Enhanced power control

Abstract

The open loop power control may be based on the estimated path loss. A set of transmit and receive points (TRPs) may provide a set of reference signals (RSs) to a reference point (RP). The RP and / or the RP in conjunction with the RP and its associated network may determine an RSRP (signature of the RSRP) for each received RS. The WTRU may be configured with a signature of the RSRP. The TRP may provide the set of RSs to the WTRU. The WTRU may determine an RSRP set (RSRPWTRU) of the received RS. The WTRU may determine a difference between the signed RS and the RSRPWTRU. The WTRU may determine an estimated uplink path loss associated with the WTRU and the RP based on the determined difference. The determined path loss may be utilized in open loop power control.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 329,171, filed on April 8, 2022. The entirety of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 329,171 is incorporated herein by reference. Background Art

[0003] Uplink power control may include open-loop and closed-loop power control. Typically, open-loop power control relies on a user equipment (UE) (also known as a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU)) that measures the received power of a downlink reference signal (DL RS) in order to estimate path loss. However, for devices that do not send DL RS, existing open-loop power control mechanisms may not be applicable. Summary of the invention

[0004] The present invention describes an enhanced open loop power control scheme based on the recognition that a reception point (RP) and a user equipment (UE) (also referred to herein as a wireless transmit / receive unit, WTRU) may estimate their location, for example, based on a signature of reference signal received power (RSRP) of multiple path loss reference signals (PL RS) or other positioning techniques. Several enhancements for more flexible and efficient closed loop power control are described herein.

[0005] In various example embodiments involving a single transmit and receive point (TRP) and a single RP, the TRP may provide a reference signal (RS) to the RP. The RP and / or the RP in conjunction with a network with which the RP is associated may determine a reference signal received power (RSRP) of the received RS (RSRP RP ). The WTRU may be configured with the RSRP RP The TRP may also provide the RS to the WTRU. The WTRU may determine the RSRP (RSRP WTRU ). The WTRU may determine the RSRP RP With RSRP WTRU The WTRU may determine an estimated uplink path loss between the WTRU and the RP based on the determined difference. The difference may be close to zero when the WTRU is close to the RP and the path loss between the WTRU and the RP is small, and the difference may not be close to zero when the WTRU is not close to the RP and the path loss between the WTRU and the RP is large. The determined path loss may be utilized in open loop power control.

[0006] In various example embodiments, a TRP set may provide a reference signal (RS) set to the RP. The TRP set may include a single TRP or multiple TRPs. The RS set may include a single RS or multiple RSs. The RP and / or the RP in conjunction with the network with which the RP is associated may calculate the RSRP of each received RS. The RSRP set may be referred to as a signature of the RSRP. The WTRU may be configured with the signature of the RSRP. The TRP may also provide the RS set to the WTRU. The WTRU may determine the RSRP set (RSRP WTRU ). The WTRU can determine the signature RS and RSRP WTRU The WTRU may determine an estimated uplink path loss associated with the WTRU and the RP based on the determined difference. The determined path loss may be utilized in open loop power control.

[0007] An example method for performing enhanced power control may be performed by a WTRU. The method may include receiving configuration information. The configuration information may include a first set of reference signal received power (RSRP) values ​​associated with a first received signal (RS) set measured at a reception point. The method may include measuring a second set of RSRP values ​​associated with a second set of RSs, determining a difference between one or more RSRP values ​​in the first set of RSRP values ​​and one or more RSRP values ​​in the second set of RSRP values, and determining a path loss (PL) associated with an open loop (OL) power control (PC) based on the determined difference. The method may include sending an uplink transmission using a power level based on the determined PL. The method may include determining the power level based on the determined PL. The determined PL may include an estimated PL between the WTRU and the RP. The first set of RSRP values ​​may include a first plurality of RSRP values, the second set of RSRP values ​​may include a second plurality of RSRP values, and the first plurality of RSRP values ​​may be different from the second plurality of RSRP values. The method may include receiving the second set of RSs from a plurality of transmit and receive points (TRPs). The method may include monitoring a subset of the first RS set associated with the received first RSRP value set, wherein the second RS set includes the subset of the first RS set. The method may include receiving an indication of the subset from at least one of downlink control information (DCI), a medium access channel control element (MAC CE), or a radio resource control (RRC) configuration. The method may include determining that the WTRU is co-located with the RP when the difference is zero. The method may include receiving at least one RS of the second RS set via a synchronization signal physical broadcast channel block (SSB), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a tracking RS (TRS), or a positioning RS (PRS). The method may include determining that the WTRU is located near the reception point based on a predetermined threshold. The method may include determining the power level based on the WTRU being located near the RP. The method may include receiving a power control parameter adjustment in response to the uplink transmission. The method may include reconfiguring an open loop power control configuration based on the received power control parameter adjustment. The first RS set and the second RS set may be associated with a directional beam or a wide beam. The configuration information may include a PL RS index for the uplink transmission, and the method may include determining that the PL RS index corresponds to a virtual PL RS.

[0008] An example WTRU configured to facilitate enhanced power control may include a processor and a transceiver. The WTRU may be configured to receive configuration information via the transceiver. The configuration information may include a first set of reference signal received power (RSRP) values ​​associated with a first set of received signals (RS) measured at a reception point. The WTRU may be configured to measure a second set of RSRP values ​​associated with a second set of RSs, determine a difference between one or more RSRP values ​​in the first set of RSRP values ​​and one or more RSRP values ​​in the second set of RSRP values, and determine a path loss (PL) associated with open-loop (OL) power control (PC) based on the determined difference. The WTRU may be configured to send an uplink transmission via the transceiver using a power level based on the determined PL. The WTRU may be configured to determine the power level based on the determined PL. The determined PL may include an estimated PL between the WTRU and the RP. The first set of RSRP values ​​may include a first plurality of RSRP values, the second set of RSRP values ​​may include a second plurality of RSRP values, and the first plurality of RSRP values ​​may be different from the second plurality of RSRP values. The WTRU may be configured to receive the second RS set from a plurality of transmit and receive points (TRPs) via the transceiver. The WTRU may be configured to monitor a subset of the first RS set associated with the received first RSRP value set via the transceiver, wherein the second RS set includes the subset of the first RS set. The WTRU may be configured to receive an indication of the subset from at least one of downlink control information (DCI), a medium access channel control element (MAC CE), or a radio resource control (RRC) configuration via the transceiver. The WTRU may be configured to determine that the WTRU is co-located with the RP when the difference is zero. The WTRU may be configured to receive at least one RS in the second RS set via a synchronization signal physical broadcast channel block (SSB), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a tracking RS (TRS), or a positioning RS (PRS). The WTRU may be configured to determine that the WTRU is located near the reception point based on a predetermined threshold. The WTRU may be configured to determine the power level based on the WTRU being located near the RP. The WTRU may be configured to receive a power control parameter adjustment via the transceiver in response to the uplink transmission. The WTRU may be configured to reconfigure an open loop power control configuration based on the received power control parameter adjustment. The first RS set and the second RS set may be associated with a directional beam or a wide beam. The configuration information may include a PL RS index for the uplink transmission, and the WTRU may be configured to determine that the PL RS index corresponds to a virtual PL RS.

[0009] An example computer-readable storage medium may have executable instructions stored thereon that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to facilitate enhanced power control. When executing the executable instructions, the processor may be configured to facilitate a WTRU to perform receiving configuration information. The configuration information may include a first set of reference signal received power (RSRP) values ​​associated with a first set of received signals (RS) measured at a reception point. When executing the executable instructions, the processor may be configured to facilitate the WTRU to measure a second set of RSRP values ​​associated with a second set of RSs, determine a difference between one or more RSRP values ​​in the first set of RSRP values ​​and one or more RSRP values ​​in the second set of RSRP values, and determine a path loss (PL) associated with open-loop (OL) power control (PC) based on the determined difference. When executing the executable instructions, the processor may be configured to facilitate the WTRU to send an uplink transmission via the transceiver using a power level based on the determined PL. When executing the executable instructions, the processor may be configured to facilitate the WTRU to determine the power level based on the determined PL. The determined PL may include an estimated PL between the WTRU and the RP. The first set of RSRP values ​​may include a first plurality of RSRP values, the second set of RSRP values ​​may include a second plurality of RSRP values, and the first plurality of RSRP values ​​may be different from the second plurality of RSRP values. When executing these executable instructions, the processor may be configured to facilitate the WTRU to receive the second set of RSs from a plurality of transmit and receive points (TRPs) via the transceiver. When executing these executable instructions, the processor may be configured to facilitate the WTRU to monitor a subset of the first set of RSs associated with the received first set of RSRP values, wherein the second set of RSs includes the subset of the first set of RSs. When executing these executable instructions, the processor may be configured to facilitate the WTRU to receive an indication of the subset from at least one of downlink control information (DCI), a medium access channel control element (MAC CE), or a radio resource control (RRC) configuration. When executing these executable instructions, the processor may be configured to facilitate the WTRU to determine that the WTRU is co-located with the RP when the difference is zero. When executing these executable instructions, the processor may be configured to facilitate the WTRU to receive at least one RS in the second RS set via a synchronization signal physical broadcast channel block (SSB), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a tracking RS (TRS), or a positioning RS (PRS). When executing these executable instructions, the processor may be configured to facilitate the WTRU to determine that the WTRU is located near the reception point based on a predetermined threshold. When executing these executable instructions, the processor may be configured to facilitate the WTRU to determine the power level based on the WTRU being located near the RP.When executing the executable instructions, the processor may be configured to facilitate the WTRU to receive a power control parameter adjustment via the transceiver in response to the uplink transmission. When executing the executable instructions, the processor may be configured to facilitate the WTRU to reconfigure an open loop power control configuration based on the received power control parameter adjustment. The first set of RSs and the second set of RSs may be associated with a directional beam or a wide beam. The configuration information may include a PL RS index for the uplink transmission, and when executing the executable instructions, the processor may be configured to facilitate the WTRU to determine that the PL RS index corresponds to a virtual PL RS.

[0010] Several abbreviations and acronyms are used throughout this specification. Therefore, in order to better understand the subject matter described herein, a list of at least some of these abbreviations and acronyms is provided at the end of this specification. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] A more detailed understanding can be obtained from the following detailed description, which is given by way of example in conjunction with its accompanying drawings. As with the detailed description, the figures in such drawings are examples. Therefore, the drawings and specific embodiments should not be considered limiting, and other equally effective examples are possible and intended. The same reference numerals ("ref." or "refs.") in the drawings represent the same elements.

[0012] Figure 1A is an example system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0013] Figure 1B is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A An example system diagram of an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) for use within an example communication system.

[0014] Figure 1C is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A An example system diagram of an example Radio Access Network (RAN) and an example Core Network (CN) used within the illustrated communication system.

[0015] Figure 1D is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A An example system diagram of an additional example RAN and an additional example CN for use within the illustrated communication system.

[0016] Figure 2 is an example illustration of points in the context of sending and receiving points TRP and / or RP.

[0017] Figure 3is an example illustration of two cells, where cell A is served by multiple points and cell B is served by a single TRP.

[0018] Figure 4 is an example illustration of a cell with DL transmission in one TRP and UL reception in three points (one TRP and two RPs).

[0019] Figure 5 is an example illustration of two cells each served by multiple points.

[0020] Figure 6 is an example illustration of a site serving two cells (cell A and cell B) at two frequency layers (f1 and f2).

[0021] Figure 7 is an example illustration of a transmit power control 1 (TPR 1) serving cell A on frequency layer f1 and a reception point 1 (RP 1) serving cell B on frequency layer f2.

[0022] Figure 8 is an example illustration of configuration of a path loss (PL) reference signal (RS) pool for different channels / signals, configuration / activation / indication of three subsets of monitored PLRS.

[0023] Fig. 9 is an example illustration of a reception point reference signal received power (RP RSRP) signature with a wide / omnidirectional beam.

[0024] Fig.10 is an example illustration of an RP RSRP signature with a directional beam.

[0025] Fig.11 is a flow chart of an example process for performing open-loop power control.

[0026] Fig.12 is an example diagram of a virtual PL RS configuration.

[0027] Fig.13 is another example diagram of a virtual PL RS configuration.

[0028] Fig.14 is a flow chart of an example process for performing open-loop power control.

[0029] Fig.15 is an example depiction of nearby thresholds.

[0030] Fig.16 is a flow chart of an example process for WTRU proximity based UL power control.

[0031] Fig.17is a flow chart of another example process for WTRU proximity based UL power control.

[0032] Fig.18 is an example illustration of interference-aware power control.

[0033] Fig.19 is an example scenario involving multiple WTRUs and multiple points.

[0034] Fig. 20 is another example scenario involving multiple WTRUs and multiple points.

[0035] Fig.21 is a flow chart of an example process performed by a WTRU.

[0036] Fig. 22 is a flow chart of another example process performed by the WTRU.

[0037] Fig.23 is a flow chart of another example process performed by the WTRU.

[0038] Fig.24 is a flow chart of another example process performed by the WTRU. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0039] Figure 1A 1 is a diagram illustrating an example communication system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc. to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through sharing of system resources (including wireless bandwidth). For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero tail unique word DFT spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), etc.

[0040] like Figure 1AAs shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110 and other networks 112, but it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or automated process chain environment), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on a commercial and / or industrial wireless network, etc. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0041] The communication system 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device that is configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, an NR Node B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0042] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), a relay node, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies (which may be referred to as cells (not shown)). These frequencies may be in a licensed spectrum, an unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrums. A cell may provide coverage of wireless services to a specific geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. The cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, a cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Therefore, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to send and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0043] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0044] More specifically, as noted above, the communication system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117. WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0045] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) that may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced LTE Pro (LTE-APro).

[0046] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR radio access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0047] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may together implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, for example using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Thus, the air interface used by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions transmitted to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0048] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0049] Figure 1AThe base station 114b in the may be, for example, a wireless router, a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or an access point, and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as a business location, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a road, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology (such as IEEE 802.11) to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology (such as IEEE 802.15) to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or a femtocell. As Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b may have a direct connection to Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not need to access Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0050] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform advanced security functions, such as user authentication. Although not described in detail in the text, the CN 106 / 115 may be configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform advanced security functions, such as user authentication. Figure 1A Although not shown in the figure, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may utilize NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) that employs GSM, UMTS, CDMA 2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0051] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network that provides plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired communication networks and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0052] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). Figure 1A The illustrated WTRU 102c may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0053] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. Figure 1B As shown, the WTRU 102 may include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0054] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. The processor 118 may perform signal decoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. Although Figure 1B The processor 118 and the transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it is understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0055] The send / receive element 122 may be configured to send a signal to a base station (e.g., base station 114a) or receive a signal from the base station via an air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to send and / or receive an RF signal. In an embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be a transmitter / detector configured to send and / or receive, for example, IR, UV or visible light signals. In another embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It should be understood that the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0056] Although the transmit / receive element 122 Figure 1B 1 as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0057] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. For example, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0058] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to and may receive user input data from a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as a non-removable memory 130 and / or a removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in a memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0059] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0060] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or in lieu of the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) over the air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0061] The processor 118 may also be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software modules and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, module, a frequency modulation (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, etc. Peripheral device 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0062] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit 139 for reducing and / or substantially eliminating self-interference via signal processing performed by hardware (e.g., a choke) or via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via the processor 118). In an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0063] Figure 1C 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0064] The RAN 104 may include evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of evolved Node-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the evolved Node-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a.

[0065] Each of the evolved Node Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, etc. Figure 1C As shown, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another via an X2 interface.

[0066] Figure 1C The illustrated CN 106 may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as being part of the CN 106, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0067] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, etc. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0068] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during inter-evolved Node-B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0069] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0070] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may be in communication with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired networks and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0071] Although the WTRU Figures 1A to 1D Although described as wireless terminals, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments, such terminals may (eg, temporarily or permanently) use a wired communication interface with a communication network.

[0072] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0073] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STA) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic to and / or carries traffic away from the BSS. Traffic originating from outside the BSS and leading to the STA may be reached by the AP and may be delivered to the STA. Traffic originating from the STA and leading to a destination outside the BSS may be transmitted to the AP to be delivered to the corresponding destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be transmitted by the AP, for example, wherein the source STA may transmit traffic to the AP, and the AP may deliver traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be considered and / or referred to as point-to-point traffic. Point-to-point traffic may be transmitted between the source STA and the destination STA (e.g., directly between them) using a direct link establishment (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunnel DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs within or using the IBSS (eg, all STAs in the STA) may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad hoc" communication mode.

[0074] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP may send beacons on a fixed channel (such as a primary channel). The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a width dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel may be an operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, carrier sense multiple access / collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. For CSMA / CA, a STA (e.g., each STA) (including the AP) may listen to the primary channel. In the case where the primary channel is listened / detected and / or determined to be busy by a specific STA, the specific STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0075] High throughput (HT) STAs may communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, via a combination of a primary 20 MHz channel and adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0076] Very high throughput (VHT) STA can support 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz and / or 160MHz wide channels. 40MHz channels and / or 80MHz channels can be formed by combining continuous 20MHz channels. 160MHz channels can be formed by combining 8 continuous 20MHz channels, or by combining two non-continuous 80MHz channels (this can be called 80+80 configuration). For 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, the data can pass through a segment parser that can divide the data into two streams. Each stream can be processed by inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and time domain processing separately. These streams can be mapped to two 80MHz channels, and data can be sent by the transmitter STA. At the receiver of the receiver STA, the above-mentioned operation for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be transmitted to the medium access control (MAC).

[0077] 802.11af and 802.11ah support operating modes below 1GHz. Channel operating bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah relative to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5MHz, 10MHz, and 20MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1MHz, 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, and 16MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support instrument type control / machine type communications, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only support for) certain bandwidths and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain very long battery life).

[0078] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths (such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah) include channels that can be designated as primary channels. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA (which supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode) from all STAs operating in the BSS. In the example of 802.11ah, for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1MHz mode, the primary channel may be 1MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, 16MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the state of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because a STA (supporting only a 1MHz operating mode) is sending to the AP, the entire available frequency band may be considered busy even if most of the frequency bands remain idle and may be available.

[0079] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz, depending on the country code.

[0080] Figure 1D 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0081] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, the gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to send signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a may, for example, use multiple antennas to send wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement coordinated multi-point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0082] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with parameter sets that may be scalable. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or Transmission Time Intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (e.g., containing varying numbers of OFDM symbols and / or varying absolute time lengths over time).

[0083] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while not accessing other RANs (e.g., such as the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c). In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may use one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as mobility anchors. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate / connect with the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating / connecting with another RAN, such as the eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement the DC principle to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c may act as a mobility anchor for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0084] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards a user plane function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards an access and mobility management function (AMF) 182a, 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may communicate with each other via an Xn interface.

[0085] Figure 1DThe illustrated CN 115 may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possible data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0086] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N2 interface and may act as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, support of network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a, 183b, management of registration areas, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. The AMF 182a, 182b may use network slicing to customize CN support for the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of services utilized by the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, etc. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0087] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to the AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via the N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to the UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via the N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b, and configure the traffic routing through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notification, etc. The PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0088] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, etc.

[0089] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include or may communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired networks and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b via the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and the N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0090] Given that Figures 1A to 1D as well as Figures 1A to 1D Corresponding to the description of the present invention, one or more or all of the functions described herein with reference to one or more of the following may be performed by one or more simulation devices (not shown): WTRU102a-102d, base station 114a-114b, evolved Node B 160a-160c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-180c, AMF 182a-182b, UPF 184a-184b, SMF 183a-183b, DN 185a-185b and / or any other device described herein. The simulation device may be one or more devices configured to mimic one or more or all of the functions described herein. For example, the simulation device may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0091] The simulation device may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, one or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. One or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The simulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may use over-the-air wireless communications to perform testing.

[0092] One or more simulation devices can perform one or more (including all) functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the simulation device can be used in a test scenario in a test laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network to implement testing of one or more components. One or more simulation devices can be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via an RF circuit system (e.g., which can include one or more antennas) can be used by the simulation device to send and / or receive data.

[0093] Wireless communications between one or more user equipment (UE) and a network are contemplated herein. A UE may also be referred to as a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU). The terms UE and WTRU may be used interchangeably herein. For example, a network located near a particular WTRU may include a transmit and receive point (TRP) and / or a receive point (RP). A TRP / RP may be referred to in various contexts as a "distributed antenna system" (DAS), a "remote radio head" (RRH), an "access point" (AP), or distributed MIMO.

[0094] The TRP may send signals and / or channels to one or more WTRUs, generally referred to as downlink (DL), and may receive signals and / or channels from one or more WTRUs, generally referred to as uplink (UL). In some cases, the TRP may act as a WTRU, for example, when acting as a relay, where the TRP may act as a WTRU and interact with another node to receive DL data, which is then relayed to the WTRU, or where the TRP may act as a WTRU and relay UL data received from the WTRU to a base station.

[0095] Figure 2 is an example depiction of points in the context of a TRP and / or RP. The RP may receive signals and / or channels (e.g., UL signals / channels) from one or more WTRUs. In the context of a TRP and RP, the different points may be geographically separated (see Figure 2(a)). In some cases, different points may be located in substantially the same geographic location, but separated in some other manner, for example, the line of sight of an antenna (or antenna element) at a first point may be significantly different from the line of sight of an antenna at a second point.

[0096] An example of the latter is a cellular communication site that uses different antenna groups to serve multiple sectors in different directions. In this case, the different antenna groups serving different sectors in different directions from the site can be considered different points. Figure 2 Example in (b).

[0097] In some cases, the antennas may be arranged in one or more panels, where the panel may include, for example, a rectangular panel having N×M antenna elements, such as Figure 2 (c) exemplified. In some cases, all antenna elements or a subset of antenna elements of a panel may be connected to the same transmitter and receiver (TRX) chain or the same receiver (RX) chain. In some cases, antenna elements of different panels may be connected to different transmitter and receiver (TRX) chains or different receiver (RX) chains. In some cases, different panels, which may or may not be geographically co-located, may correspond to different points. In other cases, different panels may correspond to the same point.

[0098] exist Figure 2 In (a), there are two geographically separated points near the WTRU, the TRP and the RP. Figure 2 In (b), there are two TRPs in approximately the same geographic location, in the form of two antennas mounted on the same site (indicated by "Antenna" in this figure), but with primary transmit / sensitivity directions (boresight) in significantly different directions. Figure 2 In (c), there are two panels, each associated with a point, each panel comprising a rectangular array of cross-polarized antenna elements (in the form of an "X" in this figure). In this illustration, each panel is connected to a different TRX chain.

[0099] In some cases, a point may operate on multiple frequencies (e.g., two frequencies). However, in some cases, a site in a geographic location (including, for example, one antenna, antenna array, panel, antenna subgroup for each frequency) with a specific transmit / receive direction on multiple frequencies may be counted as multiple points, at least from the perspective of the WTRU. One reason may be that the radio signal propagation properties on different frequencies are different. Another reason may be that the hardware on the network side causes differences in signal transmission and / or reception on different frequencies, such as different oscillators, calibration hardware for beam correspondence, phase shifters for beamforming, etc.

[0100] The signal / channel received at the TRP / RP may be further processed, e.g., filtering, amplification, down-conversion, A / D conversion (sampling), digital signal processing, demodulation, channel decoding, etc. The signal / channel transmitted at the TRP may be further processed, e.g., filtering, amplification, peak-to-average power reduction, up-conversion, D / A conversion, digital signal processing, conditioning, channel coding, etc. A subset (e.g., none, some, or all) of these operations for reception / transmission may be performed at the TRP / RP, while other operations may be performed at one or more other locations connected to the TRP / RP, e.g., via a fronthaul link or backhaul link (e.g., via fiber, copper wire, air). In a centralized RAN (CRAN) implementation, signal processing for multiple points is performed at a centralized location.

[0101] The TRP and the RP may operate on the same frequency layer. For example, in some scenarios, the TRP and / or the RP may operate on the same frequency layer, which may correspond to a carrier frequency and a bandwidth, frequency band, or frequency range. This may imply that signals sent by the WTRU on the frequency layer may be received by these points (e.g., the TRP and / or the RP), at least if they are located near the WTRU.

[0102] In a cellular system, a transmission and / or reception point may serve one or more cells on a frequency layer. A TRP serving a cell may imply that the TRP sends signals associated with the cell, such as synchronization signals / physical broadcast channel blocks (SSBs), system information, etc. A transmission and / or reception point (e.g., RP) serving a cell may imply that the point receives signals associated with the cell. In some cases, a transmission and / or reception point may serve a single cell on a frequency layer. In some cases, a transmission and / or reception point may serve multiple cells on a frequency layer. In some cases, a transmission and / or reception point may serve as a TRP for a first cell while serving as an RP for a second cell on the same frequency layer, such as Figure 3 exemplified. Figure 3 is an example illustration of two cells, where cell A is served by multiple points (RP1, RP2, TRP1), and cell B is served by a single TRP (TRP2). Figure 3 In the depicted example, TRP 2 serves cell B as a TRP and serves cell A as an RP.

[0103] Figure 4 A cell is depicted with DL transmission in one TRP and UL reception in three points (one TRP and two RPs: RP1, RP2). In some cases, multiple transmission and / or reception points may serve a first cell, and in some cases, one or more of these transmission and / or reception points may also serve a second cell on the same frequency layer. Figure 4 Example in. like Figure 4 As depicted, the cell has more points (RP1, RP2, TRP) receiving UL than points (TRP) transmitting DL. This "UL dense deployment" may be beneficial for UL coverage and performance in the cell.

[0104] Figure 5 is an example diagram of two cells (cell A, cell B) each served by multiple points. Figure 5 As depicted, RP 3 serves two cells. Figure 5 , two nearby cells are illustrated, each served by multiple points. In this example, RP3 serves both cell A and cell B. UL transmissions from some WTRUs in cell A and UL transmissions from WTRUs in cell B may be received by RP3 at least occasionally.

[0105] In some scenarios, the TRP and / or RP may operate on different frequency layers or sets of frequency layers, which may be in the same or different frequency bands. The WTRU may be served simultaneously by multiple cells on different frequency layers, for example, using carrier aggregation (CA), dual connectivity (DC), or multi-connectivity (MC).

[0106] Figure 6 is an illustration of a site serving two cells (cell A and cell B) at two frequency layers (f1 and f2). On cell A, the site provides a TRP, and on cell B, the site provides an RP. Cell B may be a UL-only SCell. In a cellular system, a site may serve one or more cells on one or more frequency layers. In some cases, a site includes a TRP on each of the frequency layers. However, in some cases, a site may provide a TRP for a first cell on a first frequency layer while providing an RP for a second cell on a second frequency layer. This scenario is shown in FIG. Figure 6 , where the site serves cell A on frequency layer f1 and cell B on frequency layer f2. For cell A, the site provides a TRP, while on cell B, the site provides an RP. The reason why the site does not provide transmission on cell B may be that the site lacks such capability, for example, transmission capability of frequency layer f2. Another reason may be that cell B may not include DL transmission, for example, it is a UL-only secondary cell (SCell). Note that being a UL-only SCell may be a configuration issue, for example, a cell may be UL-only during some time periods and reconfigured to include DL in some other time periods. Therefore, if the site has such capability, the site may act as a TRP on cell B during such time periods.

[0107] In some cases, in addition to the normal UL carrier, the cell may be configured with a supplementary uplink (SUL) carrier. The SUL carrier may be in a different frequency band than both the DL and normal UL of the cell. There may be only RP and no TRP on the SUL carrier.

[0108] Figure 7 The example shows TPR 1 serving cell A on frequency layer f1 and RP1 serving cell B on frequency layer f2. Cell B may be a UL-only SCell. The points serving the cells may not be co-located, such as Figure 7 Different frequencies (e.g., f1 and f2) may be close to each other in frequency (e.g., in the same frequency band), or not close in frequency (e.g., in different frequency bands). If the frequencies are close enough, the beamforming properties may be similar at the different frequencies. If not, the beamforming properties may be very different. For example, consider Figure 6 If f1 and f2 are close enough, then a good UL beam pair (WTRU Tx beam and TRP / RP Rx beam) on cell A may be a good UL beam pair for cell B. However, if f1 and f2 are too far apart, this may not be the case. Figure 7 In the scenario depicted in , even though f1 and f2 are close, the beam derived for communication on cell A may not be suitable for communication on cell B because the points serving the cells are geographically separated.

[0109] In a wireless communication system, proper control of uplink transmission power may be important for reasons. For example, a WTRU that is far away from a UL receiver may need to transmit with sufficient power to achieve a specific SNR at the receiver. For example, a WTRU that transmits at a higher power than required to meet a specific SNR target may cause unnecessary interference to other UL receivers, thereby degrading system performance. For example, a WTRU that transmits at a higher power than required to meet a specific SNR target may have an unnecessarily high power consumption, thereby shortening its battery life. For example, in simultaneous frequency division multiplexed (FDMed) UL reception of signals / channels from multiple WTRUs in a carrier, it may be advantageous if the received power spectral densities of the signals / channels from the multiple WTRUs are approximately similar and consistent with the automatic gain control (AGC) setting of the UL receiver. For example, in simultaneous spatial division multiplexed (SDMed) UL reception of signals / channels from multiple WTRUs (e.g., UL MU-MIMO), it may be advantageous if the received power spectral densities of the signals / channels from the multiple WTRUs are approximately similar, resulting in approximately similar signal to interference plus noise power ratios (SINRs) for the WTRUs.

[0110] The WTRU may determine the transmit power for UL transmissions based on various factors such as its configuration, its capabilities (e.g., maximum transmit power), the specification of the maximum allowed exposure (MPE), the estimated path loss to the receiver, and received transmit power control (TPC) commands. An example power control equation for UL transmissions on the active UL bandwidth portion (BWP) of the serving cell on a carrier is shown in Equation 1.

[0111] Equation 1:

[0112]

[0113] in

[0114] ·P TxUL is the transmit power of the considered UL transmission,

[0115] ·P CMAX is the maximum transmit power,

[0116] P0 is the network-configurable (nominal) target receive power,

[0117] BW is the bandwidth corresponding to UL transmission,

[0118] ·P Δ is a power offset term, which may depend on various factors, such as the type of UL transmission considered, the modulation and coding scheme (MCS) used for the UL transmission, etc.,

[0119] α is a network configurable coefficient for fractional open-loop power control, typically with 0≤α≤1,

[0120] ·PL DL is the estimated downlink path loss, and

[0121] ·P CL is the closed-loop power offset.

[0122] Open-loop power control (e.g., αPL) and closed-loop power control (e.g., P CL ). The goal of open loop power control may be to compensate for the varying path loss between the WTRU and the UL receiver. Open loop means that the compensation is performed independently by the WTRU in the absence of transmit power control (TPC) commands, i.e., the WTRU-network loop is not closed. In order to compensate for the path loss, the WTRU may estimate it. Since it may be difficult for the WTRU to estimate the UL path loss directly, it may instead estimate the DL path loss. This can be done by estimating the received power of the DL signal with a known transmit power. For example, see Equation 2 below.

[0123] Equation 2:

[0124] PL DL =P TxDL -RSRP[dB]

[0125] in

[0126] ·PL DL is the estimated downlink path loss.

[0127] ·P TxDL is the known transmit power of the measured DL signal, e.g., the total power or the power per resource element. The unit may be, e.g., dBm.

[0128] RSRP is the estimated received power of the DL signal measured at the WTRU, typically with P TxDL Same units.

[0129] In some cases, such as in a time division duplex (TDD) system, the uplink path loss may be assumed to be the same as the downlink path loss. In other cases, such as in a frequency division duplex (FDD) system, the uplink path loss may be different from the downlink path loss. However, the uplink path loss and downlink path loss are often strongly correlated. For example, a reasonable estimate of the UL path loss may be PL UL ≈βPL DL If the UL carrier is at a lower carrier frequency than the DL carrier, a β value less than 1 is usually appropriate.

[0130] In partial open loop power control, the WTRU may not fully compensate for the increased path loss with increased transmit power. If so, it may only compensate for a small portion of the increased path loss. For example, the WTRU may add a transmit power αPL as in Equation 1 DL . The value of α is typically configurable by the network. Values ​​of α less than 1 may be used to better estimate the uplink path loss, for example, α≈β. The value of α may also be used for other purposes, such as reducing the uplink transmit power of the WTRU at the cell edge in order to reduce interference in the system. This means that values ​​of α less than 1 may also be useful in TDD systems, and values ​​of α less than β may be useful in FDD systems. Example values ​​of α may include: 0, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.

[0131] The DL RS on which the WTRU measures RSRP for the purpose of path loss estimation may be referred to as a path loss reference signal (PL RS). For example, both SSB and channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS) may serve as PL RS. The network may configure one or more PL RS pools per bandwidth part (BWP) or per serving cell for the WTRU. Continuously receiving and measuring all PL RSs in the pool may require unnecessary effort from the WTRU, resulting in significant power consumption. Instead, only a subset of the PL RSs in the configured pool may be monitored (i.e., received and measured), referred to herein as a set of monitored PL RSs or simply monitored PL RSs. There may be different mechanisms for selecting a subset, such as an indication provided by the network through downlink control information (DCI), medium access control-control element (MAC CE) and / or radio resource control (RRC) configuration. For example, the WTRU may be configured with a PL RS pool for the Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH), including up to 64 PL RSs for the BWP, as well as a PL RS pool for the Sounding Reference Signal (SRS) and a PL RS pool for the Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH), each of which also includes up to 64 PL RSs. However, in an example embodiment, up to 4 PL RSs of those PL RSs may be monitored, for example, a subset of the monitored PL RSs may include up to 4 PL RSs. This maximum number may include PL RSs for different channels (PUSCH, PUCCH) and signals (SRS), i.e., the union of the subsets selected from each pool may include no more than 4 different PL RSs. This Figure 8 Example in.

[0132] Figure 8 1 is a diagram of the configuration of PL RS pools for different channels / signals, and the configuration / activation / indication of three subsets of monitoring PL RSs. 3 PL RSs are selected from the first pool, 2 PL RSs are selected from the second pool, and 4 PL RSs are selected from the third pool. In an example scenario, the union of the three subsets may not exceed 4 different PL RSs. The limitation of 4 different PL RSs is an example. Any suitable limited number of PL RSs may be implemented.

[0133] A physical random access channel (PRACH) transmission may be associated with a DL RS (eg, SSB or periodic channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS)). The associated DL RS may also be used as a PL RS for a PRACH transmission.

[0134] In closed-loop power control, the network (e.g., gNB) may issue transmit power control (TPC) commands to the WTRU using downlink control signaling. Closed-loop power control may be faster than open-loop power control. While open-loop power control may appropriately adjust the UL transmit power for long-term variations such as path loss and shadowing, closed-loop power control may adjust the UL transmit power for fast fading. However, such operation relies on frequent uplink transmissions for UL receive power measurements, such as uplink sounding reference signals (SRS), and frequent downlink control signaling for carrying TPC (transmit power control) commands. Therefore, closed-loop power control may be appropriate during (usually short) bursts with large amounts of uplink data transmission, but may result in excessive overhead and power consumption during (usually long) time periods with less uplink data transmission.

[0135] There are various implementations of closed-loop power control. In one example, the WTRU may accumulate the offset received in subsequent transmit power control (TPC) commands. In some cases, only TPC commands in a specific time window are included in the accumulation. For example, the closed-loop power offset P in Equation 1 CL It can be the sum of the offsets indicated in the received TPC commands in the K symbols before the UL transmission under consideration. In some cases, the accumulated sum can be reset upon certain events (such as power control parameter reconfiguration). In another example, the TPC command can carry an absolute power offset, such as P in Equation 1. CL is equal to the offset in the most recently applicable TPC command. In other words, past offsets are not accumulated as in the previous example.

[0136] Uplink power control may include both open-loop and closed-loop power control. Open-loop power control may rely on the WTRU to measure the received power of the DL RS in order to estimate the path loss. However, the example scenario described herein may include an RP that does not transmit a DL RS. Therefore, existing open-loop power control mechanisms may not be applicable to control the UL transmit power to the RP. Even if closed-loop power control is available for the RP, it is associated with high overhead, WTRU power consumption, etc. Therefore, for example, during bursts of large amounts of UL data traffic, it may be beneficial to combine open-loop and closed-loop power control while using closed-loop control in small amounts. Therefore, given the presence of RPs in wireless network deployments, it may be beneficial to enhance open-loop power control for UL transmissions.

[0137] Open loop power control may be enhanced. Now focusing on the open loop power control (OL PC) for the RP, the prior art OL PC may not work because the RP does not transmit any DL RS. Therefore, it is not possible for the WTRU to estimate the path loss to the RP by measuring the RSRP of the PL RS with a known transmit power. A new OL PC method is needed. For simplicity, this document describes a scenario with one RP, however, the implementation should not be limited to this. The implementation described herein is easily applicable to deployment scenarios including multiple RPs.

[0138] A set of configured and monitored path loss reference signals may be used. For example, A set of PL RS indices representing a pool of configured PL RSs for a particular WTRU configured UL transmission type. For example, the set may be applicable in a particular BWP (e.g., UL BWP), serving cell, carrier, or frequency band. The type may, for example, include one or more of PUSCH, SRS, PUCCH, and / or PRACH. In one example, there may be a separately configured In another example, there may be pools for multiple (or even all) channels / signals, e.g.

[0139] The PL RS may be, for example, an SSB, a CSI-RS (e.g., a periodic CSI-RS), a tracking RS (TRS), or a positioning RS (PRS). The PL RS index may be configurable for each PL RS in the pool, which means that the indexes may not be consecutive. In another example, the indexes in the pool may be consecutive, e.g., 0, 1, 2, ..., e.g., according to an ordered position in a configured list. In the case of multiple pools, the index sets may, for example, be disjoint, e.g., a certain index may not be included in multiple pools. In another example, the same index value may be included in multiple pools, and in some cases, it may correspond to the same DL RS, while in other cases, it may correspond to different DL RSs.

[0140] make A set of indices representing a subset of monitored PL RSs for one type of UL transmission. This set may be applicable, for example, to a specific BWP (e.g., UL BWP), serving cell, carrier, or frequency band of the WTRU. Represents collections of different types This union may exclude repetitions of the same DL RS, even if these repetitions correspond to different As discussed above, The size (cardinality) of may be constrained, for example, due to WTRU power consumption. The maximum number of PL RSs in can be equal to 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 24 or 32.

[0141] In one example, Can be A subset of, for example, The index in corresponds to the configuration with In another example, The index in can be used with The indexes in are different. For example, Can be equal to {0,1,(N type -1}, where index j corresponds to in may be different from the index of j. However, The index in There is a relationship between the indices in Each index in is associated with a corresponding DLRS.

[0142] A general path loss calculation may be utilized. In one general method, the WTRU may calculate a path loss estimate to be used for power control of UL transmission i of type t(i) based on the estimated RSRP and the monitored transmit power of the PL RS, for example, as shown in Equation 3.

[0143] Equation 3:

[0144]

[0145] in

[0146] ·PL i is the path loss estimate of the OL PC for UL transmission i.

[0147] RSRP j is the measured RSRP of the jth PL RS in the subset of monitored PL RSs (PL RSRP), with index

[0148] ·P TxDL,j is the transmit power of the jth PL RS in the subset of monitored PL RSs, with index The value of this parameter is typically configured to the WTRU by the network.

[0149] ·f t(i) (.) is a function that maps RSRP measurement results and PL RS transmit power to PL estimation.

[0150] In one example, the OL PC for UL transmission i of type t(i) may be based on the PL RS with index p(i), as reflected in Equation 4.

[0151] Equation 4:

[0152]

[0153] where p(i) is t(i) = PUSCH in DCI. Note that p(i) may depend on the type of UL transmission i (e.g., whether it is PRACH, PUSCH, SRS, or PUCCH), as well as previous RRC configuration, MAC CE activation, and / or indication via DCI. In one example, a PUSCH transmission (e.g., UL transmission i with t(i) = PUSCH) is scheduled by a DCI that also indicates p(i), e.g., indirectly via an SRS resource indicator (SRI).

[0154] In some cases, there may not be a pool of configured PL RSs for a certain type. Instead, some PL RSs may be directly configured to For example, a DL RS configured as a PL RS in a periodic SRS resource set may be directly included in , as it is to be monitored without further activation or instruction.

[0155] Hereinafter, for simplicity, the notation The set of indices that will be used to represent the monitored PL RS. In some cases, this may correspond to the UL transmission type (e.g., ) of the monitored PL RS. In some cases, it may correspond to all UL transmission types (e.g., )’s monitored PL RS.

[0156] Furthermore, for simplicity, the notation f(.) is used in the path loss calculation formula even though it may be applicable / specific to certain UL transmission types or even all types. For simplicity of presentation, the UL transmission index i may also be omitted.

[0157] In an example embodiment, a reception point (RP) may measure a downlink reference signal (DL RS), such as RSRP. In a TDD system, the RP may have such capability because DL transmission and UL reception may be performed using the same carrier frequency. Since the RPs lack the ability to transmit, they may continue to receive at least occasionally during DL symbols in order to perform measurements on the DL RS (e.g., PL RS).

[0158] However, in an FDD system, the RPs may not be able to perform measurements continuously on the DL because they may need to receive UL channels / signals on the UL carrier. However, the RPs may switch their receivers to the DL carrier to perform measurements during periods when they do not have to perform UL reception. Since the scheduling of UL transmissions is typically controlled by the network, measurement gaps may occur. In addition, the RPs may be capable of multi-carrier reception, just like a typical WTRU. If so, the RPs may receive UL channels / signals on the UL carrier and DL RS on the DL carrier simultaneously.

[0159] In an example scenario, both the TRP and the RP may be static (stationary), e.g., they do not move. In such a scenario, infrequent measurements of the DL RS by the RP may be sufficient, since the RSRP may not change much over time.

[0160] Therefore, the RP may monitor the DL RS (e.g., the set of PL RSs monitored by the WTRU) RSRP measurements performed on the PL RS in the network may be available to the network. Different WTRUs may have different configured / activated / indicated sets And the RP may perform measurements on all these sets. However, it is likely that different WTRUs in the vicinity of the RP monitor the same or almost the same set of PL RSs.

[0161] RSRP RP,j represents the subset of PL RSs monitored by the WTRU The measured received power of PL RS j at RP in RP,j RSRP is measured at the network side (at the RP) and is not immediately available at the WTRU. Therefore, in an example embodiment, RSRP may be measured at the network side (at the RP) using, for example, RRC configuration, MAC CE and / or DCI. RP,j (At least for j) is signaled to the WTRU. A set of RSRP values ​​(each RSRP value corresponding to a PL RS) may be considered as a RP RSRP signature.

[0162] Fig. 9 is an example illustration of an RP RSRP signature. Fig. 9 Three different TRPs are depicted, where each TRP transmits a PL RS. TRP #0 transmits a PL RS with index j=0, TRP #1 transmits a PL RS with index j=1, and TRP #2 transmits a PL RS with index j=2. The RP measures the RSRP of the three DL RSs. For example, the RP RSRP signature as configured for the WTRU would be the corresponding RSRP values ​​for j=0, 1, 2. RP,j RSRPRP,j The curve of may represent a location having that particular RSRP value. Such a curve in this example may occur, for example, in a frequency range (FR1) having a wide (eg, sectorized) or omnidirectional transmit beam.

[0163] Fig.10 is an example illustration of an RP RSRP signature with a directional beam. These curves illustrate locations with corresponding RSRP values. Fig. 9 An example scenario with a wide beam or omnidirectional beam transmitted by a TRP is illustrated, but Fig.10 An example with a directional beam using, for example, beamforming in FR2 is illustrated. Fig.10 As depicted, one beamformed PL RS from TRP#0 and two beamformed PL RS from TRP#1 are shown. Although this example shows a single intersection between the three RSRP lines, it is possible for them to intersect in multiple locations. This can lead to location ambiguity and OLPC inaccuracies. To avoid such ambiguity, it may be beneficial to include as many PL RSs as possible in the RP RSRP signature and the PL RSs sent by as many TRPs as possible.

[0164] In some cases, such as in FR1, it may be assumed that the RSRP measurement results of a WTRU co-located with a RP are similar to the corresponding RSRP measurement results of the RP. However, in some cases, such as in frequency range 2 (FR2), the RSRP measurements of the WTRU and RP may be different even if they are co-located. For example, the WTRU and RP may be equipped with different numbers of receive antennas, which may result in different RSRP after receiver beamforming. In addition, even if the WTRU and RP are equipped with similar receiver antenna systems, the RSRP may vary due to different receiver beams used at the WTRU and RP. This scenario may be addressed by various methods.

[0165] For example, the network may pre-estimate a typical power offset between the WTRU RSRP measurement and the co-located RP RSRP measurement. The RP RSRP value that the network configures to the WTRU may then be the actual RSRP measurement at the RP, but adjusted using this estimated power offset. The network may take into account the WTRU classification / category and WTRU capabilities when estimating the power offset. For example, the network may estimate a larger power offset and apply it to a WTRU with reduced capabilities (e.g., fewer receive antennas) compared to a high-capability WTRU with more receive antennas. The typical power offset between the RP measured RSRP and the WTRU measured RSRP may be estimated in advance, for example, by the RP manufacturer, for example, by extracting WTRU measured RSRP values ​​for various WTRU classifications. Any power offset remaining after compensation may affect the accuracy of the path loss estimate for the RP, for example, according to the methods discussed below, and therefore affect the transmit power based on the open loop. This may be systematic and can then be handled by closed-loop adjustments.

[0166] The following discussion assumes that for a particular PL RS, the RSRP measured by the WTRU is similar to the RSRP measured by the corresponding RP. Fig.11 is an example flow chart of an example procedure for performing open loop power control. At step 1102, the TRP may send a PL RS, and the RP may measure the corresponding RSRP. At step 1104, the network may optionally adjust the RSRP value measured by the RP (e.g., as discussed above) to a value to be included in the WTRU configuration. Other parameters may be adjusted, such as the weight factor a j (described below). The input to the adjustment at step 1104 may also be a UL received power measurement at the RP. For example, if the UL received power at the RP is systematically too low / too high, this may be addressed by adjusting the values ​​in the OL PC configuration. At step 1106, the network may send a downlink signal, where the downlink signal is configured to use the adjusted values ​​(such as the RP RSRP signature, weight factor a jAt step 1108, the RP receives UL uplink transmissions from the WTRU, which the WTRU has used to configure the OL PC for transmission to the RP (e.g., the transmit power of the uplink signal is based on the adjusted or unadjusted value RSRP). At step 1108, the RP measures the UL received power. At step 1110, the network may determine whether the OL PC related configuration values ​​need to be adjusted, for example, whether the difference between the SINR of the received signal at the RP and the target SINR exceeds a threshold (or whether the received power at the RP deviates too much from the target received power). If so, the network may initiate power control parameter adjustment in step 1102. It should be noted that performing the adjustment in step 1102 does not imply that all WTRUs need to be reconfigured with the new values. In some cases, the newly adjusted values ​​are only given to WTRUs that do not have a previous OL PC configuration for transmission to the RP. In some cases, for example, if the new adjustment is significant, WTRUs with a previous OL PC configuration for transmission to the RP are also reconfigured. Furthermore, for example, in a network implementation that continuously adjusts the RP RSRP signature, weighting factor, etc. based on UL received power measurement results, step 5 may be omitted.

[0167] A novel form of the path loss calculation f(.) formula is described with the goal of enhancing OL PC to better support UL transmissions to the RP. In an example scenario, if the WTRU is located right next to the RP (i.e., the WTRU is co-located with the RP), the OL PC behavior will result in a minimum transmit power, where the transmit power increases as the distance between the WTRU and the RP increases. In other words, the path loss formula (f(.)) may have its minimum value when the RSRP measured by the WTRU is equal to the RP RSRP signature. For example, the WTRU may calculate the path loss as in Equation 5.

[0168] Equation 5:

[0169]

[0170] in

[0171] · is the enhanced path loss estimate.

[0172] ΔRSRP j =|RSRP j -RSRR RP,j | is the absolute value of the difference between the RSRP measured by the WTRU and the RSRP measured by the RP for PL RS j.

[0173] · is the set of indices corresponding to the PL RS included in the RP RSRP signature, i.e., the WTRU has been configured with The value of RSRP RP,j .

[0174] ο Can be A subset of or equal to .

[0175] ο This article further discusses the collection of determination.

[0176] ·a j are weight factors for PL RS j. They can be used to further adjust the path loss calculation.

[0177] Equation 5 indicates that when the RSRP measured by the WTRU is equal to the RP RSRP signature (i.e., RSRP j =RSRP RP,j ), the estimated enhanced PL is zero [dB]. The weight factor aj may be given, for example, by the specification. In one example, a j = 1. In another example, a j =a, for example, in Is a collection The weight factor a j Or the weight factor a may be configured, for example, by the network. Suitable values ​​may be based, for example, on the relative positions of the TRP and the RP.

[0178] In another example, the WTRU may calculate the enhanced path loss as in Equation 6,

[0179] Equation 6:

[0180]

[0181] where median(.) is the median. In some cases, with the weight factor a j The multiplication of is included in the median operator, or the multiplication with the weight factor a is included outside the median operator. Note that the enhanced path loss formulas such as in Equation 5 or Equation 6 may be approximations of the actual WTRU to RP path loss. j A better approximation may be obtained in the case of . The appropriate choice of weight factor may depend on several aspects, such as network geometry / topology (e.g., relative positions and distances between TRPs / RPs), the kind of beamforming applied to the PL RS, etc. However, if these aspects are static or slowly changing, it may be possible to gradually adjust the weight factor a, for example j and / or configured RSRP RP,jvalue to improve the PL approximation accuracy.

[0182] For example, to reduce the specification impact, it may be beneficial to fit the enhanced PL calculation discussed in this article into the traditional PL calculation formula in Equation 2. To this end, a virtual path loss RS may be defined. For example, the transmit power of the virtual PL RS may be The sum of the transmit powers of the monitored PL RSs in , for example, as defined in Equation 7.

[0183] Equation 7:

[0184]

[0185] The power summation may be performed in dB scale (e.g., in dBm) or in linear scale (e.g., in W). In practice, this virtual PL RS transmit power will be offset in later calculations. Nevertheless, to make sense, the power summation result may be performed in the linear domain and then returned to the dBm domain.

[0186] The RSRP of the virtual PL RS (virtual PL RSRP) may be defined as in Equation 8.

[0187] Equation 8:

[0188]

[0189] here, is the enhanced PL estimate, for example, as in Equation 5 or Equation 6.

[0190] For example, the virtual PL RSRP based on the enhanced PL estimation in Equation 5 is given as follows.

[0191] Equation 9:

[0192]

[0193] Similarly, for the alternative PL calculation based on the median, the virtual PLRSRP based on the enhanced PL estimation in Equation 6 is given as follows.

[0194] Equation 10:

[0195]

[0196] Now, inserting the transmission power of the virtual PL RS and RSRP of Equation 9 into Equation 2 gives the following.

[0197] Equation 11:

[0198]

[0199] In other words, the conventional path loss calculation (Equation 2) using the virtual PL RS transmit power and the virtual PL RSRP gives an enhanced PL estimate. Similarly, inserting the virtual PL RS of Equation 10 into Equation 2 gives the corresponding enhanced (median-based) PL estimate. It can be noted that due to the term is cancelled, so its exact definition has no effect on Equation 11. Therefore, Various other definitions of can be considered within this framework.

[0200] Another example of OL PC based on virtual path loss RS is given below. For example, the transmit power of the virtual PL RS can be The sum of the transmit powers of the monitored PL RSs in , for example, as defined in Equation 12.

[0201] Equation 12:

[0202]

[0203] The power summation may be performed on a dB scale (eg, in dBm) or on a linear scale (eg, in W), and a j is, for example, a weight factor as discussed above. The RSRP of the virtual PL RS may be defined as in Equation 8. In addition, the virtual PL RSRP estimated based on the enhanced PL in Equation 5 gives the following.

[0204] Equation 13:

[0205]

[0206] Now, inserting the transmission power of the virtual PL RS and RSRP of Equation 13 into Equation 2 gives the following.

[0207] Equation 14:

[0208]

[0209] Again, the traditional path loss calculation (Equation 2) using virtual PL RS transmit power and virtual PL RSRP gives an enhanced PL estimation.

[0210] For solutions such as RP RSRP signature based RP estimation as described herein, further details are discussed below. For example, the WTRU may be configured with one or more PL RS pools. The configuration of the PL RS (e.g., as PUSCH-PathlossReferenceRS, PUCCH-PathlossReferenceRS, or PathlossReferenceRS) may include a PLRS index (or equivalently an ID), a DS RS index (or equivalently an ID), such as an SSB index or a CSI-RS index, or a suitable combination thereof.

[0211] As also discussed above, PL RS indices of different pools may overlap or be disjoint. In some cases, a joint pool of PL RSs is used for multiple UL transmission types. In this case, there is a (joint) set of corresponding PL RS indices that naturally do not overlap between different PL RSs.

[0212] In this exemplary solution, a pool or list of virtual PL RSs may be configured. In one example, the list may be configured per UL transmission type, for example, separately for PUSCH, SRS, and / or PUCCH. In another example, the list may be configured for multiple UL transmission types, for example, a list for PUSCH and SRS, or a list for PUSCH, SRS, and PUCCH. Similar to the PL RS list / pool, the virtual PL RS list may be configured based on the BWP or serving cell. The virtual PL RS list may include one or more virtual PL RS configurations (e.g., information elements). The virtual PL RS configuration may, for example, include one or more of the following parameters: a virtual PL RS index, a list of RP signature configurations, or any appropriate combination thereof.

[0213] The RP signature configuration (information element) may include one or more of the following parameters: PL RS index, RSRP value (e.g., corresponding to RSRP RP,j ), weight factors (e.g., corresponding to a j ) or any suitable combination thereof.

[0214] The virtual PL RS may be based on the PL RS included in the list of RP signature configurations. An exemplary illustration of such a configuration framework is shown in Fig.12In this exemplary solution, the pool or list of PL RSs may be enhanced to (e.g., optionally) include a list of virtual PL RSs, e.g., in addition to the PL RS index and the DL RS index. The virtual PL RS list may include one or more virtual PL RS configurations (e.g., information elements). The virtual PL RS configuration may, for example, include one or more of the following parameters: virtual PL RS index, RSRP value (e.g., corresponding to RSRP RP,j ), weight factors (e.g., corresponding to a j ) or any suitable combination thereof.

[0215] The virtual PL RS may be based on a PL RS including a virtual PL RS (index). An exemplary illustration of such a configuration framework is shown in Fig.13 Shown in.

[0216] In prior art power control, a specific UL transmission may be associated with a specific PL RS for OL PC. With the introduction of virtual PL RS, it may be desirable to also support the association between a specific UL transmission and a specific virtual PL RS.

[0217] In dynamic point / beam selection in prior art systems, subsequent UL transmissions may be directed to different TRPs / beams, where the subsequent UL transmissions thus use different PL RSs for the OL PC. It would be desirable to support dynamic point selection between TRP and RP, i.e., dynamically switching the target of subsequent UL transmissions from TRP to RP (or vice versa), or from RP to RP.

[0218] To this end, the configuration, activation and indication of PL RS for UL channels / signals should be enhanced to include virtual PL RS in addition to PL RS. One exemplary solution is to include the virtual PL RS index into the index space previously used for PL RS. The network can ensure that no virtual PL RS (e.g., in a BWP or serving cell) is configured with an index equal to the configured PL RS index (e.g., in the same BWP or serving cell).

[0219] If the index space previously used only for PL RS is not large enough to also include virtual PL RS indexes, the size of the index space may be increased, ie, the maximum number of (virtual or non-virtual) PL RS indexes may be increased.

[0220] With this exemplary solution, the existing mechanism for configuring the PL RS for UL signals / channels (eg, periodic SRS resource sets) may instead be used directly to configure the virtual PL RS by simply configuring the index corresponding to the virtual PL RS.

[0221] Similarly, the existing mechanism for activating the PL RS for UL signals / channels, for example, through a MAC CE, may instead be easily used to activate the virtual PL RS by including an index corresponding to the virtual PL RS.

[0222] Other exemplary mechanisms for dynamically indicating the PL RS used for a UL signal / channel or a specific UL transmission may be to indicate a virtual PL RS instead of a PL RS, assuming that existing signaling relies on a PL RS index.

[0223] Fig.14 is a flow chart of an example process for performing open loop power control. In a first step (step 1), the WTRU may receive a configuration for power control, e.g., a configuration including a PL RS, a virtual PL RS, and an RP RSRP signature. In step 2, the WTRU may receive a configuration, activation (e.g., via a MAC CE), and / or indication (e.g., via a DCI) of a PL RS index for UL transmission. This means that the PL RS (virtual or non-virtual) corresponding to the index may be used for OL PC for UL transmission. In step 3, the WTRU may determine whether the PL RS index in the previous step corresponds to a regular (e.g., non-virtual) PL RS or to a virtual PL RS. The PL RS index may correspond to a virtual PL RS, e.g., if it is equal to a configured virtual PL RS index. Otherwise, the PL RS index may correspond to a configured index of a regular PL RS. In step 4, if the PL RS index in step 2 corresponds to a configured index of a virtual PL RS, e.g., a virtual PL RS index, the WTRU may use, e.g., an enhanced OL PC procedure as described herein. In step 5, if the PL RS index in step 2 corresponds to a configured PL RS index, the WTRU may use a normal OL PC procedure. It may be useful to clarify that the PL RS index in step 2 may be a PL RS index configured / activated / indicated for a UL signal / channel (e.g., PUSCH, SRS, PUCCH) or a UL transmission (e.g., a specifically scheduled PUSCH or a specifically aperiodic SRS transmission). This may be referred to as a PL RS index for UL transmission. However, the comparison in step 3 may be with a PL RS index or a virtual PL RS index in a power control configuration (e.g., configuration of a pool / list of PL RSs and / or a pool / list of virtual PL RSs).

[0224] Collections are discussed further here The WTRU determines the collection The PLRS index included in the enhanced PL calculation (eg, for a particular virtual PL RS) may be included, for example, as in Equation 5 or Equation 6. The PL RS with an index in may also be included in the virtual PL RS transmit power calculation, for example, as in Equation 7 or Equation 12.

[0225] If PL RS and their inclusion This may be beneficial if the index in is currently monitored by the WTRU, which means that the WTRU can perform the corresponding PL RSRP measurement. Can be a collection A subset of or equal to the set .

[0226] gather may be applicable to a specific virtual PL RS. In other words, different virtual PL RSs may have different sets of .therefore, The determination of may be described below for a specific virtual PL RS. In a first method, if the PLRS index used for UL transmission corresponds to a virtual PL RS index, the WTRU may expect the set Only the indices of monitored PL RSs are included. In other words, the network can ensure that no RP RSRP signature to be used for PC includes unmonitored PL RSs. In practice, this may imply that the network may configure multiple virtual PL RSs for RP, each based on a different set of PL RSs. Depending on which PL RSs are currently monitored, the network may configure / activate / indicate the corresponding PL RS index for the UL transmission corresponding to the virtual PL RS based on the currently monitored PL RS.

[0227] consider Figure 8 The network can be configured with several virtual PL RSs, for example:

[0228] ·First virtual PL RS: Collection Includes the indexes of PL RS 0, 1, and 2.

[0229] Second virtual PL RS: set Includes the index of PL RS 0 and 1.

[0230] ·Third virtual PL RS: Collection Includes indexes for PL RS 0 and 2.

[0231] ·Fourth virtual PL RS: Collection Includes indexes for PL RS1 and 2.

[0232] When the WTRU monitors PL RS 0, 1, and 2, the network may configure / activate / indicate any virtual PL RS for UL transmission, for example, the first virtual PL RS. At some other times, the WTRU may only monitor PL RS 0 and 2. In this case, the network may configure / activate / indicate a third virtual PL RS for UL transmission.

[0233] In the first method described above, the WTRU may follow the configuration / activation / indication. However, in case of many configured PL RSs and multiple RPs, the number of combinations increases and thus the RRC configuration overhead increases. Consider a second method with less configuration overhead. In the second method, the network may configure / activate / indicate a PL RS index for UL transmission that corresponds to a virtual PL RS based on one or more currently monitored PL RSs and one or more currently unmonitored PL RSs. In this case, the WTRU includes the one or more currently monitored PL RSs in the set In this method, the network can configure RP RSRP signatures for a large number or even all PL RSs. Then, for a specific , for example, based on the set of monitored PLRS, the WTRU may determine the set of virtual PL RS , for example, as The PL RS included in the RP RSRP signature of the virtual PL RS is The PL RS including the virtual PL RS (index).

[0234] In the second approach, it may be sufficient to configure a single virtual PL RS per RP, since it can be based on many PLRSs. Figure 8 The network can configure a single virtual PL RS: The first virtual PL RS: Set Includes indexes for PL RS0, 1, and 2.

[0235] The network may configure / activate / indicate the first virtual PL RS for UL transmission. When the WTRU monitors PL RS 0, 1, and 2, the WTRU may include all three in the set At some other times, when the WTRU monitors only PL RS 0 and 2, for example, the WTRU may include only PL RS 0 and 2 in the set middle.

[0236] In some cases, for example, in the first method or the second method, the WTRU may be included in the set only when the RSRP measured by the WTRU of the WTRU is above a certain threshold (e.g., a configurable threshold). The monitored PL RS are included.

[0237] In some cases, for example, in the first method or the second method, the WTRU may be included in the set only when the RSRP measured by the WTRU of the WTRU is below a certain threshold (e.g., a configurable threshold). The monitored PL RS are included.

[0238] The configured PL RS may be included in the set In the examples herein, the virtual PL RS may be configured / activated / indicated for UL transmission. The virtual PL RS may in turn be associated with (based on) one or more PL RSs, for example, by configuration as discussed herein. In some cases, the one or more PL RSs on which the virtual PL RS is based may be included in the set If not all of these PL RS due to The limited size of In, then one or more subsets of PL RSs may be included For example, the PL RS with the lowest configured PL RS index, or the PL RS with the lowest periodicity.

[0239] If conventional UL power control is used in a network with one or more RPs, the WTRU may transmit at a much higher power than is necessary or tolerable when the WTRU is close to the RP. One way to address this problem is to use enhanced power control only near the RP, such as one or more of enhanced OL PC, enhanced CL PC, and / or a specific PC configuration.

[0240] If the RSRP measured by the WTRU matches the RSRP measured by the RP, e.g., the RP RSRP signature, e.g., the difference is zero), then the WTRU may be considered to be co-located with the RP. Similarly, if the difference between the RSRP measured by the WTRU and the RP RSRP signature is small, then the WTRU may be considered to be located near the RP. In other words, if Then the WTRU may be located near the RP, where V is a threshold value that may be fixed or configurable by the network. Equivalently, if Then the WTRU may be located near the RP.

[0241] The concept of a nearby threshold is depicted in Fig.15 In this example, there are three TRPs that transmit PL RS, each of which is included in , where for simplicity, the PL RS index j is equal to the TRP index. Fig.15In the exemplary illustration of the WTRU, ΔRSRP0≤V and ΔRSRP2≤V, but ΔRSRP1>V. Therefore, the WTRU may be determined to be outside the vicinity of the RP. Note that the two-dimensional circular vicinity is for illustration only. In practice, the vicinity (or space) may be 3-dimensional and have a non-circular (or non-spherical) shape. The vicinity / space boundary may not represent a specific physical distance between the RP and the WTRU. Instead, the vicinity / space boundary may be approximately similar or close in terms of the received power of the PL RS.

[0242] The vicinity can be used to adjust the UL power control. An exemplary procedure is shown in Fig.16 middle. Fig.16 is an example process by which the WTRU performs power control based on being near an RP or TRP. At step 1602, the WTRU may receive a power control configuration, for example, using RRC signaling. The configuration may include a configuration of an RP RSRP signature, a value of a threshold V, a configuration of a first power control method, a configuration of a second power control method, a configuration of a PL RS, etc., or any suitable combination thereof. The configuration of the power control method may include, for example, a target received power P0, a fractional power control coefficient α, etc.

[0243] At step 1604, a set of PL RSs included in the RP RSRP signature may be determined. For example, this may be based on a previous configuration, a set of monitored PL RSs, etc. At step 1606, the WTRU may measure the set PL RS in, thus obtaining 1608, the WTRU may determine whether the WTRU is located near the RP, for example, based on the threshold-based criteria discussed above. If the WTRU determines that the WTRU is located near the RP, then at step 1610, the WTRU may use a first method for UL power control. If the WTRU determines that the WTRU is not located near the RP, then at step 1612, the WTRU may use a second method for UL power control. Examples of the first method and the second method are discussed further below.

[0244] The WTRU procedure may not end after a single iteration, but may continue when the WTRU receives control signaling and when a PLRS transmission opportunity arrives, such as Fig.17 Depicted. Fig.17

[0066]

[0067] This is another example process by which the WTRU performs power control based on the proximity of the WTRU. Fig.17 Steps 1702 to 1712 are similar to Fig.16At step 1714, based on a subsequent reconfiguration or PL RS activation / indication, the WTRU may return to step 1702. At step 1716, based on a subsequent PL RS transmission opportunity, the process may return to step 1706. The subsequent WTRU-measured PL RSRP may cause the WTRU to change the response in step 1708, resulting in a switch in the UL power control method.

[0245] about Fig.16 Step 1610 and Fig.17 The first UL power control method depicted in step 1710 and Fig.16 Step 1612 and Fig.17 In the second UL power control method depicted in step 1712 of , the first power control method may include a first set of power control configuration parameters, and the second power control method may include a second set of power control configuration parameters. For example, the first set of power control configuration parameters may include a first value of P0 and a first value of α, for example, a larger value, such as α=1, which causes aggressive path loss compensation. The second set of power control configuration parameters may include a second value of P0 and a second value of α, for example, a smaller value, such as α=0. In this example, the WTRU transmit power may depend on the estimated path loss outside the nearby area. Within the nearby area, the WTRU may use a fixed transmit power (independent of the estimated path loss) determined by the second value of P0 and other parameters. For example, such a scheme may be useful if the estimated path loss is inaccurate and a certain (low) transmit power may be appropriate anywhere near the RP. If the nearby area is larger than the inaccuracy area, the WTRU may use the second power control method when the WTRU is close to the RP.

[0246] In another example, the first power control method includes using a first power control formula, for example, as in Equation 1. The second power control method includes using a second power control formula, for example, as in Equation 15.

[0247] An alternative method of proximity estimation may be based on positioning, which is discussed further herein. In this case, if the estimated distance to the RP (d) is less than or equal to a threshold D, which may be configurable, i.e., d ≤ D, then the WTRU may determine that the WTRU is located near the RP. For this method, Fig.16 and Fig.17 Steps 2 and 3 in can be replaced by the measurement and calculation of d.

[0248] Another alternative to enhanced open-loop power control based on RP RSRP signature and virtual PL PS may be an enhanced interference-aware open-loop power control mechanism. In some cases, it is not possible for the RP to measure the DL RS, e.g., RSRP, or the RSRP signature from the RP may not be available at the network. While it is possible to dynamically adjust the uplink power to account for interference to the RP using closed-loop power control, this may result in large overhead, especially for dense UL deployments.

[0249] In these cases, it may be beneficial to have a mechanism in which the WTRU can dynamically determine whether the possible interference imposed on the RP exceeds certain thresholds based on the UL transmit power. In one example, the enhanced interference-aware power control equation for UL transmissions on the active UL BWP of a serving cell on a carrier may be considered as in Equation 15.

[0250] Equation 15:

[0251]

[0252] Where P IA is used to express the new constraint on the transmit power as a function of both the maximum tolerable interference imposed on the RP and the estimated interference imposed on the RP.

[0253] To calculate P IA The procedure for estimating interference to the RP based on the maximum tolerable interference may involve using pre-configured information (e.g., positioning information) from the network about RP nodes located near the terminal. In one example, the WTRU may IA Calculated as the ratio of the predefined maximum allowed interference imposed on the RP relative to the distance to the RP that depends on the relative path loss. This method will not require the acquisition of instantaneous or short-term channel information. In one example, the network can configure the terminal with a list of RP locations so that the terminal can perform nearby aware interference management.

[0254] Interference-aware power control is shown in Fig.18 In this example, the network may provide the WTRU with specific information about the location of the RP node. A threshold based on the maximum allowed interference to the RP node may also be provided by the network to the WTRU. The WTRU, which updates its uplink power control coefficients at specific intervals, may calculate and take into account the estimated interference to the RP (I at time t). t ) and can be compared with a set threshold. In this example, for the WTRU at t=0, I0 drops below the set threshold, so the power control equation at this time follows the normal procedure, P TxUL =min(P CMAX ,P c). On the other hand, the WTRU at t=1 has moved closer to the RP, so that if the conventional power control mechanism is used, the estimated interference will exceed the tolerable threshold. In this case, using the proposed interference-aware UL power control mechanism (Equation 15) P TxUL =min(P CMAX ,P c P IA ) to avoid excessive interference from UE to RP.

[0255] One exemplary method for enhancing open loop power control is to consider the impact of the coefficient α of the fractional open loop power control. In prior art systems, 0≤α≤1. As can be seen from Equation 1, α=1 causes the UE to fully compensate for the increased estimated path loss from the TRP that transmits the corresponding PLRS. The value 0<α<1 only partially compensates for the increased estimated path loss, typically resulting in a reduced (open loop based) received power at the TRP and an increased path loss to the UE. The value α=0 causes the disabling of open loop power control because the estimated path loss does not affect the UL transmit power.

[0256] Now consider Fig.19 An exemplary scenario as in . A set of three PL RSs are transmitted by TPR using three beams (one PL RS is transmitted using one beam). For WTRU 1, the strongest beam (of the three beams considered here, Beam 0, Beam 1, Beam 2) is Beam 0. Also, since WTRU 1 is close to the (small PL) TRP, RSRP0 (the RSRP measured by the WTRU for PLRS 0 transmitted on Beam 0) is high. However, since Beam 2 is misaligned, RSRP2 may be lower for WTRU 1.

[0257] For WTRU 2, the strongest beam (of the three beams considered here) is Beam 2. However, since WTRU 2 is far from the TRP (large PL), RSRP2 (the WTRU measured RSRP of PL RS2 transmitted on Beam 2) is very low. The RSRPs of the other two PL RSs are even lower due to beam misalignment (Beam 0 and Beam 1). In such a scenario, it may be beneficial for WTRU 1 to follow conventional open loop power control, adjusting its transmit power according to the path loss to / from the TRP. On the other hand, it may be beneficial for WTRU 2 to use a lower transmit power than it would have if it used path loss compensation based on the path loss estimated from PL RS2.

[0258] Thus, following the discussion in the above example, the WTRU may, for example, use a first power control method, such as conventional power control, if where k is the index of the PL RS with the highest RSRP, i.e., And T k is a configurable or fixed threshold. The threshold can be different or the same for different k. The WTRU may then use a second power control method.

[0259] In some cases, for example, if different PL RSs are transmitted at different powers, it may be more appropriate to use the estimated path loss instead of the estimated RSRP. The first power control method can be used, where k is the node with the lowest PL estimate PL j The index of the PL RS, for example, can be calculated as j =P TxDL,j -RSRP j .

[0260] gather May include a monitored PL RS index that the WTRU may use in this power control scheme. In some cases, yes A subset of or equal to . In some cases, yes A subset of or equal to . In some cases, It is a subset of PL RS (index) sent from the same TRP.

[0261] For example, a first power control method to be used when closer to the TRP may include, for example, a first target received power and a first value of α, for example, 0≤α≤1. For example, a second power control method to be used when closer to the RP may include, for example, a second target received power and a second value of α, for example, α=0, or a negative value of α.

[0262] In the case of α=0, OL PC may be disabled near the RP. Since path loss compensation is disabled, the second target received power may be higher than the first target received power. In the case of negative values ​​of α, e.g., -1≤α<0, the WTRU may reduce its transmit power as the path loss to the TRP increases. In some cases, a power control method using negative α may be configured instead of using the threshold T as discussed above. k , and the first and second power control methods are not used. In some cases, a negative value of α (eg, in the second power control method) has the same magnitude as a positive α (eg, in the first power control method).

[0263] The scheme using negative α may work well for WTRUs between the TRP and RP. However, if the RP is located between the TRP and the WTRU, the WTRU UL transmit power may be too low due to the negative compensation of the path loss. In deployments where the RP is placed roughly between the TRPs (in terms of PL), this scenario can be solved by using Include the PL RS from the TRP with the lowest PL to solve, e.g. Fig. 20 exemplified in . like Fig. 20 As depicted, the solid / dashed / dotted lines represent different beams used to transmit different PL RSs. The shape of the line represents the beamforming gain at a particular angular direction relative to the TRP. The "peak" of the beam / line (farthest from the TRP) represents the angle with the highest beamforming gain. WTRU 1 may use the first set of PL RSs (index) transmitted by TRP #1 WTRU 2 may use a second set including the PL RS (index) sent by TRP#2 If WTRU 1 moves further to the right, for example, WTRU 1 may instead start using the second set

[0264] For example, by having the WTRU compare A first metric (eg, measurement or estimation) of the PL RS in the second set The WTRU may use the first set if the first metric plus the optional offset is greater than the second metric. Otherwise, the WTRU may use the second set. The offset, which may be zero or non-zero, may be configurable or fixed. The metric may be, for example, or For example, using the former, the WTRU may use the first set in the following situations: (For power control):

[0265] Equation 16:

[0266]

[0267] Otherwise, the WTRU may use the second set This offset can be used to handle scenarios where the RP is closer to one of the TRPs. In the example above, if the offset is positive, WTRU 1 may switch to operation based on TRP#2 earlier (e.g., based on ).

[0268] Even though the above examples have considered scenarios with two TRPs, these schemes are also applicable to more than two TRPs. For example, the WTRU may select a set based on which metric (plus an offset in some cases) is the highest / smallest for the mth set. In this case, each set An offset can be configured (e.g., per TRP).

[0269] An alternative to enhanced open-loop power control based on RP RSRP signature and virtual PL PS may include open-loop power control based on positioning. In some cases, the WTRU, TRP or RP may estimate its position based on a positioning RS (PRS) sent by the TRP. In some cases, the WTRU, TPR or RP may perform measurements based on the PRS and report the measurement results to the network, or to a specific network node, which estimates the position based on the reported measurement results. Positioning may also be based on signals received by the TRP, for example, an SRS sent by the WTRU. The positioning of the TRP may also be based on SRS transmissions performed by the TRP. In some cases, the positioning of the WTRU, TPR or RP may be based on GPS or similar satellite-based positioning technology.

[0270] Based on positioning technology, the network may know the estimated position of RP in the coordinate system (POS RP Based on positioning technology, the WTRU can estimate its position in the same coordinate system as the RP position (POS UE ).

[0271] An alternative PL estimation may be based on the estimated position difference between the WTRU and the RP, as shown in Equation 17.

[0272] Equation 17:

[0273]

[0274] in

[0275] · is the enhanced path loss estimate.

[0276] g(.) is a function, and an example is given below.

[0277] d is the estimated position difference (or its magnitude) between the UE and the RP, e.g., d = ‖POS UE -POS RP ‖, where the units are, for example, meters, radians, etc., depending on the spatial reference system.

[0278] POS UE is the UE location.

[0279] POSRP It is the RP position.

[0280] An example function g(.) is given below.

[0281] Equation 18

[0282]

[0283] in

[0284] PL0 is the path loss at the reference distance.

[0285] d0 is the reference distance, in the same units as d.

[0286] γ is the path loss exponent, with typical values ​​between 1 and 4.

[0287] The values ​​of one or more of PL0, d0, and γ applicable to the WTRU may be configurable by the network. In other cases, these values ​​may be predefined. The position of the RP (POS PR ) may be configured to the WTRU by the network, for example, in a power control configuration.

[0288] The use of positioning-based OL PC scheme may be associated with a PL RS index (e.g., an index of a virtual PL RS). In this way, the network may dynamically or semi-statically switch WTRU power control between conventional OL PC, e.g., for TRP, and positioning-based OL PC, e.g., for RP.

[0289] An example WTRU procedure may follow Fig.14 At step 1402, the WTRU may receive a configuration for power control, for example, including configuration of PL RS, virtual PL RS, and RP locations. This step may also include configuration of positioning-based power control. In some cases, positioning-based power control may be activated / deactivated, for example, by a MAC CE. When configured or activated, the WTRU may be expected to track its own location (e.g., POS UE) to enable positioning-based OL PC. At step 1404, the WTRU may receive configuration, activation (e.g., through a MAC CE), and / or indication (e.g., through a DCI) of a PL RS index for UL transmission. This means that the PL RS (virtual or non-virtual) corresponding to the index is applied for OL PC for UL transmission. At step 1406, the WTRU may determine whether the PL RS index in the previous step corresponds to a regular (e.g., non-virtual) PL RS or to a virtual PL RS. The PL RS index may correspond to a virtual PL RS, for example, if it is equal to the configured virtual PL RS index. Otherwise, the PL RS index may correspond to the configured index of a regular PL RS. At step 1408, if the PL RS index at step 1402 corresponds to the configured index of a virtual PL RS, for example, the virtual PL RS index, the WTRU may use an enhanced OL PC procedure, for example, a positioning-based OL PC procedure. At step 1410, if the PL RS index at step 1402 corresponds to the configured PL RS index, the WTRU may use a regular OL PC procedure.

[0290] As the WTRU moves around the network, both the TRP and the RP may measure signals transmitted by the WTRU and signals transmitted by other WTRUs. During periods of time when the WTRU is closer to the TRP than the RP, it may be appropriate for the WTRU to use regular OL PC. However, as the WTRU approaches the RP, it may be appropriate to no longer adjust the UL transmit power due to updated path loss estimates.

[0291] One way to achieve this is to turn off OL PC, for example by setting α=0. However, this may cause a sudden and usually large drop in the WTRU's transmit power. An alternative that may provide smoother power control is to freeze its OLPC power offset. In other words, when instructed by the network, the WTRU may record the current value of αPL and keep using the recorded value even if the WTRU may perform new measurements on the PL RS. When freezing the OL PC power offset, the network and the WTRU may rely on closed loop power control (CL OL) for UL transmissions. The WTRU may also be instructed by the network to resume OL PC.

[0292] Example WTRU procedures are shown in Fig.21At step 2102, the WTRU may be configured with UL power control. This may include configuration for using the OL PC freeze functionality. At a second step 2104, the WTRU may perform OL PC, which may include an estimation of RSRP of the monitored PL RS, PL estimation, calculation of OL PC power offset, etc. At step 2106, the WTRU may evaluate whether it has received a freeze indication. If yes, the process may proceed to step 2108. If no, the process may return to the OL PC operation at step 2102. At step 2108, the WTRU may record the OL PC power offset. This may be, for example, an offset at the time of receiving the freeze indication or an offset at some time after receiving (e.g., when decoding the indication). At step 2110, the WTRU may use the recorded OL PC power offset in UL power control, even if the WTRU may have an updated RSRP measurement result for the PL RS. At step 2112, the WTRU may evaluate whether it has received an indication to resume OL PC. If yes, the process may return to step 2102. If not, the WTRU may continue to use the recorded OL PC offset at step 2110. The freeze indication, power offset recording, resume indication, etc. may be per UL BWP, per serving cell, per PLRS, per monitored PL RS, or per closed loop process.

[0293] In one example, if the functionality is per PL RS, the OL PC may be frozen for a first PL RS but not for a second PL RS. In another example, if the functionality is per closed loop procedure, the OL PC may be frozen for a first closed loop procedure but not for a second closed loop procedure. This may imply that the WTRU records a plurality of OL PC power offsets upon receiving a freeze indication for a closed loop procedure, for example, power offsets corresponding to the PL RSs associated with the closed loop procedure.

[0294] Examples of OL PC freeze indication and OL PC resume indication are discussed below. In one case, an OL PC freeze indication and / or an OL PC resume indication is received in a DCI. For example, a parameter (e.g., a bit) in the DCI may indicate a frozen state or a non-frozen state. In other words, the WTRU may record the OL PC power offset when it sees a parameter value (e.g., a bit value) change from a non-frozen state to a frozen state in a subsequent DCI. Similarly, the WTRU may be instructed to resume OL PC when it sees a parameter value change from a frozen state to a non-frozen state in a subsequent DCI.

[0295] Existing parameters in DCI can be used to indicate the frozen state or the non-frozen state, for example, by associating different parameter values ​​with the frozen state or the non-frozen state. Examples of such existing parameters may be SRS resource indicators, closed loop indexes, TPC commands, etc.

[0296] In various examples, an OL PC freeze and / or resume indication may be received in a MAC CE. The MAC CE may be used for enhanced closed loop power control. The MAC CE may be used for either or both OL PC freeze / resume and enhanced CL PC (MAC CE based closed loop power control).

[0297] The MAC CE may include one or more of the following.

[0298] Serving cell index

[0299] UL BWP index (of the serving cell)

[0300] PL RS, such as a configured PL RS index, an index of a virtual PL RS, or an index in a monitored PL RS

[0301] o can be in the form of an index value or a bitmap, where a bit corresponds to a PL RS

[0302] • For the indicated PL RS, additional information may be provided, including one or more of the following.

[0303] οOL PC freeze indication, for example, explicit or implicit indication

[0304] o Indication of OL PC resumption, e.g., explicit or implicit indication

[0305] ο Closed loop power offset

[0306] Closed-loop power control process, e.g., via index or bitmap

[0307] For the indicated closed-loop power control process, the closed-loop power offset

[0308] In some cases, the indication of OL PC freeze or resume may be implicitly indicated. For example, inclusion of PL RS in MAC CE may indicate OL PC freeze, while exclusion may indicate OL PC resume.

[0309] In one example, the indicated closed-loop power offset in the MAC CE may correspond to an absolute offset, for example, P in Equation 1. CLIn another example, the indicated closed-loop power offset may be used cumulatively, i.e., it may be added to the previous sum of power control offsets (e.g., TPC commands received in DCI and / or TPC commands received in previous MAC CEs). The mode (e.g., absolute or cumulative power offset) for MAC CE-based CL PC may be the same as the mode for DCI-based CL PC. In some cases, the mode may be configured separately for MAC CE-based CL PC.

[0310] In one example, the CL power offset value may correspond to an OL PC freeze. In one example, the CL power offset value may correspond to an OL PC resume. In one example, the CL power offset value may correspond to a reset of the accumulated CL power offsets, eg, the accumulated sum is set to zero.

[0311] The benefit of a MAC CE based closed loop power offset indication may be a larger range of values ​​compared to DCI based. In some cases, the WTRU may maintain a closed loop power control value / offset for each PL RS (e.g., configured PL RS, monitored PL RS, configured or monitored PL RS for PUSCH, virtual PL RS). The power control value / offset maintained for the PL RS may be represented as a PL RS loop. In some cases, the WTRU may maintain a closed loop power control value / offset for each closed loop process. In some cases, the PL RS may be associated with one or more closed loop processes. The PL RS loop and / or closed loop process may be indicated in a DCI (e.g., a DCI scheduling UL transmission). If the WTRU maintains a PL RS loop for the PL RS and a closed loop process associated with the PL RS, then for the PL RS to be used for UL transmission, the WTRU may add the power offset for the closed loop process to the power offset for the PL RS loop to obtain a total closed loop power offset.

[0312] Example WTRU procedures are shown in Fig. 22At 2202, the WTRU may be configured with an UL power control configuration. This may include a configuration for using closed-loop power control based on a MAC CE. At step 2204, the WTRU may apply a CL PC power offset to the corresponding UL transmission, for example, according to the examples discussed herein. At step 2206, the WTRU may determine whether it has received a MAC CE for closed-loop power control. If so, the process may proceed to step 2208. If not, the WTRU may continue to use the CL PC power offset at step 2204 (when applicable). At step 2208, the WTRU may adjust the CL PC power offset based on the information in the MAC CE. After this has been completed, the adjusted CL PC power offset may be used for subsequent transmissions at step 2202. Note that Fig. 22 The DCI based power control loop is not shown. However, as discussed above, if a DCI based power offset indication (eg, TPC command) is also used, the DCI indicated offset and the MAC CE indicated offset may be added to obtain a total CL PC power offset for the corresponding UL transmission.

[0313] Prior art systems may use CL PC as a means to quickly adjust the UL transmit power relative to the transmit power level provided by OL PC. One mode of operation is to accumulate the power offsets received in TPC commands during a certain time window to obtain a total CL power offset. Thus, TPC commands received before the start of the time window may be excluded. In systems using OLPC or using less accurate OL PC, it may be beneficial to enhance CL PC to provide a more flexible accumulation of historical power control commands.

[0314] In one approach, closed loop power offsets, such as in TPC commands and / or MAC CEs, are accumulated until an indication is received to stop or reset the accumulation. An exemplary procedure is shown in Fig.23At step 2302, the WTRU may be configured with a UL power control configuration. This may include a configuration for using the long-term closed-loop accumulation described herein. At step 2304, the WTRU may apply a CL PC power offset to the corresponding UL transmission, for example, according to the examples discussed herein. At step 2306, if a CL PC reset / set indication is received, the process may proceed to step 2308. Otherwise, the process may proceed to step 2312. The CLPC reset or set indication may be carried in a DCI, MAC CE, or RRC reconfiguration. At step 2312, if a CLPC command is received, the process may proceed to step 2310. Otherwise, the process may return to step 2302. The CL PC command may include a CL PC power offset. The CL PC command may be carried in a DCI (e.g., a TPC command) or a MAC CE (e.g., as discussed herein). At step 2308, the WTRU may reset one or more cumulative sums to a predetermined value, for example, 0 dB, or set one or more cumulative sums to one or more values. The value(s) may be indicated in the CL PC reset / set indication.

[0315] In one example, the MAC CE may carry CL PC information for one or more closed loop processes and / or PL RS loops, e.g., as described herein. The CL PC information includes a CL PC power offset value (e.g., an absolute power offset value) for each of the indicated CL processes and / or PL RS loops. Upon receipt, the WTRU may discard the cumulative sum of the indicated CL processes and / or PL RS loops and instead set the sum of the corresponding indicated CL PC power offset values. Subsequent power offsets received in TPC commands may be added to the newly set value. An exemplary illustration of the WTRU procedure is shown in Fig.24 middle.

[0316] Fig.24 Steps 2402 and 2404 may be similar to Fig.23 Steps 2302 and 2304. Fig.24 At step 2406, if a CL PC MAC CE is received, the process may proceed to step 2408. Otherwise, the process may proceed to step 2412. At step 2412, if a TPC command is received, for example, in a DCI, the process may proceed to step 2410. Otherwise, the process may return to step 2402. At step 2408, the WTRU may set the one or more cumulative sums to the one or more values ​​carried in the MAC CE.

[0317] The benefit of combining DCI-based and MAC CE-based CL PC is that DCI-based accumulation can provide frequent but smaller power adjustments, while MAC CE-based power offset indication can provide less frequent but larger power adjustments. MAC CE can also provide adjustments to CL PC processes or PL RS loops that have not been adjusted by DCI recently, for example, so that they are updated.

[0318] Although features and elements are provided above in specific combinations, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that each feature or element may be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. The present disclosure is not limited to the specific embodiments described in this patent application, which are intended to be illustrative of various aspects. Many modifications and variations can be made without departing from the essence and scope of the present invention, as they will be obvious to those skilled in the art. Unless explicitly provided as such, any element, action or description used in the present application specification should not be understood as being essential or necessary to the present invention. According to the foregoing description, in addition to those listed herein, within the scope of the present disclosure, functionally equivalent methods, devices and products will be obvious to those skilled in the art. Such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present disclosure is limited only to the terms of the appended claims and the full range of equivalent forms of such entitled claims. It should be understood that the present disclosure is not limited to a specific method or system.

[0319] Although the foregoing embodiments may be discussed with respect to specific terminology and structures (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.) for simplicity, the embodiments discussed are not limited thereto and may be applied to other systems using, for example, other forms of electromagnetic waves or non-electromagnetic waves such as sound waves.

[0320] It should also be understood that the terms used herein are used only for the purpose of describing specific embodiments and are not intended to be limiting. As used herein, the term "video" or the term "imagery" may mean any of a snapshot, a single image, and / or multiple images displayed on a time basis, or any appropriate combination thereof. For example, when referred to herein, the term "user equipment" and its abbreviation "UE", the term "remote" and / or the term "head-mounted display" or its abbreviation "HMD" may mean or include (i) a wireless transmit and / or receive unit (WTRU); (ii) any of multiple embodiments of the WTRU; (iii) a wireless and / or wired (e.g., tetherable) device configured with (in particular) some or all of the structure and functionality of the WTRU; (iii) a wireless and / or wired device configured with less than all of the structure and functionality of the WTRU; or (iv), etc. References herein Figures 1A to 1D Details of an exemplary WTRU are described that may represent any WTRU described herein. As another example, various disclosed embodiments herein are described above and below as utilizing a head mounted display. Those skilled in the art will recognize that devices other than head mounted displays may be utilized and that some or all of the present disclosure and various disclosed embodiments may be modified accordingly without undue experimentation. Examples of such other devices may include drones or other devices configured to stream information to provide an adapted reality experience.

[0321] In addition, the methods provided herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated into a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (sent via a wired connection or a wireless connection) and computer-readable storage media. Unlike signals, examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (such as built-in hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and optical media (such as CD-ROM disks and digital versatile disks (DVDs)). A processor associated with the software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

[0322] Variations of the methods, devices, articles, and systems provided above are possible without departing from the scope of the present invention. In view of the various embodiments that may be applied, it should be understood that the illustrated embodiments are merely examples and should not be considered to limit the scope of the following claims. For example, the embodiments provided herein include handheld devices that may include or be utilized with any suitable voltage source (such as a battery, etc.) that provides any suitable voltage.

[0323] Moreover, in the embodiments provided herein, processing platforms, computing systems, controllers and other devices comprising processors are indicated. These devices may include at least one central processing unit ("CPU") and memory. According to the practice of those skilled in the art of computer programming, reference to the symbolic representation of actions and operations or instructions may be performed by various CPUs and memories. Such actions and operations or instructions may be considered to be "executed", "computer executed" or "CPU executed".

[0324] Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the actions and symbolic representations of operations or instructions include manipulation of electrical signals by the CPU. The electrical system represents data bits, which may result in the ultimate transformation of electrical signals or reduction of electrical signals and the retention of data bits at memory locations in the memory system, thereby reconfiguring or otherwise changing the operation of the CPU and performing other processing of signals. The memory location that holds the data bits is a physical location that has specific electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties that correspond to or represent the data bits. It should be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned platforms or CPUs, and other platforms and CPUs may also support the provided methods.

[0325] The data bits may also be maintained on computer-readable media, including magnetic disks, optical disks, and any other volatile (e.g., random access memory ("RAM")) or non-volatile (e.g., read-only memory ("ROM")) mass storage system readable by the CPU. The computer-readable media may include cooperating or interconnected computer-readable media that reside solely on the processing system or distributed across multiple interconnected processing systems that may be local or remote relative to the processing system. It should be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the above-mentioned memories, and other platforms and memories may also support the provided methods.

[0326] In an exemplary embodiment, any of the operations, processes, etc. described herein may be implemented as computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium. The computer-readable instructions may be executed by a processor of a mobile unit, a network element, and / or any other computing device.

[0327] The above detailed description has listed various embodiments of the device and / or process by using block diagrams, flow charts and / or examples. In the case where such block diagrams, flow charts and / or examples include one or more functions and / or operations, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that each function and / or operation within such block diagrams, flow charts or examples can be implemented individually and / or collectively by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware or almost any combination thereof. In exemplary embodiments, several parts of the subject matter described herein can be implemented via application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs) and / or other integrated formats. Those skilled in the art will recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein can be implemented in whole or in part in an integrated circuit as one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), one or more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., one or more programs running on one or more microprocessors), firmware, or almost any combination thereof, and according to the present disclosure, designing circuit systems and / or writing codes for software and / or firmware will be within the technical scope of those skilled in the art. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms of the subject matter described herein may be distributed as a program product in various forms, and that the illustrative embodiments of the subject matter described herein apply regardless of the specific type of signal-bearing medium used to actually implement the distribution. Examples of signal-bearing media include, but are not limited to, the following: recordable type media (such as floppy disks, hard drives, CDs, DVDs, digital tapes, computer memory, etc.); and transmission type media (such as digital and / or analog communication media (e.g., fiber optic cables, waveguides, wired communication links, wireless communication links, etc.)).

[0328] Those skilled in the art will recognize that it is common in the art to describe devices and / or processes in the manner set forth herein, and thereafter use engineering practices to integrate such described devices and / or processes into a data processing system. That is, at least a portion of the devices and / or processes described herein can be integrated into a data processing system via a reasonable amount of experimentation. Those skilled in the art will recognize that a typical data processing system generally may include one or more of the following: a system unit housing; a video display device; a memory, such as a volatile memory and a non-volatile memory; a processor, such as a microprocessor and a digital signal processor; a computing entity, such as an operating system, a driver, a graphical user interface, and an application; one or more interactive devices, such as a touch pad or a screen; and / or a control system, including a feedback loop and a control motor (e.g., a feedback for sensing position and / or velocity, a control motor for moving and / or adjusting components and / or quantities). A typical data processing system may be implemented using any suitable commercially available components, such as those typically found in data computing / communication and / or network computing / communication systems.

[0329] The subject matter described herein sometimes shows different components contained in or connected to different other components. It should be understood that such depicted architectures are merely examples, and in fact many other architectures that achieve the same function can be realized. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components that achieve the same function is effectively "associated" so that the desired function can be achieved. Therefore, any two components that are combined to achieve a specific functionality in this article can be considered to be "associated" with each other so that the required functionality can be achieved, regardless of the architecture or intermediate components. Similarly, any two components so associated can also be considered to be "operably connected" or "operably coupled" to each other to achieve the desired function, and any two components that can be so associated can also be considered to be "operably coupled" to each other to achieve the desired function. Specific examples of operable coupling include, but are not limited to, components that can physically cooperate and / or physically interact and / or components that can wirelessly interact and / or wirelessly interact and / or components that can logically interact and / or components that can logically interact.

[0330] With respect to substantially any plural and / or singular terms used herein, those skilled in the art may translate from the plural to the singular and / or from the singular to the plural as appropriate, as appropriate to the context and / or application. For clarity, various singular / plural arrangements may be explicitly listed herein.

[0331] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that, in general, the terms used herein, especially in the appended claims (e.g., the bodies of the appended claims), are generally intended to be "open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to", the term "having" should be interpreted as "having at least", the term "comprising" should be interpreted as "including but not limited to", etc.). It will also be understood by those skilled in the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation object is intended, such intent will be explicitly stated in the claim, and in the absence of such a recitation object, there is no such intent. For example, where only one item is intended, the term "single" or similar language may be used. To aid understanding, the following appended claims and / or the description herein may contain the use of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more" to introduce claim recitation objects. However, the use of such phrases should not be understood to imply that any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation object is limited to an embodiment containing only one such recitation object by the indefinite article "a" or "an" to introduce the claim recitation object. This is true even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and an indefinite article such as "a" or "a kind" (e.g., "a" and / or "a kind" should be interpreted as meaning "at least one" or "one or more"). The same applies to the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of introduced claim recitations is explicitly recited, one skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted as meaning at least the stated number (e.g., a bare recitation of "two recitations" without other modifiers means at least two recitations or two or more recitations). In addition, in those instances where a convention similar to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is used, generally speaking, the meaning of such construction is that one skilled in the art will understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, and C" will include, but is not limited to, a system having A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B simultaneously, A and C simultaneously, B and C simultaneously, and / or A, B, and C simultaneously, etc.). In those instances where a convention similar to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, generally speaking, the meaning of such construction is that one skilled in the art will understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, or C" will include, but is not limited to, systems having A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc.). One skilled in the art will also understand that, in fact, any discrete words and / or phrases presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the specification, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibility of including one of the terms, any of the terms, or both of the terms.For example, the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B." Additionally, as used herein, the term "any of" followed by a listing of multiple items and / or multiple categories of items is intended to include "any of," "any combination," "any multiples," and / or "any combination of multiples" of the items and / or categories of items, either alone or in combination with other items and / or other categories of items. Additionally, as used herein, the term "set" is intended to include any number of items, including zero. Additionally, as used herein, the term "quantity" is intended to include any quantity, including zero. And, as used herein, the term "plurality" is intended to be synonymous with "multiple."

[0332] In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush group.

[0333] As will be understood by those skilled in the art, for any and all purposes (such as in terms of providing a written description), all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible sub-ranges and combinations of their sub-ranges. Any listed range can be easily identified as fully describing and enabling the same range to be divided into at least equal halves, one-third, one-quarter, one-fifth, one-tenth, etc. As a non-limiting example, each range discussed herein can be easily divided into lower third, middle third, and upper third, etc. As will be understood by those skilled in the art, all languages ​​such as "at most", "at least", "greater than", "less than", etc. include the cited numbers and refer to the ranges that can be subsequently divided into sub-ranges as described above. Finally, as will be understood by those skilled in the art, the range includes each individual number. Therefore, for example, a group with 1 to 3 units refers to a group with 1, 2 or 3 units. Similarly, a group with 1 to 5 units refers to a group with 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 units, etc.

[0334] Abbreviations and acronyms

[0335] A / D analog

[0336] AGC Automatic Gain Control

[0337] BWP Bandwidth Part

[0338] CL Closed Loop

[0339] CRAN Centralized RAN

[0340] CSI-RS Channel State Information RS

[0341] D / A Digital to Analog

[0342] DAS Distributed Antenna System

[0343] DCI Downlink Control Information

[0344] DL Downlink

[0345] FDD Frequency Division Duplex

[0346] FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing

[0347] FR1 Frequency Range 1

[0348] FR2 Frequency Range 2

[0349] GPS Global Positioning System

[0350] ID identity, also index

[0351] MAC Media Access Control

[0352] MAC CE MAC Control Element

[0353] MCS modulation and coding scheme

[0354] MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

[0355] MPE Maximum Permissible Exposure

[0356] MU-MIMO Multi-User MIMO

[0357] OL Open Loop

[0358] PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel Block

[0359] PC Power Control

[0360] PL Path Loss

[0361] PL RS Path Loss Reference Signal

[0362] PRACH Physical Random Access Channel

[0363] PRS Positioning RS

[0364] PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel

[0365] PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

[0366] RAN Radio Access Technology

[0367] RP Receiving Point

[0368] RRC Radio Resource Control

[0369] RRH Remote Radio Head

[0370] RS reference signal

[0371] RSRP RS received power

[0372] SCell Secondary Cell

[0373] SDM Space Division Multiplexing

[0374] SINR Signal to Interference plus Noise Power Ratio

[0375] SNR Signal-to-Noise Power Ratio

[0376] SRI SRS Resource Indicator

[0377] SRS Detection RS

[0378] SSB Synchronization Signal / PBCH Block

[0379] SUL Supplementary Uplink

[0380] TDD Time Division Duplex

[0381] TDM Time Division Multiplexing

[0382] TPC Transmit Power Control

[0383] TRP Send / Receive Point

[0384] TRS Tracking RS (also used for tracking CSI-RS)

[0385] UL Uplink

Claims

1. A method performed by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method comprising: receiving configuration information including a first set of reference signal received power (RSRP) values ​​associated with a first set of reference signals (RSs) measured at a reception point; measuring a second set of RSRP values ​​associated with a second set of RSs; determining a difference between one or more RSRP values ​​in the first set of RSRP values ​​and one or more RSRP values ​​in the second set of RSRP values; determining a path loss (PL) associated with an open loop (OL) power control (PC) based on the determined difference; as well as An uplink transmission is sent using a power level based on the determined PL. 2 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising determining the power level based on the determined PL.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determined PL comprises an estimated PL between the WTRU and the RP.

4. The method according to claim 1, wherein: The first set of RSRP values ​​includes a first plurality of RSRP values; The second set of RSRP values ​​includes a second plurality of RSRP values; and The first plurality of RSRP values ​​is different from the second plurality of RSRP values.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising receiving the second set of RSs from a plurality of transmission and reception points (TRPs).

6. The method of claim 1, further comprising monitoring a subset of the first set of RSs associated with the received first set of RSRP values, wherein the second set of RSs comprises the subset of the first set of RSs.

7. The method of claim 6, further comprising receiving an indication of the subset from at least one of downlink control information (DCI), a medium access channel control element (MAC CE), or a radio resource control (RRC) configuration.

8. The method according to claim 1 also includes receiving at least one RS in the second RS set via a synchronization signal physical broadcast channel block (SSB), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a tracking RS (TRS) or a positioning RS (PRS).

9. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the WTRU comprising: Transceiver; and a processor, the WTRU being configured to: receiving, via the transceiver, configuration information including a first set of reference signal received power (RSRP) values ​​associated with a first set of reference signals (RSs) measured at a reception point; measuring a second set of RSRP values ​​associated with a second set of RSs; determining a difference between one or more RSRP values ​​in the first set of RSRP values ​​and one or more RSRP values ​​in the second set of RSRP values; determining a path loss (PL) associated with an open loop (OL) power control (PC) based on the determined difference; as well as An uplink transmission is sent via the transceiver using a power level based on the determined PL.

10. The WTRU of claim 9, further configured to determine the power level based on the determined PL.

11. The WTRU of claim 9, wherein the determined PL comprises an estimated PL between the WTRU and the RP.

12. The WTRU of claim 9 wherein: The first set of RSRP values ​​includes a first plurality of RSRP values; The second set of RSRP values ​​includes a second plurality of RSRP values; and The first plurality of RSRP values ​​is different from the second plurality of RSRP values.

13. The WTRU of claim 9, further configured to receive the second set of RSs from a plurality of transmit and receive points (TRPs) via the transceiver.

14. The WTRU of claim 9, further configured to monitor, via the transceiver, a subset of the first set of RSs associated with the received first set of RSRP values, wherein the second set of RSs includes the subset of the first set of RSs.

15. The WTRU of claim 14, wherein the WTRU is further configured to receive an indication of the subset via the transceiver from at least one of downlink control information (DCI), a medium access channel control element (MAC CE), or a radio resource control (RRC) configuration.

16. According to claim 9, the WTRU is further configured to receive at least one RS in the second RS set via the transceiver via a synchronization signal physical broadcast channel block (SSB), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a tracking RS (TRS) or a positioning RS (PRS).

17. The WTRU of claim 9, the WTRU being further configured to determine the power level based on the WTRU being located in a vicinity of the RP.

18. At least one computer readable storage medium having stored thereon executable instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU): receiving configuration information including a first set of reference signal received power (RSRP) values ​​associated with a first set of reference signals (RSs) measured at a reception point; measuring a second set of RSRP values ​​associated with a second set of RSs; determining a difference between one or more RSRP values ​​in the first set of RSRP values ​​and one or more RSRP values ​​in the second set of RSRP values; determining a path loss (PL) associated with an open loop (OL) power control (PC) based on the determined difference; as well as An uplink transmission is sent using a power level based on the determined PL.

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