A high-ferric karst geological section comprehensive parameter fine automatic exploration system and geological grading method

Abstract

A high-iron karst geological section comprehensive parameter fine automatic exploration system, including walking wheels, drill bit electrodes, drill bit detectors, drill bit magnetic excitation systems, electrode rotation systems, detector rotation systems, magnetic excitation rotation systems, liquid injection systems, control systems, multi-parameter interpretation systems, power systems, and wireless communication systems; the present application is based on the resistivity method and the wave velocity method, and can be used to explore any depth stratum that can be reached, independent of each other and mutually corroborating to reduce the karst geological multiple solutions, Rayleigh waves and electrical signals can transmit the most suitable signal type and strength according to the geological conditions at the set depth, which can realize the fine and automatic exploration of karst geology and improve the exploration efficiency. The present application also corrects the geological classification method in karst areas, and the corrected method can fully consider the development and particularity of karst, providing a method for the automation of high-iron geological exploration in karst areas and avoiding human errors.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention belongs to the field of karst geology technology, specifically a comprehensive parameter-refined automatic exploration system and geological classification method for karst geological sections along high-speed railways. Background Technology

[0002] Karst geological regions are widespread, and there are numerous high-speed railways built in karst areas globally, with nearly 4,000 kilometers in China alone, and more than 3,000 kilometers planned or under construction. This demonstrates the extensive impact of karst geology on high-speed railway construction. Karst disasters are difficult to control; karst is characterized by its frequent and random occurrences. Karst disasters such as collapses, water inrushes, and mudslides are difficult to predict and control, posing a significant challenge to high-speed railway construction. Detailed geological surveys of karst areas are crucial for the rational selection of high-speed railway subgrades and the appropriate investment in soluble rock support. Inappropriate support methods can, at best, delay project progress, and at worst, cause significant casualties.

[0003] Rayleigh surface wave method is a relatively new geophysical exploration technique developed in recent years. It typically uses artificial impact to generate a momentary impact force, which in turn excites Rayleigh waves of different frequencies. Traditional Rayleigh wave detection uses a 40-pound (or other weight) hammer or other types of heavy hammers (such as drop hammers or explosives, but hammers are often used for shallow exploration due to their portability and safety) to strike the ground, generating a momentary impact force. This impact force excites a series of waves of different frequencies, including Rayleigh waves. Because geological phenomena such as karst are often accompanied by complex lithological variations and differences in medium properties, the surface wave velocity may be low in these areas, forming low-velocity bodies. However, this method is susceptible to errors and misjudgments in determining the depth and size of karst caves due to the development of low-velocity zones in soluble rocks. Furthermore, if the karst is filled with material whose wave velocity is not significantly different from that of soluble rocks, or if exploration is conducted in water-rich areas, this method may not be able to accurately identify these types of karst caves. Traditional methods involve inserting geophones into the surface of the object being tested at certain intervals. Therefore, the exploration depth cannot be too deep, and it is not well adapted to harder strata.

[0004] Traditional resistivity methods require manually placing all electrodes (usually dozens to hundreds) at each measuring point on the observation profile during field measurements. This increases the complexity and time consumption of fieldwork. Furthermore, the contact quality of the electrodes affects the accuracy of the measurement results. These electrodes are inserted into the strata or a specific medium to measure resistivity. Traditionally, electrodes are inserted manually, resulting in extremely limited placement depth, making them unsuitable for karst regions. In karst areas, due to complex geological conditions, abrupt changes in local geological bodies (such as fractured zones and faults) can significantly impact the results of high-density resistivity methods, potentially leading to anomalies in the findings.

[0005] Traditional Rayleigh wave and resistivity methods require multiple operators, resulting in high workload and significant time commitment for deployment. Furthermore, they cannot be automated and pose a significant risk in karst geological conditions, particularly in soluble rock areas. More importantly, karst regions exhibit high variability, leading to multiple interpretations of the test data, and shallow-layer-based tests result in substantial errors.

[0006] Traditional methods for classifying regional rock geology primarily rely on indicators such as rock mass integrity and rock strength, dividing an infinite sequence of rock masses into a finite number of categories with varying degrees of stability. This method is a crucial foundational work in the construction of tunnels, mines, underground powerhouses, and rock mines, playing a vital role in selecting construction methods, conducting scientific management, evaluating economic benefits, determining structural loads, establishing lining structure types and dimensions, labor quotas, and material consumption standards. Existing classification methods include those based on rock strength, those based on rock physical properties (such as the rock firmness coefficient classification method and the Teszaghi classification method), and those based on elastic wave velocity. However, currently, no classification method has been developed specifically for the unique characteristics of karst geology. Summary of the Invention

[0007] To address the above issues and overcome the shortcomings of existing technologies, this invention provides a comprehensive parameter-based automated exploration system for karst geological sections along high-speed railways, as well as a karst geological classification method. The technical solution adopted by this invention is as follows:

[0008] A high-speed railway karst geological section integrated parameter refined automatic exploration system, with drill bit electrode, drill bit detector, drill bit magnetostrictive vibration system, electrode advance system, detector advance system, walking wheels, power supply system, and communication system;

[0009] The magnetostrictive vibration system with drill bit is used to generate specific Rayleigh waves when drilling into strata at a specific depth.

[0010] The injection system is mainly used to ensure conductive contact between the electrode and the formation.

[0011] The control system is mainly used to control the rotation of the electrodes, the positioning of the wheels, and the controllable excitation of the magnetic vibration system.

[0012] The multi-parameter interpretation system mainly achieves refined geological exploration through the combined automated interpretation of resistivity and wave velocity methods.

[0013] The power system is mainly used to provide controllable electrical signals for resistivity methods, and to provide power for the drilling system and drill bit. In areas where there is a lack of power, it provides driving force for the traveling wheels.

[0014] The communication system is primarily used for the remote transmission of exploration signals and for the positioning of control electrodes and detectors.

[0015] As a further aspect of the present invention: the control unit is adapted to control the potential of the plurality of electrodes, thereby exciting a controllable Rayleigh wave. This allows two adjacent electrodes among the plurality of electrodes to be excited at a specific moment to provide potentials of opposite polarities, or for multiple Rayleigh waves to interact.

[0016] The control circuit is adapted to control the potential of the plurality of electrodes such that when two adjacent electrodes among the plurality of electrodes are energized, the remaining electrodes may have a floating potential.

[0017] The karst geological classification method based on the comprehensive parameter refinement automatic exploration system for karst geological sections along high-speed railways includes the following steps:

[0018] S1. Based on the preliminary exploration borehole information of the karst geological section of the high-speed railway, after the preliminary site leveling is completed, the boreholes that require detailed exploration are marked as exploration boreholes.

[0019] S2. Centered on the exploration borehole, positioning the traveling wheels, and planning the exploration area using a refined automatic exploration system with comprehensive parameters for the high-speed railway karst geological section. For shallow layers, a magnetostrictive system and detectors are deployed through automatic drilling; for deeper layers, electrodes are deployed through drilling, and comprehensive interpretation is performed using wave velocity differences and resistivity tomography images.

[0020] S3. Through the control system, the drill bit electrode and the drill bit detector are screwed in to arrange high-density resistivity method profiles and high-density Rayleigh wave detection profiles. With the help of high-density resistivity method testing, the apparent resistivity distribution of underground media in each profile within a 50-meter range is obtained to form a geophysical profile resistivity image. Based on the high-density Rayleigh wave monitoring profile, a geophysical profile reflection wave image is formed.

[0021] S4. Since the karst caves and dissolution fissures on the geophysical profile show obvious differences in electrical properties and reflected wave velocities compared with the surrounding karst rock mass, based on the differences in electrical properties and wave velocities, the geophysical profile of S3 is interpreted using the borehole information obtained in S1 and the wave velocity differences obtained in S2, as well as the resistivity tomography image. This allows for the acquisition of basic information on the horizontal and vertical karst development range, the burial depth of the cave roof, and the burial depth of the cave floor on the geophysical profile. This information is then used to calculate the karst rate of the geophysical line, the karst rate of the geophysical surface, and the karst rate of the geophysical body.

[0022] S5. Based on S4, the degree of karst development at the site is determined according to the karst rate of the geophysical line, the karst rate of the geophysical surface, and the karst rate of the geophysical body. The degree of karst development at the site is divided into strong development, moderate development, and slight development. When any one of the karst rates of the geophysical line, the geophysical surface, and the geophysical body meets the corresponding development criteria, the karst development at the site can be determined to be of the corresponding level. The criteria for strong development are: karst rate of the geophysical line > 20%, karst rate of the geophysical surface > 4%, or karst rate of the geophysical body > 0.8%; the criteria for moderate development are: karst rate of the geophysical line 5%–20%, karst rate of the geophysical surface 0.25%–4%, or karst rate of the geophysical body 0.0125%–0.8%; and the criteria for slight development are: karst rate of the geophysical line < 5%, karst rate of the geophysical surface < 0.25%, or karst rate of the geophysical body < 0.0125%.

[0023] As a further aspect of the present invention: a karst geological classification method based on a high-speed railway karst geological section comprehensive parameter refinement automatic exploration system, wherein in S2, the comprehensive geological information includes the surface karst development strata and occurrence, groundwater level, the main direction of karst development, and the general apparent resistivity variation range and wave velocity variation range of each rock and soil body in the site area.

[0024] As a further aspect of the present invention: a karst geological classification method based on a high-speed railway karst geological section comprehensive parameter refinement automatic exploration system, wherein in S3, the arrangement of the high-density resistivity method and the high-density detection method profile is as follows: firstly, several survey lines are laid out along the main direction of karst development. In the main direction of karst development, the spacing between the survey lines is equal to the actual engineering area size, according to the accuracy requirements and the economic efficiency of the project; secondly, perpendicular to the main direction of karst development, the arrangement of the survey lines is based on the resistivity and reflected wave anomaly areas in the main direction of karst development after geophysical profile interpretation, and the lines are densely arranged; alternatively, the arrangement can be the same as the survey lines in the main direction of karst development, with equal spacing and one-time arrangement.

[0025] As a further aspect of the present invention: a karst geological classification method based on a high-speed railway karst geological section comprehensive parameter refinement automatic exploration system, characterized in that the determination methods for the karst rate of the geophysical line, the karst rate of the geophysical surface, and the karst rate of the geophysical body in S5 are as follows: wherein the karst rate of the geophysical line is obtained by measuring the ratio of the sum of the lengths of the vertical karst anomaly segments of the geophysical profile to the total vertical geophysical length; the karst rate of the geophysical surface is obtained by calculating the ratio of the sum of the areas of the karst anomaly segments of the geophysical profile to the total area of ​​the geophysical profile; and the karst rate of the geophysical body is obtained by calculating the ratio of the sum of the volumes of the karst anomaly segments of the geophysical profile to the volume of soluble rock in the geophysical profile.

[0026] The method for determining the volume of the karst anomaly segment in the above geophysical profile is as follows: by interpreting multiple geophysical profiles, the area of ​​the karst low resistivity anomaly segment in each geophysical profile is calculated, and the elevation of the karst boundary feature points is obtained. Then, by combining the karst boundary feature points of multiple geophysical profiles, the surfaces are connected into a whole, and the karst volume of the continuous low resistivity anomaly segment is calculated by spatial interpolation.

[0027] The method for determining the volume of soluble rock in the above geophysical profile is as follows: the volume of soluble rock between two geophysical profiles can be obtained by multiplying the average area between the two geophysical profiles by the distance between the geophysical profiles. The same method can be used to obtain the volume of soluble rock between other profiles. By summing them up, the volume of soluble rock in the geophysical profile can be obtained.

[0028] As a further aspect of the present invention: a karst geological classification method based on a high-speed railway karst geological section comprehensive parameter refinement automatic exploration system, further includes the following steps:

[0029] A. The total score T is the sum of six factors: rock strength, rock mass integrity, structural plane condition, groundwater, occurrence of major structural planes, and degree of karst development. K Using T as the basic criterion and the karst rock strength-stress ratio S as the limiting criterion, karst rock categories in karst areas are classified; where: T K =A+B+C+D+E+F; S=R b / σ m .

[0030] In the formula, A is the rock strength score, B is the rock integrity score, C is the structural plane condition score, D is the groundwater score, E is the occurrence score of the main structural planes, F is the karst development score, F = αK, K is the karst development level; α is the scoring coefficient, determined according to the rock mass grade; R b K represents the saturated uniaxial compressive strength (MPa) of the rock mass. v σ is the rock mass integrity coefficient. m This represents the maximum principal stress in karst rocks;

[0031] B, when T K When 85 > 85 and S > 4, the karst rock is classified as Class I; when 85 ≥ T K When S > 65 and S > 4, the karst rock is classified as Class II.

[0032] C. When 65≥T K When 45 > 45 and S > 2, the karst rock type is classified as Class III; when 45 ≥ T K When T > 25 and S > 2, the karst rock type is determined to be Class IV; when T > 2, the karst rock type is determined to be Class IV. K When the value is ≤25, the karst rock is classified as Class V.

[0033] As a further aspect of the present invention: a karst geological classification method based on a high-speed railway karst geological section comprehensive parameter refined automatic exploration system, wherein the determination process of A includes: obtaining R based on rock saturated uniaxial compressive strength test. b According to R b >60, 60≥R b >30, 30≥R b >15, R b If the value is ≤15, a value is assigned to the rock strength score to determine A.

[0034] As a further aspect of the present invention: a karst geological classification method based on a high-speed railway karst geological section comprehensive parameter refined automatic exploration system, wherein the determination process of B includes: obtaining the longitudinal wave velocity of the rock mass and the longitudinal wave velocity of the rock through rock mass wave velocity tests, and calculating the rock mass integrity coefficient K by the square of the ratio of the longitudinal wave velocity of the rock mass to the longitudinal wave velocity of the rock. v According to the rock mass integrity coefficient K v Determine B.

[0035] Implementing the technical solution of this invention will have the following beneficial effects:

[0036] This invention achieves refined exploration by combining the wave velocity method and the resistivity method for automated interpretation. The invention utilizes a drill-bit magnetostrictive vibration system to generate specific Rayleigh waves by penetrating strata at specific depths, improving accuracy compared to traditional percussion methods and enabling deeper penetration into karst geological areas. The drill-bit electrode allows for flexible electrode arrangement. Based on the control system's control over electrode penetration, wheel positioning, and the controllable excitation of the magnetostrictive vibration system, automated exploration can be achieved without requiring a large number of personnel. Therefore, the development of this system facilitates geological exploration operations in deeper karst areas and significantly improves the accuracy of traditional methods.

[0037] This invention utilizes the combined effects of wave velocity and resistance differences to improve upon traditional Rayleigh wave and current excitation methods. It can drill into any stratum and accurately identify the location and scale of karst caves and dissolution fissures, thereby improving the accuracy of karst development range and parameter measurement.

[0038] This invention transforms complex geological phenomena into quantifiable indicators by standardizing geophysical lines, geophysical surfaces, and karst ratios of geophysical bodies. This facilitates an objective evaluation of the degree of karst development at a site, and is also helpful for engineering design and risk assessment.

[0039] The above overview is for illustrative purposes only and is not intended to be limiting in any way. In addition to the illustrative aspects, embodiments, and features described above, further aspects, embodiments, and features of the invention will become readily apparent from the accompanying drawings and the following detailed description.

[0040] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention or the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of the present invention. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on these drawings without creative effort. Attached Figure Description

[0041] The following explanation, in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, further illustrates the following:

[0042] Figure 1 This is a design diagram of the various components of the system of the present invention;

[0043] Figure 2 This is a structural design drawing of a magneto-excited vibration system with a drill bit.

[0044] Figure 3 Design drawing of a detector (electrode) with drill bit;

[0045] Figure 4 This is a flowchart of the operation of the method of the present invention;

[0046] Figure 5 This is a flowchart of the geological classification process of the present invention.

[0047] The components include: 1. Controller; 2. Wheels; 3. Electrode with drill bit; 4. Detector with drill bit; 5. Rotary motor; 6. Cable and signal transmission bus; 7. Rigid connecting rod; 8. Power module; 9. Conductive solution; 10. Detector with drill bit; 11. Water tank; 12. Magnetostrictive vibration device; 13. Drill bit at the front end of the magnetostrictive vibrator; 14. Excitation device mounting frame; 15. Magnetostrictive deformation assembly; 16. Deformation air gap; 17. Pickup coil; 18. Permanent magnet; 19. 20. Rigid support connected to the gantry frame; 21. Control drill rod motor; 22. Pad block; 23. Deformable chain; 24. Drill rod; 25. Vibrator outer frame; 26. Drill bit; 27. Electrode plate or detector; 28. Spiral blade; 29. ​​Transmission cable placed on the drill rod with holes; 30. Gantry frame; 31. Main cable; 32. Drill rod fixing bracket; 33. Fixing screw; 34. Drill rod rotating rod; 35. Main conductive solution pipe; 36. Branch conductive solution pipe.

[0048] The accompanying drawings are provided to further illustrate the invention and form part of the specification. They are used together with the embodiments of the invention to explain the invention and do not constitute a limitation thereof. Detailed implementation method:

[0049] In the following description, only certain exemplary embodiments are briefly described. As those skilled in the art will recognize, the described embodiments can be modified in various ways without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Therefore, the drawings and description are considered to be exemplary in nature and not restrictive.

[0050] In the embodiments of this invention, unless otherwise explicitly specified and limited, terms such as "installation," "connection," and "fixation" should be interpreted broadly; for example, they can refer to a fixed connection, a detachable connection, or an integral molding; they can refer to a mechanical connection, a direct connection, a welding connection, or an indirect connection through an intermediate medium; they can refer to the internal communication of two components or the interaction between two components. Those skilled in the art can understand the specific meaning of the above terms in this invention based on the accompanying drawings and specific circumstances.

[0051] In the description of the embodiments of the present invention, it should be understood that the terms "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", etc., indicate the orientation or positional relationship based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the accompanying drawings. They are only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description, and do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation. Therefore, they should not be construed as limitations on the embodiments of the present invention.

[0052] like Figures 1 to 5 As shown, this invention relates to a karst geological classification method based on a high-speed railway karst geological section comprehensive parameter refinement automatic exploration system;

[0053] See Figure 1 The present invention includes a controller (equipped with a wireless module) 1, a walking wheel 2, an electrode with a drill bit 3, a conductive solution main pipe 9, a magnetostrictive vibration device 12, a magnetostrictive vibrator front-end drill bit 13, and a gantry frame 30; the controller (equipped with a wireless module) (1) mainly realizes the trajectory control of the walking wheel, the controllable excitation of Rayleigh waves of the magnetostrictive vibrator, the joint interpretation of electrode signals and detector signals, and remote transmission; the walking wheel 2 is fixed to the gantry frame; the detailed structure of the electrode with a drill bit (3) is shown in the figure below. Figure 3As shown, the system includes a diamond drill bit 26, an electrode plate or detector 27, a spiral blade 28, a transmission cable 29 placed on a perforated drill rod, a fixed drill rod bracket 32, a fixing screw 33, and a drill rod rotating connecting rod 34. The electrode plate or detector 32 is fixed above the diamond drill bit 26 and is embedded in the perforated drill rod. The spiral blade 28 is connected to the drill rod, and the cable 29, which has a hole in the middle of the drill rod, is connected to the main cable 31, through which the signal is transmitted in real time. The perforated drill rod also needs to be equipped with a conductive solution branch pipe 36, which is connected to the conductive solution tank 11 through the conductive solution main pipe. The conductive solution main pipe 9 is connected to the water tank. The fixed drill rod bracket 35 is fixed to the outer frame 36 of the vibrator.

[0054] Furthermore, Figure 2 The magnetostrictive vibration device 12 controls the behavior of a ferromagnetic permanent magnet 18 in a magnetic field. Specifically, the permanent magnet 18 generates internal tension or pressure in the magnetization direction, causing deformation of the magnetostrictive deformation component 15. The deformable air gap 16 enables intermittent vibration. When the current in the winding is alternating, the shape and size of the permanent magnet also undergo slight changes, which in turn cause vibration on the material surface. This vibration source can precisely control the waveform and interval of Rayleigh waves. The vibration signal is transmitted to a specific depth via the control drill motor 21. The rigid support 19 fixes the vibration device to the vibrator outer frame 25. The vibrator outer frame 25 is connected to the rigid support 20 of the gantry frame. The deformable chain 23 is raised to store the magnetostrictive vibrator with drill bit in a non-working state, thus enabling the next pilot test.

[0055] When this device is used in the karst geological classification method of the comprehensive parameter refinement automatic exploration system for karst geological sections along high-speed railways, it can achieve unmanned operation through the control module. Several electrodes and detectors are controlled by a gantry crane to receive variable electrical signals and wave signals. After reaching the designated position, the drill rod motor 21 starts working. After the drill bit reaches the designated depth, the possible separation between the electrode and the formation is eliminated through the fluid guide pipe 36, and the resistance distribution between the formations is measured. The magnetostrictive vibrator is started, and the target Rayleigh wave waveform is set to test the waveform transmission characteristics between the formations. After the test, the resistivity image and the reflected wave image of the geophysical profile are cross-validated. For areas of doubt, correction and verification are performed by changing the Rayleigh wave waveform or the electrode and detector heights. The signal is then transmitted wirelessly. Finally, the distribution of caves and dissolution fissures in the karst geological area is obtained.

[0056] In one possible implementation, the karst geological classification method based on the comprehensive parameter refinement automatic exploration system for high-speed railway karst geological sections includes the following steps:

[0057] S1. Based on the preliminary exploration borehole information of the karst geological section of the high-speed railway, after the preliminary site leveling is completed, the boreholes that require detailed exploration are marked as exploration boreholes.

[0058] S2. Centered on the exploration borehole, positioning the traveling wheels, and planning the exploration area using a refined automatic exploration system with comprehensive parameters for the high-speed railway karst geological section. For shallow layers, a magnetostrictive system and detectors are deployed through automatic drilling; for deeper layers, electrodes are deployed through drilling, and comprehensive interpretation is performed using wave velocity differences and resistivity tomography images.

[0059] S3. Through the control system, the drill bit electrode and the drill bit detector are screwed in to arrange the high-density resistivity method profile and Rayleigh wave detection profile. With the help of the high-density resistivity method test, the apparent resistivity distribution of the underground medium in each profile within a 50-meter range is obtained to form a geophysical profile resistivity image. Based on the high-density Rayleigh wave monitoring profile, a geophysical profile reflection wave image is formed.

[0060] S4. Since the karst caves and dissolution fissures on the geophysical profile show obvious differences in electrical properties and reflected wave velocities compared with the surrounding karst rock mass, based on the differences in electrical properties and wave velocities, the geophysical profile of S3 is interpreted using the borehole information obtained in S1 and the wave velocity differences obtained in S2, as well as the resistivity tomography image. This allows for the acquisition of basic information on the horizontal and vertical karst development range, the burial depth of the cave roof, and the burial depth of the cave floor on the geophysical profile. This information is then used to calculate the karst rate of the geophysical line, the karst rate of the geophysical surface, and the karst rate of the geophysical body.

[0061] S5. Based on S4, the degree of karst development at the site is determined according to the karst rate of the geophysical line, the karst rate of the geophysical surface, and the karst rate of the geophysical body. The degree of karst development at the site is divided into strong development, moderate development, and slight development. When any one of the karst rates of the geophysical line, the geophysical surface, and the geophysical body meets the corresponding development criteria, the karst development at the site can be determined to be of the corresponding level. The criteria for strong development are: karst rate of the geophysical line > 20%, karst rate of the geophysical surface > 4%, or karst rate of the geophysical body > 0.8%; the criteria for moderate development are: karst rate of the geophysical line 5%–20%, karst rate of the geophysical surface 0.25%–4%, or karst rate of the geophysical body 0.0125%–0.8%; and the criteria for slight development are: karst rate of the geophysical line < 5%, karst rate of the geophysical surface < 0.25%, or karst rate of the geophysical body < 0.0125%.

[0062] In this specific application, firstly, boreholes requiring detailed exploration are selected from the engineering exploration records as the starting point for the study; these are marked as exploration boreholes.

[0063] Based on the karst information revealed by the boreholes and the strike and dip of the rock strata, high-density resistivity survey lines and wave velocity profiles were laid out to detect the resistivity and wave velocity distribution of the medium within a depth of 50 meters underground, forming geophysical profile resistivity images and surface wave velocity curves as a function of depth.

[0064] By analyzing the differences in electrical properties and wave velocity in geophysical profiles, and combining this with the apparent resistivity data of normal soil and rock masses, the location and scale of karst caves and dissolution fissures, as well as the vertical and horizontal development of karst, can be determined. This step is crucial for calculating the karst ratio of geophysical lines, geophysical surfaces, and geophysical bodies at the site, as these indicators reflect the degree of karst development.

[0065] Finally, the karst development level of the site is classified into strong, moderate, and slight development based on the calculated karst development index. If any index meets the preset standard, such as the karst rate of the geophysical line exceeding 20%, the karst development level of the site can be determined.

[0066] In one possible implementation, in S2, the comprehensive geological information includes the surface karst development strata and their occurrence, groundwater level, the main direction of karst development, and the general apparent resistivity variation range and wave velocity distribution of each rock and soil body in the site area.

[0067] In one possible implementation, in S3, the arrangement of the high-density resistivity profile and the Rayleigh wave velocity variation profile is as follows: First, several survey lines are laid out along the main direction of karst development. In the main direction of karst development, the spacing between the survey lines is equal to the actual size of the engineering area, according to the accuracy requirements and the economic efficiency of the project.

[0068] Perpendicular to the main direction of karst development, the layout of the survey lines is based on the areas of resistivity anomalies and reflection wave anomalies in the main direction of karst development after geophysical profile interpretation, and is densely laid out; alternatively, the survey lines can be laid out in the same way as the main direction of karst development, with equal spacing and one-time layout.

[0069] The choice between a one-time deployment and multiple deployments depends on project requirements and preliminary research results. A one-time, equally spaced deployment may be chosen, or it may be carried out in stages according to the complexity of karst development to ensure the continuity and integrity of data. If geological conditions change significantly, multiple repeated tests can be conducted by changing the height of the drill bits for the wave velocity method and resistivity method to adapt to new discoveries.

[0070] In one possible implementation, the karst ratio of the geophysical line, the karst ratio of the geophysical surface, and the karst ratio of the geophysical body in S5 are determined as follows: the karst ratio of the geophysical line is obtained by measuring the ratio of the sum of the lengths of the vertical karst anomaly segments of the geophysical profile to the total vertical geophysical length; the karst ratio of the geophysical surface is obtained by calculating the ratio of the sum of the areas of the karst anomaly segments of the geophysical profile to the total area of ​​the geophysical profile; and the karst ratio of the geophysical body is obtained by calculating the ratio of the sum of the volumes of the karst anomaly segments of the geophysical profile to the volume of soluble rock in the geophysical profile.

[0071] The method for determining the volume of the karst anomaly segment in the above geophysical profile is as follows: by interpreting multiple geophysical profiles, the area of ​​the karst low resistivity anomaly segment in each geophysical profile is calculated, and the elevation of the karst boundary feature points is obtained. Then, by combining the karst boundary feature points of multiple geophysical profiles, the surfaces are connected into a whole, and the karst volume of the continuous low resistivity anomaly segment is calculated by spatial interpolation.

[0072] The method for determining the volume of soluble rock in the above geophysical profile is as follows: the volume of soluble rock between two geophysical profiles can be obtained by multiplying the average area between the two geophysical profiles by the distance between the geophysical profiles. The same method can be used to obtain the volume of soluble rock between other profiles. By summing them up, the volume of soluble rock in the geophysical profile can be obtained.

[0073] In this specific application, the karst anomaly segment (i.e., karst pores or low resistivity zone) on the geophysical profile is measured as a ratio to the total vertical length of the geophysical profile. By calculating the proportion of the area of ​​the karst anomaly region on the geophysical profile to the total profile area, this indicator reflects the extent of karst on the horizontal plane. This helps identify the regional extent of karst activity and provides guidance for the design of surface or subsurface structures.

[0074] The karst ratio of a geophysical body is based on the ratio of the three-dimensional volume of karst anomaly regions in a geophysical profile to the total volume of soluble rock. To determine the volume of karst anomaly segments, resistivity anomalies and wave velocity anomalies are first interpreted from multiple geophysical profiles. Elevation information of boundary feature points of the anomaly areas is obtained, and then a three-dimensional model is generated using spatial interpolation techniques to estimate the volume of each segment. Finally, by summing the volumes of soluble rock across all profiles, the total volume of soluble rock within the entire geophysical body is obtained.

[0075] In one possible implementation, the karst geological classification method based on the comprehensive parameter refinement automatic exploration system for high-speed railway karst geological sections further includes the following steps:

[0076] A. The total score T is the sum of six factors: rock strength, rock mass integrity, structural plane condition, groundwater, occurrence of major structural planes, and degree of karst development. K Using T as the basic criterion and the karst rock strength-stress ratio S as the limiting criterion, karst rock categories in karst areas are classified; where: TK =A+B+C+D+E+F, S=R b / σ m S = R b / σ m In the formula, A is the rock strength score, B is the rock integrity score, C is the structural plane condition score, D is the groundwater score, E is the occurrence score of the main structural planes, F is the karst development score, F = αK, K is the karst development grade; α is the scoring coefficient, determined according to the rock mass grade; R b K represents the saturated uniaxial compressive strength (MPa) of the rock mass. v σ is the rock mass integrity coefficient. m This represents the maximum principal stress in karst rocks;

[0077] B, when T K When 85 > 85 and S > 4, the karst rock is classified as Class I; when 85 ≥ T K When S > 65 and S > 4, the karst rock is classified as Class II.

[0078] C. When 65≥T K When 45 > 45 and S > 2, the karst rock type is classified as Class III; when 45 ≥ T K When T > 25 and S > 2, the karst rock type is determined to be Class IV; when T > 2, the karst rock type is determined to be Class IV. K When the value is ≤25, the karst rock is classified as Class V.

[0079] In this specific application, the overall stability of soluble rocks is scored based on rock strength (A), integrity (B), structural plane condition (C), groundwater influence (D), occurrence of major structural planes (E), and degree of karst development (F). The score F for the degree of karst development is determined by multiplying the rock's karst grade K by a coefficient α. α is adjusted according to the specific conditions of the rock mass (such as rock mass grade) to reflect the impact of karst development on the stability of soluble rocks.

[0080] Add up all the scores above to form the total score T. K = A + B + C + D + E + F. T K A score is used as a basic criterion to determine the stability level of soluble rocks. Simultaneously, the strength-stress ratio S of the soluble rock is considered as a limiting condition to further refine the classification. According to T... K The score categorizes soluble rocks into five levels: Class I soluble rocks (T K >85 and S>4), representing extremely high stability; Class II soluble rocks (85≥T) K >65 and S>4), relatively stable; Class III soluble rock (65≥T) K >45 and S>2), slightly unstable; Class IV soluble rock (45≥T) K>25 and S>2), with poor stability; Class V soluble rock (T K ≤25) indicates that the soluble rock has a serious risk of karst development and instability.

[0081] In one possible implementation, the karst geological classification method based on the comprehensive parameter refinement automatic exploration system for high-speed railway karst geological sections, the determination process of A includes: obtaining R based on the saturated uniaxial compressive strength test of rock. b According to R b >60, 60≥R b >30, 30≥R b >15, R b If the value is ≤15, a value is assigned to the rock strength score to determine A;

[0082] The process of determining B includes: obtaining the longitudinal wave velocity of the rock mass and the longitudinal wave velocity of the rock through rock mass wave velocity tests, and calculating the rock mass integrity coefficient K by the square of the ratio of the longitudinal wave velocity of the rock mass to the longitudinal wave velocity of the rock. v According to the rock mass integrity factor K v Confirmed as B.

[0083] In this specific application, the determination of the rock strength score (A) is as follows:

[0084] First, the saturated uniaxial compressive strength R of the rock was measured through a rock saturated uniaxial compressive strength test. b This is a standard rock mechanical performance indicator that reflects the rock's ability to resist compression.

[0085] Then, according to R b The value is divided into four intervals: R b >60, 60≥R b >30, 30≥R b >15,R b ≤15. Each interval corresponds to a different strength score, which measures the rock's resistance to stress; that is, the value of A will be based on R. b Assign a value to the size of the variable.

[0086] This scoring method takes into account the continuity of rock strength and can be used to evaluate the impact of different strength levels on karst development and evolution.

[0087] Determination of rock mass integrity score (B):

[0088] Rock mass wave velocity tests are used to obtain the longitudinal wave velocity of the rock mass (usually referring to the speed at which ultrasound waves propagate in rock) and the longitudinal wave velocity of the rock itself.

[0089] Calculate the rock mass integrity factor K vIt is generally obtained by the square of the ratio of the longitudinal wave velocity of the rock mass to the longitudinal wave velocity of the rock, because in rock masses with poor integrity, the wave velocity attenuates faster, resulting in a smaller ratio.

[0090] Finally, according to K v The value of K determines the score of B, which reflects the influence of rock mass integrity on karst development. v The lower the value, the more fractured the rock mass, and the more prone it is to karst phenomena.

[0091] Although embodiments of the invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

[0092] The present invention and its embodiments have been described above. This description is not restrictive, and the accompanying drawings are only one embodiment of the present invention; the actual structure is not limited thereto. In conclusion, if those skilled in the art are inspired by this description and design similar structures and embodiments without departing from the spirit of the invention, such designs should fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A comprehensive parameter-based automated exploration system for karst geological sections along high-speed railways, characterized in that, It includes a traveling wheel, a drill bit electrode, a drill bit detector, a drill bit magneto-excited vibration system, an electrode advancing system, a detector advancing system, a liquid injection system, a control system with a wireless module, a multi-parameter interpretation system, a power supply system, and a communication system. The magnetostrictive vibration system with drill bit includes a magnetostrictive vibration device, which transmits vibration signals to a specific depth by controlling the drill rod motor, and is used to excite Rayleigh waves of a specific frequency component in the formation at a specific depth. The injection system is used to ensure conductive contact between the electrode and the molten rock, and to prevent the electrode connected to the drill bit from failing to make contact with the molten rock due to gaps. The control system with wireless module is used to control the electrode advancing system and the detector advancing system, thereby realizing the positioning of the electrode and detector, the positioning of the walking wheel, the controllable excitation of the magnetostrictive vibration system, and signal transmission. The multi-parameter interpretation system achieves refined geological exploration through the combined automated interpretation of resistivity and wave velocity methods. The power system is used to provide a controllable electrical signal for the resistivity method, and to provide power for the drilling system and drill bit, and to provide driving force for the traveling wheels in areas where power is lacking; The communication system is used for the remote transmission of exploration signals.

2. The high-speed railway karst geological section comprehensive parameter refined automatic exploration system according to claim 1, characterized in that, The electrodes, detectors, and magnetostrictive system are all fixed to the drill bit at the tip position; The magnetostrictive excitation system can be set at a preset fixed position on the ground or in the stratum. By controlling the drill rod motor, the vibration signal generated by the magnetostrictive exciter is transmitted to the stratum at a specific depth that has been drilled into place. At the same time, Rayleigh waves with different frequency components can be excited by changing the excitation frequency of the magnetostrictive exciter. The magnetostrictive vibrator can generate Rayleigh waves with adjustable frequency and can produce a non-explosive vibration source with controllable amplitude and frequency; the drill bit at the tip position is used to provide drilling protection for the electrodes, detectors and lower components of the magnetostrictive vibrator system to prevent damage to the components due to geological hard objects during the drilling process.

3. A geological classification method based on the comprehensive parameter refinement automatic exploration system for high-speed railway karst geological sections as described in claim 1, characterized in that: S1. Based on the preliminary exploration borehole information of the karst geological section of the high-speed railway, after the preliminary site leveling is completed, the boreholes that require detailed karst exploration are marked as exploration boreholes. S2. Centered on the exploration hole, the traveling wheel is positioned, and the exploration area is planned through the comprehensive parameter refinement automatic exploration system of the high-speed railway karst geological section. In the shallow layer, the magneto-excited system and detector are arranged through automatic drilling, and in the deep layer, electrodes are arranged through drilling. The wave velocity difference and resistivity tomography images are used for comprehensive interpretation. S3. Through the control system, the drill bit electrode and the drill bit detector are screwed in to set up a high-density resistivity method profile and a high-density Rayleigh wave detection profile. With the help of the high-density resistivity method test, the apparent resistivity distribution of the underground medium in each profile within a 50-meter range is obtained, and finally a geophysical profile resistivity image is formed. Based on the high-density Rayleigh wave monitoring profile, a geophysical profile reflection wave image is formed. S4. Since the karst caves and dissolution fissures on the geophysical profile show significant differences in electrical properties and reflected wave velocities compared to the surrounding soluble rock mass, based on these differences in electrical properties and wave velocities, the geophysical profile of S3 is interpreted using the borehole information obtained in S1 and the resistivity and wave velocity changes obtained in S2. This provides basic information on the horizontal and vertical karst development range, the burial depth of the cave roof, and the burial depth of the cave floor on the geophysical profile, which is used to calculate the karst rate of the geophysical line, the karst rate of the geophysical surface, and the karst rate of the geophysical body. S5. Based on S4, the degree of karst development at the site is determined according to the karst rate of the geophysical line, the karst rate of the geophysical surface, and the karst rate of the geophysical body. The degree of karst development at the site is divided into strong development, moderate development, and slight development. When any one of the karst rates of the geophysical line, the geophysical surface, and the geophysical body meets the corresponding development criteria, the karst development at the site can be determined to be of the corresponding level. The criteria for strong development are: karst rate of the geophysical line > 20%, karst rate of the geophysical surface > 4%, or karst rate of the geophysical body > 0.8%; the criteria for moderate development are: karst rate of the geophysical line 5%–20%, karst rate of the geophysical surface 0.25%–4%, or karst rate of the geophysical body 0.0125%–0.8%; and the criteria for slight development are: karst rate of the geophysical line < 5%, karst rate of the geophysical surface < 0.25%, or karst rate of the geophysical body < 0.0125%.

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