Template-based most probable mode list reordering

Abstract

Systems, methods, and tools for the field of video coding are disclosed herein. Examples herein may focus on a most probable mode (MPM) list. In an example, a video decoder device and / or a video encoder device may generate an MPM list for a current block. The encoder and / or the decoder may reorder the MPM based on a reordering process for each mode in the list of MPMs. The decoder may perform prediction on the current block based on the reordered MPM list. The encoder may encode the current block based on the reordered MPM list.

Description

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0002] This application claims the benefit of European patent application 22305509.6 filed on April 8, 2022, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Background Art

[0003] Video coding systems may be used to compress digital video signals, for example, to reduce the storage and / or transmission bandwidth required for such signals. Video coding systems may include, for example, block-based, wavelet-based, and / or object-based systems. Summary of the invention

[0004] This article discloses systems, methods and tools for the field of video compression. Compared with existing video compression systems, the examples in this article aim to improve compression efficiency.

[0005] In an example, a video decoder may generate a most probable mode (MPM) list of a current block. The decoder may reorder the MPM based on a reordering process for each mode in the MPM list. The decoder may perform prediction on the current block based on the reordered MPM list. In an example, the reordering process may be a template-based mode derivation (TIMD) reordering process. In an example, the TIMD reordering process may calculate the absolute transform difference and (SATD) distance for each mode in the MPM list. The SATD distance for each mode may be calculated between a template sample and a prediction of the template sample. The MPM list may be reordered in the order of the mode with the lowest calculated SATD distance to the mode with the highest calculated SATD distance. The MPM list may include at least one of a primary MPM list or a secondary MPM list. In an example, the reordering of the MPM list may be limited to keeping the plane mode as the first mode. In an example, the reordering process may be a decoder-side intra-frame mode derivation (DIMD) reordering process. The DIMD reordering process may calculate a histogram of scores associated with the intra prediction modes in the MPM list. The DIMD may reorder the intra prediction modes based on the calculated scores associated with the intra prediction modes.

[0006] In an example, a video encoder may generate a most probable mode (MPM) list of a current block. The encoder may reorder the MPM based on a reordering process for each mode in the MPM list. The encoder may encode the current block based on the reordered MPM list. In an example, the reordering process may be a template-based mode derivation (TIMD) reordering process. In an example, the TIMD reordering process may calculate the absolute transform difference (SATD) distance for each mode in the MPM list. The SATD distance for each mode may be calculated between a template sample and a prediction of the template sample. The MPM list may be reordered in the order of the mode with the lowest calculated SATD distance to the mode with the highest calculated SATD distance. The MPM list may include at least one of a primary MPM list or a secondary MPM list. In an example, the reordering of the MPM list may be limited to keeping the plane mode as the first mode. In an example, the reordering process may be a decoder-side intra-frame mode derivation (DIMD) reordering process. The DIMD reordering process may calculate a histogram of scores associated with the intra prediction modes in the MPM list. The DIMD may reorder the intra prediction modes based on the calculated scores associated with the intra prediction modes.

[0007] These examples may be performed by a video processing device having a processor. The device may be an encoder or a decoder. These examples may be performed by a computer program product stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium and including program code instructions. These examples may be performed by a computer program including program code instructions. These examples may be performed by a bitstream including information representing a template matching prediction mode.

[0008] The systems, methods, and tools described herein may relate to decoders. In some examples, the systems, methods, and tools described herein may relate to encoders. In some examples, the systems, methods, and tools described herein may relate to signals (e.g., signals from encoders and / or received by decoders). A computer-readable medium may include instructions for causing one or more processors to perform the methods described herein. A computer program product may include instructions that, when executed by one or more processors, cause one or more processors to perform the methods described herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] Figure 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0010] Figure 1B is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1AA system diagram of an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) for use within an illustrated communication system.

[0011] Figure 1C is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A System diagram of an example Radio Access Network (RAN) and an example Core Network (CN) for use within the illustrated communication system.

[0012] Figure 1D is an example of a method that can be used according to an embodiment of the present invention. Figure 1A System diagram of an additional example RAN and an additional example CN for use within the illustrated communication system.

[0013] Figure 2 An example video encoder is illustrated.

[0014] Figure 3 An example video decoder is illustrated.

[0015] Figure 4 Examples of systems in which various aspects and examples may be implemented are illustrated.

[0016] Figure 5 An example of a prediction mode (eg, an intra prediction mode) is illustrated.

[0017] Figure 6 An example of derivation of a most probable mode (MPM) list (eg, a general MPM list) for a current luma coding block (CB) belonging to an intra slice is illustrated.

[0018] Figure 7 An example is illustrated of signaling (e.g., MPM list based signaling) an index of a prediction mode (e.g., intra prediction mode) to predict a current luma CB after signaling a multiple reference line (MRL) index and, if necessary, an intra subpartitioning (ISP) mode if the selected prediction mode (e.g., intra prediction mode) is not any of decoder-end intra mode derivation (DIMD), matrix-based intra prediction (MIP), or template-based mode derivation (TIMD).

[0019] Figure 8 An example architecture (eg, a general purpose architecture) that uses MPM reordering with TIMD is illustrated. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] A more detailed understanding may be obtained from the following description given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

[0021] Figure 1A1 is a diagram illustrating an example communication system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 may be a multiple access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc. to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 may enable multiple wireless users to access such content through sharing of system resources (including wireless bandwidth). For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero tail unique word DFT spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC), etc.

[0022] like Figure 1A As shown, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, RAN 104 / 113, CN 106 / 115, public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, Internet 110 and other networks 112, but it should be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d (any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA”) may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, a pager, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a smart phone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor, a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearable device, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or automated process chain environment), a consumer electronic device, a device operating on a commercial and / or industrial wireless network, etc. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be interchangeably referred to as a UE.

[0023] The communication system 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device that is configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node B, an eNode B, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, an NR Node B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0024] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may also include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), a relay node, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to send and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies (which may be referred to as cells (not shown)). These frequencies may be in a licensed spectrum, an unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrums. A cell may provide coverage of wireless services to a specific geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. The cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, a cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Therefore, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to send and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0025] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0026] More specifically, as noted above, the communication system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, the base station 114a in the RAN 104 / 113 and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may use Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) to establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117. WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0027] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) that may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or Advanced LTE (LTE-A) and / or Advanced LTE Pro (LTE-APro).

[0028] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR radio access, which may establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0029] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may together implement LTE radio access and NR radio access, for example using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Thus, the air interface used by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions transmitted to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0030] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0031] Figure 1A The base station 114b in the may be, for example, a wireless router, a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or an access point, and may utilize, for example, any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity in a local area, such as a business location, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a road, and the like. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology (such as IEEE 802.11) to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology (such as IEEE 802.15) to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or a femtocell. As Figure 1A As shown, base station 114b may have a direct connection to Internet 110. Therefore, base station 114b may not need to access Internet 110 via CN 106 / 115.

[0032] The RAN 104 / 113 may be in communication with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform advanced security functions, such as user authentication. Although not described in detail in the text, the CN 106 / 115 may be configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have different quality of service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and / or perform advanced security functions, such as user authentication. Figure 1AAlthough not shown in the figure, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANs that employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may utilize NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also be in communication with another RAN (not shown) that employs GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0033] The CN 106 / 115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network that provides plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. The networks 112 may include wired communication networks and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the networks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may employ the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0034] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communication system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks via different wireless links). Figure 1A The illustrated WTRU 102c may be configured to communicate with the base station 114a, which may employ a cellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114b, which may employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0035] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. Figure 1B As shown, the WTRU 102 may include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0036] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. As suggested above, the processor 118 may include a plurality of processors. The processor 118 may perform signal decoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. Although Figure 1B The processor 118 and the transceiver 120 are depicted as separate components, but it is understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0037] The send / receive element 122 may be configured to send a signal to a base station (e.g., base station 114a) or receive a signal from the base station via an air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to send and / or receive an RF signal. In an embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be a transmitter / detector configured to send and / or receive, for example, IR, UV or visible light signals. In another embodiment, the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It should be understood that the send / receive element 122 may be configured to send and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0038] Although the transmit / receive element 122 Figure 1B 1 as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0039] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 122. As noted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. For example, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0040] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to and may receive user input data from a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as a non-removable memory 130 and / or a removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, or the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown).

[0041] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and may be configured to distribute and / or control power to the other components in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0042] The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to or in lieu of the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) over the air interface 116 and / or determine its location based on the timing of signals received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0043] The processor 118 may also be coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software modules and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, module, a frequency modulation (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, etc. Peripheral device 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of the following: a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0044] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit for reducing and / or substantially eliminating self-interference via hardware (e.g., a choke) or via signal processing performed by a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown) or via the processor 118). In an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission and reception of some or all signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for UL (e.g., for transmission) or downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be concurrent and / or simultaneous.

[0045] Figure 1C 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ an E-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communication with the CN 106.

[0046] The RAN 104 may include evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of evolved Node-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, the evolved Node-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a.

[0047] Each of the evolved Node Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, etc. Figure 1C As shown, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another via an X2 interface.

[0048] Figure 1C The illustrated CN 106 may include a mobility management entity (MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN) gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements is depicted as being part of the CN 106, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0049] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, etc. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0050] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the evolved Node-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring the user plane during inter-evolved Node-B handover, triggering paging when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the like.

[0051] The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0052] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include, or may be in communication with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired networks and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0053] Although the WTRU Figures 1A to 1D Although described as wireless terminals, it is contemplated that in certain representative embodiments, such terminals may (eg, temporarily or permanently) use a wired communications interface with a communications network.

[0054] In a representative embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0055] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STA) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or an interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic to and / or carries traffic away from the BSS. Traffic originating from outside the BSS and leading to the STA may be reached by the AP and may be delivered to the STA. Traffic originating from the STA and leading to a destination outside the BSS may be transmitted to the AP to be delivered to the corresponding destination. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be transmitted by the AP, for example, wherein the source STA may transmit traffic to the AP, and the AP may deliver traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. Peer-to-peer traffic may be transmitted between the source STA and the destination STA (e.g., directly between them) using direct link establishment (DLS). In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z tunnel DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs within or using the IBSS (eg, all STAs in the STA) may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS communication mode may sometimes be referred to herein as an "ad hoc" communication mode.

[0056] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure operating mode or a similar operating mode, the AP may send beacons on a fixed channel (such as a primary channel). The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a width dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel may be an operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In certain representative embodiments, carrier sense multiple access / collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. For CSMA / CA, a STA (e.g., each STA) (including the AP) may listen to the primary channel. In the case where the primary channel is listened / detected and / or determined to be busy by a specific STA, the specific STA may back off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0057] High throughput (HT) STAs may communicate using a 40 MHz wide channel, for example, via a combination of a primary 20 MHz channel and adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0058] Very high throughput (VHT) STA can support 20MHz, 40MHz, 80MHz and / or 160MHz wide channels. 40MHz channels and / or 80MHz channels can be formed by combining continuous 20MHz channels. 160MHz channels can be formed by combining 8 continuous 20MHz channels, or by combining two non-continuous 80MHz channels (this can be called 80+80 configuration). For 80+80 configuration, after channel coding, the data can pass through a segment parser that can divide the data into two streams. Each stream can be processed by inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) and time domain processing separately. These streams can be mapped to two 80MHz channels, and data can be sent by the transmitter STA. At the receiver of the receiver STA, the above-mentioned operation for the 80+80 configuration can be reversed, and the combined data can be transmitted to the medium access control (MAC).

[0059] 802.11af and 802.11ah support operating modes below 1GHz. Channel operating bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah relative to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5MHz, 10MHz, and 20MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1MHz, 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, and 16MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah may support instrument type control / machine type communications, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have certain capabilities, such as limited capabilities, including support for (e.g., only support for) certain bandwidths and / or limited bandwidths. MTC devices may include batteries with battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain very long battery life).

[0060] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths (such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah) include channels that can be designated as primary channels. The primary channel may have a bandwidth equal to the maximum common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by a STA (which supports the minimum bandwidth operating mode) from all STAs operating in the BSS. In the example of 802.11ah, for STAs (e.g., MTC-type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1MHz mode, the primary channel may be 1MHz wide, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2MHz, 4MHz, 8MHz, 16MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sensing and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the state of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, because a STA (supporting only a 1MHz operating mode) is sending to the AP, the entire available frequency band may be considered busy even if most of the frequency bands remain idle and may be available.

[0061] In the United States, the available frequency band for 802.11ah is 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency band is 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz, depending on the country code.

[0062] Figure 1D 1 is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 in accordance with an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ NR radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with the CN 115.

[0063] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, though it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, the gNBs 180a, 180b may utilize beamforming to send signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a may, for example, use multiple antennas to send wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement coordinated multi-point (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0064] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with scalable parameter sets. For example, OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or Transmission Time Intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable lengths (e.g., containing different numbers of OFDM symbols and / or varying absolute time lengths over time).

[0065] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while not accessing other RANs (e.g., such as the eNodeBs 160a, 160b, 160c). In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may use one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as mobility anchors. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate / connect with the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating / connecting with another RAN, such as the eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement the DC principle to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the eNode-B 160a, 160b, 160c may act as a mobility anchor for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the gNB 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage and / or throughput for serving the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0066] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards a user plane function (UPF) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards an access and mobility management function (AMF) 182a, 182b, etc. Figure 1D As shown, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may communicate with each other via an Xn interface.

[0067] Figure 1DThe illustrated CN 115 may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possible data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it should be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0068] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N2 interface and may act as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c, support of network slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a specific SMF 183a, 183b, management of registration areas, termination of NAS signaling, mobility management, etc. The AMF 182a, 182b may use network slicing to customize CN support for the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of services utilized by the WTRU 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, etc. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0069] The SMF 183a, 183b may be connected to the AMF 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via the N11 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may also be connected to the UPF 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via the N4 interface. The SMF 183a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184a, 184b, and configure the traffic routing through the UPF 184a, 184b. The SMF 183a, 183b may perform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notification, etc. The PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0070] The UPF 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via the N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, etc.

[0071] The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include or may communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired networks and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b via the UPF 184a, 184b via the N3 interface to the UPF 184a, 184b and the N6 interface between the UPF 184a, 184b and the DN 185a, 185b.

[0072] Given that Figures 1A to 1D as well as Figures 1A to 1D Corresponding to the description of the present invention, one or more or all of the functions described herein with reference to one or more of the following may be performed by one or more simulation devices (not shown): WTRU102a-102d, base station 114a-114b, evolved Node B 160a-160c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180a-180c, AMF 182a-182b, UPF 184a-184b, SMF 183a-183b, DN 185a-185b and / or any other device described herein. The simulation device may be one or more devices configured to mimic one or more or all of the functions described herein. For example, the simulation device may be used to test other devices and / or simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0073] The simulation device may be designed to implement one or more tests of other devices in a laboratory environment and / or in an operator network environment. For example, one or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network in order to test other devices within the communication network. One or more simulation devices may perform one or more functions or all functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The simulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may use over-the-air wireless communications to perform testing.

[0074] One or more simulation devices can perform one or more (including all) functions without being implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the simulation device can be used in a test scenario in a test lab and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network to implement testing of one or more components. One or more simulation devices can be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuits (e.g., which can include one or more antennas) can be used by the simulation device to send and / or receive data.

[0075] The present application describes a number of aspects, including tools, features, examples, models, methods, etc. Many of these aspects are described in a particular manner, and at least in order to illustrate individual characteristics, are usually described in a manner that may sound restrictive. However, this is to describe clearly and does not limit the application or scope of these aspects. In fact, all different aspects can be combined and interchanged to provide further aspects. In addition, these aspects can also be combined and interchanged with the aspects described in the earlier submission.

[0076] The aspects described and contemplated in this application can be implemented in many different forms. Figures 5 to 8 Some examples may be provided, but others are also contemplated. Figures 5 to 8 The discussion does not limit the breadth of specific implementations. At least one of these aspects generally relates to video encoding and decoding, and at least one other aspect generally relates to sending a generated or encoded bitstream. These and other aspects can be implemented as methods, apparatus, a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions for encoding or decoding video data according to any of the methods described, and / or a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon a bitstream generated according to any of the methods described.

[0077] In this application, the terms "reconstruction" and "decoding" may be used interchangeably, the terms "pixel" and "sample" may be used interchangeably, and the terms "image", "picture" and "frame" may be used interchangeably.

[0078] Various methods are described herein, and each method includes one or more steps or actions for implementing the method. Unless the correct operation method requires a specific order of steps or actions, the order and / or purpose of specific steps and / or actions can be modified or combined. In addition, in various examples, terms such as "first", "second" and the like can be used to modify elements, components, steps, operations, etc., such as, for example, "first decoding" and "second decoding". Unless specifically required, the use of such terms does not imply the ordering of the modification operation. Therefore, in this example, the first decoding does not need to be performed before the second decoding, and can, for example, occur before, during, or in overlapping time periods of the second decoding.

[0079] like Figure 2 and Figure 3 As shown, various methods and other aspects described in this application can be used to modify modules (e.g., decoding modules) of video encoder 200 and decoder 300. In addition, the subject matter disclosed herein can be applied to, for example, any type, format, or version of video decoding (whether described in a standard or described in a recommendation, whether pre-existing or developed in the future, and any extension of such standards and recommendations). Unless otherwise indicated or technically excluded, the aspects described in this application can be used alone or in combination.

[0080] Various values ​​are used in describing examples of the present application, such as bits, bit depth, etc. These and other specific values ​​are used for the purpose of describing the examples, and the described aspects are not limited to these specific values.

[0081] Figure 2 is a diagram illustrating an example video encoder. Variations of the example encoder 200 are contemplated, but the following describes encoder 200 for clarity without describing all contemplated variations.

[0082] Before being encoded, the video sequence may undergo a pre-encoding process (201), for example, applying a color transform to an input color picture (e.g., conversion from RGB 4:4:4 to YCbCr 4:2:0), or performing a remapping of input picture components to obtain a signal distribution that is more resilient to compression (e.g., using histogram equalization of one of the color components). Metadata may be associated with the pre-processing and appended to the bitstream.

[0083] In encoder 200, a picture is encoded by encoder elements as described below. The picture to be encoded is partitioned (202) and processed in units such as coding units (CUs). Each unit is encoded, for example, using intra mode or inter mode. When a unit is encoded in intra mode, the unit performs intra prediction (260). In inter mode, motion estimation (275) and compensation (270) are performed. The encoder decides (205) which of intra mode or inter mode to use to encode the unit, and indicates the intra / inter decision by, for example, a prediction mode flag. The prediction residual is calculated, for example, by subtracting (210) the predicted block from the original image block.

[0084] The prediction residual is then transformed (225) and quantized (230). The quantized transform coefficients, along with motion vectors and other syntax elements, are entropy coded (245) to output a bitstream. The encoder may skip the transform and apply quantization directly to the untransformed residual signal. The encoder may bypass both the transform and quantization, i.e., directly code the residual without applying the transform or quantization process.

[0085] The encoder decodes the coded block to provide a reference for further prediction. The quantized transform coefficients are dequantized (240) and inverse transformed (250) to decode the prediction residual. The image block is reconstructed by combining the decoded prediction residual and the predicted block (255). A loop filter (265) is applied to the reconstructed picture to perform, for example, deblocking / SAO (sample adaptive offset) filtering to reduce coding artifacts. The filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (280).

[0086] Figure 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a video decoder. In the example decoder 300, a bitstream is decoded by decoder elements, as described below. The video decoder 300 generally performs the same Figure 2 The decoding process is the reverse of the encoding process described in . The encoder 200 also typically performs video decoding as part of encoding the video data.

[0087] Specifically, the input of the decoder includes a video bitstream, which may be generated by the video encoder 200. First, the bitstream is entropy decoded (330) to obtain transform coefficients, motion vectors, and other decoded information. Picture partition information indicates how the picture is partitioned. Therefore, the decoder can divide (335) the picture according to the decoded picture partition information. The transform coefficients are dequantized (340) and inverse transformed (350) to decode the prediction residual. The image block is reconstructed by combining (355) the decoded prediction residual and the predicted block. The predicted block can be obtained (370) from intra-frame prediction (360) or motion compensated prediction (i.e., inter-frame prediction) (375). A loop filter (365) is applied to the reconstructed image. The filtered image is stored at a reference picture buffer (380).

[0088] The decoded picture may also undergo post-decoding processing (385), such as an inverse color transform (e.g., conversion from YCbCr 4:2:0 to RGB 4:4:4) or performing an inverse remapping that is the inverse of the remapping process performed in the pre-encoding process (201). The post-decoding processing may use metadata derived in the pre-encoding process and signaled in the bitstream. In an example, the decoded image (e.g., after applying the loop filter (365) and / or after the post-decoding processing (385), if post-decoding processing is used) may be transmitted to a display device for presentation to a user.

[0089] Figure 4 4 is a diagram showing an example of a system in which various aspects and examples described herein can be implemented. System 400 may be embodied as a device including various components described below and configured to perform one or more aspects of the aspects described in this document. Examples of such devices include, but are not limited to, various electronic devices such as personal computers, laptop computers, smart phones, tablet computers, digital multimedia set-top boxes, digital television receivers, personal video recording systems, connected home appliances, and servers. The elements of system 400 may be embodied in a single integrated circuit (IC), multiple ICs, and / or discrete components, either individually or in combination. For example, in at least one example, the processing and encoder / decoder elements of system 400 are distributed over multiple ICs and / or discrete components. In various examples, system 400 is communicatively coupled to one or more other systems or other electronic devices via, for example, a communication bus or through dedicated input ports and / or output ports. In various examples, system 400 is configured to implement one or more aspects of the aspects described in this document.

[0090] The system 400 includes at least one processor 410 configured to execute instructions loaded therein for implementing, for example, various aspects described in this document. The processor 410 may include embedded memory, input-output interfaces, and various other circuits as known in the art. The system 400 includes at least one memory 420 (e.g., a volatile memory device and / or a non-volatile memory device). The system 400 includes a storage device 440, which may include a non-volatile memory and / or a volatile memory, including but not limited to an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), a read-only memory (ROM), a programmable read-only memory (PROM), a random access memory (RAM), a dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a static random access memory (SRAM), a flash memory, a magnetic disk drive, and / or an optical disk drive. As non-limiting examples, the storage device 440 may include an internal storage device, an attached storage device (including a removable and non-removable storage device), and / or a network-accessible storage device.

[0091] The system 400 includes an encoder / decoder module 430, which is configured to process data, for example, to provide encoded video or decoded video, and the encoder / decoder module 430 may include its own processor and memory. The encoder / decoder module 430 represents a module that may be included in a device to perform encoding and / or decoding functions. As is well known, a device may include one or both of an encoding module and a decoding module. In addition, the encoder / decoder module 430 may be implemented as a separate element of the system 400, or may be incorporated into the processor 410 as a combination of hardware and software known to those skilled in the art.

[0092] Program code to be loaded onto the processor 410 or the encoder / decoder 430 to perform various aspects described in this document may be stored in the storage device 440 and subsequently loaded onto the memory 420 for execution by the processor 410. According to various examples, one or more of the processor 410, the memory 420, the storage device 440, and the encoder / decoder module 430 may store one or more of various items during the execution of the processes described in this document. Such stored items may include, but are not limited to, input video, decoded video or partially decoded video, bitstreams, matrices, variables, and intermediate or final results of processing equations, formulas, operations, and operation logic.

[0093] In some examples, memory inside the processor 410 and / or the encoder / decoder module 430 is used to store instructions and provide working memory for processing required during encoding or decoding. However, in other examples, memory external to the processing device (e.g., the processing device may be the processor 410 or the encoder / decoder module 430) is used for one or more of these functions. The external memory may be a memory 420 and / or a storage device 440, such as a dynamic volatile memory and / or a non-volatile flash memory. In several examples, the external non-volatile flash memory is used to store, for example, an operating system for a television. In at least one example, a fast external dynamic volatile memory (such as RAM) is used as working memory for video encoding and decoding operations.

[0094] Inputs to the elements of system 400 may be provided through various input devices as indicated in block 445. Such input devices include, but are not limited to: (i) a radio frequency (RF) section that receives an RF signal, such as that transmitted over the air by a broadcaster; (ii) a component (COMP) input terminal (or a set of COMP input terminals); (iii) a universal serial bus (USB) input terminal; and / or (iv) a high-definition multimedia interface (HDMI) input terminal. Other examples ( Figure 4 ) includes composite video.

[0095] In various examples, the input device of frame 445 has the corresponding input processing element associated as known in the art.For example, the RF part can be associated with the element suitable for the following: (i) select the required frequency (also referred to as selecting signal, or limiting the signal band to a band), (ii) down-convert the selected signal, (iii) again band-limit to a narrower band to select the signal band that (for example) can be called a channel in some examples, (iv) demodulate the signal through down-conversion and band-limited, (v) perform error correction, and / or (vi) demultiplex to select the required data packet stream. The RF part of various examples includes one or more elements for performing these functions, such as frequency selector, signal selector, band limiter, channel selector, filter, down-converter, demodulator, error corrector and demultiplexer. The RF part can include a tuner that performs various functions in these functions, including, for example, down-converting the received signal to a lower frequency (for example, intermediate frequency or near baseband frequency) or to baseband. In a set-top box example, the RF part and its associated input processing element receive the RF signal sent by wired (for example, cable) medium, and filter to the desired frequency band by filtering, down-conversion and again to perform frequency selection.Various examples rearrange the order of above-mentioned (and other) elements, remove some elements in these elements, and / or add other elements that perform similar or different functions.Adding element can include inserting element between existing elements, such as, inserting amplifier and analog-to-digital converter.In various examples, the RF part includes antenna.

[0096] The USB and / or HDMI terminals may include corresponding interface processors for connecting the system 400 to other electronic devices across the USB and / or HDMI connections. It should be understood that various aspects of input processing (e.g., Reed-Solomon error correction) may be implemented as needed, for example, in a separate input processing IC or in the processor 410. Similarly, various aspects of USB or HDMI interface processing may be implemented as needed, in a separate interface IC or in the processor 410. The demodulated, error-corrected, and demultiplexed streams are provided to various processing elements, including, for example, the processor 410 and the encoder / decoder 430, which operate in conjunction with the memory and storage elements to process the data stream as needed for presentation on the output device.

[0097] The various components of system 400 may be disposed within an integrated housing. Within the integrated housing, the various components may be interconnected and transmit data between the components using a suitable connection arrangement 425 (e.g., an internal bus known in the art, including an inter-chip (I2C) bus, wiring, and a printed circuit board).

[0098] System 400 includes a communication interface 450 that enables communication with other devices via a communication channel 460. Communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a transceiver configured to send and receive data through communication channel 460. Communication interface 450 may include, but is not limited to, a modem or a network card, and communication channel 460 may be implemented, for example, within a wired and / or wireless medium.

[0099] In various examples, data is streamed or otherwise provided to the system 400 using a wireless network such as a Wi-Fi network, for example, IEEE 802.11 (IEEE refers to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). The Wi-Fi signals of these examples are received via a communication channel 460 and a communication interface 450 suitable for Wi-Fi communications. The communication channel 460 of these examples is typically connected to an access point or router that provides access to external networks including the Internet to allow streaming applications and other cross-top communications. Other examples provide streaming data to the system 400 using a set-top box that passes the data through an HDMI connection of the input box 445. Still other examples use an RF connection of the input box 445 to provide streaming data to the system 400. As indicated above, the various examples provide data in a non-streaming manner. In addition, the various examples use wireless networks other than Wi-Fi, such as cellular networks or network.

[0100] The system 400 may provide output signals to various output devices, including a display 475, a speaker 485, and other peripherals 495. The display 475 of various examples includes, for example, one or more of a touch screen display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, a curved display, and / or a foldable display. The display 475 may be used for a television, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a cellular phone (mobile phone), or other devices. The display 475 may also be integrated with other components (e.g., as in a smart phone), or may be independent (e.g., an external monitor for a laptop computer). In various examples, other peripherals 495 include one or more of an independent digital video disc (or digital versatile disc) (DVD, for both terms), a disc player, a stereo system, and / or a lighting system. Various examples use one or more peripherals 495 that provide functions based on the output of the system 400. For example, a disc player performs the function of playing the output of the system 400.

[0101] In various examples, control signals are communicated between the system 400 and the display 475, speaker 485, or other peripheral device 495 using signaling such as AV.Link, consumer electronics control (CEC), or other communication protocols that enable device-to-device control with or without user intervention. Output devices may be communicatively coupled to the system 400 via dedicated connections through respective interfaces 470, 480, and 490. Alternatively, the output devices may be connected to the system 400 via a communication interface 450 using a communication channel 460. The display 475 and speaker 485 may be integrated into a single unit with other components of the system 400 in an electronic device such as, for example, a television. In various examples, the display interface 470 includes a display driver, such as, for example, a timing controller (TCon) chip.

[0102] For example, if the RF portion of input 445 is part of a separate set-top box, display 475 and speaker 485 may alternatively be separate from one or more of the other components. In various examples where display 475 and speaker 485 are external components, output signals may be provided via dedicated output connections including, for example, an HDMI port, a USB port, or a COMP output.

[0103] These examples may be performed by computer software implemented by processor 410 or by hardware or by a combination of hardware and software. As a non-limiting example, these examples may be implemented by one or more integrated circuits. Memory 420 may be of any type suitable for the technical environment and may be implemented using any appropriate data storage technology, such as, as a non-limiting example, optical memory devices, magnetic memory devices, semiconductor-based memory devices, fixed memory, and removable memory. Processor 410 may be of any type suitable for the technical environment and may include, as a non-limiting example, one or more of a microprocessor, a general-purpose computer, a special-purpose computer, and a processor based on a multi-core architecture.

[0104] Various implementations involve decoding. As used in this application, "decoding" may encompass, for example, all or part of a process performed on a received coded sequence to produce a final output suitable for display. In various examples, such processes include one or more of the processes typically performed by a decoder, such as entropy decoding, inverse quantization, inverse transform, and differential decoding. In various examples, such processes also include or alternatively include processes performed by decoders of various implementations described in this application, such as generating a most probable mode (MPM) list for the current block; reordering the MPM list based on a reordering process for each mode in the MPM list; and performing prediction on the current block based on the reordered MPM list, etc.

[0105] As another example, in one example, "decoding" refers only to entropy decoding, in another example, "decoding" refers only to differential decoding, and in another example, "decoding" refers to a combination of entropy decoding and differential decoding. Whether the phrase "decoding process" is intended to refer specifically to a subset of operations or broadly to a broader decoding process will be clear based on the context of the specific description and is considered to be well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0106] Various implementations involve encoding. In a manner similar to the discussion above about "decoding", "encoding" as used in this application may cover, for example, all or part of the processes performed on an input video sequence to produce an encoded bitstream. In various examples, such processes include one or more of the processes typically performed by an encoder, such as partitioning, differential encoding, transforms, quantization, and entropy encoding. In various examples, such processes also include or alternatively include processes performed by encoders of various implementations described in this application, such as generating a most probable mode (MPM) list for the current block; reordering the MPM list based on a reordering process for each mode in the MPM list; and encoding the current block based on the reordered MPM list, etc.

[0107] As another example, in one example, "encoding" refers only to entropy encoding, in another example, "encoding" refers only to differential encoding, and in another example, "encoding" refers to a combination of differential encoding and entropy encoding. Whether the phrase "encoding process" is intended to refer specifically to a subset of operations or broadly to a broader encoding process will be clear based on the context of the specific description and is considered to be well understood by those skilled in the art.

[0108] It should be noted that the syntax elements used herein (eg, including but not limited to MpmFlag and SecondaryMpmFlag) are descriptive terms, and therefore, they do not exclude the use of other syntax element names.

[0109] When the figures are presented as flow charts, it should be understood that they also provide block diagrams of corresponding devices. Similarly, when the figures are presented as block diagrams, it should be understood that they also provide flow charts of corresponding methods / processes.

[0110] The specific implementations and aspects described herein may be implemented in, for example, a method or process, a device, a software program, a data stream, or a signal. Even if only discussed in the context of a single form of specific implementation (e.g., discussed only as a method), the specific implementation of the features discussed may also be implemented in other forms (e.g., a device or program). The device may be implemented in, for example, appropriate hardware, software, and firmware. These methods may be implemented in, for example, a processor, which generally refers to a processing device, including, for example, a computer, a microprocessor, an integrated circuit, or a programmable logic device. The processor also includes communication equipment, such as, for example, a computer, a mobile phone, a portable / personal digital assistant ("PDA"), and other equipment that facilitates information communication between end users.

[0111] References to "one example" or "an example" or "one implementation" or "an implementation" and other variations thereof mean that a particular feature, structure, characteristic, etc. described in connection with the example is included in at least one example. Thus, the phrases "in one example" or "in an example" or "in one implementation" or "in an implementation" and any other variations appearing in various places throughout this application are not necessarily all referring to the same example.

[0112] Additionally, the present application may involve "determining" various pieces of information. Determining information may include, for example, one or more of estimating information, calculating information, predicting information, or retrieving information from a memory. Obtaining may include receiving, retrieving, constructing, generating, and / or determining.

[0113] Furthermore, the present application may refer to "accessing" various information. Accessing information may include, for example, one or more of receiving information, retrieving information (e.g., from a memory), storing information, moving information, copying information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0114] Additionally, the present application may refer to "receiving" various information. Like "accessing," receiving is intended to be a broad term. Receiving information may include, for example, one or more of accessing information or retrieving information (e.g., from a memory). Furthermore, "receiving" generally involves, in one way or another, during operations such as, for example, storing information, processing information, sending information, moving information, copying information, erasing information, calculating information, determining information, predicting information, or estimating information.

[0115] It should be understood that the use of any of the following " / ", "and / or", and "at least one of", for example, in the case of "A / B", "A and / or B", and "at least one of A and B", is intended to cover selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or selecting both options (A and B). As a further example, in the case of "A, B, and / or C" and "at least one of A, B, and C", such phrases are intended to cover selecting only the first listed option (A), or only the second listed option (B), or only the third listed option (C), or only the first listed option and the second listed option (A and B), or only the first listed option and the third listed option (A and C), or only the second listed option and the third listed option (B and C), or all three options (A and B and C). As will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in this and related arts, this can be extended to as many items as listed.

[0116] Moreover, as used herein, the term "signaling" refers to (among other things) indicating something to a corresponding decoder. Thus, in an example, the same parameters are used at both the encoder and decoder ends. Thus, for example, the encoder may send (explicit signaling) specific parameters to the decoder so that the decoder may use the same specific parameters. On the contrary, if the decoder already has specific parameters and other parameters, signaling may be used without sending (implicit signaling) to simply allow the decoder to know and select specific parameters. By avoiding sending any actual function, bit savings are achieved in various examples. It should be understood that signaling can be implemented in a variety of ways. For example, in various examples, one or more grammatical elements, flags, etc. are used to signal information to the corresponding decoder. Although the verb form "signaling" of the term is previously related to, the term may (for example, also) be used as a noun "signal" herein.

[0117] It will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that a specific implementation may generate a variety of signals formatted to carry, for example, storable or transmittable information. The information may include, for example, instructions for executing a method or data generated by one of the described specific implementations. For example, a signal may be formatted to carry a bit stream of the example. Such a signal may be formatted as, for example, an electromagnetic wave (e.g., using a radio frequency portion of a spectrum) or a baseband signal. Formatting may include, for example, encoding a data stream and modulating a carrier using the encoded data stream. The information carried by the signal may be, for example, analog or digital information. As is well known, a signal may be sent over a variety of different wired or wireless links. The signal may be stored on, or accessed or received from, a processor-readable medium.

[0118] Many examples are described herein. The features of the examples may be provided individually or in any combination across various claim categories and types. In addition, the examples may include one or more of the features, devices or aspects described herein individually or in any combination across various claim categories and types. For example, the features described herein may include a bitstream or signal of information generated as described herein to be implemented. This information may allow a decoder to decode a bitstream, an encoder, a bitstream and / or a decoder according to any of the embodiments described in the embodiments. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by creating and / or sending and / or receiving and / or decoding a bitstream or a signal. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by a method, a process, a device, a medium storing instructions, a medium storing data or a signal. For example, the features described herein may be implemented by a TV, a set-top box, a mobile phone, a tablet computer or other electronic devices that perform decoding. A TV, a set-top box, a mobile phone, a tablet computer or other electronic devices may display (e.g., using a monitor, a screen or other type of display) the resulting image (e.g., an image reconstructed from the residual of a video bitstream). A TV, a set-top box, a mobile phone, a tablet computer or other electronic devices may receive a signal including an encoded image and perform decoding.

[0119] Syntax element values ​​may be predicted from previously coded blocks whose pixels surrounding the blocks (eg, L-shaped pixels) match the current block template.Examples described herein may increase coding gain and / or reduce signaling of syntax elements.

[0120] These examples may be performed by a device having at least one processor. The device may be an encoder or a decoder. These examples may be performed by a computer program product stored on a non-transitory computer-readable medium and including program code instructions. These examples may be performed by a computer program including program code instructions. These examples may be performed by a bitstream including information representing a template matching prediction mode.

[0121] Prediction (e.g., intra prediction) can be a coding tool used in video coding (e.g., hybrid video coding). For a given block to be predicted (e.g., current block), the encoder can select the best prediction mode (e.g., intra prediction mode) in terms of rate distortion. The encoder can select the best prediction mode (e.g., intra prediction mode) index to the decoder so that the decoder can perform the same prediction for the block (e.g., current block). Signaling the mode index can add additional overhead and reduce the gain from the intra-frame part. Therefore, the index of the prediction mode (e.g., intra prediction mode) selected for predicting a given block can be decoded in a manner that creates a most probable mode (MPM) set, and thus reduces the signaling overhead when the index of the selected mode belongs to the list. These examples can be used to signal a prediction mode index (e.g., intra prediction mode index), which can be referred to as MPM list-based signaling. In an example, multiple MPM lists (e.g., two MPM lists) can be used instead of one MPM list. In the examples related to MPM list-based signaling herein, the signaling of the mode index can be shortened to the signaling of the mode.

[0122] In an example, a prediction mode (e.g., two additional intra prediction modes) may be introduced. Example prediction modes may include decoder-side intra mode derivation (DIMD) and template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD). In these modes (e.g., two modes), reconstructed pixels (e.g., template pixels) around the current block in the top and left directions may be used to derive a prediction mode (e.g., an intra prediction mode). In DIMD, a template of reconstructed pixels may be analyzed to infer the directionality of the template, from which a directional mode (e.g., two directional modes) may be selected. A prediction signal may be generated by mixing a mode (e.g., two modes) with a planar mode. In TIMD, a prediction mode (e.g., an intra prediction mode) may be tested on a template of reconstructed pixels. For example, an optimal mode (e.g., two optimal modes) may be selected (e.g., a mode that minimizes the absolute transform difference (SATD) between the template of the reconstructed pixels and its prediction). A prediction signal may be generated by applying an optimal mode or mixing these modes (e.g., two modes) (depending on their predicted SATD).

[0123] In DIMD, two intra modes can be derived from reconstructed neighboring samples. Two intra modes (e.g., predictors) can be combined with a planar mode predictor with weights derived from gradients. The division operation in the weight derivation can be performed using the same lookup table (LUT) based integerization scheme used by the cross-compliant linear model (CCLM). For example, the division operation in the orientation calculation

[0124] Orient=G y / G x

[0125] It can be calculated by the following LUT-based scheme:

[0126] x=Floor(Log2(Gx))

[0127] normDiff=((Gx<<4)>>x)&15

[0128] x+=(3+(normDiff!=0)?1:0)

[0129] Orient=(Gy*(DivSigTable[normDiff]|8)+(1<<(x-1)))>>x, where

[0130] DivSigTable

[16] ={0,7,6,5,5,4,4,3,3,2,2,1,1,1,1,0}.

[0131] The derived intra modes may be included in a master list of intra most probable modes (MPMs), and the DIMD process may be performed before constructing the MPM list. The master derived intra modes of a DIMD block may be stored with the block and may be used for MPM list construction for neighboring blocks. In an example, the MPM list may include modes generated from the DIMD.

[0132] In TIMD, at least one of the following modes may be a mode tested on a template surrounding a current block (e.g., may be the only mode): a prediction mode (e.g., an intra prediction mode) in an MPM list (e.g., two MPM lists); a default prediction mode (e.g., several default intra prediction modes); or potentially extended directional intra prediction modes, which may be neighbors of the retained prediction modes (e.g., two retained directional intra prediction modes). For the tested modes (e.g., for each tested mode), the SATD (also called the SATD distance) between the template of decoded pixels surrounding the current block and the prediction of the template via the mode may be calculated. The SATD distance may be used to reorder the MPM list so that the shortest distance mode is placed at the top of the MPM list. The reordering process may produce a better representation of possible modes, and therefore better signaling.

[0133] Figure 5 Examples of prediction modes (e.g., intra prediction modes) are illustrated. Examples of prediction modes (e.g., the core 67 intra prediction modes) may be provided herein. To capture arbitrary edge directions present in natural video, the number of modes (e.g., directional intra modes) may be expanded from 33 to 65. Directional modes may be depicted as Figure 5. These denser directional modes (e.g., directional intra prediction modes) may be applicable to different block sizes (e.g., all block sizes) and to different predictions (e.g., both luma intra prediction and chroma intra prediction). Prediction modes (e.g., several angular intra prediction modes) may be replaced (e.g., adaptively replaced) with wide-angle intra prediction modes for non-square blocks.

[0134] Planar mode and DC mode may remain unchanged (e.g., excluding the following minor modifications). An intra-coded block (e.g., each intra-coded block) may have a square shape, and the length of each side thereof may be a power of 2. Therefore, a division operation may not be required to generate an intra predictor using the DC mode. Blocks may have a rectangular shape, and in general, a division operation may need to be used for each block. To avoid a division operation for DC prediction, the longer sides (e.g., only the longer sides) may be used to calculate the average of non-square blocks.

[0135] An example of a core structure of prediction modes (e.g., 67 intra prediction modes) may be provided herein. The core structure may be improved in at least one of the following ways: the four-tap interpolation for directional intra prediction modes may be changed to six-tap interpolation; or the position-dependent intra prediction combination (PDPC) may be supplemented with gradient PDPC.

[0136] Figure 6 An example of derivation of an MPM list (e.g., a general MPM list) for a current luma coding block (CB) belonging to an intra slice is illustrated. Examples of MPM list-based signaling may be provided herein. If the prediction mode (e.g., an intra prediction mode) selected for predicting the current luma CB is neither a matrix-based intra prediction (MIP) mode, nor a DIMD, nor a TIMD (e.g., it is one of the 67 intra prediction modes), the MPM list for the CB may be used to signal its index. The MPM list (e.g., a general MPM list) may be decomposed into a list of 6 primary MPMs and a list of 22 secondary MPMs (e.g., as Figure 6 The general MPM list may be constructed by adding (eg, sequentially adding) candidate prediction mode indices from the candidate prediction mode index that is most likely to be the selected prediction mode for predicting the current luma CB to the least likely candidate prediction mode index. Figure 6 From left to right, the candidate intra prediction mode indexes are added in order when the current luma CB belongs to an intra slice. There may be no redundancy in the general list of MPM, which means that it may not include the same (e.g., two identical) prediction mode (e.g., intra prediction mode) indexes. Figure 6An example is illustrated in which each candidate prediction mode index (e.g., intra-frame prediction mode index) may be different from each other. In the example (e.g., in a general case), the time slots indexed 0 to i-1 included in the general list of the MPM may have been filled. If the current candidate prediction mode index already exists in the current general list of the MPM, the candidate can be skipped, and if the next candidate prediction mode does not exist in the general list of the MPM, the next candidate prediction mode can be inserted at the time slot with index i. The current prediction mode index may be inserted at the time slot with index i (e.g., in other ways), and the next candidate prediction mode may be inserted at the time slot with index i+1 (if the next candidate prediction mode does not exist in the general list of the MPM).

[0137] Figure 7 An example is illustrated of signaling (e.g., MPM list-based signaling) an index of a prediction mode (e.g., intra prediction mode) to predict a current luma CB after signaling a multiple reference line (MRL) index and, if necessary, an intra subpartition (ISP) mode if a selected prediction mode (e.g., intra prediction mode) is neither DIMD, MIP, nor TIMD. Figure 7 It is illustrated that MPM list-based signaling can implement hierarchical entropy coding of the index of the intra prediction mode selected for predicting the current luma CB. Block differential pulse coding modulation (BDPCM), template matching prediction (TMP), intra block copy (IBC), and palette can be disabled (e.g., in the example) because these tools can be optionally dedicated to specific video sequences / configurations.

[0138] This paper provides an example of fusion of template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD). For the current luma CB, for the prediction modes in its MPM list supplemented with a default mode (e.g., for each intra prediction mode), the SATD between the prediction of the template of the CB via the mode and the reconstructed samples of the template can be calculated. The prediction mode with the smallest SATD (e.g., two intra prediction modes) can be selected as the TIMD mode. For TIMD, the SATD can be calculated by Figure 5Inserting directions between each solid arrow in and its adjacent dashed arrow, the directional intra prediction mode set is extended from 65 to 129. This means that the possible intra prediction mode set derived via TIMD can collect 131 modes. If the prediction modes (e.g., two intra prediction modes) involving the MPM list supplemented with the default mode from the first round of testing are retained (e.g., after retaining these prediction modes), for each of these modes (e.g., two modes), if the mode is neither a plane mode nor a DC mode, TIMD can test (e.g., also test) its closest (e.g., two closest) extended directional intra prediction mode in terms of predicting SATD. If PDPC is applied (e.g., after applying the PDPC), the TIMD modes (e.g., two TIMD modes) generated by multiple rounds (e.g., two rounds) of testing can be fused with weights. Such weighted intra prediction can be used to decode the current brightness CB. PDPC can be included in the derivation of the TIMD mode.

[0139] The cost of the selected mode (e.g., two selected modes) can be compared to a threshold. In testing, a cost factor of 2 was applied as follows:

[0140] costMode2<2*costMode1

[0141] If this condition is true, then the fusion is applied, otherwise only mode 1 is used.

[0142] The weights of these modes are calculated based on their SATD costs as follows:

[0143] weight1=costMode2 / (costMode1+costMode2)

[0144] weight2=1-weight1

[0145] The division operation may be performed using the same lookup table (LUT) based integerization scheme used by the cross-component linear model (CCLM).

[0146] An example of reordering at least one of the primary MPM list or the secondary MPM list is provided herein. In the example, the reordering may be applied to (e.g., only to) the primary MPM. This is because the secondary MPM can be bypass-coded, and therefore the reordering may not have any impact on the decoding performance. The reordering may be limited to keeping the plane mode as the first mode within the MPM, and the reordering starts thereafter. This is because the plane mode can be a powerful mode that is often used for intra-coded blocks. The last bit in the MPM (B3 in the decoding table) can (e.g., can also) be syntax-coded. This is because the modes can be well-ordered, and in this case, syntax decoding can provide better decoding.

[0147] This article provides an example of reordering the secondary MPM. For the secondary MPM, its 16 modes can be bypassed for decoding. Therefore, appropriate binarization may be required. The same binarization as in the primary MPM can be used for the secondary MPM. Use 1 bit for the first mode, 2 bits for the second mode, and so on. The following can be done:

[0148]

[0149] In these examples, the higher the index, the higher the bits that may be needed to signal the mode. For example, 16 bits may be needed to signal the last index. The first three bits may be used for this type of signaling, and the remaining bits may be bypassed for decoding. The following may be accomplished:

[0150]

[0151]

[0152] Figure 8 An example architecture (e.g., a general architecture) for MPM reordering using TIMD is illustrated. The dashed rectangle may represent a newly added process for reordering the MPM list. An MPM list for the current block may be generated. The MPM list may be reordered based on a reordering process for each mode in the MPM list. The MPM list may be reordered according to the distance calculated by the TIMD reordering process. In an example, the TIMD reordering process may test the MPM on an available template of a decoded sample and measure the distance for each mode in the MPM list. In an example, the distance for each mode in the MPM list may be calculated by using the SATD / SAD of each mode. A video decoding device may perform prediction on the current block based on the reordered MPM list. A video encoding device may encode the current block based on the reordered MPM list.

[0153] The TIMD reordering process can test possible MPMs (e.g., all possible MPMs) on template samples surrounding the current block. For a mode (e.g., each mode), the SATD distance (e.g., the SATD between the template and the prediction of the template via the mode) is measured, and the prediction mode with the smallest distance (e.g., two intra-frame prediction modes) can be selected for the fusion process. The MPM list can be reordered in the order of the mode with the lowest calculated SATD distance to the mode with the highest calculated SATD distance. The MPM list can be reordered using the same process. The algorithm description is provided in Table 1.

[0154]

[0155]

[0156] Table 1: Reordering the MPM list denoted as "MmpList" into

[0157] Algorithm description of "NewMpmList" .

[0158] In Table 1, if the selected distance metric is a conventional distance metric in mathematics or video compression (e.g., such as SAD, SATD, Sum of Squares (SSD)), "getSortingIndex" can sort the indexes in ascending order according to their corresponding distances in "DisList". For intra-prediction modes tested via TIMD, the distance between the template of the current block and the prediction of the template via the mode (e.g., a relatively small conventional distance) can indicate that the test mode is relatively likely to be selected for predicting the current block. If the selected distance is the reciprocal of the conventional distance metric, or the opposite of the conventional distance metric in mathematics or video compression, "getSortingIndex" can sort the indexes in descending order according to their corresponding distances in "DisList".

[0159] In an example, a DIMD flag may be set to indicate that intra prediction mode derivation is to be performed by the decoder. In the case of DIMD, a histogram of gradients or directions may be generated, for example, based on a template associated with the current block. The histogram may be generated based on a score associated with each of these gradients or directions. Each of the calculated gradients or directions may be associated with an intra prediction mode and stored in an MPM list. The MPM list may then be reordered using the histogram values ​​or scores associated with each of these gradients or directions or each of these intra prediction modes.

[0160] An example of binarization of a mode (e.g., an intra mode) may be provided. At the decoder end, for a given luma CB for intra prediction, if the DIMD flag is 0 (e.g., if DIMD is not used), the MIP flag may be 0 (e.g., the selected intra prediction mode may not be MIP), the TIMD flag may be 0 (e.g., TIMD may not be used), and the MRL index may be 0 (e.g., MRL may not be used). The MPM list-based signaling of the index of the prediction mode (e.g., intra prediction mode) selected for predicting the luma CB may be as defined in Table 2. BDPCM, Template Matching Prediction (TMP), Intra Block Copy (IBC), and Palette may be disabled, as these tools are optionally dedicated to specific video sequences / configurations.

[0161]

[0162]

[0163] Table 2: When DIMD is marked as 0, MIP is marked as 0, TIMD is marked as 0, and MRL is marked as 0, the MPM list-based signaling of the index of the intra prediction mode for the current brightness CB .

[0164] decodeBin(Ctx_i) may be a context-based decoding of one binary value using the context Ctx_i. decodeBinEP() may be a bypass decoding of one binary value. decodeBinsEP(n) may be a bypass decoding of n binary values. readTruncatedBinCode may be the default decoding process for non-MPM intra mode.

[0165] The signaling table is provided in Table 3 (B1* and B2* are syntax coded, and the rest are bypass coded).

[0166] IntraMode MpmFlag SecondaryMpmFlag B1* B2* B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 PLANAR 1 x 0 x x x x x x x MPM[1] 1 x 1 0 x x x x x x MPM[2] 1 x 1 1 0 x x x x x MPM[3] 1 x 1 1 0 x x x x x MPM[4] 1 x 1 1 1 0 x x x x MPM[5] 1 x 1 1 1 1 x x x x SMPM[0] 0 1 x x x x 0 0 0 0 SMPM[1] 0 1 x x x x 0 0 0 1 SMPM[2] 0 1 x x x x 0 0 1 0 SMPM[3] 0 1 x x x x 0 0 1 1 SMPM[4] 0 1 x x x x 0 1 0 0 SMPM[5] 0 1 x x x x 0 1 0 1 SMPM[6] 0 1 x x x x 0 1 1 0 SMPM[7] 0 1 x x x x 0 1 1 1 SMPM[8] 0 1 x x x x 1 0 0 0 SMPM[9] 0 1 x x x x 1 0 0 1 SMPM

[10] 0 1 x x x x 1 0 1 0 SMPM

[11] 0 1 x x x x 1 0 1 1 SMPM

[12] 0 1 x x x x 1 1 0 0 SMPM

[13] 0 1 x x x x 1 1 0 1 SMPM

[14] 0 1 x x x x 1 1 1 0 SMPM

[15] 0 1 x x x x 1 1 1 1

[0167] Table 3: When DIMD is marked as 0, MIP is marked as 0, TIMD is marked as 0, and MRL index is 0, the Signaling table for measuring intra-frame prediction mode of current brightness CB .

[0168] According to the signaling table, fewer bits may be required to signal the first most probable mode compared to the second (third, etc.) mode. That is, a single bit is used to signal the first mode, and two bits are used for the second mode, and so on. This can provide possible modes that are ordered so that fewer bits can be used for the first mode. The third bit (B3) can be bypass-decoded. This is because it is (e.g., equally) possible to use either the fifth MPM mode or the sixth MPM mode. If the MPMs are well ordered, syntax-based decoding can be used, and improved decoding can be achieved. Regarding the secondary MPMs, they can (e.g., they can all) be bypass-decoded. If the modes within them are ordered, syntax decoding can be used.

[0169] Although features and elements are described above in specific combinations, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that each feature or element may be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (sent via a wired or wireless connection) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media (such as built-in hard disks and removable disks), magneto-optical media, and optical media (such as CD-ROM disks and digital versatile disks (DVDs)). A processor associated with software may be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Claims

1. A method for video decoding, the method comprising: Generate the most probable mode (MPM) list of the current block; reordering the MPM list based on a reordering process for each mode in the MPM list; as well as Prediction is performed on the current block based on the reordered MPM list. 2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the reordering process is a template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD) reordering process.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein the TIMD reordering process comprises calculating a Sum of Absolute Transformed Difference (SATD) distance for each mode in the MPM list. The method of claim 3 , wherein the SATD distance for each pattern is calculated between a template sample and a prediction of the template sample.

5. The method of claim 3, wherein the MPM list is reordered in order of a pattern having a lowest calculated SATD distance to a pattern having a highest calculated SATD distance.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the reordering process is a decoder-end intra mode derivation (DIMD) reordering process.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the DIMD reordering process comprises calculating a histogram of scores associated with intra-prediction modes in the MPM list, and reordering the intra-prediction modes based on the calculated scores associated with the intra-prediction modes.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the MPM list comprises at least one primary MPM list or a secondary MPM list.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the reordering of the MPM list is restricted to maintaining a planar mode as a first mode.

10. A video decoding device, the device comprising: A processor, the processor being configured to: Generate the most probable mode (MPM) list of the current block; reordering the MPM list based on a reordering process for each mode in the MPM list; as well as Prediction is performed on the current block based on the reordered MPM list.

11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the reordering process is a template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD) reordering process.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the TIMD reordering process comprises computing a Sum of Absolute Transformed Difference (SATD) distance for each mode in the MPM list.

13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the SATD distance for each pattern is calculated between a template sample and a prediction of the template sample.

14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the MPM list is reordered in order of a pattern having a lowest calculated SATD distance to a pattern having a highest calculated SATD distance.

15. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the reordering process is a decoder-end intra mode derivation (DIMD) reordering process.

16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the DIMD reordering process comprises calculating a histogram of scores associated with intra-prediction modes in the MPM list, and reordering the intra-prediction modes based on the calculated scores associated with the intra-prediction modes.

17. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the MPM list comprises at least one of a primary MPM list or a secondary MPM list.

18. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the reordering of the MPM list is restricted to maintain a planar mode as a first mode.

19. A method for video encoding, the method comprising: Generate the most probable mode (MPM) list of the current block; reordering the MPM list based on a reordering process for each mode in the MPM list; as well as The current block is encoded based on the reordered MPM list.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the reordering process is a template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD) reordering process.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein the TIMD reordering process includes calculating a Sum of Absolute Transformed Difference (SATD) distance for each mode in the MPM list.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the SATD distance for each pattern is calculated between a template sample and a prediction of the template sample.

23. The method of claim 21, wherein the MPM list is reordered in order of a pattern having a lowest calculated SATD distance to a pattern having a highest calculated SATD distance.

24. The method of claim 19, wherein the reordering process is a decoder-end intra mode derivation (DIMD) reordering process.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein the DIMD reordering process comprises calculating a histogram of scores associated with intra-prediction modes in the MPM list, and reordering the intra-prediction modes based on the calculated scores associated with the intra-prediction modes.

26. The method of claim 19, wherein the MPM list comprises at least one primary MPM list or a secondary MPM list.

27. The method of claim 19, wherein the reordering of the MPM list is constrained to maintain a planar mode as a first mode.

28. A video encoding device, the device comprising: A processor, the processor being configured to: Generate the most probable mode (MPM) list of the current block; reordering the MPM list based on a reordering process for each mode in the MPM list; as well as The current block is encoded based on the reordered MPM list.

29. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the reordering process is a template-based intra mode derivation (TIMD) reordering process.

30. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the TIMD reordering process comprises computing a Sum of Absolute Transformed Difference (SATD) distance for each mode in the MPM list.

31. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the SATD distance for each pattern is calculated between a template sample and a prediction of the template sample.

32. The apparatus of claim 30, wherein the MPM list is reordered in order of a pattern having a lowest calculated SATD distance to a pattern having a highest calculated SATD distance.

33. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the reordering process is a decoder-end intra mode derivation (DIMD) reordering process.

34. The apparatus of claim 33, wherein the DIMD reordering process comprises calculating a histogram of scores associated with intra-prediction modes in the MPM list, and reordering the intra-prediction modes based on the calculated scores associated with the intra-prediction modes.

35. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the MPM list comprises at least one of a primary MPM list or a secondary MPM list.

36. The apparatus of claim 28, wherein the reordering of the MPM list is constrained to maintain a planar mode as a first mode.

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