Direct-cooling thermal management system, refrigerant self-adaptive equalization distribution method and energy storage system

Abstract

The application discloses a direct cooling type thermal management system, a refrigerant self-adaptive equal distribution method and an energy storage system, relates to the technical field of thermal management systems, and comprises a compressor, a condenser, a dry road throttling device, a refrigerant shunt and a plurality of evaporative heat exchangers; the refrigerant input ends of the compressor, the condenser, the dry road throttling device and the refrigerant shunt are sequentially communicated to form a refrigerant dry road; a plurality of refrigerant output ends of the refrigerant shunt are respectively communicated with the evaporative heat exchangers to form a plurality of refrigerant branches; each refrigerant branch is communicated with another refrigerant branch through at least one flow equalization branch. The application mainly solves the problem of how to provide the direct cooling type thermal management system with a refrigerant self-adaptive equal distribution structure and method; the application makes the state of the refrigerant consistent in each refrigerant branch, maintains the temperature consistency of each thermal management object, and makes the direct cooling type thermal management system and the energy storage system obtain higher energy efficiency.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of thermal management system technology, specifically to a direct-cooling thermal management system, a refrigerant adaptive equilibrium distribution method, and an energy storage system. Background Technology

[0002] Against the backdrop of power system transformation and upgrading, the controllability and storability of electrical energy have become one of the core development priorities. In this context, energy storage systems will also play the role of backup power and power source to enhance the reliability of the power system and prevent accidental power outages. Energy storage systems based on lithium-ion batteries have the characteristics of flexible site selection, short construction period, and good regulation performance. At the same time, lithium-ion batteries themselves have high safety performance. These characteristics have led to the widespread application of energy storage systems based on lithium-ion batteries.

[0003] Auxiliary system power consumption is one of the important factors affecting the power-to-electric conversion efficiency of energy storage systems. Experiments have verified that the auxiliary system power consumption rate of energy storage systems based on lithium iron phosphate batteries is as high as 10% or more. The auxiliary system power consumption is mainly generated by the cooling power consumption of the thermal management system. Therefore, the cooling power consumption generated by the thermal management system will reduce the overall power-to-electric conversion efficiency of the energy storage system by about 5%.

[0004] Direct-cooling thermal management systems can directly exchange heat with the heat-generating elements of energy storage systems (especially battery packs and power conversion devices) through evaporative heat exchangers. Compared with thermal management systems equipped with liquid-cooled units (also known as "liquid-cooled air conditioners"), this reduces the heat exchange efficiency loss of the liquid cooling medium, thereby improving the energy-saving effect of both the thermal management system and the energy storage system, and reducing the cost of the thermal management system. In addition, direct-cooling thermal management systems have many advantages such as no need for regular maintenance of the liquid cooling medium, no need for liquid cooling medium recycling and disposal, and no need to consider liquid cooling medium leakage. Therefore, direct-cooling thermal management systems have gained widespread attention.

[0005] However, existing direct-cooling thermal management systems still have the following technical problems:

[0006] Due to the physical properties of the refrigerant, uneven refrigerant distribution is prone to occur between branches in a multi-branch direct-cooling thermal management system. This leads to inconsistencies in the refrigerant input states (such as refrigerant flow rate, temperature, pressure, and gas-liquid two-phase ratio) of the evaporator heat exchangers in each branch, resulting in inconsistent heat exchange capabilities of each evaporator heat exchanger. Ultimately, this can cause significant temperature differences between the thermally managed objects (such as the battery packs in an energy storage system), affecting the normal operation of the thermally managed objects.

[0007] In summary, how to provide a refrigerant adaptive equilibrium distribution structure and method for direct-cooling thermal management systems has become an urgent problem to be solved. Summary of the Invention

[0008] The purpose of this invention is to provide a direct-cooling thermal management system, a refrigerant adaptive equilibrium distribution method, and an energy storage system that can adaptively balance the refrigerant state in each refrigerant branch.

[0009] To achieve the above objectives, the present invention provides the following technical solution: a direct-cooling thermal management system for thermal management of several thermally managed objects; comprising a compressor, a condenser, a main circuit throttling device, a refrigerant distributor, and several evaporative heat exchangers; the refrigerant input terminals of the compressor, the condenser, the main circuit throttling device, and the refrigerant distributor are sequentially connected to form a refrigerant main circuit; several refrigerant output terminals of the refrigerant distributor are respectively connected to each of the evaporative heat exchangers, thereby forming several refrigerant branches; the refrigerant output terminals of each of the evaporative heat exchangers converge and flow into the refrigerant main circuit, and are connected to the refrigerant input terminal of the compressor; each of the evaporative heat exchangers is capable of heat exchange with the thermally managed objects; each of the refrigerant branches is connected to another refrigerant branch through at least one flow-equalizing branch.

[0010] In the above technical solution, each of the refrigerant branches is connected to the adjacent refrigerant branch through a flow equalization branch.

[0011] In the above technical solution, after grouping all the refrigerant branches, for each group of refrigerant branches, each refrigerant branch is connected to the adjacent refrigerant branch through a flow equalization branch.

[0012] In the above technical solution, each of the refrigerant branches is connected to the adjacent refrigerant branch by alternately passing through a shunt-type flow equalization branch and a merging-type flow equalization branch.

[0013] In the above technical solution, after grouping all the refrigerant branches, for each group of refrigerant branches, each refrigerant branch alternately connects to another adjacent refrigerant branch through a shunt-type flow equalization branch and a merging-type flow equalization branch.

[0014] In the above technical solution, at least one of the refrigerant branches includes: a primary refrigerant branch leading out from the refrigerant output end of the refrigerant distributor, and a plurality of secondary refrigerant branches leading out after being diverted from the primary refrigerant branch; the flow equalization branch is connected to the secondary refrigerant branch.

[0015] In the above technical solution, at least one of the refrigerant branches is equipped with a branch throttling device after the flow equalization branch.

[0016] In the above technical solution, the direct-cooling thermal management system of the present invention further includes a refrigerant regenerator; the refrigerant output side of the refrigerant trunk is connected to one side of the refrigerant regenerator, and the refrigerant return side of the refrigerant trunk is connected to the other side of the refrigerant regenerator.

[0017] A refrigerant adaptive equilibrium distribution method, applied in the aforementioned direct-cooling thermal management system, includes:

[0018] The refrigerant flows sequentially along the compressor, condenser, main circuit throttling device, and refrigerant distributor in the refrigerant trunk line;

[0019] The refrigerant distributor distributes the refrigerant to each refrigerant branch;

[0020] The refrigerant in each of the refrigerant branches flows to the adjacent refrigerant branch through a flow equalization branch;

[0021] The refrigerant in each of the refrigerant branches, after passing through the evaporator heat exchanger, merges into the refrigerant main line and flows to the refrigerant input end of the compressor.

[0022] An energy storage system comprising the aforementioned direct-cooling thermal management system.

[0023] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows: In the direct-cooling thermal management system, refrigerant adaptive equalization distribution method, and energy storage system of the present invention, each refrigerant branch is connected to another refrigerant branch through at least one flow equalization branch. In each refrigerant branch, part of the refrigerant continues to enter the evaporator heat exchanger through the refrigerant branch, and the other part flows to another refrigerant branch through the flow equalization branch and enters another evaporator heat exchanger. After undergoing the above flow equalization process, the state of the refrigerant (e.g., refrigerant flow rate, temperature, pressure, and gas-liquid two-phase ratio) tends to be consistent in each refrigerant branch, thereby making the cooling capacity of each evaporator heat exchanger tend to be consistent, maintaining the temperature consistency of each thermally managed object, and enabling the direct-cooling thermal management system and energy storage system to achieve higher energy efficiency. Furthermore, the direct-cooling thermal management system, refrigerant adaptive equalization distribution method, and energy storage system of the present invention do not require additional hardware or the development of control methods, thus effectively controlling the cost of the thermal management system. Attached Figure Description

[0024] Figure 1 This is one of the system structure views of the present invention.

[0025] Figure 2 This is the second system structure view of the present invention.

[0026] Figure 3 This is the third system structure view of the present invention.

[0027] Figure 4This is the fourth system structure view of the present invention.

[0028] Figure 5 This is the fifth system structure view of the present invention.

[0029] Figure 6 This is the sixth system structure view of the present invention.

[0030] The attached diagram is labeled as follows: 100, battery pack; 200, refrigerant main circuit; 300, refrigerant branch circuit; 300-1, primary refrigerant branch circuit; 300-2, secondary refrigerant branch circuit; 400, flow equalization branch circuit; 1, compressor; 2, condenser; 3, main circuit throttling device; 4, refrigerant distributor; 5, evaporator heat exchanger; 6, branch circuit throttling device; 7, four-way valve; 8, refrigerant regenerator; 9, gas-liquid separator; 10, liquid receiver. Detailed Implementation

[0031] The technical solutions of the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0032] This embodiment provides a direct-cooling thermal management system for thermal management of several thermal management objects.

[0033] Energy storage systems typically include battery packs 100, power conversion devices with power electronic components, control devices (such as industrial control computers, energy storage system dedicated controllers, general controllers, etc.), and transformers, etc. All of the above components generate a certain amount of heat and can be selected as thermal management in this embodiment. In this embodiment, several battery packs 100 in the energy storage system are used as typical examples of thermal management objects to specifically illustrate the technical solution of the present invention.

[0034] Please see Figures 1-4 The direct-cooling thermal management system of this embodiment includes a compressor 1, a condenser 2, a main circuit throttling device 3, a refrigerant distributor 4, and several evaporative heat exchangers 5.

[0035] Among them, compressor 1 is a compressor used to compress refrigerant in the refrigeration system, preferably a variable frequency compressor; condenser 2 is a condenser in the refrigeration system, which dissipates heat through its own fan, preferably an electronic fan capable of precise speed adjustment; trunk throttling device 3 is a throttling device in the refrigeration system, preferably an electronic expansion valve; refrigerant distributor 4 has a refrigerant input end and several refrigerant output ends, used to distribute the refrigerant input to its refrigerant input end to the branches through the various refrigerant output ends; evaporative heat exchanger 5 is a metal heat exchanger with a refrigerant evaporation structure, used as an evaporator in the refrigeration system, and evaporative heat exchanger 5 can realize heat exchange between low-temperature refrigerant and the heat management object. Specifically, the evaporative heat exchanger 5 is attached to the surface of the heat management object or embedded in the heat management object, so as to directly absorb heat from the heat management object.

[0036] The refrigerant inlet terminals of compressor 1, condenser 2, main circuit throttling device 3, and refrigerant distributor 4 are connected in sequence to form refrigerant main circuit 200; several refrigerant outlet terminals of refrigerant distributor 4 are connected to each evaporator heat exchanger 5 respectively, thereby forming several refrigerant branch circuits 300; after the refrigerant outlet terminals of each evaporator heat exchanger 5 converge, they flow into refrigerant main circuit 200 and are connected to the refrigerant inlet terminal of compressor 1; it should be noted that the connection between the above-mentioned components is achieved through dedicated refrigerant pipelines.

[0037] Each evaporative heat exchanger 5 can exchange heat with the object under heat management. Specifically, the evaporative heat exchanger 5 is attached to the surface of the object under heat management or embedded in the object under heat management, so that it can directly absorb heat from the object under heat management.

[0038] In order to make the refrigerant state in each refrigerant branch 300 more balanced, each refrigerant branch 300 is connected to another refrigerant branch 300 through at least one flow equalization branch 400.

[0039] In some possible embodiments, each refrigerant branch 300 is connected to an adjacent refrigerant branch 300 via a flow-sharing branch 400; for example, as Figure 1 As shown, each refrigerant branch 300 is connected to another adjacent refrigerant branch 300 through a single flow equalization branch 400.

[0040] In some other possible embodiments, after grouping all refrigerant branches 300, for each group of refrigerant branches 300, each refrigerant branch 300 is connected to another adjacent refrigerant branch 300 through a flow-sharing branch 400; for example, as Figure 2As shown, in this embodiment, the 8 refrigerant branches 300 are divided into 2 groups, that is, the 4 adjacent refrigerant branches 300 each form a group. In each group of refrigerant branches 300, each refrigerant branch 300 is connected to the adjacent refrigerant branch 300 through a single flow equalization branch 400.

[0041] In some other possible embodiments, each refrigerant branch 300 alternately connects to an adjacent refrigerant branch 300 via a split-type flow equalization branch 400 and a merge-type flow equalization branch 400; for example, as Figure 3 As shown, the first refrigerant branch 300 is connected to the second refrigerant branch 300 through two flow equalization branches 400. The second refrigerant branch 300 is connected to the third refrigerant branch 300 through a single flow equalization branch 400. The third refrigerant branch 300 is then connected to the fourth refrigerant branch 300 through two flow equalization branches 400. The fourth refrigerant branch 300 is then connected to the fifth refrigerant branch 300 through a single flow equalization branch 400. This cycle continues until the last refrigerant branch 300.

[0042] In some other possible embodiments, after grouping all refrigerant branches 300, for each group of refrigerant branches 300, each refrigerant branch 300 alternately connects to another adjacent refrigerant branch 300 through a split-type flow equalization branch 400 and a merge-type flow equalization branch 400; for example, as Figure 4 As shown, in this embodiment, the eight refrigerant branches 300 are divided into two groups, that is, four adjacent refrigerant branches 300 each form a group. In each group of refrigerant branches 300, the first refrigerant branch 300 is connected to the second refrigerant branch 300 through two flow equalization branches 400. The second refrigerant branch 300 is connected to the third refrigerant branch 300 through a single flow equalization branch 400. The third refrigerant branch 300 is then connected to the fourth refrigerant branch 300 through two flow equalization branches 400.

[0043] In some other possible embodiments, at least one refrigerant branch 300 includes: a primary refrigerant branch 300-1 extending from the refrigerant output terminal of the refrigerant distributor 4, and a plurality of secondary refrigerant branches 300-2 extending from the primary refrigerant branch 300-1; a flow sharing branch 400 is connected to the secondary refrigerant branches 300-2; for example, such as Figure 5As shown, in this embodiment, two primary refrigerant branches 300-1 are led out from the refrigerant output end of the refrigerant distributor 4. These two primary refrigerant branches 300-1 are further branched out to lead out two secondary refrigerant branches 300-2, which are then connected to the evaporator heat exchanger 5. In addition, a non-branching refrigerant branch 300 is also led out from the refrigerant output end of the refrigerant distributor 4. The secondary refrigerant branches 300-2 led out from each primary refrigerant branch 300-1 are connected through the flow equalization branch 400. Furthermore, the non-branching refrigerant branches 300 are also connected to the adjacent secondary refrigerant branches 300-2 through the flow equalization branch 400.

[0044] Please see Figure 5 Furthermore, at least one refrigerant branch 300 is equipped with a branch throttling device 6 after the flow equalization branch 400; wherein, the branch throttling device 6 is a throttling device in the refrigeration system, preferably an electronic expansion valve; in this embodiment, all refrigerant branches 300 are equipped with a branch throttling device 6 after the flow equalization branch 400, that is, the branch throttling device 6 is configured before the refrigerant input end of each evaporator heat exchanger 5; equipping the refrigerant branch 300 with a branch throttling device 6 can more accurately control the refrigerant input amount and refrigerant input pressure of the evaporator heat exchanger 5.

[0045] Furthermore, the direct-cooling thermal management system of this embodiment also includes a refrigerant regenerator 8, wherein the refrigerant regenerator 8 (also known as a "subcooler") is a metal component, has at least two refrigerant channels, and heat exchange can occur between the two refrigerant channels of the refrigerant regenerator 8; the refrigerant output side of the refrigerant trunk 200 is connected to one side of the refrigerant regenerator 8, and the refrigerant return side of the refrigerant trunk 200 is connected to the other side of the refrigerant regenerator 8; in this embodiment, a section of the refrigerant trunk 200 between the refrigerant output end of the condenser 2 and the refrigerant input end of the trunk throttling device 3 is connected to one side of the refrigerant regenerator 8; after the refrigerant output ends of each evaporator heat exchanger 5 converge, they flow into the refrigerant trunk 200, one section of which is connected to the other side of the refrigerant regenerator 8.

[0046] Furthermore, the direct-cooling thermal management system of this embodiment also includes a gas-liquid separator 9 and a liquid storage tank 10; wherein, the gas-liquid separator 9 is a refrigerant gas-liquid separator 9 in the refrigeration system, used to separate the gas and liquid in the refrigerant, to prevent liquid refrigerant from entering the compressor 1, thereby reducing the "liquid slugging" phenomenon of the compressor 1; the liquid storage tank 10 is a refrigerant liquid storage tank 10 in the refrigeration system, used to store excess refrigerant in the refrigeration system; the gas-liquid separator 9 and the liquid storage tank 10 are respectively connected at any node of the refrigerant trunk 200; in this embodiment, both the gas-liquid separator 9 and the liquid storage tank 10 are connected before the refrigerant input end of the compressor 1.

[0047] It should be noted that in this embodiment, the direct-cooling thermal management system also includes a four-way valve 7; the refrigerant output end of the compressor 1 is connected to one port of the four-way valve 7, and the refrigerant input end of the condenser 2 is connected to the other port of the four-way valve 7, so that the compressor 1 and the condenser 2 can be connected through the two ports of the four-way valve 7; after the refrigerant output ends of each evaporator heat exchanger 5 converge, they are connected to one port of the four-way valve 7 via the refrigerant regenerator 8, and the refrigerant input end of the gas-liquid separator 9 is connected to the other port of the four-way valve 7, so that the refrigerant regenerator 8 and the gas-liquid separator 9 can be connected through the two ports of the four-way valve 7; in addition, closing each port of the four-way valve 7 can cut off the refrigerant, thereby stopping the operation of the direct-cooling thermal management system; or, changing the connection direction of the ports of the four-way valve 7 can change the flow direction of the refrigerant, thereby generating heat at the evaporator heat exchanger 5, but this will not be elaborated in this embodiment.

[0048] This embodiment also provides a refrigerant adaptive equilibrium distribution method, which is applied to the above-mentioned direct-cooling thermal management system. The method includes:

[0049] The refrigerant flows sequentially along the compressor 1, condenser 2, main circuit throttling device 3, and refrigerant distributor 4 in the refrigerant main circuit 200;

[0050] Refrigerant distributor 4 distributes refrigerant to each refrigerant branch 300;

[0051] The refrigerant in each refrigerant branch 300 flows to the adjacent refrigerant branch 300 through the flow equalization branch 400;

[0052] The refrigerant in each refrigerant branch 300, after passing through the evaporator heat exchanger 5, merges into the refrigerant main line 200 and flows to the refrigerant input end of the compressor 1.

[0053] The following details the specific operation process of the direct-cooling thermal management system and the refrigerant adaptive balanced distribution method in this embodiment:

[0054] In the refrigerant main circuit 200, the refrigerant flows sequentially along the compressor 1, condenser 2, and main circuit throttling device 3, undergoing the refrigeration cycle process of a conventional refrigeration system. Subsequently, the refrigerant, after being throttled by the main circuit throttling device 3 (if the direct-cooling thermal management system of this embodiment is equipped with a branch throttling device 6, the opening of the main circuit throttling device 3 is set to the maximum, in which case the main circuit throttling device 3 does not have a throttling effect), is distributed by the refrigerant distributor 4 to each refrigerant branch circuit 300. In each refrigerant branch circuit 300, a portion of the refrigerant continues through that branch circuit 300 into the evaporator heat exchanger 5, while the other portion flows through the equalization branch circuit 400 to another refrigerant branch circuit 300 and enters another evaporator heat exchanger 5. The refrigerant that has undergone the above equalization process has a state (e.g., refrigerant flow rate, temperature, pressure, and gas-liquid ratio). (e.g., in each refrigerant branch 300) tends to be consistent; the refrigerant evaporates in the evaporator heat exchanger 5, causing the temperature of the evaporator heat exchanger 5 to decrease, thereby absorbing the heat generated by the heat management object; the refrigerant in each refrigerant branch 300, after passing through the evaporator heat exchanger 5, merges into the refrigerant main line 200 and flows to the refrigerant input end of the compressor 1, thereby completing one refrigeration cycle; in the above process, the refrigerant (superheated gas) flowing into the refrigerant main line 200 exchanges heat with the refrigerant (liquid) after heat exchange in the condenser 2 at the refrigerant regenerator 8, the purpose of which is to exchange heat again between the refrigerant (relatively high temperature) after heat exchange in the condenser 2 and the refrigerant (relatively low temperature) after evaporation in the evaporator heat exchanger 5, so as to improve the subcooling degree of the refrigerant before entering the evaporator heat exchanger 5 and optimize the superheat degree of the refrigerant before entering the compressor 1.

[0055] This embodiment also provides an energy storage system, which includes the above-described direct-cooling thermal management system.

[0056] In this embodiment, the direct-cooling thermal management system, refrigerant adaptive equalization distribution method, and energy storage system all have refrigerant branches 300 connected to another refrigerant branch 300 via at least one flow equalization branch 400. A portion of the refrigerant in each refrigerant branch 300 continues through that branch and enters the evaporator heat exchanger 5, while the other portion flows through the flow equalization branch 400 to another refrigerant branch 300 and enters another evaporator heat exchanger 5. After undergoing the above flow equalization process, the state of the refrigerant (e.g., refrigerant flow rate, temperature, pressure, and gas-liquid two-phase ratio) tends to be consistent in each refrigerant branch 300, thereby ensuring that the cooling capacity of each evaporator heat exchanger 5 is also consistent, maintaining temperature consistency for each thermally managed object, and enabling the direct-cooling thermal management system and energy storage system to achieve higher energy efficiency.

[0057] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A direct-cooling thermal management system for thermal management of a plurality of thermal management objects, comprising a compressor, a condenser, a dry route throttling device, a refrigerant shunt, and a plurality of evaporative heat exchangers; the compressor, the condenser, the dry route throttling device, and a refrigerant input end of the refrigerant shunt are sequentially communicated to form a refrigerant dry route; a plurality of refrigerant output ends of the refrigerant shunt are respectively communicated with each of the evaporative heat exchangers to form a plurality of refrigerant branches; a refrigerant output end of each of the evaporative heat exchangers is converged and merged into the refrigerant dry route and communicated to a refrigerant input end of the compressor; each of the evaporative heat exchangers is capable of exchanging heat with the thermal management objects; each of the refrigerant branches is communicated with another of the refrigerant branches through at least one flow-equalizing branch. Each of the refrigerant branches is communicated with another of the refrigerant branches through a flow-equalizing branch. After grouping all the refrigerant branches, each group of the refrigerant branches has: Each of the refrigerant branches is communicated with another of the refrigerant branches through a flow-equalizing branch. Each of the refrigerant branches is communicated with another of the refrigerant branches through a flow-equalizing branch. After grouping all the refrigerant branches, each group of the refrigerant branches has: characterized in that Each of the refrigerant branches is communicated with another of the refrigerant branches through a flow-equalizing branch.

2. The direct-cooling thermal management system of claim 1, wherein, At least one of the refrigerant branches comprises a primary refrigerant branch leading from the refrigerant output end of the refrigerant shunt, and a plurality of secondary refrigerant branches leading from the primary refrigerant branch after being shunted.

3. The direct-cooling thermal management system of claim 1, wherein, The flow-equalizing branch is connected to the secondary refrigerant branch. At least one of the refrigerant branches is provided with a branch throttling device after the flow-equalizing branch.

4. The direct-cooling thermal management system of claim 1, wherein, Further comprising a refrigerant regenerator; 5. The direct-cooling thermal management system of claim 1, wherein, A refrigerant output side of the refrigerant dry route is connected to one side of the refrigerant regenerator, and a refrigerant return side of the refrigerant dry route is connected to the other side of the refrigerant regenerator. The method applied to the direct-cooling thermal management system of any one of claims 1-8 comprises:

6. The direct-cooling thermal management system of claim 1, wherein, Driving the refrigerant to sequentially flow along the compressor, the condenser, the dry route throttling device, and the refrigerant shunt of the refrigerant dry route; The refrigerant shunt distributes the refrigerant to each of the refrigerant branches; 7. The direct-cooling thermal management system of claim 1, wherein, The refrigerant in each of the refrigerant branches is equalized to another of the refrigerant branches through the flow-equalizing branch; 8. The direct-cooling thermal management system of claim 1, wherein, The refrigerant in each of the refrigerant branches is merged into the refrigerant dry route after passing through the evaporative heat exchanger and flows to the refrigerant input end of the compressor. The direct-cooling thermal management system of any one of claims 1-8.

9. A method for adaptive equalization of refrigerant distribution, comprising: ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ 10. An energy storage system characterized by, ​

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