battery pack until the estimated state of charge SOCp of a first battery cell of the battery pack drops to a preset state of charge threshold, and determining the estimated state of charge of the first battery cell based on the estimated battery capacity state of health SOHCp of the first battery cell (S2); calculating a battery capacity state of health SOHCc of the first battery cell on the basis of the amount of discharge of the first battery cell during the discharge process and the amount of change in the estimated state of charge, and correcting the estimated battery capacity state of health SOHCc of the first battery cell by means of the calculated battery capacity state of health SOHCc (S3); and repeating the steps S1 to S3 until the deviation value between the calculated battery capacity health state of the first battery unit and the estimated battery capacity health state is smaller than a preset deviation threshold (S4).

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present application relates to the field of batteries, and in particular to a method for estimating the capacity of a battery cell, a battery management system, a vehicle including the battery management system, and a computer program product for at least assisting in implementing the steps of the method described in the present application. Background Art

[0002] The battery pack is composed of a certain number of battery cells connected in series and / or in parallel. During the use of the battery pack, each battery cell will experience varying degrees of capacity decay. In particular, the performance of a battery cell will drop sharply after its capacity drops by more than 80%, causing the battery cell to fail, and then causing the entire battery pack to fail to operate normally. In addition, if the battery management system is unable to understand the real-time capacity of the battery cell in a timely manner, the battery management system's calculation of the battery cell's state of charge and various control processes based on the battery cell's state of charge will also be seriously affected, especially causing huge errors.

[0003] Therefore, how to estimate battery capacity regularly, efficiently and accurately has become a technical problem that needs to be solved. Summary of the invention

[0004] The object of the present application is to provide a method for estimating the capacity of a battery cell, a battery management system, a vehicle including the battery management system, and a computer program product, so as to at least partially solve the problems in the prior art.

[0005] According to a first aspect of the present application, a method for estimating the capacity of a battery cell is provided, the method comprising:

[0006] - Step S1: charging a battery pack comprising a plurality of battery cells until the charging of the battery pack is completed;

[0007] - Step S2: Discharging the battery cells of the battery pack until the estimated state of charge SOC of the first battery cell of the battery pack is p Drop to the preset state of charge threshold SOC t , wherein the estimated battery capacity SOHC state of health of the first battery cell p Determining an estimated state of charge (SOC) of a first battery cell p ;

[0008] -Step S3: Based on the discharge amount Q of the first battery cell during the discharge process and the estimated change in the state of charge ΔSOC p Calculate the battery capacity health state SOHC of the first battery cell c , and with the help of the calculated battery capacity health status SOHCc Correct the estimated battery capacity of the first battery cell and the state of health SOHC p ;and

[0009] - Step S4: Repeat steps S1 to S3 until the calculated battery capacity health state SOHC of the first battery cell c SOHC state of health with estimated battery capacity p The deviation value is less than the preset deviation threshold.

[0010] The core concept of the present application is to efficiently and accurately calculate the battery cell capacity through a regression algorithm during the charge and discharge cycle of the battery pack, and to correct the battery capacity health status stored in the battery management system until the calculated battery capacity health status converges, thereby eliminating the influence and errors of the battery cell capacity that has not been updated for a long time on the battery cell charge state calculation and various control processes based on the battery cell charge state without adding hardware testing equipment.

[0011] According to another embodiment of the present application, the estimated battery capacity health state SOHC of the first battery cell is p Replaced with calculated battery capacity state of health SOHC c SOHC state of health with estimated battery capacity of the first battery cell p The average value of the battery capacity health state SOHC of the first battery cell is corrected thereby p .

[0012] According to another embodiment of the present application, during the charging process of the battery pack, each battery cell of the battery pack is balanced.

[0013] According to another embodiment of the present application, the preset state of charge threshold SOC may be determined based on the operating point of the vehicle power system and / or the relaxation voltage capacity of the first battery cell. t , wherein the preset state of charge threshold is greater than the state of charge value SOC at which a low voltage platform inflection point appears in the voltage capacity characteristic curve of the first battery cell L And it is less than the state of charge value SOC where the high voltage platform inflection point appears H .

[0014] According to another embodiment of the present application, when the battery cell of the battery pack starts to discharge, the open circuit voltage of the first battery cell can be measured, and the estimated battery capacity health state SOHC of the first battery cell can be determined. p The corresponding voltage-state of charge characteristic curve determines the estimated state of charge SOC of the first battery cell at the beginning of discharge by the open circuit voltage method. p .

[0015] According to another embodiment of the present application, during the discharge process of the battery pack, the open circuit voltage of the first battery cell can be collected, and the estimated battery capacity health state SOHC of the first battery cell can be calculated. p The corresponding voltage-state of charge characteristic curve determines the estimated state of charge of the first battery cell by the open circuit voltage method, and when the estimated state of charge reaches the preset state of charge threshold SOC t The battery cells of the battery pack are controlled to stop discharging.

[0016] According to another embodiment of the present application, based on the variation of the discharge current of the first battery unit over time, the discharge amount Q of the first battery unit in the discharge process may be calculated by, for example, an ampere-hour integration method.

[0017] According to another embodiment of the present application, when the first battery cell in the battery pack meets a predetermined capacity estimation trigger condition, steps S1 to S4 can be triggered to estimate the battery capacity health status of the first battery cell, wherein the capacity estimation trigger condition is related to the time interval for performing the capacity estimation.

[0018] According to another embodiment of the present application, when one or more battery cells in the battery pack are fully charged, or in response to receiving a control instruction to stop charging, the battery pack is controlled to stop charging.

[0019] According to a second aspect of the present application, a battery management system is provided, wherein the battery management system includes the following components:

[0020] - at least one processor;

[0021] - a memory communicatively connected to the at least one processor, wherein the memory stores instructions that can be processed by the at least one processor, and the instructions implement the method according to the present application when processed by the at least one processor.

[0022] According to a third aspect of the present application, a vehicle is provided, comprising a battery management system according to the present application.

[0023] According to a fourth aspect of the present application, a computer program product, such as a computer-readable program carrier, is provided, which contains or stores computer program instructions, and when the computer program instructions are executed by a processor, they at least assist in implementing the steps of the method described in the present application. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0024] The principles, features and advantages of the present application may be better understood by describing the present application in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The accompanying drawings show:

[0025] Figure 1A flowchart showing a method for estimating the capacity of a battery cell according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application is shown;

[0026] Figure 2 A voltage-state-of-charge characteristic curve diagram of an exemplary battery cell according to the present application is shown; and

[0027] Figure 3 A block diagram of a battery management system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application is shown. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] In order to make the technical problems, technical solutions and beneficial technical effects to be solved by the present application clearer, the present application will be further described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and multiple exemplary embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are only used to explain the present application, rather than to limit the scope of protection of the present application.

[0029] Figure 1 A flowchart of a method for estimating the capacity of a battery cell according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application is shown. The following exemplary embodiments describe the method according to the present application in more detail.

[0030] The method may include steps S1 to S4. In the current embodiment of the present application, the battery pack includes a plurality of battery cells. When a certain battery cell in the battery pack, assuming here to be the first battery cell, satisfies a predetermined capacity estimation trigger condition, steps S1 to S4 may be triggered to estimate the battery capacity health status of the first battery cell. The capacity estimation trigger condition is related to the time interval for performing capacity estimation. Considering that the capacity of the battery cell decreases at a decay rate of, for example, about 2% per year during actual use, steps S1 to S4 may be triggered to be executed when the capacity of the first battery cell is not updated for more than a certain time interval (for example, one year).

[0031] In step S1, a battery pack including a plurality of battery cells is charged until the charging of the battery pack is completed. Here, when one or more battery cells in the battery pack are fully charged, the charging of all battery cells in the battery pack is completed. Optionally, in response to receiving a control instruction to stop charging issued by a user or the battery management system 1, the charging of all battery cells in the battery pack can be controlled to be completed.

[0032] It should be noted that at the end of charging, the first battery cell that has experienced capacity degradation is not actually fully charged. Assume that the battery management system 1 has never updated the battery capacity health state SOHC since the beginning of the life of the first battery cell. p , the estimated battery capacity health state SOHC of the first battery cell stored in the battery management system 1p That is, 100%, according to the estimated battery capacity health state SOHC of the first battery cell stored in the battery management system 1 p The estimated state of charge SOC of the first battery cell at the end of charging can be determined p is 100%.

[0033] In step S2, the battery cells of the battery pack are discharged until the estimated state of charge SOC of the first battery cell of the battery pack reaches p Drop to the preset state of charge threshold SOC t The battery management system 1 may be configured to store the estimated battery capacity SOHC of the first battery cell based on the stored p Determine an estimated state of charge (SOC) of the first battery cell p , wherein the battery capacity health state SOHC is the ratio of the current capacity of the battery pack to the nominal capacity of the battery pack, which can characterize the aging degree of the battery. It is understandable that when the battery management system 1 does not update the estimated battery capacity health state SOHC of the first battery cell stored for a long time, p In the case of battery capacity decay, the estimated battery capacity health state of the first battery cell SOHC p There will be a large deviation from the actual battery capacity health state SOHC, which in turn causes the estimated state of charge SOC of the first battery cell determined by the open circuit voltage method, for example. p Large deviation from the actual state of charge SOC.

[0034] like Figure 2 The voltage-state-of-charge characteristic curve of an exemplary battery cell according to the present application is shown, the solid line curve represents the voltage-state-of-charge characteristic curve obtained in the BOL (Beginning of Life) test of the battery cell, and the dotted line curve represents the voltage-state-of-charge characteristic curve obtained in the EOL (End of Life) test of the battery cell. When the state of charge at the end of charging of the battery cell is determined using a set open circuit voltage threshold (for example, 3.2V), the state of charge SOC determined according to the solid line curve of the BOL test of the battery cell is BOL is 15%, while the SOC determined by the dashed curve of the EOL test of the battery cell EOL If the battery capacity health status obtained in the BOL test is still used at the end of the battery cell life, the SOHC BOL When estimating the state of charge, there is a 6% deviation between the estimated state of charge (ie, 15%) and the actual state of charge (ie, 21%).

[0035] like Figure 2As shown in the figure, the voltage-state of charge characteristic curve of the battery cell usually has multiple voltage platform areas. There is usually an area with a faster voltage change between adjacent voltage platforms. The point with the fastest voltage change (i.e., the largest slope) in this area is the voltage platform inflection point. Among them, the point with a higher voltage is called the high voltage platform inflection point, and the point with a lower voltage is called the low voltage platform inflection point. Here, the preset state of charge threshold SOC can be determined based on the operating point of the vehicle power system (including the battery power system, hybrid system, etc.). t The preset state of charge threshold SOC can also be determined based on the relaxation voltage capacity of the first battery cell. t Here, the preset state of charge threshold SOC t The state of charge SOC is greater than the state of charge SOC at which a low voltage platform inflection point appears in the voltage-capacity characteristic curve of the first battery cell. L And it is less than the state of charge value SOC where the high voltage platform inflection point appears H Considering that the voltage-state-of-charge characteristic curve of the battery cell will continue to move with the updated estimated battery capacity health state, the preset state-of-charge threshold SOC t Set to be greater than the state of charge value SOC at which the low voltage platform inflection point occurs according to the EOL test of the battery cell EOLL , and is less than the state of charge value SOC at which the high voltage platform inflection point appears according to the BOL test of the battery cell. BOLH .

[0036] During each charge and discharge cycle, at the end of charging or the beginning of discharging in a charge and discharge cycle, the open circuit voltage of the first battery cell can be measured, and the estimated battery capacity health state SOHC determined by the first battery cell in the previous charge and discharge cycle can be calculated. p The corresponding voltage-state of charge characteristic curve is used to determine the estimated state of charge SOC of the first battery cell at the end of charging or the beginning of discharging by the open circuit voltage method. p The discharge end condition of a charge-discharge cycle also depends on the state of charge estimated based on the voltage-state of charge characteristic curve, for example, by collecting the open circuit voltage of the first battery cell at predetermined time intervals during the discharge process, and according to the estimated battery capacity health state SOHC determined by the first battery cell in the previous charge-discharge cycle. p The corresponding voltage-state of charge characteristic curve also determines the estimated state of charge of the first battery cell at the time of acquisition by the open circuit voltage method. When the estimated state of charge reaches the preset state of charge threshold SOC t When the discharge rate is lower than 15% (for example, 15%), the battery cells of the battery pack are controlled to stop discharging.

[0037] In step S3, based on the discharge amount Q of the first battery cell during the discharge process and the estimated change amount ΔSOC of the state of chargep Calculate the battery capacity health state SOHC of the first battery cell c , and with the help of the calculated battery capacity health status SOHC c Correct the estimated battery capacity of the first battery cell and the state of health SOHC p .

[0038] Here, when the estimated state of charge of the first battery cell drops to a preset state of charge threshold SOC t During the discharge process, the variation of the discharge current over time can be recorded, and based on the discharge current of the first battery cell at the discharge start time t start Until the discharge end time t end The change process I(t) over time is used to calculate the discharge amount Q of the first battery unit in the discharge process by the ampere-hour integration method, and the calculation formula is, for example:

[0039]

[0040] Therefore, the battery capacity health state SOHC of the first battery cell can be calculated by the following formula: c , that is, the calculated discharge amount Q and the estimated charge state change ΔSOC of the first battery cell during the discharge process p Ratio of:

[0041] SOHC C =Q / ΔSOC p

[0042] Here, for example, the estimated battery capacity state of health SOHC of the first battery cell currently stored in the battery management system 1 may be p Replaced with calculated battery capacity state of health SOHC c SOHC state of health with estimated battery capacity of the first battery cell p The average value of the battery capacity health state SOHC of the first battery cell is corrected thereby p .

[0043] For example, in the first charge and discharge cycle of the first battery cell, it is assumed that the estimated battery capacity health state SOHC of the first battery cell stored in the battery management system 1 is p The initial value of is 100%, and the estimated state of charge of the first battery cell is equal to 100% at the beginning of the first discharge process. In the first discharge process, for example, the open circuit voltage of the first battery cell is collected at a predetermined time interval, and the estimated battery capacity health state SOHC of 100% of the first battery cell is calculated. pThe corresponding voltage-state of charge characteristic curve determines the estimated state of charge of the first battery cell at the time of acquisition by the open circuit voltage method, and controls the battery cells of the battery pack to stop discharging when the estimated state of charge reaches a preset state of charge threshold of 15%. Therefore, the estimated state of charge of the first battery cell decreases from 100% to 15% during the first discharge process, that is, the change amount of the estimated state of charge during the first discharge process ΔSOC p =85%, and at the same time, in the first discharge process, the discharge amount Q of the first battery cell is calculated by the ampere-hour integration method, based on the estimated change amount ΔSOC of the state of charge p The calculated discharge quantity Q can be used to calculate the battery capacity health status SOHC c =60%. Estimating battery capacity health status by SOHC p The initial value is 100% and the battery capacity is determined at 60% in the first charge and discharge cycle. SOHC state of health c The estimated battery capacity health status SOHC stored in the battery management system 1 can be averaged. p Corrected to 80%.

[0044] In step S4, steps S1 to S3 are repeated, that is, the estimated battery capacity health state SOHC of the first battery cell stored in the battery management system 1 is continuously corrected through the charging and discharging process of the battery pack. p , until the calculated battery capacity of the first battery cell is healthy SOHC c SOHC state of health with estimated battery capacity p The deviation value is less than the preset deviation threshold, thereby determining the current estimated battery capacity health status SOHC p as the final value.

[0045] Exemplarily, in the second charge and discharge cycle of the first battery cell, the open circuit voltage of the first battery cell is measured at the beginning of the second discharge process, and the estimated battery capacity health state SOHC of the first battery cell updated in the battery management system 1 is calculated. p (i.e. 80% estimated battery capacity corrected in the first charge / discharge cycle SOHC p ) The voltage-state of charge characteristic curve corresponding to the first battery cell can be determined by the open circuit voltage method at the beginning of the second discharge process. p For example, the battery capacity is 80%, and then in the second discharge process, the open circuit voltage of the first battery cell is also collected at a predetermined time interval, and the battery health state SOHC is estimated based on 80% of the first battery cell. pThe corresponding voltage-state of charge characteristic curve determines the estimated state of charge of the first battery cell at the time of acquisition by the open circuit voltage method, and controls the battery cells of the battery pack to stop discharging when the estimated state of charge reaches the preset state of charge threshold of 15%. Therefore, the estimated state of charge of the first battery cell decreases from 80% to 15% in the second discharge process, that is, the change amount of the estimated state of charge in the second discharge process ΔSOC p =65%, and at the same time, in the second discharge process, the discharge amount Q of the first battery cell is calculated by the ampere-hour integration method, based on the estimated change amount ΔSOC of the state of charge p The calculated discharge quantity Q can be used to calculate the battery capacity health status SOHC c =65%. Updated battery capacity SOHC health status of 80% during the first charge and discharge cycle c and 65% battery capacity calculated in the second charge and discharge cycle SOHC state of health c The estimated battery capacity health status SOHC stored in the battery management system 1 can be averaged. p Corrected to 72.5%.

[0046] In the third charge and discharge cycle of the first battery cell, the open circuit voltage of the first battery cell is measured at the beginning of the third discharge process, and the estimated battery capacity health state SOHC of the first battery cell updated in the battery management system 1 is calculated. p (i.e. 72.5% estimated battery capacity SOHC corrected in the second charge / discharge cycle p ) The voltage-state of charge characteristic curve corresponding to the first battery cell can be determined by the open circuit voltage method at the beginning of the third discharge process. p For example, the battery capacity is 85%, and then in the third discharge process, the open circuit voltage of the first battery cell is also collected at a predetermined time interval, and the battery health state SOHC is calculated based on the estimated battery capacity of 72.5% of the first battery cell. p The corresponding voltage-state of charge characteristic curve determines the estimated state of charge of the first battery cell at the time of acquisition by the open circuit voltage method, and controls the battery cells of the battery pack to stop discharging when the estimated state of charge reaches the preset state of charge threshold of 15%. Therefore, the estimated state of charge of the first battery cell decreases from 85% to 15% during the third discharge process, that is, the change amount of the estimated state of charge ΔSOC during the third discharge process p =70%, and at the same time, in the third discharge process, the discharge amount Q of the first battery cell is calculated by the ampere-hour integration method, based on the estimated change amount ΔSOC of the state of charge p And the battery capacity health state SOHC can be calculated by the calculated discharge amount Q c=61.5%. The battery capacity SOHC health status updated to 72.5% in the second charge and discharge cycle c and 61.5% battery capacity calculated in the third charge and discharge cycle SOHC state of health c The estimated battery capacity health status SOHC stored in the battery management system 1 can be averaged. p The correction is 67%, which gradually approaches the actual battery capacity health state of the first battery cell of 65%.

[0047] Cycle the charge and discharge process of the battery pack, when the calculated battery capacity health state of the first battery cell is SOHC c SOHC state of health with estimated battery capacity p When the deviation value is less than the preset deviation threshold, steps S1 to S3 are stopped, thereby determining the current estimated battery capacity health state SOHC p as the final value.

[0048] In addition, considering the different aging degrees of the battery cells of the battery pack, there is also the problem of uneven charging of the battery cells during the charging process of the battery pack. Therefore, during the charging process of the battery pack, that is, during the charging process of each charge and discharge cycle, the battery cells of the battery pack can also be balanced, thereby speeding up the calculation of the battery capacity health state SOHC c SOHC state of health with estimated battery capacity p The convergence speed of the deviation value.

[0049] According to the present application, the battery cell capacity is calculated efficiently and accurately through a regression algorithm during the charge and discharge cycle of the battery pack, and the battery capacity health state stored in the battery management system is corrected until the calculated battery capacity health state converges, thereby eliminating the influence and errors of the battery cell capacity that has not been updated for a long time on the battery cell charge state calculation and various control processes based on the battery cell charge state without adding hardware testing equipment.

[0050] In addition, it should be noted that the step numbers described herein do not necessarily represent a chronological order, but are merely a figure mark. The order can be changed according to specific circumstances as long as the technical purpose of the present application can be achieved.

[0051] Figure 3 A block diagram of a battery management system 1 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present application is shown.

[0052] The battery management system 1 may include the following components:

[0053] - at least one processor 11;

[0054] - A memory 12 communicatively connected to the at least one processor 11, wherein the memory stores instructions that can be processed by the at least one processor 11, and the instructions implement the method according to the present application when processed by the at least one processor 11.

[0055] Although specific embodiments of the present application are described in detail herein, they are provided for the purpose of explanation only and should not be considered to limit the scope of the present application. Various alternatives and modifications may be proposed without departing from the core and scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A method for estimating the capacity of a battery cell, the method comprising: Step S1: charging a battery pack including a plurality of battery cells until the charging of the battery pack is completed; Step S2: Discharge the battery cells of the battery pack until the estimated state of charge SOC of the first battery cell of the battery pack reaches p Drops to the preset state of charge threshold SOC t , wherein the estimated battery capacity SOHC state of health of the first battery cell is based on p Determining an estimated state of charge (SOC) of a first battery cell p ; Step S3: Based on the discharge amount Q of the first battery cell during the discharge process and the estimated change in the state of charge ΔSOC p Calculate the battery capacity health state SOHC of the first battery cell c , and with the help of the calculated battery capacity health status SOHC c Correct the estimated battery capacity of the first battery cell and the state of health SOHC p ;and Step S4: Repeat steps S1 to S3 until the calculated battery capacity health state SOHC of the first battery cell is c SOHC State of Health with Estimated Battery Capacity p The deviation value is less than the preset deviation threshold.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein: The estimated battery capacity of the first battery cell is the SOHC state of health p Replaced with calculated battery capacity state of health SOHC c SOHC state of health with estimated battery capacity of the first battery cell p The average value of the battery capacity health state SOHC of the first battery cell is corrected thereby p .

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: During the charging process of the battery pack, each battery cell of the battery pack is balanced.

4. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: The preset state of charge threshold SOC is determined based on the operating point of the vehicle power system and / or the relaxation voltage capacity of the first battery cell. t , wherein the preset state of charge threshold is greater than the state of charge value SOC at which a low voltage platform inflection point appears in the voltage capacity characteristic curve of the first battery cell L And it is less than the state of charge value SOC where the high voltage platform inflection point appears H .

5. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: When the battery cell of the battery pack begins to discharge, the open circuit voltage of the first battery cell is measured, and the estimated battery capacity SOHC state of health of the first battery cell is determined based on the estimated battery capacity SOHC state of health of the first battery cell. p The corresponding voltage-state of charge characteristic curve determines the estimated state of charge SOC of the first battery cell at the beginning of discharge by the open circuit voltage method. p ; and / or During the discharge process of the battery pack, the open circuit voltage of the first battery cell is collected, and the estimated battery capacity health state SOHC of the first battery cell is calculated based on the estimated battery capacity SOHC of the first battery cell. p The corresponding voltage-state of charge characteristic curve determines the estimated state of charge of the first battery cell by the open circuit voltage method, and when the estimated state of charge reaches the preset state of charge threshold SOC t When the battery cells of the battery pack are controlled to stop discharging; and / or Based on the variation of the discharge current of the first battery unit over time, the discharge capacity Q of the first battery unit in the discharge process is calculated by the ampere-hour integration method.

6. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: When the first battery cell in the battery pack meets a predetermined capacity estimation trigger condition, steps S1 to S4 are triggered to estimate the battery capacity health status of the first battery cell, wherein the capacity estimation trigger condition is related to the time interval for performing capacity estimation.

7. The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein: When one or more battery cells in the battery pack are fully charged, or in response to receiving a control instruction to stop charging, the battery pack is controlled to end charging.

8. A battery management system (1), wherein: The battery management system (1) comprises the following components: at least one processor (11); A memory (12) communicatively connected to the at least one processor (11), wherein the memory stores instructions that can be processed by the at least one processor (11), and the instructions implement the method according to any one of claims 1 to 7 when processed by the at least one processor (11).

9. A vehicle comprising a battery management system (1) according to claim 8. 10 . A computer program product, such as a computer-readable program carrier, comprising or storing computer program instructions, which, when executed by a processor, at least assist in implementing the steps of the method according to claim 1 .

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