Methods and compositions for controlling pests on soybeans

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for controlling arthropod pests, in particular insect and / or mite pests, on soybeans using nonanoic acids which exhibit potent insecticidal and acaricidal activity and have low phytotoxicity.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to nonanoic acid, in particular to a nonanoic acid composition having arthropodicidal, particularly insecticidal and / or acaricidal activity, and to a method for controlling arthropod pests on soybean (Glycine max L., Soya) using nonanoic acid, which exhibits highly effective arthropodicidal activity and low phytotoxicity. Background Art

[0002] Arthropod pests cause significant economic losses in agriculture. Solutions have been developed to contain or eliminate arthropods, including the use of pesticides, plants expressing resistance traits, and the use of natural enemies.

[0003] Nonanoic acid has long been considered a non-selective contact herbicide. It has now been surprisingly found that nonanoic acid, when used at selected rates, is very effective for controlling insect pests in soybeans. Because nonanoic acid has environmentally friendly characteristics and provides an alternative mode of action compared to many insecticides and miticides currently widely used in soybeans, the present invention provides farmers with an important new solution for controlling or preventing soybean damage caused by insects and mites.

[0004] WO2017042554 relates to an insecticide or acaricide composition, which exhibits low phytotoxicity even at relatively high concentrations and has highly effective insecticidal and acaricidal activity. The composition comprises: a fatty acid / amino acid salt, wherein the fatty acid component comprises one or more unsaturated fatty acids having 14 to 22 carbon atoms; and one or more saturated fatty acids having 8 to 18 carbon atoms.

[0005] EP0617888 describes an insecticide composition comprising a mixture of a fatty acid salt and an adjuvant for increasing the spreadability of the fatty acid salt, the adjuvant being a fatty alcohol having 4 to 18 carbon atoms, or a fatty acid methyl ester or fatty acid ethyl ester having 4 to 18 carbon atoms.

[0006] US Patent No. 5,030,658 describes an arthropodicidal composition comprising a mono-alpha carboxylic acid having 8 to 20 carbon atoms or a metal salt thereof, and a metal ion sequestrant, chelator or surfactant.

[0007] These publications teach that lower fatty acids, such as fatty acids having a carbon chain length of less than about 12, are known to exhibit phytotoxic properties.

[0008] Therefore, a pesticidal composition, particularly an insecticide and / or acaricide, which maintains effectiveness against pests but exhibits reduced phytotoxicity such as leaf scorch would be beneficial. Summary of the invention

[0009] The fact that the nonanoic acid compositions of the present invention are well tolerated by plants at concentrations required to control plant pests allows for the treatment of plants, above-ground portions of reproductive populations, and the locus of plants, such as soil.

[0010] According to the invention, all plants and plant parts may be treated. Plants are understood to mean all plants and plant populations, such as desirable and undesirable wild plants, cultivars and plant varieties.

[0011] Plant parts are all above-ground and below-ground parts and organs of plants, such as buds, leaves, flowers and roots, for example leaves, needles, stems, branches, flowers, fruiting bodies, fruits and seeds, as well as roots, bulbs and rhizomes. Crops and vegetative and generative propagation materials, such as cuttings, bulbs, rhizomes, runners and seeds also belong to plant parts.

[0012] Nonanoic acid, when used according to the invention, is well tolerated by the environment and, when well tolerated by the plant, is suitable for protecting plants and plant organs, for increasing harvest yields and for improving the quality of harvested material. Nonanoic acid compositions are active against normally sensitive and resistant pest species and against all or some developmental stages.

[0013] As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the term "arthropod" is suitable for the description of the present invention, which relates not only to insects but also to other organisms associated with agriculture falling within the phylum Arthropoda, such as mites, in particular plant pathogenic mites. However, "insecticide" and in particular "insecticide" are commonly used terms in the agricultural field, so there may be situations where these terms are used interchangeably. Nevertheless, the scope of the present invention should be understood to generally include arthropods associated with agriculture.

[0014] The compositions according to the invention are valuable active ingredients in the field of pest control, which have a very advantageous pest control spectrum even at low application rates. The compositions according to the invention act on all or individual developmental stages of normally sensitive but also resistant animal pests, such as arthropods, in particular insects or representatives of the order Acarina. The arthropodicidal activity of the compositions according to the invention can be manifested directly in the elimination of the pests, which occurs, for example, immediately during the molting process or only after a certain period of time, or indirectly, for example, in a reduced egg-laying and / or hatching rate, a good activity corresponding to a destruction rate (mortality rate) of at least 40% or more.

[0015] As used herein, "low phytotoxicity" of nonanoic acid means that under given test conditions, for example, at a given nonanoic acid concentration, there is no toxic effect on the plant or at a level that does not adversely affect the growth and / or yield of the plant. Phytotoxic effects can be measured in a number of different ways, for example, according to the principles set forth in OEPP / EPPO Bulletin (2014) 44(3), 265-273 "PP 1 / 135(4) Phytotoxicity Assessment". Phytotoxic effects on plants can be visually assessed based on the percentage of leaf discoloration and / or apparent necrosis. When a nonanoic acid composition is applied to soybean leaves according to the teachings herein, it generally results in a phytotoxicity level of less than 20%, preferably less than 15%, and more preferably less than 10% leaf necrosis compared to untreated plants. Preferred uses of the present invention generally result in phytotoxicity of 7% or less, while most preferred uses generally result in phytotoxicity of 5% or less. The above values ​​are approximate, as any purely visual assessment is likely to involve a degree of subjectivity.

[0016] According to the present invention, nonanoic acid can be used to control; ie, to suppress or eliminate, insect and / or mite pests, particularly on soybeans.

[0017] Plants and plant cultivars that are preferably treated according to the invention include plants and plant cultivars that are resistant to herbicides or one or more biotic stresses, i.e., the plants exhibit improved defenses against animal and microbial pests, such as nematodes, insects, mites, phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses and / or viroids. This includes making plants resistant to the above-mentioned biotic stresses by breeding, including mutagenesis, genetic modification by gene editing (e.g., CRISPR), or by transformation using recombinant DNA techniques (i.e., transgenic plants), so that they are able to synthesize one or more selectively acting toxins, such as are known, for example, from toxigenic bacteria, especially those of the genus Bacillus.

[0018] Compositions according to the present invention can be advantageously used for processing transgenic plants, plant cultivars or plant parts that receive genetic material, and genetic material imparts favorable and / or useful characteristics (properties) to these plants, plant cultivars or plant parts. Therefore, it is contemplated that the present invention is combined with one or more recombinant traits or transgenic events or their combination. For the purposes of this application, transgenic events are produced by inserting specific recombinant DNA molecules into the specific position (site) of plant genome chromosomes. Insertion has produced a new DNA sequence that is referred to as "event", characterized in that the recombinant DNA molecules inserted and a certain amount of genomic DNA adjacent to / located at both ends of the inserted DNA. Such traits or transgenic events include but are not limited to pest resistance, water use efficiency, yield performance, drought tolerance, seed quality, improved nutritional quality, hybrid seed production and herbicide tolerance, wherein traits are measured relative to plants lacking such traits or transgenic events. Specific examples of such advantageous and / or useful properties (traits) are better plant growth, vigor, stress tolerance, standability, resistance to lodging, nutrient uptake, plant nutrition and / or yield, in particular improved growth, increased tolerance to high or low temperatures, increased tolerance to drought or water or soil salinity levels, enhanced flowering performance, easier harvesting, accelerated ripening, higher yield of the harvested product, higher quality and / or higher nutritional value, better storage life and / or processability of the harvested product, and increased resistance to animal and microbial pests, such as insects, arachnids, nematodes, mites, slugs and snails.

[0019] Among the DNA sequences encoding proteins that confer tolerance to such animal and microbial pests, in particular insects, mention will be made in particular of the genetic material from Bacillus thuringiensis, which encodes the Bt proteins that are widely described in the literature and are well known to those skilled in the art. Mention will also be made of proteins extracted from bacteria of the genus Photorhabdus (WO 97 / 17432 and WO 98 / 08932), for example. Specifically, reference will be made to BtCry or VIP proteins, which include CryIA, CryIAb, Cry1Ac, Cry11A, Cry11A, CryIIIB2, Cry9cCry2Ab, Cry3Bb and Cry1F proteins or toxic fragments thereof and hybrids or combinations thereof, in particular Cry1F protein or a hybrid derived from Cry1F protein (e.g. a hybrid CryIA-CryIF protein or a toxic fragment thereof), a CryIA-type protein or a toxic fragment thereof, preferably a CryIAc protein or a hybrid derived from a CryIAc protein (e.g. a hybrid CryIAb-CryIAc protein) or CryIAb or a Bt2 protein or a toxic fragment thereof, a Cry2Ae, Cry2Af or Cry2Ag protein or a toxic fragment thereof, a CryIA.105 protein or a toxic fragment thereof, a VIP3Aal9 protein, a VIP3Aa20 protein, a VIP3A protein produced in a COT202 or COT203 cotton event, such as Estruch et al., (1996), Proc Natl Acad Sci US A.28;93(11):5389-94 or a toxic fragment thereof, such as the Cry protein described in WO2001 / 47952, an insecticidal protein from Xenorhabdus (such as described in WO98 / 50427), Serratia (especially from insectivorous Streptococcus (S.entomophila)) or Photorhabdus species strains, for example, Tc-protein from Photorhabdus as described in WO98 / 08932. In addition, the present invention also includes variants or mutants of any of these proteins, which differ from any of the above sequences, especially the sequences of their toxic fragments, in certain amino acids (1-10, preferably 1-5), or are fused with a transit peptide, such as a plasmid transit peptide or another protein or peptide.

[0020] Another and particularly emphasized example of such characterization is through mutagenesis, e.g. Clearfield TMImidazolinone tolerant varieties or transgenic technology confer tolerance to one or more herbicides, such as imidazolinone, sulfonylurea, glyphosate or glufosinate. Among the DNA sequences encoding proteins that confer tolerance to certain herbicides on transformed plant cells and plants, particular mention will be made of the bar or PAT gene or the Streptomyces coelicolor gene described in WO2009 / 152359, which confer tolerance to glufosinate herbicides, genes encoding suitable EPSPS (5-enolpyruvyl-schimat-3-phosphate synthase), which confer tolerance to herbicides targeting EPSPS, in particular herbicides such as glyphosate and its salts, genes encoding glyphosate-n-acetyltransferase, or genes encoding glyphosate oxidoreductase. Other suitable herbicide tolerance traits include at least one ALS (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor (e.g., WO2007 / 024782), a mutated Arabidopsis ALS / AHAS gene (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,855,533), a gene encoding a 2,4-D-monooxygenase that confers tolerance to 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), and a gene encoding a dicamba monooxygenase that confers tolerance to dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid).

[0021] Yet another example of such a property is resistance to one or more phytopathogenic fungi, such as Asian soybean rust. Among the DNA sequences encoding proteins conferring the property of resistance to such diseases, particular mention is made of genetic material from broadleaf soybean (Glycine tomentella), such as any of the disclosed accession lines PI441001, PI483224, PI583970, PI446958, PI499939, PI505220, PI499933, PI441008, PI505256 or PI446961 described in WO2019 / 103918.

[0022] Further and particularly emphasized examples of such traits are increased resistance to bacteria and / or viruses due to, for example, systemic acquired resistance (SAR), systemin, phytoalexins, elicitors and resistance genes and correspondingly expressed proteins and toxins.

[0023] Crops can also be modified to have increased resistance to fungal (eg, Fusarium, Anthracnose, or Phytophthora), bacterial (eg, Pseudomonas), or viral (eg, Potato Leaf Roll Virus, Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus, Cucumber Mosaic Virus) pathogens.

[0024] Crops also include those with enhanced resistance to nematodes, such as soybean cyst nematode.

[0025] Particularly useful transgenic events in transgenic plants or plant cultivars that may be preferably treated according to the invention include event BPS-CV127-9 (soybean, herbicide tolerant, deposited as NCIMB No. 41603, described in WO2010 / 080829); event DAS21606-3 / 1606 (soybean, herbicide tolerant, deposited as PTA-11028, described in WO2012 / 033794), event DAS-44406-6 / pDAB8264.44.06.1 (soybean, herbicide tolerant, deposited as PTA-11336, described in WO2012 / 075426), event DAS-14536-7 / pDAB8291.45.36.2 (soybean, herbicide tolerant, deposited as PTA-11335, described in WO2012 / 075429); event DAS68416 (soybean, herbicide tolerant, deposited as ATCC PTA-10442, described in WO2011 / 066384 or WO2011 / 066360); event DP-098140-6 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8296, described in US-A2009-137395 or WO 08 / 112019); event DP-305423-1 (soybean, quality traits, not deposited, described in US-A 2008-312082 or WO2008 / 054747); event DP-356043-5 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8287, described in US-A 2010-0184079 or WO2008 / 002872); event LL27 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB 41658, described in WO2006 / 108674 or US-A 2008-320616); event LL55 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB 41660, described in WO 2006 / 108675 or US-A 2008-196127); event MON87701 (soybean, insect control, deposited as ATCC PTA-8194, described in US-A2009-130071 or WO2009 / 064652); event MON87705 (soybean, quality trait - herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-9241, described in US-A 2010-0080887 or WO2010 / 037016); event MON87708 (soybean, herbicide tolerant, deposited as ATCC PTA-9670, described in WO2011 / 034704);Event MON87712 (soybean, yield, deposited as PTA-10296, described in WO2012 / 051199), event MON87754 (soybean, quality traits, deposited as ATCC PTA-9385, described in WO2010 / 024976); event MON87769 (soybean, quality traits, deposited as ATCC PTA-8911, described in US-A2011-0067141 or WO2009 / 102873); event MON89788 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-6708, described in US-A 2006-282915 or WO2006 / 130436);Event SYHT0H2 / SYN-000H2-5 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-11226, described in WO2012 / 082548), event EE-GM3 / FG72 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, ATCC registration number PTA-11041) optionally stacked with event EE-GM1 / LL27 or event EE-GM2 / LL55 (WO2011 / 063413A2), event DAS-68416-4 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, ATCC registration number PTA-10442, WO2011 / 066360A1), event DAS-68416-4 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, ATCC record number PTA-10442, WO2011 / 066384A1), event DAS-21606-3 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, ATCC record number PTA-11028, WO2012 / 033794A2), event MON-87712-4 (soybean, quality traits, ATCC record number PTA-10296, WO2012 / 051199A2), event DAS-44 406-6 (soybean, stacked herbicide tolerance, ATCC Record No. PTA-11336, WO2012 / 075426A1), event DAS-14536-7 (soybean, stacked herbicide tolerance, ATCC Record No. PTA-11335, WO2012 / 075429A1), event SYN-000H2-5 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, ATCC Record No. PTA-11226, WO2012 / 082548A2), event 8264.44.06.1 (soybean, stacked herbicide tolerance, Record number PTA-11336, WO2012075426A2), event 8291.45.36.2 (soybean, stacked herbicide tolerance, record number PTA-11335, WO2012075429A2), event SYHT0H2 (soybean, ATCC record number PTA-11226, WO2012 / 082548A2), event pDAB8264.42.32.1 (soybean, stacked herbicide tolerance, ATCC record number PTA-11993, WO2013 / 010094A1). ;

[0026] Particularly useful transgenic plants which may be treated according to the invention are plants which contain a transformation event or a combination of transformation events which are listed, for example, in the databases from various national or regional regulatory agencies.

[0027] Plants and plant cultivars that can also be treated according to the present invention are those plants that are resistant to one or more abiotic stresses, i.e., they have shown an increased plant health level in terms of stress tolerance. Abiotic stress conditions can include, for example, drought, low temperature exposure, heat exposure, osmotic stress, flooding, increased soil salinity, increased mineral exposure, ozone exposure, high light exposure, limited nitrogen nutrient supply, limited phosphorus nutrient supply, avoiding shading. Preferably, treating these plants and cultivars with the compositions of the present invention also improves the overall health level of the plants.

[0028] Plants and plant cultivars that can also be processed according to the present invention are those plants with the characteristics of the yield that improves, i.e., they have shown the plant health level of improvement in this characteristic. The yield that increases in the described plant can be, for example, the plant physiology, growth and development that improves, such as water use efficiency, water retention efficiency, nitrogen utilization that improves, carbon assimilation that strengthens, photosynthesis that improves, germination efficiency that increases and accelerated maturation, result. In addition, the impact that the plant structure that yield may also be improved (under stress and non-stress conditions) includes but is not limited to early flowering, flowering control, seedling vigor, plant size, internode quantity and distance, root growth, seed size, fruit size, pod size, pod or ear number, seed number of each pod or ear, seed quality, strengthen seed fullness, reduce seed scattering, reduce pod cracking and lodging resistance. Other yield traits include seed composition, such as carbohydrate content, protein content, oil content and composition, nutritional value, the reduction of anti-nutritional compounds, improved processability and better storage stability. Preferably, processing these plants and cultivars with the composition of the present invention also improves the overall health level of plant.

[0029] Examples of the above-mentioned insect and acarid pests include: the following pests: from the phylum Arthropoda, in particular the class Arachnida, for example Acarus spp., such as Acarus siro, Aceria kuko, Aceria sheldoni, Aculops spp., Aculus spp., such as Aculus fockeui, Aculus schlechtendali, Amblyomma spp., Amphitetranychus viennensis, Argas spp., Boophilus spp.), Brevipalpus spp., for example Brevipalpus phoenicis, Bryobia graminum, Bryobia praetiosa, Centruroides spp., Chorioptes spp., Dermanyssus gallinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae, Dermacentor spp., Eotetranychus spp., for example Eotetranychus hicoriae, Epitrimerus pyri, Eutetranychus spp., for example Eutetranychus bancrofti banksi, Eriophyes spp., for example Eriophyes pyri, Glycyphagus domesticus, Halotydeus destructor, Hemitarsonemus spp., for example Hemitarsonemus latus (= Polyphagotarsonemus latus), Hyalomma spp., Ixodes spp., Latrodectus spp., Loxosceles spp.), Neutrombicula autumnalis, Nuphersas spp., Oligonychus spp., for example Oligonychus coffeae, Oligonychus coniferarum, Oligonychus ilicis, Oligonychus indicus, Oligonychus mangiferus, Oligonychus pratensis, Oligonychus punicae, Oligonychus syothersi, Omithodorus spp., Omithonyssus spp., Panonychus spp., for example Panonychus citrus citri) (= Metatetranychus citri), Panonychus ulmi (= Metatetranychus ulmi), Phyllocoptruta oleivora, Platytetranychus multidigituli, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Psoroptes spp., Rhipicephalus spp., Rhizoglyphus spp., Sarcoptes spp., Scorpio maurus, Steneotarsonemus spp., Steneotarsonemus spinki, Tarsonemus spp.), such as Tarsonemus confusus, Tarsonemus pallidus, Tetranychus spp.), such as Tetranychus canadensis, Tetranychus cinnabarinus, Tetranychus turkestani, Tetranychus urticae, Trombicula alfreddugesi, Vaejovis spp., and Vasates lycopersici;

[0030] From the class Chilopoda, e.g. Geophilus spp., Scutigera spp.;

[0031] From the class or order Collembola, e.g. Onychiurus armatus; Sminthurus viridis;

[0032] From the class Diplopoda, e.g., millipede (Blaniulus guttulatus);

[0033] from the class Insecta, for example, from the order Blattodea, for example, Blattaorientalis, Blattella asahinai, Blattella germanica, Leucophaea maderae, Loboptera decipiens, Neostylopyga rhombifolia, Panchlora spp., Parcoblatta spp., Periplaneta spp., for example, Periplaneta americana, Periplaneta australasiae, Pycnoscelus surinamensis, Supella longipalpa;

[0034] From the order of the Coleoptera, for example, Acalymma vittatum, Acanthoscelides obtectus, Adoretus spp., Aethinatumida, Agelasta alni, Agrilus spp., for example, Agrilus planipennis, Agrilus coxalis, Agrilus bilineatus, Agrilus anxius, Agriotes spp., for example, Agriotes linneatus, Agriotes mancus, Alphitobius diaperinus, Altica chalybea, Amphimallon solstitialis, Anobium punctatum, Anoplophora spp., for example Anoplophora glabripennis, Anthonomus spp., for example Anthonomus grandis or Anthonomus rubi, Anthrenus spp., Apion spp., Apogonia spp., Atomaria spp., for example Atomaria linearis, Attagenus spp., Bariscaerulescens, Bruchidius obtectus, Bruchus spp., for example, Bruchus pisorum, Bruchus rufimanus, Cassida spp., Cerotoma trifurcata, Ceutorhynchus spp., for example, Ceutorhynchus assimilis, Ceutorhynchus napiGyll.), Ceutorhynchus obstrictus, Ceutorhynchus pallidactylus, Ceutorhynchus picitarsis, Ceutorhynchus quadridens, Ceutorhynchus rapae, Chaetocnema spp., for example Chaetocnema confmis, Chaetocnema denticulata, Chaetocnema ectypa, Chaetocnema pulicaria, Cleonus mendicus, Conoderus spp., Cosmopolites spp., for example Cosmopolites sordidus, Costelytra zealandica, Crioeris spp., for example Crioceris asparagi, Crioceris duodecimpunctata, Ctenicera spp., Curculio spp., for example Curculio caryae, Curculio caryatrypes, Curculio obtusus, Curculio sayi, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Cryptolestes pusillus, Cryptorhynchus lapathi, Cryptorhynchus mangiferae, Cylindrocopturus spp., Cylindrocopturus spp. adspersus, Cylindrocopturus fumissi, Dendroctonus spp., e.g. Dendroctonus ponderosae, Dermestes spp., Diabrotica spp.), such as Diabrotica balteata, Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica speciosa, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi, Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, Diabrotica virgifera zeae, Dichocrocis spp., Dicladispa armigera, Diloboderus spp., Disonycha xanthomelas, family Elateridae, Epicaerus spp., Epicauta spp., Epilachna spp. spp., for example Epilachna borealis, Epilachna varivestis, Epitrix spp., for example Epilachna cucumeris, Epilachna fuscula, Epilax hirtipennis, Epilax subcrinita, Epilax tuberis, Faustinus spp., Gibbium psylloides, Gnathocerus comutus, Hellula undalis, Heteronychusarator, Heteronyx spp., Hylamorpha elegans, Hylotrupes bajulus, Hypera postica, Hypomecessquamosus, Hypothenemus spp.), for example, the coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei), the apple twig borer (Hypothenemus obscurus), the oriental bark beetle (Hypothenemus pubescens), the sugarcane giant brown-toothed gill beetle (Lachnostema consanguinea), the tobacco beetle (Lasioderma serricome), the long-headed grain beetle (Latheticus oryzae), the Lathridius spp., the melon mudworm (Lema spp.), the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa ​​decemlineata), the Leucoptera spp., for example, the coffee leaf miner (Leucoptera coffeella), the western field click beetle (Limonius ectypus), the rice root weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus, Listronotus (=Hyperodes) spp., Listronotus oregonensis, Lixus spp., Luperodes spp., Luperomorpha xanthodera, Lyctus spp., Megacyllene spp., for example Megacyllene robiniae, Megascelis spp., Melanotus spp., for example Melanotus communis, Melanotus longulus oregonensis, Meligethes aeneus, Melolontha spp.), such as Melolontha melolontha, Metrionabicolor, Migdolus spp., Monochamus spp., Naupactus xanthographus, Necrobia spp., Neogalerucella spp.), Niptus hololeucus, Oryctes rhinoceros, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Oryzaphagus oryzae, Otiorhynchus spp., for example Otiorhynchus cribricollis, Otiorhynchus ligustici, Otiorhynchus ovatus, Otiorhynchus rugosostriarus, Otiorhynchus sulcatus, Oulema spp., for example Oulema melanopus, Oulema oryzae, Oxycetonia jucunda, Phaedon cochleariae, Phyllophaga spp., Phyllophaga helleri, Phyllotreta spp., for example Phyllotreta armoraciae, Phyllotreta cruciferae, Phyllotreta pusilla, Phyllotreta ramosa, Phyllotreta striolata, Popillia japonica, Premnotrypes spp., Prostephanus truncatus, Psylliodes spp., for example Psylliodes affinis, Psylliodes spp. chrysocephala), sylliodes punctulata, Ptinus spp., Rhizobius ventralis, Rhizopertha dominica, Rhynchophorus spp.), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, hynchophorus palmarum, family Scarabaeidae, Scolytus spp., for example Scolytus multistriatus, Sinoxylon perforans, Sitophilus spp., for example Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus linearis, Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus zeamais, Sphenophorus spp., for example Sphenophorus maidis, Stegobium paniceum, Stemechus spp., for example Stemechus paludatus, Symphyletes spp., flea beetle spp., Systena blanda, Tanymecus spp., for example Tanymecus dilaticollis, Tanymecus indicus, Tanymecus palliatus, Tenebrio molitor, Tenebrioides mauretanicus, Tribolium spp., for example Tribolium audax, Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum, Trogoderma spp., Tychius spp., Xylotrechus spp.), Zabrus spp., for example, Zabrus tenebrioides;

[0035] From the order of Dermaptera, for example, Anisolabis maritime, Forficula auricularia, Labidura riparia;

[0036] From the order of the Diptera, for example Aedes spp., for example Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Aedes sticticus, Aedes vexans, Agromyza spp., for example Agromyza frontella, Agromyza oryzae, Agromyza parvicomis, Anastrepha spp., for example Anastrepha fraterculus, Anastrepha ludens, Anastrepha obliqua, Anopheles spp., for example Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Anopheles gambiae. gambiae, Asphondylia spp., Bactrocera spp., for example Bactrocera correcta, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera oleae, Bactrocera tyroni, Bactrocera zonata, Bibiohortulanus, Calliphora erythrocephala, Calliphora vicina, Ceratitis capitata, Chironomus spp., Chloropsoryzae, Chrysomya spp., Chrysops spp.), Chrysozonapluvialis, Cochliomya spp., Contarinia spp.), for example Contarinia johnsoni, Contarinia nasturtii, Contarinia pyrivora, Contarinia schulzi, Contarinia sorghicola, Contarinia tritici, Cordylobia anthropophaga, Cricotopus sylvestris, Culex spp., for example Culex pipiens, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culicoides spp., Culiseta spp., Cuterebra spp., Dacus oleae, Dasineura spp., for example Dasineura brassicae, Delia spp., for example Delia antiqua, Delia coarctata, Delia florilega, Delia platura, Delia radicum, Dermatobia hominis, Drosophila spp., for example Drosphila melanogaster, Drosophila suzukii, Echinocnemus spp., Euleia heraclei, Fannia spp., Gasterophilus spp., Glossina spp.), Haematopotaspp., Hydrellia spp., Hydrellia griseola, Hylemya spp., Hippobosca spp., Hypoderma spp., Liriomyza spp., for example Liriomyza brassicae, Liriomyza huidobrensis, Liriomyza sativae, Lucilia spp.), for example Lucilia cuprina, Lutzomyia spp., Mansonia spp., Musca spp., for example Musca domestica, Musca domestica vicina, Oestrus spp., Ophiomyia simplex, Oscinella frit, Paratanytarsus spp., Paralauterbomiella subcincta, Pegomya or Pegomyia spp., for example Pegomya betae, Pegomya hyoscyami, Pegomya rubivora, Phlebotomus spp., Phorbia spp.), Phormias spp., Phytomyza gymnostoma, Piophila casei, Platyparea poeciloptera, Prodiplosis spp., Psila rosae, Rhagoletis spp., for example Rhagoletis cingulata, Rhagoletis completa, Rhagoletis fausta, Rhagoletis indifferens, Rhagoletis mendax, Rhagoletis pomonella, Sarcophaga spp., Simulium spp., for example Simulium meridionale, Stomoxys spp.), Tabanus spp., Tetanops spp., Tipula spp., for example Tipula paludosa, Tipula simplex, Toxotrypana curvicauda, ​​Tritoxa flexa and Zonosemata electa.;

[0037] From the order of the Hemiptera, for example Acizia spp., for example Acizzia acaciae baileyanae, Acizzia dodonaeae, Acizzia uncatoides, Acrida turrita, Acyrthosipon spp., for example Acyrthosiphon pisum, Acrogonia spp., Aeneolamia spp., Agonascena spp., Aleurocanthus spp., Aleyrodes proletella, Aleurolobus barodensis, Aleurothrixus floccosus, Allocaridara malayensis, Amrasca spp., for example Amrasca bigutulla, Amrasca devastans, Anuraphis cardui, Aonidiella spp., for example Aonidiella aurantii, Aonidiella citrina, Aonidiella inomata, Aphanostigma piri, Aphis spp., for example Aphis citricola, Aphis craccivora, Aphis fabae, Aphis forbesi, Aphis glycines, Aphis gossypii, Aphis hederae, Aphis spp. illinoisensis), Aphis middletoni, Aphis nasturtii, Aphis nerii, Aphis pomi, Aphisspiraecola, Aphis vibumiphila, Arboridia apicalis, Arytainilla spp.nerii, Atanus spp., Aulacorthum solani, Bemisia spp., for example Bemisia argentifolii, Bemisia tabaci, Blastopsylla occidentalis, Boreoglycaspis melaleucae, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Brachycolus spp., Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla spp., for example Cacopsylla pyri), Cacopsylla pyricola, Calligypona marginata, Capulinia spp., Cameocephala fulgida, Ceratovacuna lanigera, Cercopidae, Ceroplastes spp., Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, Chionaspis tegalensis, Chlorita onukii, Chondracris rosea, Chromaphis juglandicola, Chrysomphalus aonidum, Chrysomphalus ficus, Cicadulina mbila, Coccomytilus halli, Coccus spp., for example, Coccus hesperidum, Coccus longulus, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum, Coccus viridis, Cryptomyzus ribis, Cryptonossa spp., Ctenarytaina spp.), Daktulosphairavitifoliae, Dalbulus spp., Dialeurodes chittendeni, Dialeurodes citri, Diaphorina citri, Diaaspis spp., Diuraphis spp., Doralis spp., Draeculacephalas spp., Drosicha spp., Dysaphis spp., such as Dysaphis apiifolia, Dysaphis plantaginea, Dysaphistulipae, Dysmicoccus spp. spp., Empoasca spp., for example Empoasca abrupta, Empoasca fabae, Empoasca camaligna, Empoasca solana, Empoasca stevensi, Eriosoma spp., for example Eriosoma americanum, Eriosomalanigerum, Eriosoma pyricola, Erthesina fullo, Erythroneura spp., for example Erythroneura vitis, Eucalyptolyma spp., Euphyllura spp.), such as Euphylluraolivina, Euscelis bilobatus, Ferrisia spp., Fiorinia spp., Furcaspis oceanica, Geococcuscoffeae, Glycaspis spp.), Graphocephala versuta, Heteropsylla cubana, Heteropsylla spinulosa, Homalodisca vitripennis, Hyalopterus arundinis, Hyalopterus pruni, Icerya spp., for example Icerya purchasi, Idiocerus spp., Idioscopus spp., Laodelphax striatellus, Lecanium spp., for example Lecanium comi (= Parthenolecanium comi), Lepidosaphes spp., for example Lepidosaphes spp. ulmi, Lipaphis erysimi, Lopholeucaspis japonica, Lycorma delicatula, Macrosiphum spp., such as Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Macrosiphum lilii, Macrosiphum rosae, Macrosteles facifrons, Mahanarva spp., Melanaphis sacchari, Metcalfiella spp., Metcalfa pruinosa, Metopolophium dirhodum, Monellia costalis, Monelliopsis spp. pecanis, Myzus spp., for example, Myzus ascalonicus, Myzus cerasi, Myzus ligustri, Myzus omatus, Myzus persicae, Myzus nicotianae, Nasonovia ribisnigri, Neomaskellia spp.), Nephotettix spp., for example Nephotettix cincticeps, Nephotettix nigropictus, Nephotettix virescens, Nettigoniclla spectra, Nilaparvata lugens, Oncometopiaspp., for example Oncometopia orbona, Orthezia praelonga, Oxya chinensis, Pachypsylla spp., Parabemisia myricae, Paratrioza spp., for example Paratrioza cockerelli, Parlatoria spp., for example Parlatoria oleae, Pemphigus spp., for example Pemphigus bursarius, Pemphigus populivenae, Peregrinus maidis, Perkinsiella spp., Phenacoccus spp., for example Phenacoccus madeirensis, Philaenus spumarius, Phloeomyzus passerinii, Phorodon humuli, Phylloxera spp., for example Phylloxera phylloxera devastatrix), Phylloxeranotabilis, Pinnaspis aspidistrae, Planococcus spp., such as Planococcus citri, Prosopidopsylla flava, Protopulvinaria pyriformis, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Pseudococcus spp.), for example Pseudococcus calceolariae, Pseudococcus comstocki, Pseudococcus longispinus, Pseudococcus maritimus, Pseudococcus vibumi, Psyllopsis spp., Psylla spp., for example Psylla buxi, Psyllamali, Psylla pyri, Pteromalus spp., Pulvinaria spp., Pyrilla spp., Quadraspidiotus spp. spp., for example, Quadraspidiotusjuglansregiae, Quadraspidiotus ostreaeformis, Quadraspidiotus pemiciosus, Quesada gigas, Rastrococcus spp., Rhopalosiphum spp., for example, Rhopalosiphummaidis, Rhopalosiphum oxyacanthae, Rhopalosiphum padi, Rhopalosiphumrufiabdominale, Saissetia spp., for example, Saissetia coffeae, Saissetia miranda, Saissetia spp. neglecta), Saissetiaoleae, Scaphoideus titanus, Schizaphis graminum, Selenaspidus articulatus, Sipha flava, Sitobion avenae, Sogata spp., Sogatella furcifera, Sogatodes spp.), Stictocephala festina, Siphoninus phillyreae, Tenalaphara malayensis, Tetragonocephela spp., Tinocallis caryaefoliae, Tomaspis spp., Toxoptera spp., for example Toxoptera aurantii, Toxoptera citricidus, Trialeurodes spp., for example Trialeurodes abutiloneus, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Trioza spp., for example Triozadiospyri, Typhlocyba spp.), Unaspis spp., Viteus vitifolii, Zygina spp.;

[0038] From the order of the Heteroptera, for example, Aelia spp., Anasatristis, Antestiopsis spp., Boisea spp., Blissus spp., Calocoris spp., Campylomma livida, Cavelerius spp., Chinavia hilaris, Cimex spp., for example, Cimex adjunctus, Cimex hemipterus, Cimex lectularius, Cimex pilosellus, Collaria spp. spp.), Creontiades dilutus, Dasynus piperis, Dichelops spp., for example Dichelops furcatus, Dichelops melacantus, Diconocoris hewetti, Dysdercus spp., Euschistus spp., for example Euschistus heros, Euschistus servus, Euschistus tristigmus, Euschistus variolarius, Eurydema spp., Eurygaster spp., Halyomorpha halys, Heliopeltis spp., Horcias nobilellus, Leptocorisa spp., Leptocorisa varicomis, Leptoglossus occidentalis, Leptoglossus phyllopus, Lygocoris spp., e.g. Lygocoris pabulinus, Lygus spp.), for example Lygus elisus, Lygus hesperus, Lygus lineolaris, Macropes excavatus, Megacopta cribraria, Miridae, Monalonion atratum, Nezara spp., for example Nezara viridula, Nysius spp., Oebalus spp., for example Oebalus pugnax, family Pentomidae, Piesma quadrata, Piezodorus spp., for example Piezodorus spp. guildinii, Psallus spp., Pseudacysta persea, Rhodnius spp., Sahlbergella singularis, Scaptocoris castanea, Scotinophora spp., Stephanitis nashi, Tibraca spp., Triatoma spp.;

[0039] From the order of the Homoptera, for example, Agonascena spp., Aleurodes spp., Aleurolobus barodensis, Aleurothrixus spp., family Aleyrodidae, Amrasca spp., Anuraphis cardui, Aonidiella spp., Aphanostigma piri, Aphis spp., Arboridia apicalis, Aspidiella spp., Atanus spp., Aulacorthum solani, Brachycaudus helichrysii, Brachycolus spp.), Brachycorynella asparagi, Brevicorynebrassicae, Calligypona marginata, Carneocephalafulgida, Ceratovacuna lanigera, Cercopidae, Ceroplastes spp., Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, Chionaspis tegalensis, Chlorita onukii, Chromaphis juglandicola, Chrysomphalus ficus, Cicadulina mbila, Coccomytilus halli, Coccus spp., Cryptomyzus spp. ribis), Dialeurodes spp., Diaphorina spp., Diaspis spp., Doralis spp., Drosicha spp., Dysaphis spp., Dysmicoccus spp., Empoasca spp., Eriosoma spp.), Euscelis bilobatus, Geococcus coffeae, Hyalopterus arundinis, leery a spp., Idiocerus spp., Idioscopus spp., Laodelphax striatellus, Lecanium spp., Lepidosaphes spp., Lipaphis erysimi, Macrosiphum spp., Macrosteles quadrilineatus, Mahanarvafimbriolata, Melanaphis sacchari, Metcalfiella spp., Metopolophium dirhodum), Monellia costalis, Monelliopsis pecanis, Myzus spp., Nasonovia ribisnigri, spp., Orthezia praelonga, Parabemisia myricae, Paratrioza spp., Pemphigus spp., Peregrinus maidis, Phenacoccus spp., Phloeomyzus passerinii, Phorodonhumuli, Phylloxera spp., Pinnaspis aspidistrae, Planococcus spp.), such as Planococcus citri, Protopulvinaria pyriformis, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Pseudococcus spp., Psylla spp., Pteromalus spp., Pyrilla spp., Quadraspidiotus spp.), Quesadagigas, Rastrococcus spp., Rhopalosiphum spp., Schizaphis graminum, Selenaspidus articulatus, Sogata spp., Sogatodes spp., Spissistilus festinus, Stictocephala festina, Tenalaphara malayensis, Tinocallis caryaefoliae, Tomaspis spp., Toxoptera spp., Trioza spp., Typhlocyba spp., Unaspis spp.), grape phylloxera (Viteus vitifolii);.

[0040] From the order of the Hymenoptera, for example Acromyrmex spp., Athalia spp., for example Athalia rosae, Atta spp., Camponotus spp., Dolichovespula spp., Diprion spp., for example Diprion similis, Hoplocampa spp., for example Hoplocampacookei, Hoplocampa testudinea, Lasius spp., Linepithema (Iridiomyrmex) humile, Monomorium pharaonis, Paratrechina spp., Paravespula spp.), Plagiolepis spp., Sirex spp., for example Sirex noctilio, Solenopsis invicta, Tapinomas spp., Technomyrmex albipes, Urocerus spp., Vespa spp., for example Vespa crabro, Wasmannia auropunctata, Xeris spp.; pests from the order Isopoda, for example Armadillidium vulgare, Oniscus asellus, Porcellio scaber; pests from the order Isoptera, for example Coptotermes species. spp.), such as Formosan termites (Coptotermes formosanus), Cornitermes cumulans, Cryptotermes spp., Incisitermes spp., Kalotermes spp., Microtermesobesi, Nasutitermes spp., Odontotermes spp., Porotermes spp.), Reticulitermes spp., such as Reticulitermes flavipes and Reticulitermes hesperus;.

[0041] From the order of the Lepidoptera, for example Achroia grisella, Acronicta major, Adoxophyes spp., for example Adoxophyesorana, Aedia leucomelas, Agrotis spp., for example Agrotis snigrum, Agrotis ipsilon, Agrotis segetum, Alabama spp., for example Alabama argillacea, Amyelois transitella, Anarsia spp., Anticarsia spp., for example Anticarsia gemmatalis, Argyroploce spp.), Autographa spp., Barathra brassicae, Blastodacna atra, Borbocinnara, Bucculatrix thurberiella, Bupalus piniarius, Busseola spp., Cacoecia spp., Caloptilia theivora, Capua reticulana, Carpocapsa pomonella, Carposinaniponensis, Cheimatobia brumata, Chilo spp., e.g. Chiloplejadellus, Chilo suppressalis, Choreutis pariana, Choristoneura spp., Chrysodeixis chalcites, Clysiaambiguella, Cnaphalocerus spp., Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Cnephasia spp., Colias eurytheme, Conopomorpha spp.), Conotrachelus spp., Copitarsia spp., Cydia spp., for example Cydia nigricana, Cydia pomonella, Dalaca noctuides, Diaphania spp., Diparopsis spp., Diatraea saccharalis, Dioryctria spp., for example Dioryctria zimmermani, Earias spp., Ecdytolopha aurantium, Elasmopalpus lignosellus, Eldana saccharina, Ephestia spp., for example Ephestia elutella, Ephestia kuehniella, Epinotia spp., Epiphyas postvittana, Erannis spp., Erschoviella musculana, Etiella spp., Eudocima spp., Eulia spp., Eupoecilia ambiguella, Euproctis spp., for example Euproctis chrysorrhoea, Euxoa spp. spp.), Euzopherasemifuneralis, Evergestos rimosalis, Feltia spp., Galleria mellonella, Gracillaria spp., Grapholitha spp., such as Grapholita molesta and Grapholita prunivora, Hedylepta spp., Helicoverpa spp.), for example Helicoverpa armigera, Helicoverpa zea, Heliothis spp., for example Heliothis virescens, Hoffnannophila pseudospretella, Homoeosoma spp., Homona spp., Hyponomeuta padella, Kakivoria flavofasciata, Lampides spp., Laphygma spp., Laspeyresia molesta, Leucinodes orbonalis, Leucoptera spp., for example Leucoptera coffeella, Lithocolletis spp. spp., for example, Lithocolletis blancardella, Lithophane antennata, Lobesia spp., for example, Lobesia botrana, Loxagrotis albicosta, Lymantria spp., for example, Lymantria dispar, Lyonetia spp., for example, Lyonetia clerkella, Malacosoma neustria, Mamestra brassicae, Manduca spp., for example, Manduca sexta, Manduca quinquemaculata, Maruca testulalis, Melanitis leda, Melittia spp. cucurbitae, Mocis spp., Monopis obviella, Mythimna separata, Nemapogon cloacellus, family Noctuidae, Nymphula spp., Oiketicus spp., Omphisa spp.), Operophtera spp., Oria spp., Orthaga spp., Ostrinia spp., for example Ostrinia nubilalis, Panolis flammea, Parnara spp., Paralobesia viteana, Pectinophora spp., for example Pectinophora gossypiella, Peridroma saucia, Perileucoptera spp., Phthorimaea spp., for example Phthorimaea operculella, Phyllocnistis citrella, Phyllonorycter spp., for example Phyllonorycter blancardella, Phyllonorycter crataegella, Pieris spp., for example Pieris rapae, Plathypena scabra, Platynota stultana, Plodia interpunctella, Plusia spp., Plutella xylostella (= Plutella maculipennis), Podesia spp., for example Podesia syringae, Prays sp p., Prodenia litura spp.), Protoparce spp., Pseudaletia spp., for example Pseudaletia unipuncta, Pseudoplusia includens, Ptorimaea operculella, Pyrausta nubilalis, Rachiplusia nu, Schoenobius spp., for example Schoenobius bipunctifer, Scirpophaga spp.), for example Scirpophaga incertulas, Scirpophaga innotata, Scotia segetum, Sesamia spp., for example Sesamia inferens, Sparganothis spp., Spodoptera spp., for example Spodoptera eradiana, Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera frugiperda and Spodoptera praefica, Stathmopoda spp., Stenoma spp., Stomopteryx subsecivella, Striacosta albicosta, Synanthedon spp., Tecia solanivora, Thaumetopoeaspp., Thermesia gemmatalis, Tinea cloacella, Tineapellionella, Tineola bisselliella, Tortrix spp., for example Tortrix velutinana, Trichophaga tapetzella, Trichoplusia spp., for example Trichoplusia ni, Tryporyza incertulas, Tuta absoluta, Virachola spp.;

[0042] From the order of Orthoptera or Saltatoria, for example Acheta domesticus, Dichroplus spp., Gryllotalpa spp., for example Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, Hieroglyphus spp., Locusta spp., for example Locusta migratoria, Melanoplus spp., for example Melanoplus devastator, Melanoplus differentialis, Melanoplus femurrubrum, Paratlanticus ussuriensis, Schistocerca gregaria;

[0043] From the order of the Phthiraptera, for example, Damalinia spp., Haematopinus spp., Linognathus spp., Pediculus spp., Phylloxeravastatrix, Phthirus pubis, Trichodectes spp.;

[0044] From the order of the Psocoptera, for example, Lepinotus spp., Liposcelis spp.;

[0045] From the order of the Siphonaptera, for example, Ceratophyllus spp., Ctenocephalides spp., for example Ctenocephalides canis, Ctenocephalides felis, Pulex irritans, Tunga penetrans, Xenopsylla cheopis;

[0046] From the order of the Thysanoptera, for example Anaphothrips obscurus, Baliothrips biformis, Chaetanaphothrips leeuweni, Drepanothrips reuteri, Enneothrips flavens, Frankliniella spp., for example Frankliniella fusca, Frankliniella occidentalis, Frankliniella schultzei, Frankliniella tritici, Frankliniella vaccinii, Frankliniella williamsi, Haplothrips spp. spp.), Heliothrips spp., Hercinothrips femoralis, Kakothrips spp., Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips spp., Taeniothrips cardamomi, Thrips spp., e.g. Thrips palmi, Thrips tabaci;

[0047] From the order of the Zygentoma (= Thysanura), for example, Ctenolepismas spp., Lepisma saccharina, Lepismodes inquilinus, Thermobia domestica;

[0048] From the class Symphyla, e.g. Scutigerella spp., e.g. Scutigerella immaculata;

[0049] from the phylum Mollusca, for example, the class Bivalvia, for example, Dreissena spp.; and from the class Gastropoda, for example, Ayong slugs,Arion spp., for example Arion ater rufs, Biomphalaria spp., Bulinus spp., Deroceras spp., for example Deroceras laeve, Galba spp., Lymnaea spp., Oncomelania spp., Pomacea spp., Succinea spp.;

[0050] From the phylum Nematoda, i.e. the phytoparasitic nematodes, in particular Aglenchus spp., for example Aglenchus agricola, Anguina spp., for example Anguina tritici, Aphelenchoides spp., for example Aphelenchoides arachidis, Aphelenchoides fragariae, Belonolaimus spp., for example Belonolaimus gracilis, Belonolaimus longicaudatus, Belonolaimus nortoni, Bursaphelenchus spp., for example Bursaphelenchus spp. cocophilus, Bursaphelenchus eremus, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, Cacopaurus spp., for example Cacopaurus pestis, Criconemella spp., for example Criconemella curvata, Criconemella onoensis, Criconemella omata, Criconemella rusium, Criconemella xenoplax (= Mesocriconema xenoplax), Criconemoides spp., for example Criconemoides femiae, Criconemoides onoense, Criconemoides omatum, Ditylenchus spp., for example Ditylenchus dipsaci, Dolichodorus spp., Globodera spp.), for example Globodera pallida, Globodera arostochiensis, Helicotylenchus spp., for example Helicotylenchus dihystera, Hemicriconemoides spp., Hemicycliophora spp., Heterodera spp., for example Heterodera avenae, Heterodera glycines, Heteroderaschachtii, Hirschmaniella spp., Hoplolaimus spp., Longidorus spp., for example Longidorus africanus africanus, Meloidogyne spp., for example Meloidogyne chitwoodi, Meloidogyne fallax, Meloidogyne hapla, Meloidogyne incognita, Meloinema spp., Nacobbus spp., Neotylenchus spp., Paralongidorus spp., Paraphelenchus spp., Paratrichodorus spp., for example Paratrichodorus minor, Paratylenchus spp.), Pratylenchus spp., for example Pratylenchus penetrans, Pseudohalenchus spp., Psilenchus spp., Punctodera spp., Quinisulcius spp., Radopholus spp.), for example Radopholus citrophilus, Radopholus similis, Rotylenchulus spp., Rotylenchus spp., Scutellonema spp., Subanguina spp., Trichodorus spp., for example Trichodorus obtusus, Trichodorus primitivus, Tylenchorhynchus spp., for example Tylenchorhynchus annulatus, Tylenchulus spp., for example Tylenchulus semipenetrans, Xiphinema spp. spp.), such as the standard Xiphinema (Xiphinema index). .

[0051] Preferably, the composition of the present invention is effective against at least one member selected from the following group: two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae); bean leaf beetle (Cerotoma trifurcata); gourd beetle (Diabrotica peciosa); Japanese arc beetle (Popillia japonica); soybean aphid (Aphis glycine); hemp stink bug (Erthesina fullo); green stink bug (Chinavia hilaris); Dichelops melacantus; American stink bugs (Euschistus spp.), preferably brown stink bug (Euschistus heros) or brown stink bug (Euschistus servus); green rice stink bug (Nezara viridula); spot bee edge stink bug (Piezodorus guildinii); clover membrane-winged treehopper (Spissistilus festinus); small cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon; Anticarsiagemmatalis; Elasmopalpus lignosellus; Helicoverpazea; Plathypena scabra; Pseudoplusia includens; Spodoptera frugiperda; Melanoplus spp., preferably Melanoplus differentialis or Melanoplus femurrubrum; and Heteroderaglycines.

[0052] The composition of the present invention comprises nonanoic acid, a liquid or solid carrier and optionally one or more conventional formulation adjuvants, which may be liquid or solid, such as surfactants, defoamers, such as silicone oils, preservatives, clays, inorganic compounds, viscosity modifiers, adhesives and / or tackifiers. The composition may further comprise fertilizers, micronutrient donors or other preparations that influence plant growth.

[0053] Preferably, the nonanoic acid composition is applied to the foliage of soybeans. Examples of foliar formulation types of premixed compositions are GR: granules; WP: wettable powders; WG: water-dispersible granules (powders); SG: water-soluble granules; SL: soluble concentrates; EC: emulsifiable concentrates; EW: oil-in-water emulsions; ME: microemulsions; SC: aqueous suspension concentrates; CS: aqueous capsule suspensions; OD: oil-based suspension concentrates, SE: aqueous suspension emulsions. The type of nonanoic acid composition should be selected to suit the intended purpose and the prevailing circumstances.

[0054] The formulation components suitable for preparing the compositions according to the invention are known per se.

[0055] As liquid carriers, the following can be used: water, toluene, xylene, petroleum ether, vegetable oil, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, acid anhydride, acetonitrile, acetophenone, amyl acetate, 2-butanone, butylene carbonate, chlorobenzene, cyclohexane, cyclohexanol, alkyl acetate, diacetone alcohol, 1,2-dichloropropane, diethanolamine, p-diethylbenzene, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol rosin acid ester, diethylene glycol butyl ether, diethylene glycol ethyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ether, α,α- Dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, 1,4-dioxane, dipropylene glycol, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, dipropylene glycol dibenzoate, dipropylene alcohol, alkyl pyrrolidone, ethyl acetate, 2-ethylhexanol, ethylene carbonate, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, 2-heptanone, α-pinene, d-limonene, ethyl lactate, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol butyl ether, ethylene glycol methyl ether, γ-butyrolactone, glycerol, glyceryl acetate, glyceryl diacetate, glycerol triacetate, hexadecane, hexanediol, isoamyl acetate, isobornyl acetate, isooctane, isophorone, isopropyl benzene, isopropyl myristate, lactic acid, laurylamine, mesityl oxide, methoxypropanol, methyl isoamyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, methyl laurate, methyl octanoate, methyl oleate, dichloromethane, m-xylene, n-hexane, n-octylamine, octadecanoic acid, octylamine acetate, oleic acid, oleylamine, o-xylene, phenol, polyethylene glycol, propionic acid, Propyl lactate, propylene carbonate, propylene glycol, propylene glycol methyl ether, p-xylene, toluene, triethyl phosphate, triethylene glycol, xylene sulfonic acid, paraffin, mineral oil, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, butyl acetate, propylene glycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol methyl ether, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and high molecular weight alcohols such as amyl alcohol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, hexanol, octanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, etc.

[0056] Suitable solid carriers are, for example, talc, titanium dioxide, pyrophyllite clay, silica, attapulgite, diatomaceous earth, limestone, calcium carbonate, bentonite, calcium montmorillonite, cottonseed hulls, wheat flour, soybean flour, pumice, wood flour, ground walnut shells, lignin and the like.

[0057] In liquid and solid formulations, especially those which can be diluted with a carrier before use, it is advantageous to use a large amount of a surfactant. Surfactants can be anionic, cationic, nonionic or polymeric, and they can act as emulsifiers, wetting agents or suspending agents or for other purposes. Typical surfactants include, for example, alkyl sulfates, such as diethanolammonium dodecyl sulfate; alkylaryl sulfonates, such as calcium dodecylbenzene sulfonate; alkylphenol / alkylene oxide addition products, such as nonylphenol ethoxylate; alcohol / alkylene oxide addition products, such as tridecyl alcohol ethoxylate; siloxanes, silicones, silanes, silicates and siliconates; soaps, such as sodium stearate; alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, such as sodium dibutylnaphthalene sulfonate; dialkyl esters of sulfosuccinates, such as sodium di(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate; sorbitan esters, such as sorbitan oleate; quaternary amines, such as dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, polyethylene glycol esters of fatty acids, such as polyethylene glycol stearate; block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide; and salts of mono- and dialkyl phosphates; stearates and other materials described, for example, in "McCutcheon's Detergents and Emulsifiers Yearbook, MC Publishing Company, Ridgewood, New Jersey (1981)".

[0058] The composition according to the present invention may contain additives comprising oils of plant or animal origin, mineral oils, alkyl esters of such oils or mixtures of such oils and oil derivatives. When the oil additive is present in the composition of the present invention, the amount thereof is generally 0.01 to 10% based on the mixture to be applied. For example, after the spray mixture is prepared, the oil additive can be added to the spray tank at the desired concentration. Preferred oil additives include mineral oils or oils of plant origin, such as rapeseed oil, olive oil or sunflower oil, emulsified vegetable oils, alkyl esters of oils of plant origin, such as methyl derivatives, or oils of animal origin, such as fish oil or tallow. Preferred oil additives include C8-C 22 Alkyl esters of fatty acids, especially C 12 -C 18 Methyl derivatives of fatty acids, such as the methyl esters of lauric acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid (methyl laurate, methyl palmitate and methyl oleate, respectively). Many oil derivatives are known from the "Compendium of Herbicide Adjuvants, 10th edition, Southern Illinois University, 2010".

[0059] As with the nature of the formulation, the method of application, such as foliar spraying, drench, misting, atomizing, dusting, spreading, coating or pouring, is selected according to the intended purpose and the prevailing conditions.

[0060] Commercial products are preferably formulated as concentrates (eg premix / ready-to-mix compositions), whereas the end user will typically use dilute formulations (eg spray mixes, spray tanks or tank mix (when combined with other pesticides or formulation adjuvants) compositions).

[0061] In general, the premix composition comprises 0.1 to 99%, in particular 15 to 90%, of nonanoic acid, and 0 to 99.9% of at least one liquid or solid carrier, and 0 to 35%, in particular 0.1 to 20%, of a formulation auxiliary composition, such as a surfactant (the % in each case refers to the weight percentage in the premix composition).

[0062] In general, spray mixtures or spray tank formulations for foliar or soil application comprise 0.05% to 20%, in particular 0.1% to 15%, of nonanoic acid, and 99.95% to 80%, in particular 99.9% to 85%, of a liquid carrier, and 0 to 20%, in particular 0.1 to 15%, of a formulation auxiliary, such as a surfactant (the % in each case refers to the percentage by weight in the tank mix composition).

[0063] The application rate (grams of nonanoic acid per hectare or g / ha) varies and depends on the method of application, the crop, the pest to be controlled, the prevailing climatic conditions and other factors controlled by the method of application, the time of application and the target crop. For foliar application, a sprayable mixture of the nonanoic acid composition is prepared at a concentration that, when applied at a given spray rate, delivers nonanoic acid to the plant in an amount of 300 to 6,500 g / ha, preferably 450 to 4,500 g / ha.

[0064] For example, preferably, the nonanoic acid composition is applied as a dilution containing less than about 6,500 g / ha, preferably less than about 4,500 g / ha, and most preferably about 1,300 g / ha of nonanoic acid. In a preferred aspect, the composition of the present invention is provided as a dilution containing from about 300 g / ha to about 6,500 g / ha, preferably from about 400 g / ha to about 4,500 g / ha, and most preferably from about 500 g / ha to about 1,300 g / ha of nonanoic acid. At higher concentrations, such as above about 10,000 g / ha of nonanoic acid, phytotoxicity such as leaf scorch becomes more prevalent. At lower concentrations, such as below about 300 g / ha of nonanoic acid, arthropodicidal, such as insecticidal and acaricidal effectiveness is reduced when used alone.

[0065] The compositions of the invention have been shown to have low phytotoxicity, for example, exhibiting zero or acceptable leaf scorch, at amounts of 1,300 g / ha or even up to 4,500 g / ha of nonanoic acid, depending on the crop and its growth stage.

[0066] Methods for controlling arthropods, preferably insects and / or mites, pests on soybeans using the compositions of the invention are also part of the invention. For example, the compositions are preferably used in dilutions, such as the preferred dilutions described above, to provide effective insecticidal / miticidal properties and low phytotoxicity.

[0067] In preferred aspects, these methods involve killing specific pests, such as insect and mite pests including at least one selected from the group consisting of Tetranychus urticae; Cerotoma trifurcata; Diabrotica speciosa; Popillia japonica; Aphis glycine; Erthesina fullo; Chinavia hilaris; Dichelops melacantus; Euschistus spp., preferably Euschistus heros or Euschistus servus; Nezara viridula; Piezodorus guildinii; Spissistilus festinus; Agrotis spp. ipsilon; Anticarsia gemmatalis; Elasmopalpus lignosellus; Helicoverpa zea; Plathypena scabra; Pseudoplusia includens; Spodoptera frugiperda; Melanoplus spp., preferably Melanoplus differentialis or Melanoplus femurrubrum; and a member of the group consisting of soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines).

[0068] Embodiment A is directed to a method of controlling arthropod pests, preferably insect and / or mite pests, on soybeans comprising applying a pesticidally effective amount of nonanoic acid to the pest, to the locus of the pest, or to a plant susceptible to infestation by the pest.

[0069] Embodiment B is directed to a method of controlling and / or preventing damage to soybean plants caused by infestation by arthropod pests, preferably insect and / or mite pests, comprising applying to the plants a pesticidally effective amount of nonanoic acid.

[0070] Embodiment C relates to the use of nonanoic acid on soybean plants for controlling and / or preventing damage caused by infestation by arthropod pests, preferably insect and / or mite pests.

[0071] Embodiment D relates to the use of nonanoic acid in the preparation of an arthropodicide for controlling and / or preventing damage on soybean plants caused by infestation by arthropod pests, preferably insect and / or mite pests.

[0072] Embodiment E is directed to an arthropodicidal composition for controlling arthropods on soybean plants comprising nonanoic acid.

[0073] In some preferred embodiments A to E, the arthropod pests include at least one selected from the group consisting of Tetranychus urticae, Cerotoma trifurcata, Diabrotica peciosa, Popillia japonica, Aphis glycine, Erthesina fullo, Chinavia hilaris, Dichelops melacantus, Euschistus spp., preferably Euschistus heros or Euschistus servus, Nezara viridula, Piezodorus guildinii, Spissistilus festinus, Agrotis spp. ipsilon; Anticarsiagemmatalis; Elasmopalpus lignosellus; Helicoverpazea; Plathypena scabra; Pseudoplusia includens; Spodoptera frugiperda; Melanoplus spp., preferably Melanoplus differentialis or Melanoplus femurrubrum; and a member of the group consisting of soybean cyst nematodes.

[0074] One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method of growing soybean plants comprising applying or treating the soybean plants with a composition of nonanoic acid.

[0075] By adding additional insecticidal active agents to the nonanoic acid composition, the activity of the composition according to the present invention can be significantly expanded and adapted to the general situation. Compositions comprising a combination of (A) nonanoic acid and (B) at least one additional insecticidal active agent (i.e., in addition to nonanoic acid) can also have further surprising advantages, which can also be described as super stacking ("synergistic") effects in a broader sense. Therefore, for example, by using or adopting the composition in the treatment described herein, reducing the application rate and / or widening the activity spectrum and / or increasing the activity, thereby improving plant growth, increasing tolerance to high or low temperatures, improving tolerance to drought or water or soil salt content, improving flowering performance, easier harvesting, accelerated maturation, higher harvest yield, larger fruit, larger plant height, greener leaf color, earlier flowering, the quality of the harvested product and / or higher nutritional value, higher sugar concentration in the fruit, storage stability and / or better processability are all possible, which exceeds the actual expected effect.

[0076] One embodiment relates to a composition comprising (A) nonanoic acid and (B) at least one additional pesticidal active agent, and the use of the composition of (A) and (B) in the methods and uses described herein.

[0077] One embodiment relates to a combination comprising (A) nonanoic acid and (B) at least one additional pesticidally active agent, and the use of the combination of (A) and (B) in the methods and uses described herein.

[0078] One embodiment relates to a method for reducing overall damage to soybean plants and soybean plant parts caused by arthropod pests, preferably insect and / or acarid pests, comprising the step of applying to the plants (A) nonanoic acid as defined herein alone or in combination with (B) at least one additional pesticidal active agent.

[0079] One embodiment relates to a method for improving crop yield and / or food quality of soybean plants, the method comprising the step of applying to the plants (A) nonanoic acid alone or in combination with (B) at least one additional pesticidal active agent as defined herein.

[0080] As used herein, "combination" refers to various combinations of (A) nonanoic acid and (B) at least one insecticidal active agent, for example in a single "premix" or "premix" form, in a combined spray mixture consisting of separate formulations of the single active compounds, such as a "tank mix", and in combined use when the single active ingredients are applied in a sequential manner, i.e., sequentially within a reasonably short period of time, such as a few hours or days, sequentially within a reasonably short period of time, such as a few hours or days, such as 2 hours to 7 days. Preferably, the order of applying nonanoic acid and at least one insecticidal active agent is not essential for the practice of the present invention. Therefore, the term "combination" also includes the presence of nonanoic acid composition and at least one insecticidal active agent on the treated plants.

[0081] The ratio of (A) nonanoic acid and (B) any additional insecticidal active agent is carefully selected so that when applied to soybean plants, nonanoic acid and the insecticidal active agent are delivered in their respective desired ratios, for example, as taught on the product label or as determined by one skilled in the art for pest control. Because the application rate of the additional insecticidal active agent can vary widely, the general ratio of nonanoic acid to the additional active agent can also vary widely. The composition comprising a mixture of nonanoic acid and the above-mentioned additional insecticidal active agent comprises nonanoic acid and the above-mentioned active agent, preferably in a mixing ratio of 1000:1 to 1:1, preferably in a weight ratio of 700:1 to 10:1, more preferably in a weight ratio of 500:1 to 30:1, and most preferably in a weight ratio of 100:1 to 1:100.

[0082] Suitable additional insecticidal active agents here are, for example, representatives of the following types of active ingredients:

[0083] (1) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors,

[0084] (2) GABA-gated chloride channel blockers,

[0085] (3) Sodium channel modulators,

[0086] (4) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) competitive modulators, (5) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulators,

[0087] (6) Allosteric modulators of glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCl),

[0088] (7) Juvenile hormone mimics,

[0089] (8) Other non-specific (multi-site) inhibitors,

[0090] (9) TRPV channel modulators of chordotonal organs,

[0091] (10) Mite growth inhibitors,

[0092] (11) Microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes,

[0093] (12) Mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitors,

[0094] (13) Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation by interrupting the proton gradient,

[0095] (14) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel blockers

[0096] (15) Type 0 chitin biosynthesis inhibitor

[0097] (16) Type 1 chitin biosynthesis inhibitor

[0098] (17) Molting Interference Agent

[0099] (18) Ecdysone receptor agonists

[0100] (19) Octopamine receptor agonists

[0101] (20) Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors

[0102] (21) Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors

[0103] (22) Voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers

[0104] (23) Acetyl Coenzyme A (CoA) Carboxylase Inhibitors

[0105] (24) Mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors

[0106] (25) Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors

[0107] (26) Ryanodine receptor modulator

[0108] (27) Chordal organ regulator

[0109] (28) Further insecticidal active compounds.

[0110] In a preferred embodiment, the insecticidal active agent is selected from the group consisting of the following insecticidal active agents:

[0111] (1) an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor which is a carbamate and is preferably selected from the group consisting of alanycarb, aldicarb, bendiocarb, benfuracarb, butocarboxim, butoxycarboxim, carbaryl, carbofuran, carbosulfan, ethiofencarb, fenobucarb, formetanate, furatrimide, and thiamethoxam. hiocarb, isoprocarb, methiocarb, methomyl, metolcarb, oxamyl, pirimicarb, propoxur, thiodicarb, thiofanox, triazamate, trimethacarb, XMC and xylylcarb; or organophosphates, preferably selected from acephate, Azamethiphos, azinphos-ethyl, azinphos-methyl, cadusafos, chlorethoxyfos, chlorfenvinphos, chlormephos, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, coumaphos, cyanophos, demeton-S-methyl, diazinon non), dichlorvos / DDVP, dicrotophos, dimethoate, dimethylvinphos, disulfoton, EPN, ethion, ethoprophos, famphur, fenamiphos, fenitrothion, fenthion, fosthiazate, heptenophos, imicyafos,isofenphos, isopropyl O-(methoxyaminothiophosphoryl)salicylate, isoxathion, malathion, mecarbam, methamidophos, methidathion, mevinphos, monocrotophos, naled, omethoate, oxydemeton-methyl, parathion-methyl, phenthoate, phorate, phosalone, phosmet, phosphamidon midon), phoxim, pirimiphos-methyl, profenofos, propetamphos, prothiofos, pyraclofos, pyridaphenthion, quinalphos, sulfotep, tebupirimfos, temephos, terbufos, tetrachlorvinphos, thiometon, triazophos, triclorfon and vamidothion;

[0112] (2) GABA-gated chloride channel blockers, which are cyclopentadienyl organochlorines, preferably selected from chlordane and endosulfan; or phenylpyrazoles (fiproles), preferably selected from ethiprole and fipronil;

[0113] (3) Sodium channel modulators, which are pyrethroids, preferably selected from acrinathrin, allethrin, d-cis-transallethrin, d-trans-allethrin, bifenthrin, bioallethrin, bioallethrin s-cyclopentenyl isomer, isomer), bioresmethrin, cycloprothrin, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, cyhalothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cypermethrin, theta-cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, cyphenothrin [(1R)-trans isomer] isomers]), deltamethrin, empenthrin [(EZ)-(lR)-isomer], esfenvalerate, etofenprox, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, flucythrinate, flumethrin, tau-fluvalinate, halfenprox, imiprothrin, kadethrin, momfluorothrin, permethrin, phenothrin [(1R)-trans]isomer]), prallethrin, pyrethrine (pyrethrum), resmethrin, silafluofen, tefluthrin, tetramethrin, tetramethrin [(1R)isomers], tralomethrin and transfluthrin, DDT and methoxychlor;

[0114] (4) competitive modulators of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), which are neonicotinoids, preferably selected from acetamiprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, nitenpyram, thiacloprid and thiamethoxam, or nicotine, or sulfoximines, preferably selected from sulfoxaflor; or butenolides, preferably selected from flupyradifurone; or mesoionics, preferably selected from triflumezopyrim;

[0115] (5) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric modulators, which are spinosyns, preferably selected from spinetoram and spinosad;

[0116] (6) Glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) allosteric modulators, which are avermectins / milbemycins, preferably selected from abamectin, emamectin benzoate, lepimectin and milbemectin;

[0117] (7) Juvenile hormone mimetics, which are juvenile hormone analogs, preferably selected from hydroprene, kinoprene, methoprene, fenoxycarb and pyriproxyfen;

[0118] (8) Other non-specific (multi-site) inhibitors, which are alkyl halides, preferably selected from methyl bromide and other alkyl halides; or chloropicrin or sulfuryl fluoride or borax or tartar emetic; or methyl isocyanate generators selected from diazomet or metam;

[0119] (9) A TRPV channel modulator of the chordotonal organ selected from pymetrozine and pyrifluquinazone;

[0120] (10) Mite growth inhibitors selected from clofentezine, hexythiazox, diflovidazin and etoxazole;

[0121] (11) Microbial disruptors of the insect midgut membrane selected from Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis, Bacillus sphaericus, Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai, Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki, Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies tenebrionis and insecticidal proteins, e.g. derived from Bacillus thuringiensis;

[0122] (12) Mitochondrial ATP synthase inhibitors, which are ATP disruptors, preferably selected from diafenthiuron, or organotin compounds selected from azocyclotin, cyhexatin and fenbutatinoxide, or propargite or tetradifon;

[0123] (13) Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation by discontinuous proton gradient selected from chlorfenapyr, dinitrocresol (DNOC) and sulphluramid;

[0124] (14) Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel blockers selected from the group consisting of bensultap, cartap hydrochloride, thiocyclam and thiosultap-sodium;

[0125] (15) Type O chitin biosynthesis inhibitors selected from the group consisting of bistrifluron, chlorfluazuron, diflubenzuron, flucycloxuron, flufenoxuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, novaluron, noviflumuron, teflubenzuron and triflumuron;

[0126] (16) Type 1 chitin biosynthesis inhibitors selected from buprofezin;

[0127] (17) Molting disruptors (especially for Diptera, i.e., insects of the order Diptera) selected from cyromazine;

[0128] (18) an ecdysone receptor agonist selected from the group consisting of chromafenozide, halofenozide, methoxyfenozide and tebufenozide;

[0129] (19) An octopamine receptor agonist selected from amitraz.

[0130] (20) Mitochondrial complex III electron transport inhibitors selected from hydramethylnone, acequinocyl and fluacrypyrim;

[0131] (21) Mitochondrial complex I electron transport inhibitors, preferably METI miticides and insecticides selected from fenazaquin, fenpyroximate, pyrimidifen, pyridaben, tebufenpyrad and tolfenpyrad; or rotenone (Derris);

[0132] (22) A voltage-dependent sodium channel blocker selected from indoxacarb or metaflumizone;

[0133] (23) acetyl-CoA carboxylase inhibitors, which are tetronic acid and tetramic acid derivatives, preferably selected from spirodiclofen, spiromesifen and spirotetramat;

[0134] (24) mitochondrial complex IV electron transport inhibitors, which are phosphides, preferably selected from aluminum phosphide, calcium phosphide, phosphine and zinc phosphide; or cyanides, selected from calcium cyanide, potassium cyanide and sodium cyanide;

[0135] (25) Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors, which are β-ketonitrile derivatives, preferably selected from cyenopyrafen and cyflumetofen and carboxanilides selected from pyflubumide;

[0136] (26) Ryanodine receptor modulators, which are diamides, preferably selected from chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole and flubendiamide;

[0137] (27) chordotonal organ (target undetermined) selected from flubosaccharide;

[0138] (28) Further active compounds selected from the group consisting of acynonapyr, bicyclanil, afoxolaner, azadirachtin, benclothiaz, benzamite, benzpyrimoxan, bifenazate, bromofenac, bromofenac, chinomethionat, d-trans-chlorargylthrin, cryolite, cyclaniliprole, cyclobutrifluram, cycloxaprid, Cyhalodiamide, cyproflanilide, dicloromethaz, dicofol, dimpropyridaz, epsilon-metofluthrin, epsilon-momfluthrin, flumetolquine, flutoxifen, fluthiazolin, flutoxifen, flutoxifen, flutoxifen, butyric acid, flutoxifen ... e), fufenozide, guadipyr, tefluthrin, chlorthiazide, isoprodinil, isocycloseram, kappa-bifenthrin, kappa-bifenthrin, lotilaner, meperfluthrin, oxazosulfyl, pyridalyl, pyrifluquinazon, pyriminostrobin, Spirobudiclofen, spiropidion, sulfur, tetramethylfluthrin, tetraniliprole, tetrachlorantraniliprole, tigolaner, tioxazafen, thiofluoximate, iodomethane; 1-{2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)sulfinyl]phenyl}-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,4-Triazol-5-amine, {1'-[(2E)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]-5-fluorospiro[indol-3,4'-piperidin]-1(2H)-yl}(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)methanone, 2-chloro-N-[2-{1-[(2E)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]piperidin-4-yl}-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]isonicotinamide, 3-(4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-4-hydroxy-8-methoxy-1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-2-one, 3-(4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-8-methoxy-2-oxo-1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-2-one Heterospiro[4.5]dec-3-en-4-yl ethyl carbonate, 4-(but-2-yn-1-yloxy)-6-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-5-fluoropyrimidine, PF1364 (known from JP2010 / 018586), (3E)-3-[1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-2-pyridyl]-1,1,1-trifluoro-propan-2-one, N-[3-(benzylcarbamoyl)-4-chlorophenyl]-1-methyl-3-(pentafluoroethyl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide, 5-bromo-4-chloro-N-[4-chloro-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl] ]-2-(3-chloro-2-pyridinyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide, 4-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-2-methyl-N-(cis-1-oxido-3-thietanyl)-benzamide, 4-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-2-methyl-N-(trans-1-oxido-3-thietanyl)-benzamide and 4-[(5S)-5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-2-methyl-N-(cis-1-oxido-3-thietanyl)-benzamide -3-thietanyl)benzamide, N-[3-chloro-1-(3-pyridyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-N-ethyl-3-[(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfonyl]-propionamide, (+)-N-[3-chloro-1-(3-pyridyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-N-ethyl-3-[(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfinyl]-propionamide and (-)-N-[3-chloro-1-(3-pyridyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-N-ethyl-3-[(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)sulfinyl]-propionamide, 5-[[(2E)-3-chloro-2-propen-1-yl]amino]-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile, 3-bromo-N-[4-chloro-2-methyl-6-[(methylamino)thiomethyl]phenyl]-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide; N-[4-chloro-2-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]carbonyl]-6-methylphenyl]-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridinyl)-3-(fluoromethoxy)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide, N-[2-(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-4-chloro-6-methylphenyl]-3-bromo-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridinyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide, 4-[3-[2, 6-dichloro-4-[(3,3-dichloro-2-propen-1-yl)oxy]phenoxy]propoxy]-2-methoxy-6-(trifluoromethyl)-pyrimidine; (2E)- and 2(Z)-2-[2-(4-cyanophenyl)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene]-N-[4-(difluoromethoxy)phenyl]-hydrazinecarboxamide; 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethyl-4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenyl-cyclopropanecarboxylate; (4aS)-7-chloro-2,5-dihydro-2-[[(methoxycarbonyl)[4-[(trifluoromethyl)thio]phenyl]amino]carbonyl]-indeno[1,2-e][1,3,4]oxadiazine-4a(3H)-carboxylic acid methyl ester; -deoxy-3-O-ethyl-2,4-di-O-methyl-1-[N-[4-[1-[4-(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethoxy)phenyl]-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]phenyl]carbamate]-α-L-mannopyranose; 8-(2-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-3-(6-trifluoromethyl-pyridazin-3-yl)-3-aza-bicyclo[3,2,1]octane, (8-trans)-8-(2-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-(6-trifluoromethyl-pyridazin-3-yl)-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane, (8-cis)-8-(2-cyclopropylmethoxy-4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-3-(6-trifluoromethyl-pyridazin-3-yl)-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane methylpyridazin-3-yl)-3-azabicyclo[3,2,1]octane, N-[3-chloro-1-(3-pyridyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-N-ethyl-3-[(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)thio]-propionamide and N-[4-(aminothiomethyl)-2-methyl-6-[(methylamino)carbonyl]phenyl]-3-bromo-1-(3-chloro-2-pyridyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide, 5-(1,3-dioxane-2-yl)-4-[[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]methoxy]-pyrimidine, 3-(4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-8-methoxy-1-methyl-1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-2,4-dione, 3-(4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-8-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-4-yl-carbonic acid ethyl ester, and 4-[(5S)-5-(3,5-dichloro-4-fluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-3-isoxazolyl]-N-[(4R)-2-ethyl-3-oxo-4-isoxazolidinyl]-2-methyl-benzamide, 2-({2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(R)-(2,2,2-trifluorophenyl)- ethyl)sulfinyl]phenyl}imino)-3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one, 1,4-dimethyl-2-[2-(pyridin-3-yl)-2H-indazol-5-yl]-1,2,4-triazolidine-3,5-dione and a terpene mixture, the terpene mixture comprising substantially pure alpha-terpinene, substantially pure p-methylpinene and substantially pure limonene as active ingredients, in relative proportions of about 35-45:12-20:10-15.

[0139] In one embodiment, the composition comprises (A) nonanoic acid or and (B) one or more of the following insecticidal active agents: abamectin, acephate, acetamiprid, afidopyropen, bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, cyclobutrifluram, cyfluthrin, beta-cyfluthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, gamma-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, zeta-cypermethrin, sulfoxafluram. sulfoxaflor, diflubenzuron, ethiprole, fenitrothion, fenpropathrin, fipronil, flonicamid, flubendiamide, flupentiofenox, imidacloprid, indoxacarb, lufenuron, malathion, methomyl, methoxyfenozide, spinetoram, spinosad, sulfoxaflor, teflubenzuron, thiamethoxam, thiodicarb and tioxazafen.

[0140] In one embodiment, the pesticidally active agent (B) is a biological control agent.

[0141] As used herein, "biological control" is defined as controlling insects and / or mites and / or nematodes by the use of organisms such as microorganisms or metabolites produced by such microorganisms. In some cases, biological control is also achieved by using naturally occurring compounds or derivatives of such naturally occurring compounds.

[0142] According to one embodiment of the present invention, the biological control agent not only comprises a pure culture isolated from each fungus or bacterium, in particular a fungus or bacterium having insecticidal activity, but also comprises a suspension in a whole broth culture or a supernatant containing metabolites or purified metabolites obtained from a whole broth culture of a fungal or bacterial strain. "Whole broth culture" refers to a liquid culture containing cells and a culture medium. "Supernatant" refers to the liquid culture remaining when the cells grown in the culture are removed by centrifugation, filtration, sedimentation or other methods well known in the art. According to another embodiment, the biological control agent also comprises a pure culture isolated from each fungus or bacterium in a suitable formulation in addition to its fermentation broth, as further described below. The biological control agent may be an insecticidal active biological control agent selected from the following group:

[0143] (1) Bacteria selected from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, in particular strain ABTS-1857 (SD-1372; for example from Valent BioSciences); Bacillus mycoides, isolate J. (e.g., BmJ, from Certis USA LLC, a subsidiary of Mitsui & Co.); Bacillus sphaericus, particularly Serotype H5a5b strain 2362 (strain ABTS-1743) (e.g., from Valent BioSciences, US); Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain BMP 123 from Becker Microbial Products, IL; Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, in particular serotype H-7 (e.g. WG, from Valent BioSciences, US); Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain HD-1 (e.g. ES, from Valent BioSciences, US); Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain BMP 123 from Becker Microbial Products, IL; Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis strain BMP 144 (e.g. from Becker Microbial Products IL); Burkholderia spp., in particular Burkholderia rinojensis strain A396 (also known as Burkholderia rinojensis strain MBI 305) (Accession No. NRRLB-50319; WO 2011 / 106491 and WO 2013 / 032693; e.g. MBI-206TGAI and from Marrone BioInnovations; Chromobacterium subtsugae, in particular strain PRAA4-1T (MBI-203; e.g. from Marrone Bio Innovations); Paenibacillus popilliae (formerly known as Bacillus popilliae; such as MILKY SPORE POWDERTM and MILKY SPOREGRANULARTM, from St.Gabriel Laboratories); Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (serotype H-14) strain AM65-52 (accession number ATCC 1276) (e.g. from Valent BioSciences, US); Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki strain EVB-113-19 (e.g. from AEF Global); Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis strain NB176 (SD-5428; e.g. FC, from BioFa DE); Bacillus thuringiensis var. japonensis strain Buibui; Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain ABTS 351; Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain PB54; Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain SA11; Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain SA12; Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain EG 2348; Bacillus thuringiensis var. Colmeri (e.g. TIANBAOBTC, from Changzhou Jianghai Chemical Factory); Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain GC-91; Serratia entomophila (e.g. from Wrightson Seeds); Serratia marcescens, in particular strain SRM (accession number MTCC 8708); and Wolbachia pipientis ZAP strain (e.g. ZAP from the group consisting of MosquitoMate); and

[0144] (2) Fungi selected from the group consisting of Muscodor albus, in particular strain QST 20799 (registration number NRRL 30547); Muscodor roseus, in particular strain A3-5 (registration number NRRL 30548); Beauveria bassiana, in particular strain ATCC 74040 (eg from Intrachem Bio Italia); strain GHA (accession number ATCC74250; such as BotaniGuard Es and Mycotrol-0, from Laverlam International Corporation); strain ATP02 (accession number DSM 24665); strain PPRI 5339 (such as BroadBand TM, from BASF); strain PPRI 7315, strain R444 (e.g. Bb-Protec, from Andermatt Biocontrol), strain IL197, IL12, IL236, IL10, IL 131, IL116 (all refer to laronski, 2007. Application of insect pathogenic fungi in biological pest management, 2007: ISBN: 978-81-308-0192-6), strain Bv025 (see, e.g. Garcia et al., 2006. Manejo Integrado de Plagas y Agroecologia (Costa Rica) No. 77); strain BaGPK; strain ICPE 279, strain CG 716 (e.g. from Novozymes); Hirsutella citriformis, Hirsutella thompsonii (e.g. Mycohit and ABTEC, from Indiana Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center); Lecanici Ilium lecanii (formerly Verticillium lecanii), particularly strain KV01 (e.g. and conidia of strain DAOM198499 or strain DAOM216596 from Koppert / Arysta; Lecanicillium muscarium (formerly Verticillium lecanii), in particular strain VE 6 / CABI (=IMI) 268317 / CBS102071 / ARSEF5128 (e.g. Mycotal, from Koppert); Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum, e.g. ARSEF324, GreenGuard from Becker Underwood, USA or isolate IMI 330189 (ARSEF7486; e.g. Green Muscle, from Biological Control Products); Metarhizium brunneum, e.g. strain Cb 15 (e.g. from BIOCARE); Metarhizium anisopliae, such as strain ESALQ 1037 (e.g. from SP Organic), strain E-9 (e.g. from SP Organic), strain M206077, strain C4-B (NRRL 30905), strain ESC1, strain 15013-1 (NRRL 67073), strain 3213-1 (NRRL 67074), strain C20091, strain C20092, strain F52 (DSM3884 / ATCC 90448; for example BIO 1020 from Bayer CropScience and for example Met52 from Novozymes) or strain ICIPE 78; Metarhizium robertsii 23013-3 (NRRL 67075); Nomuraea rileyi; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (new: Isaria fumosorosea), in particular strain Apopka 97 (available as PreFeRal, from Certis, USA), Fe9901 (available as NoFly, from Natural Industries, USA), ARSEF 3581, ARSEF 3302, ARSEF 2679 (ARS Culture Collection of Insect Pathogenic Fungi, Ithaca, USA)), IfBOl (China Center for Type Culture Collection CCTCC M2012400), ESALQ1296, ESALQ1364, ESALQ1409 (ESALQ: University of São Paulo (Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil)), CG1228 (EMBRAPA Center for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (Brasilia, DF, Brazil)), KCH J2 (Dymarska et al., 2017; PLoS one12(10)):e0184885), HIB-19, HIB-23, HIB-29, HIB-30 (Gandarilla-Pacheco et al., 2018; Rev Argent Microbiol 50:81-89), CHE-CNRCB 304, EH-511 / 3 (Flores-Villegas et al., 2016; Parasites&Vectors 20169:176doi:10.1186 / sl3071-016-1453-1), CHE-CNRCB 303, CHE-CNRCB 305, CHE-CNRCB 307 (Gallou et al., 2016; Fungal Biology 120 (2016) 414-423), EH-506 / 3, EH-503 / 3, EH-520 / 3, PFCAM, MBP, PSMB1 (National Center for Biological Control of Mexico; Castellanos-Moguel et al., 2013; Revista Mexicana De Micologia 38: 23-33, 2013), RCEF3304 (Meng et ak, 2015; Genet Mol Biol. 2015 July-September; 38(3): 381-389), PF01-N10 (CCTCC No. M207088), CCM 8367 (Czech Collection of Microorganisms, Bmo), SFP-198 (Kim et al., 2010; Wiley Online: DOI 10.1002 / ps.2020), K3 (Yanakawa et al., 2015; J Chem Ecok 2015; 41(12):118-1126), CLO 55 (Ansari Ali et al., 2011; PLoS One. 2011; 6(1):el6108. DOI:10.1371 / joumakpone.0016108), IfTSO1, HTS02, HTS07 (Dong et al., 2016 / PLoS ONE 11(5):e0156087.doi:10.1371 / joumakpone.0156087), PI (Sun Agri-Biotech Research Center, India), If-02, If-2.3, If-03 (Farooq and Freed, 2016; DOI:10.1016 / j.bjm.2016.06.002), Ifir AsC (Meyer et al., 2008; J. Invertebr. Pathol. 99:96-102.10.1016 / j jip.2008.03.007), PC-013 (DSMZ 26931), P43A, PCC (Carrillo-Perez et al., 2012; DOI 10.1007 / sl 1274-012-1184-1), Pf04, Pf59, Pfl09 (KimJun et ak, 2013; Mycobiology 2013Dec; 41(4): 221-224), FG 340 (Han et al., 2014; DOI: 10.5941 / MYCO.2014.42.4.385), Pfirl, Pfr8, Pfr9, PfrlO, Pfirl 1, Pfrl2 (Angel-Sahaghn et al., 2005; Journal of Insect Science), Ifr531 (Daniel and Wyss, 2009; DOI10.1111 / j.1439-0418.2009.01410.x), IF-1106 (Insect Ecology and Biological Control Laboratory, Shanxi Agricultural University), 19602, 17284 (Hussain et al., 2016, DOI:10.3390 / ijmsl7091518), 103011 (US Patent 4618578), CNRCB1 (National Center for Biological Control (CNRCB), Coley Maryland, Mexico), SCAU-IFCF01 (Nian et al., 2015; DOI: 10.1002 / ps.3977), PF01-N4 (Biocontrol Engineering Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China), Pfr-612 (Instituto de Tecnología de Biotechnology (IB-FCB-UANL), Mexico), Pf-Tim, Pf-Tiz, Pf-Hal, Pf-Tic (Chan-Cupul et al., 2013, DOI: 10.5897 / AJMR12.493); Aschersonia aleyrodis; Beauveria bassiana brongniartii (e.g. Beaupro, from Andermatt Biocontrol AG); Conidiobolus obscurus; Entomophthoravirulenta (e.g. Vektor, from Ecomic); Lagenidium giganteum; Metarhizium flavoviride; Mucor haemelis (e.g. BioAvard, from Indore Biotech Inputs & Research); Nosema locustae; Pandora delphacis; Sporothrix insectorum (e.g. Sporothrix Es, from Biocerto, BR); and the group consisting of Zoothrium radicans, and.

[0145] (3) viruses selected from the group consisting of: Adoxophyeshonmai nucleopolyhedrovirus (AdhoNPV), for example isolate ADN001; Agrotisipsilon multinuclear polyhydrogen virus (AgipNPV), for example isolates from Illinois; Anticarsia gemmatalis (hairy leaf moth) multinuclear polyhedrovirus (AgMNPV) (e.g., product Baculo-soja from Nova Era Biotecnologia Agricola; Baculovirus Nitral from Nitral Urbana; CoopervirusSC from COODETEC), for example isolate 2D; Autographa califomica (clover ringworm) multinuclear polyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) (e.g., product VPN-ULTRA from Agricola El Sol, Loopex from Andermatt Biocontrol, Lepigen from AgBiTech), for example isolate C6; Galleria mellonella (Galleria wax moth) multinuclear polyhedrogen virus (AgMNPV) (e.g., product VPN-ULTRA from Agricola El Sol, Loopex from Andermatt Biocontrol, Lepigen from AgBiTech), for example isolate C6; mellonella multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (GmMNPV); Plutella xylostella multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus, such as isolate CL3; Spodoptera exempta multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SpexNPV); Trichoplusia ni multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (TnMNPV); Bombyx mori (silkworm) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV), such as isolate T3; (C3.10) Bombyx mandarina nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BomaNPV), for example, isolate SI; Buzura suppressaria nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BuzuNPV), for example, isolate S13; Choristoneura fumiferana DEF multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (CfDefNPV); Choristoneura fumiferana multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (CfMNPV), for example, isolates from Ireland; Choristoneura rosaceana nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ChroNPV); Ecotropis Obliqua nuclear polyhedrosis virus (EcobNPV), for example, isolate Al; Epiphyas postvittana nuclear polyhedrosis virus (EppoNPV); Heliocoverpa armigera (Heliothis cotton) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (EppoNPV). armigera) (cotton bollworm) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Hear-NPV) (e.g. from AgBiTech. MAX and Armigen, Helicovex from Andermatt Biocontrol, Keyun HaNPV), for example isolate Cl (HearNPV-Cl), isolate NNG1 (HearNPV-NNG1), isolate G4 (HearNPV-G4); Helicoverpa zea mononuclear polyhedrosis virus (HzSNPV) (e.g. Gemstar from CertisUSA, Diplomata from Koppert); Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth) multinuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV) (e.g. gypsy moth from Andermatt Biocontrol, Gypcheck developed by the US Forest Service); Mamestra brassicae multinuclear polyhedrosis virus (MbMNPV), for example isolates from Oxford; Mamestra dispar (LdMNPV), for example isolates from Oxford; configurata) nuclear polyhedrosis virus A (MacoNPV-A), for example isolate 90 / 2 or isolate 90 / 4; Mamestra configurata) nuclear polyhedrosis virus B (MacoNPV-B), for example isolate 96B; Orgyia pseudotsugata (Douglas-fir tussock moth) multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (OpMNPV) (for example Virtuss); Spodoptera exigua) multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SeMNPV) (for example Spexit from Andermatt Biocontrol, Spod-X LC from Certis USA, Keyun SeNPV), for example isolates from the United States; Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SfMNPV) (for example Fawligen from AgBiTech), for example isolate 3AP2 or isolate 6NR; African bollworm (Spodoptera littoralis) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SpliNPV) (e.g. Littovir from Andermatt Biocontrol), for example isolate M2; Spodoptera litura (Oriental leaf moth) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SpltNPV) (e.g. Keyun SpltNPV), for example isolate G2; Thysanoplusiaorichalcea nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ThorNPV), for example isolate A28; Trichoplusiani single nuclear polyhedrosis virus (TnSNPV); (C3.30) Wiseana signata nuclear polyhedrosis virus (WisiNPV); Adoxophyes orana (summer fruit spot) granulovirus (AdorGV) (e.g. Capex from AndermattBiocontrol); Agrotis segetum nuclear polyhedrosis virus A (AgseNPV); Anagrapha falcifera multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AnfaNPV); Antheraea pemyi nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AnpeNPV); Chrysodeixis chalcites nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ChchNPV); Clanis bilineata nuclear polyhedrosis virus (ClbiNPV); Euproctis pseudoconspersa nuclear polyhedrosis virus (EupsNPV); Hyphantria sylvestris nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Hyphantria cunea) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Hyphantria cunea) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Hyphantria sylvestris ... cunea nuclear polyhedrosis virus (HycuNPV); Leucaniaseparata nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LeseNPV); Maruca vitrata nuclear polyhedrosis virus (MaviNPV); Orgyia leucostigma nuclear polyhedrosis virus (OrleNPV); Orgyia pseudotsugata single nuclear polyhedrosis virus (OpSNPV); Panolis flammea nuclear polyhedrosis virus (PaflNPV); Rachiplusia ou multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus (RoMNPV); Erinnyis ello (small borer) GV (ErelGV), such as isolate VG010; Artogeia rapae granulovirus (ArGV); Pieris rapae (Pieris brassicae) granulovirus (PbGV), for example isolate 384; Choristoneura fumiferana granulovirus (ChfuGV), for example isolate Bonaventure; Cryptophlebia leucotreta (false codling moth) granulovirus (CrleGV) (for example Cryptex from Andermatt Biocontrol), for example isolate CV3; Cydiapomonella (cod moth) granulovirus (CpGV) (for example CpGV from Andermatt Biocontrol). products, Carpovirus Plus from AgroRoca SA, e.g. isolate M1; Harrisina brillians granulovirus (HabrGV), e.g. isolate M2; Helicoverpa armigera (cotton bollworm) granulovirus (HearGV); Lacanobia oleracea granulovirus (LaolGV), e.g. isolate SI; Phthorimaea operculella granulovirus (PhopGV) (e.g. Tutavir, Matapol from Andermatt Biocontrol); Plodia interpunctella disease virus (PiGV), e.g. isolate B3; Plutella xylostella granulovirus (PlxyGV) (e.g. ), such as isolate K1; Pseudalatia unipuncta particle virus (PsunGV), such as the Hawaii isolate; Trichoplusia ni particle virus (TnGV), such as isolate M10-5; Xestia c-nigrum particle virus (XecnGV), such as the α4 isolate; Agrotissima (AgseGV), such as the Xinjiang isolate; Choristoneura occidentalis particle virus (ChocGV); Spodoptera litura (Oriental leafworm) particle virus (SpliGV), such as the K1 isolate; Neodiprion lecontei (red-headed pine sawfly) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NeleNPV) (e.g., Lecontvirus from SYLVAR); Neodiprion sertifer (pine sawfly) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NeseNPV) (e.g., Neocheck-S developed by the U.S. Forest Service; Gilpinia hercyniae nuclear polyhedrosis virus (GiheNPV), e.g., isolate i7; Neodiprionabietis (balsam fir sawfly) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NeabNPV) (e.g., ABIETIV from SYLVAR); Culex nigripalpus (black-bearded mosquito) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (CuniNPV), e.g., isolate from Florida (1997); Aedes sollicitans (Aedes sollicitans) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AesoNPV); Uranotaenia sapphrinia (blue-banded mosquito) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (UrsaNPV); Spodoptera albula (spodoptera albula) NPV (e.g., VPN-ULTRA isolated from Agricola ElSol); Biston suppressaria (tea looper) NPV; Dendrolimus punctatus (mass pine moth) CPV; Leucoma salicis (satin moth) NPV; Spodoptera frugiperda (Frugiperda) granulovirus (SfGV), such as isolate ARG; Spodoptera sunia (Mulberry armyworm) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (e.g. VPN 82 from Agricola El Sol); Pieris rapae (Brassica rapa) GV (PiraGV); Spodoptera exigua (Beet armyworm) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SeNPV) (e.g. Keyun SeNPV) and zucchini yellow mosaic virus.

[0146] The biological control agent may be a nematicidally active biological control agent selected from the group consisting of:

[0147] (4) Bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, in particular strain QST713 / AQ713 (NRRL Accession No. B-21661; Opti or ASO from Bayer CropScience LP, US); Bacillus pumilus, in particular strain QST2808 (with accession number NRRL No. B-30087); Bacillus firmus, in particular strain CNMC 1-1582 (e.g. from BASF SE ); Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, in particular strain FZB42 (e.g. from ABiTEP, DE ); Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain PTA-4838 (AVEO from Valent / Sumitomo From LidoChem ST); spores of Bacillus cereus, in particular Bacillus cereus strain CNCM 1-1562 (see US 6,406,690); Bacillus laterosporus (also known as Brevibacillus laterosporus); for example from Agro-Organics, ZA ); Bacillus megaterium, strain YFM3.25 (e.g., from BioArc ); Bacillus mojavensis, strain SR11 (CECT-7666; provided by Probelte SA); Bacillus nematocida B16 (CGMCC accession number 1128); a mixture of Bacillus licheniformis FMCHOO1 and Bacillus subtilis FMCH002 (available as (WG), (WP) obtained from FMC Corporation); Pasteuria nishizawae (e.g., from Pasteur Biosciences, Inc. LF / ST; from Syngenta / China National Chemical Corporation PN); Burkholderia rinojensis strain A396 (also known as Burkholderia rinojensis strain MBI 305) (Accession No. NRRL B-50319; WO 2011 / 106491 and WO 2013 / 032693; from Marrone Bio Innovations ); Pasteuria penetrans; Pasteuria usgae (e.g., ECONEM from Pasteur Biosciences, Inc. TM ); Streptomycete sp., such as Streptomyces lydicus strain WYEC108 (also known as Streptomyces lydicus strain WY CD 108US) (from Novozymes and ); Streptomyces saraceticus (e.g. from A&A Group (agricultural chemical company) ); Bacillus thuringiensis strain CR-371 (Accession No. ATCC 55273); Bacillus cepacia (e.g., from Stine Microbial Products ); Lysobacter enzymogenes, particularly strain C3 (see J Nematol. 2006 June, 38(2): 233-239 and Biocontrol 2018 February, 117: 158-163); and

[0148] Fungi, such as white slime mold (Muscodor albus), in particular strain QST 20799 (accession number NRRL 30547); pink slime mold (Muscodor roseus), in particular strain A3-5 (accession number NRRL 30548); Purpureocillium lilacinum (formerly Paecilomyces lilacinus), in particular P. lilacinum strain 251 (AGAL 89 / 030550; e.g. BioAct from Bayer CropScience Biologies GmbH), strain 580 (Laverlam WP (ATCC No. 38740)), products Strains and products from (T.Stanes andCompany Ltd.) Strains and products in Varsha Bioscience and Technology India Pvt Ltd. (Nico Orgo Maures, India) strains, products (Ballagro Agro Tecnologia Ltda, Brazil) strains and products SPECTRUM PAE (PromotoraTecnica Industrial, SADE CV, Mexico); Trichoderma koningii; Harposporium anguillullae; Hirsutella minnesotensis; Monacrosporium cionopagum; Monacrosporium psychrophilum; Myrothecium verrucaria, in particular strain AARC-0255 (e.g. DiTera™ from Valent Biosciences); Paecilomyces variotii, strain Q-09 (e.g. from Quimilla, Mexico); ); Stagonospora Phaseoli (e.g. from Syngenta); Trichoderma lignorum, in particular strain TL-0601 (e.g. Mycotric from Futureco Bioscience, ES); Fusarium solani, strain Fs5; Hirsutella rhossiliensis; Monacrosporium drechsleri; Monacrosporium gephyropagum; Nematoctonus geogenius; Nematoctonus leiosporus; Neocosmospora vasinfecta; Paraglomus sp, in particular Paraglomus brasilianum; Pochonia chlamydosporia) (also known as Vercilliumchlamydosporium), in particular var. catenulata (IMI SD 187; e.g. KlamiC from the National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), CU); Stagonospora heteroderae; Meristacrum asterospermum and Duddingtonia flagrans.

[0149] Preferably, the biological control agents are Bacillus firmus and Bacillus thuringiensis.

[0150] The above mixtures may be used in a method of controlling pests which comprises applying a composition comprising the above mixture to the pests or their environment, except for methods of treatment by surgery on the human or animal body or methods of therapeutic and diagnostic treatment of the human or animal body.

[0151] Combinations comprising a mixture of nonanoic acid and one or more active agents as described above can be applied, for example, in a single "premix" form, in the form of a combined spray mixture consisting of separate formulations of the individual active agent components, for example as a "tank mix", as well as in a sequential manner using (A) nonanoic acid and (B) separate compositions comprising additional active agents, i.e. one after the other within a reasonably short period of time, e.g. a few hours or days. The order of application of nonanoic acid and the active agents as described above is not essential for the practice of the present invention.

[0152] A preferred method of application in the field of crop protection is application to the leaves of the plants (foliar application), the frequency and rate of application being selected according to the risk of infestation by pests. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0153] The following examples illustrate the invention in a non-limiting manner.

[0154] All of the following applications used an EC formulation containing 650 g / L nonanoic acid (e.g., 685 g / L 95% pure nonanoic acid), an anionic emulsifier, and a branched fatty acid ester solvent. The treatment names of the nonanoic acid compositions used in the following examples represent the total g / ha based on the application rate, e.g., a 650 EC formulation applied at 1 L / ha is represented as PA 650 g / ha; an application rate of 1.5 L / ha is represented as PA 975 g / ha.

[0155] Example 1

[0156] Soybean-Brown stinkbug (Euschistus heros or Stinkbug)-EUSCHE

[0157] The test was carried out at 15m 2 The amount of water applied was 150 liters per hectare (L / ha). The interval between two applications was 7 days. The efficacy was evaluated by counting the number of insects per field with 2 beads.

[0158]

[0159] Sperto=25% Bifenthrin+25% WG Acetamiprid

[0160] %UNCK = Percentage of untreated checks, i.e. %efficacy

[0161] Phytotoxicity was assessed 7 days after each application. No phytotoxicity was observed.

Claims

1. A method of controlling arthropod pests, preferably insect and / or mite pests, on soybean plants, comprising applying a pesticidally effective amount of nonanoic acid to the pests, to the locus of the pests, or to plants susceptible to attack by the pests.

2. A method of controlling and / or preventing damage to soybean plants caused by infestation by arthropod pests, preferably insect and / or mite pests, which comprises applying to the plants an insecticidally effective amount of nonanoic acid.

3. Use of nonanoic acid on soybean plants for controlling and / or preventing damage caused by infestation by arthropod pests, preferably insect and / or mite pests.

4. The method or use according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the pests include at least one member selected from the group consisting of two-spotted spider mite; bean leaf beetle; gourd beetle; Japanese arc beetle; soybean aphid; hemp stink bug; green stink bug; imperial wheat field; American stink bug, preferably brown stink bug or brown stink bug; green rice stink bug; spotted bee edge stink bug; alfalfa membrane-winged treehopper; small cutworm; soybean armyworm; South American corn seedling borer; American bollworm; alfalfa green armyworm; soybean armyworm; fall armyworm; black locust, preferably special locust or red-legged black locust; and soybean cyst nematode.

5. The method or use according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the nonanoic acid is administered as a composition together with a suitable carrier.

6. The method or use according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the nonanoic acid is applied as a foliar spray.

7. The method or use according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the plant exhibits low phytotoxicity after application of the nonanoic acid.

8. The method or use according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the nonanoic acid is applied in an amount sufficient to deliver nonanoic acid to the soybean plant, at an amount of 300 g / ha to 6,500 g / ha, preferably 450 g / ha to 4,500 g / ha.

9. The method or use according to any one of claims 1 to 8, further comprising applying (B) at least one additional pesticidally active agent.

10. The method or use according to claim 9, wherein the at least one additional insecticidal active agent (B) comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of abamectin, acephate, acetamiprid, aflotopyr, bifenthrin, chlorantraniliprole, chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-methyl, triflupyridam, cyfluthrin, β-cyfluthrin, λ-cyfluthrin, γ-cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, ζ-cypermethrin, sulfoxaflor, diflubenzuron, ethiprole, fenitrothion, cypermethrin, fipronil, flonicamid, flubendiamide, fluopicolide, imidacloprid, indoxacarb, chlorfenapyr, malathion, methomyl, methoxyfenozide, spinetoram, spinosad, sulfoxaflor, tetracycline, thiamethoxam, thiodicarb, thiophene and biological control agents.

11. The method or use of claim 10, wherein the biological control agent comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of Bacillus firmus and Bacillus thuringiensis.

12. The method or use according to any one of claims 9 to 11, comprising the step of applying (A) nonanoic acid and (B) at least one insecticidal active agent to the plant simultaneously or sequentially.

13. The method or use according to claim 12, wherein the nonanoic acid and the insecticidal active agent are applied simultaneously.

14. The method or use according to claim 12, wherein the nonanoic acid and the insecticidal active agent are applied sequentially.

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